DOCSLIB.ORG

The Trans-Communal Rise of the Novel in the Late Ottoman Empire

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Trans-Communal Rise of the Novel in the Late Ottoman Empire “We Must Ourselves Write About Ourselves”: The Trans-Communal Rise of the Novel in the Late Ottoman Empire by Etienne E. Charriere A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Comparative Literature) in the University of Michigan 2016 Doctoral Committee : Professor Vassilis Lambropoulos, Chair Professor Kevork B. Bardakjian Professor Michele A. Hannoosh Professor Kader Konuk, Universität Duisburg-Essen © Etienne Eugene Charriere 2016 Εις µνήµην Μιχάλη Λασιθιωτάκη (1955-2012) ii Acknowledgements Long before this project received its definitive title and acquired its current form, a few individuals provided, in one way or another, a crucial impetus for me to begin thinking about the questions that are addressed here, and they must be recognized first. Thank you to Michel Lassithiotakis, who oversaw the writing of an early work, some elements of which found their way into the present one. During all the stages of this project, I often recalled fondly his warm support and kind words of encouragements. I am deeply saddened that he will not be able to read this dissertation, which I dedicate to him. Thank you to Valentina Calzolari for her unflinching enthusiasm in teaching a "small" language: I have never regretted that I once entered an Armenian classroom almost entirely by accident, and immediately found myself at home. And I will never be able to thank Katerina Fameliadou enough for speaking Greek to a very young Swiss child years and years ago –she probably did not know, at the time, what long-term consequences those few words would have. At the University of Michigan, I found an intellectual home like no other, and I remain convinced that there was no other place in the world where I could have completed a project like the present one. I am forever indebted to Vassilis Lambropoulos for providing invaluable support over the past seven years, and for never failing to give me the simplest, yet most crucial thing that a mentor could give: trust. I also want to acknowledge him, and Artemis Leontis, for the extraordinary work that they keep accomplishing, in making the Modern Greek Program at the University of Michigan a truly exceptional home for innovative projects in the field. To the other iii members of my committee, Kevork Bardakjian, Michele Hannoosh, and Kader Konuk, my deepest gratitude for their teaching, their support, their mentoring, the warmth with which they welcomed and guided this project, and for inspiring me in so many different ways. I also want to thank a few other faculty members at the University of Michigan who contributed invaluable insights, or simply much-needed encouragements: thank you to Kristin Dickinson, Devi Mays, and Frieda Ekotto. I wish to express my gratitude to the two most recent chairs of Comparative Literature at the University of Michigan, Yopie Prins and Silke Weineck, for their support, and for turning this department into such a spirited community. And many thanks to the department staff, Nancy Harris, Paula Frank, and Judy Gray, for making me feel at home from the very first day. I also want to warmly thank the Armenian Studies Program, its two successive directors, Gerard Libaridian and Kathryn Babayan, and its administrator Naira Tumanyan for their support and assistance, and for sustaining such a rich and vibrant community of scholars. The writing of this dissertation would not have been possible without the very generous support of the Manoogian Simone Foundation, and the Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studies at the University of Michigan through the Constantine A. Tsangadas Trust, and I am extremely grateful to both. I would also like to thank all the fellow graduate students who have made the most important contribution of all to this project, that of friendship: my cohort, Emily Goedde, Olga Greco, Sara Hakeem-Grewal, Cassie Miura-Erickson, and Hilary Levinson; Başak Çandar, Gen Creedon, Nate Gallant, Mélissa Gélinas, Tuğçe Kayaal, Harry Kashdan, Adrienne Jacaruso, Chris Mead, Will Stroebel, Shannon Winston, Yael Kenan and, in particular, Neveser Köker and Duygu Ula for talks, coffee, and memorable interstate bus rides. iv More than halfway through this project, I had the rare privilege of meeting, in the person of Ali Bolcakan, not only someone whose interests, academic and otherwise, intersect with mine in a multitude of ways, but also -and more importantly- the most excellent of friends. Many thanks to him for helping me finish this dissertation in more ways than he probably realizes. Finally, I want to express my immense gratitude to my family, the ones that are still here and the ones that are gone. To my parents, for giving me the most precious gifts of all: relentless curiosity. To my sister and brother, for sharing this gift with me. And, bien sûr, all the gratitude in the world to Justin for making the ocean truly worth crossing, again and again -and for not hesitating one minute before accepting to cross it with me. v Table of Contents Dedication ii Acknowledgements iii List of Figures viii Abstract ix Introduction 1 1. Conceptualizing Transnational Literary Exchanges 6 2. Naming and Classifying: Taxonomies of Global Literature 17 3. From Deleuze to Bourdieu: Literature vs. Literary Field 25 4. The Novel in Narrow Literary Fields 31 5. Learning from Istanbul: The Novel in Trans-Communal Literary Fields 33 Chapter 1. Trans-Aegean Trajectories: Locating the Emergence of the Modern Greek Novel 47 1. Explaining the Rise of the Novel: Ian Watt's Legacy 48 2. Rediscovering a Corpus: The Novel in Post-Revolutionary Greece 53 3. Rethinking the Rise of the Modern Greek Novel: Toward a Trans-Aegean Model 60 4. Representing Aegean Crossings 73 Chapter 2. Translating the Novel: The Wandering Jew in Istanbul 77 1. Nineteenth-century Reading Practices: A Context for Translation Trends 83 2. Translation as Critical Reading: The Wandering Jew and the Greek-Ottoman Praxis of Translation 124 Chapter 3. Armenian Ivanhoes, Greek Rob Roys: Historical Fiction and the Nationalization of the Novel 164 1. Beyond Walter Scott: The Historical Novel in Romantic Europe 165 2. Historical Fiction in Greece and Armenia 177 vi Chapter 4. The Novel as Commodity: Virginie and Her Ottoman Sisters 204 1. The Novel as Object: Virginie's Visit to Eliza's Boudoir 210 2. The Νovel from Βook to Chapbook: Alexandre Ben-Guiat's Pablo y Virginia (1905) 225 3. Toward the End of the (Western) Novel: Zafirakis Hypandrevmenos' Zenobia (1872) 235 Conclusion 251 Bibliography 257 vii List of Figures Fig. 1 Novels translated into Greek and published in the Ottoman Empire 90 Fig. 2 Comparative table of the first translations of important French novels into Greek, Armenian, Ottoman-Turkish (in the Arabic, Armenian, and Greek scripts), and Ladino 99 Fig. 3a Le Juif errant: 1846 and 1861 versions (1) 131 Fig. 3b Le Juif errant: 1846 and 1861 versions (2) 132 Fig. 4a Le Juif errant: 1846 and 1861 versions (3) 142 Fig. 4b Le Juif errant: 1846 and 1861 versions (4) 143 Fig. 5a Le Juif errant: 1846 and 1861 versions (5) 146 Fig. 5b Le Juif errant: 1846 and 1861 versions (6) 147 Fig. 6a Le Juif errant: 1846 and 1861 versions (7) 148 Fig. 6b Le Juif errant: 1846 and 1861 versions (8) 149 Fig. 7 "The Death of Virginie" 214 Fig. 8 "Shipwreck off the coast of the Isle of France" 215 Fig. 9 "Histoire de Paul et Virginie" 216 Fig. 10 Unidentified lithograph 217 Fig. 11 "Paul's Death" 218 viii Abstract Studying texts written in some of the main literary idioms of the late Ottoman Empire (primarily Greek and Armenian, as well as Ottoman-Turkish and Ladino) and examining cultural practices carried out by the corresponding ethno-linguistic groups, this dissertation surveys, across community boundaries, the development of a culture of the novel in Istanbul and Izmir during the long nineteenth century. Placing a special emphasis on the appropriation by Ottoman literati of cultural tropes elaborated in Western Europe, this project studies both the spread of the foreign novel in the Ottoman Empire and the rise of domestic fiction within a trans-communal framework. Highlighting the ways in which the hegemony of Western European fiction was at once affirmed and challenged in the Empire, the project lays the ground for a renewed understanding of the rise of the novel outside of the West. The introduction of this work offers a survey of the various models that have been proposed, in comparative literary studies, to account for the unequal nature of exchanges across the global literary field. Additionally, it proposes to reformulate the concept of "minor literature" by shifting the focus to notions of amplitude and constriction, and by introducing the notion of narrow literary field as an alternative model to account for the structure of unequal exchanges that permeate the global literary realm. ix In an effort to analyze the conditions that allowed for the development of a culture of the novel in the broader Ottoman space, a preliminary chapter provides an overview of the ways in which the emergence of the modern novel has been contextualized and explained, with a particular focus on recent scholarship that has focused on the inherently transnational character of the literary exchanges that permitted the so-called rise of the novel. Using the example of nineteenth-century Greek-Ottoman novelists, this chapter investigates the relationship between the novel and its textual and cultural contexts, as well as the transnational dimension of the genre’s development. Transposing the paradigm of the "literary Channel" that has been proposed to account for the circulation of novels between France and Britain in the eighteenth century, this chapter argues that the modern Greek novel can be conceptualized as a product of the movements of texts and authors across the interstitial space of the Aegean.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Download/Print the Study in PDF Format
    GENERAL ELECTIONS IN ARMENIA 6th May 2012 European Elections monitor Republican Party led by the President of the Republic Serzh Sarkisian is the main favourite in Corinne Deloy the general elections in Armenia. On 23rd February last the Armenian authorities announced that the next general elections would Analysis take place on 6th May. Nine political parties are running: the five parties represented in the Natio- 1 month before nal Assembly, the only chamber in parliament comprising the Republican Party of Armenia (HHK), the poll Prosperous Armenia (BHK), the Armenian Revolutionary Federation (HHD), Rule of Law (Orinats Erkir, OEK) and Heritage (Z), which is standing in a coalition with the Free Democrats of Khachatur Kokobelian, as well as the Armenian National Congress (HAK), the Communist Party (HKK), the Democratic Party and the United Armenians. The Armenian government led by Prime Minister Tigran Sarkisian (HHK) has comprised the Republi- can Party, Prosperous Armenia and Rule of Law since 21st March 2008. The Armenian Revolutionary Federation was a member of the government coalition until 2009 before leaving it because of its opposition to the government’s foreign policy. On 12th February last the Armenians elected their local representatives. The Republican Party led by President of the Republic Serzh Sarkisian won 33 of the 39 country’s towns. The opposition clai- med that there had been electoral fraud. The legislative campaign started on 8th April and will end on 4th May. 238 people working in Arme- nia’s embassies or consulates will be able to vote on 27th April and 1st May. The parties running Prosperous Armenia leader, Gagik Tsarukian will lead his The Republican Party will be led by the President of the party’s list.
    [Show full text]
  • Borglum, Teitler + Depauw 1.Pdf
    Valencia Fall Invitational 2002 Round 8-Questions by CB with science help by Seth Teitler and DePauw QB 1) It is most easily made with eggs that are three or four days old, and refrigerated eggs are easier to use as they separate from the yolk better. The final product is hygroscopic, meaning it attracts moisture, so its best to make it on days that aren't rainy. Generally one should add about a quarter cup of sugar for each egg. FTP this will create what substance, most commonly found on top of a lemon pie? A. meringue (rna-RANG, in case you don't cook) 2) In 1829 this composer made the first of his nine trips to England, where he was a favorite. In London in 1832 he first performed his Capriccio Brilliant and the first six of his Songs without Words. He was also an influential conductor, and his revival of Bach's St. Matthew Passion helped pull that composer out of obscurity. FTP name this composer best known for his overture to A Midsummer Night's Dream and his Italian Symphony. A. Felix Mendelssohn 3) The Klamath peoples of the Pacific Northwest witnessed the creation of this natural feature, and explained it in a myth about a great battle between the chief of the Above World and chief of the Below World. U.S. Geological Survey Captain Clarence Dutton led a party that dragged a boat up the slopes ofMt. Mazama to chart the lake in 1856. FTP name this mountain lake in Oregon created from rainfall in the caldera of an explosive volcanic eruption.
    [Show full text]
  • Khachatur Abovian
    KHACHATUR ABOVIAN ARMENIAN STATE PEDAGOGICAL UNIVERSITY KHACHATUR ABOVIAN ARMENIAN STATE PEDAGOGICAL UNIVERSITY KHACHATUR ABOVIAN ARMENIAN STATE PEDAGOGICAL UNIVERSITY Dedicated to the 90th anniversary of the foundation of the Pedagogical University “Mankavarzh” Publishing House Yerevan 2012 Concert of the Armenian State Chamber Orchestra at the diploma awarding ceremony at the Armenian Pedagogical University, graduation celebrations of 2011 À 283 Kh. Abovian Armenian State Pedagogical University. - Yerevan. Kh. Abovian ASPU, 2012, p. 108 Compiled by Aelita Dolukhanyan, Ara Yeremyan, Mher Karapetyan Editor of the original version (in Armenian) Artashes Martirosyan Translators and editors of the version in English Shushanik Yavuryan, Tigran Mikayelyan Artistic design and layout by Aram Urutyan The compilation comprises materials from the archives of the Museum of Kh. Abovian Armenian State Pedagogical University. ISBN 978-99941-69-31-3 © Kh. Abovian ASPU, 2012 CONTENTS President of the Republic of Armenia Serzh Sargsyan’s congratulation message on the 90th anniversary of the foundation of Khachatur Abovian Armenian State Pedagogical University . 6 Supreme Patriarch of the Armenian Apostolic Church, Catholicos H.H. Garegin II’s congratulation message on the 90th anniversary of the foundation of Khachatur Abovian Armenian State Pedagogical University . 9 Invention of the Armenian Alphabet. Foundation of Illustrious Schools and Monastic Universities in Armenia in Middle Ages . 13 Education from the end of the 19th to the beginning of the 20th century in the Eastern and Western Parts of Armenia . 25 Foundation of the Pedagogical University and the early activities developed (1922 1940) . 31 Participation of the Pedagogical University in the Great Patriotic War (1941 1945) . 47 Pedagogical University between the postwar period and the declaration of Independence (1945 1990) .
    [Show full text]
  • Armed Forces Intervention in Post-War Turkey: a Methodological Approach of Greek Newspapers Through Political Analyses
    PHOKION KOTZAGEORGIS ARMED FORCES INTERVENTION IN POST-WAR TURKEY: A METHODOLOGICAL APPROACH OF GREEK NEWSPAPERS THROUGH POLITICAL ANALYSES The Press as a political-social phenomenon may influence the forma­ tion of one’s conscience, make or break governments and influence public opinion in a decisive way. As an institution it may play an extremely important role in the writing of a countiy’s contemporary history. It is only recently that this last function of the Press has become the object of scientific research, resulting in the first attempts to write history using newspapers as the basic source. The present article aspires to contribute to the process of ‘deciphering’ the role played by the Press in the formulation or crystallisation of behaviours, political or other, vis-a-vis given facts or phenomena. The article aims at signposting the methodological principles in the presentation by the Greek newspapers of an external affairs event and its use by the political affairs editors of these newspapers. This article was con­ ceived in the course of study of the political game in Turkey as the prominence of the role of the army in that country became evident to the author. The actual cases of army intervention will not be dealt with here; what is of in­ terest is the reaction of the newspapers to the three military interventions in the political life of Turkey. In date order these took place on 27 May 1960, 12 March 1971 and 12 September 1980. The sources chosen are newspapers easily accessible to the public, of differing political persuasions; the time terminus of study is one month be­ fore and one after the date of intervention of the military.
    [Show full text]
  • Notizen Von Einer Reise Durch Serbien, Anatolien Und Transkaukasien in Den Jahren 1843 Und 1844 Bonner Islamstudien
    Notizen von einer Reise durch Serbien, Anatolien und Transkaukasien in den Jahren 1843 und 1844 Bonner Islamstudien Herausgegeben von Stephan Conermann Band 44 Georg Rosen Notizen von einer Reise durch Serbien, Anatolien und Transkaukasien in den Jahren 1843 und 1844 Herausgegeben und kommentiert von Agnes Stache-Weiske und Frank Meier-Barthel BERLIN EBVERLAG Alle Rechte vorbehalten. Dieses Buch, einschließlich aller seiner Teile, ist urheberrechtlich geschützt. Vervielfältigungen, Übersetzungen, Mikroverfilmungen sowie die Einspeicherung und Verarbeitung in elektronischen Systemen bedürfen der schriftlichen Genehmigung des Verlags. Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.d-nb.de abrufbar. Umschlagmotive: Abbildungen auf dem Umschlag: Porträt Georg Rosens (Ausschnitt): LAV NRW OWL, Detmold, D 72 Rosen-Klingemann, Nr. 96. Und: Kartenskizze (Ausschnitt): LLB Detmold, Slg. 34, Nr. 5. Gesamtgestaltung: Rainer Kuhl Copyright: EB-Verlag Dr. Brandt Berlin 2021 ISBN: 978-3-86893-348-2 Internet: www.ebverlag.de E-Mail: [email protected] Druck und Bindung: CPI, Birkach Printed in Germany Inhaltsverzeichnis 5 Für Johanna und Clemens Für Ida Maria 6 Inhaltsverzeichnis Inhaltsverzeichnis 7 Inhaltsverzeichnis Abkürzungsverzeichnis ........................................................................ 11 Abbildungsverzeichnis ........................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Anti-Semitism in Greece
    HONORARY CHAIRMAN ADVISORY BOARD (CHAIR) PRESIDENT Yuri Orlov Karl von Schwarzenberg Ludmilla Alexeyeva EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE VICE PRESIDENT Aaron Rhodes Sonja Biserko Ulrich Fischer Holly Cartner DEPUTY EXECUTIVE DIR ECTOR Bjørn Engesland TREASURER Brigitte Dufour Krassimir Kanev Stein -Ivar Aarsæther Andrzej Rzeplinski Wickenburggasse 14/7, A -1080 Vienna, Austria; Tel +43 -1-408 88 22; Fax 408 88 22-50 e-mail: office@ihf -hr.org – internet: http://www.ihf-hr.org Bank account: Bank Austria Creditanstalt 0221-00283/00, BLZ 12 000 Anti-Semitism in Greece: Recent Developments PC.DEL/605/03 Report by International Helsinki Federation for Human Rights and 19 June 2003 Greek Helsinki Monitor June 16, 2003 ENGLISH only Much of the information contained in this report, in addition to further examples can be found in the Greek Helsinki Monitor/Minority Rights Group Greece November 2002 report, Anti- Semitism in Greece a Current Picture: 2001-2002 , available on the internet.1 Anti-Semitic expressions in Greece continue to stem from two central misconceptions: a perceived threat to the traditional, Orthodox Greek culture and the direct link between Greek Jewry and Israeli policy in the Middle East. In the absence of strong criticism, selected clergy, journalists, and politicians have brought their extreme views into mainstream discussion, the effect of which seeds anti-Semitic views within the larger Greek population. Manifestation of anti-Semitism in Reporting and Commentary on the Middle East Crisis Anti-Israeli sentiment regarding the ongoing Israeli/Palestinian conflict and perceived threats to the Greek Orthodox Christian culture, continue to fuel the majority of anti-Semitic comments and incidents reported in the Greek media.
    [Show full text]
  • Touching Photographs { Margaret Olin } Touching Photographs
    Touching Photographs { margaret olin } Touching photographs the university of chicago press chicago and london margaret olin is a senior research scholar in the Divinity School, with joint appointments in the Departments of History of Art and Religious Studies and in the Program in Judaic Studies The University of Chicago Press, Chicago 60637 at Yale University. The University of Chicago Press, Ltd., London © 2012 by The University of Chicago All rights reserved. Published 2012. Printed in China 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 1 2 3 4 5 ISBN-13: 978-0-226-62646-8 (paper) ISBN-10: 0-226-62646-6 (paper) Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Olin, Margaret Rose, 1948– Touching photographs / Margaret Olin. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-0-226-62646-8 (pbk : alk. paper) ISBN-10: 0-226-62646-6 (pbk : alk. paper) 1. Photographs—Psy- chological aspects. 2. Photography—Social aspects. 3. Photography in literature. 4. Barthes, Roland. Chambre claire. 5. Evans, Walker, 1903–1975. 6. Van Der Zee, James, 1886–1983. 7. September 11 Terrorist Attacks, 2001. I. Title. TR183.045 2012 770.01'9—dc22 2011016695 This book has been printed on acid-free paper. For Bob and George, our colleagues and students, and their legacy contents Acknowledgments ix 1 Introduction: Tactile Looking 21 1ts “ I I Not Going to Be Easy to Look into Their Eyes” Privilegef o Perception in Let Us Now Praise Famous Men 51 2 Roland Barthes’s “Mistaken” Identification 71 3 “ From One Dark Shore to the Other” The Epiphany of the Image in Hugo von Hofmannsthal and W.
    [Show full text]
  • The Red Eye Series
    THE RED EYE SERIES Jai Shree Ram Compiled by NARAYAN CHANGDER FOR HARDCOPY BOOK YOU CAN CONTACT NEAREST BOOKSTORE Narayan Changder I will develop this draft from time to time First printing, March 2019 Contents I Part One 1 Famous playwright, poet and others .......................... 11 1.1 John Keats.................................................... 11 1.2 Christopher Marlowe........................................... 12 1.3 Dr.Faustus By Christopher Marlowe................................ 13 1.4 John Milton................................................... 18 1.5 The Poetry of John Milton........................................ 19 1.6 Paradise Lost- John Milton....................................... 29 1.7 William Wordsworth............................................ 36 1.8 Frankenstein-Mary Shelley...................................... 37 1.9 Samuel Taylor Coleridge........................................ 38 1.10 WilliamJai Shakespeare.... Shree....................................... 39 Ram 1.11 Play by sakespear............................................. 42 1.12 Edmund Spenser.............................................. 51 1.13 Geoffrey Chaucer............................................. 52 1.14 James Joyce.................................................. 53 1.15 Dante........................................................ 63 1.16 Hamlet....................................................... 72 1.17 Macbeth...................................................... 74 1.18 Poetry.......................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Song, State, Sawa Music and Political Radio Between the US and Syria
    Song, State, Sawa Music and Political Radio between the US and Syria Beau Bothwell Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 2013 © 2013 Beau Bothwell All rights reserved ABSTRACT Song, State, Sawa: Music and Political Radio between the US and Syria Beau Bothwell This dissertation is a study of popular music and state-controlled radio broadcasting in the Arabic-speaking world, focusing on Syria and the Syrian radioscape, and a set of American stations named Radio Sawa. I examine American and Syrian politically directed broadcasts as multi-faceted objects around which broadcasters and listeners often differ not only in goals, operating assumptions, and political beliefs, but also in how they fundamentally conceptualize the practice of listening to the radio. Beginning with the history of international broadcasting in the Middle East, I analyze the institutional theories under which music is employed as a tool of American and Syrian policy, the imagined youths to whom the musical messages are addressed, and the actual sonic content tasked with political persuasion. At the reception side of the broadcaster-listener interaction, this dissertation addresses the auditory practices, histories of radio, and theories of music through which listeners in the sonic environment of Damascus, Syria create locally relevant meaning out of music and radio. Drawing on theories of listening and communication developed in historical musicology and ethnomusicology, science and technology studies, and recent transnational ethnographic and media studies, as well as on theories of listening developed in the Arabic public discourse about popular music, my dissertation outlines the intersection of the hypothetical listeners defined by the US and Syrian governments in their efforts to use music for political ends, and the actual people who turn on the radio to hear the music.
    [Show full text]
  • Two Greek Revolutions
    TWO GREEK REVOLUTIONS Greek nationalism under the Turkish yoke was nourished and sustained from three sources. One, the purest, was the Orthodox faith: since the Gospel and most of the patristic writings were written in Greek, a good knowledge of Orthodoxy required a good knowledge of Greek and Byzantine history in which Hellenism, the patriotic belief in the greatness of the Greek nation, was linked inseparably with its confession of the Orthodox faith. This Greek Orthodox nationalism (with the emphasis on “Orthodox”) was to be found especially among the monks of Mount Athos. Another source was a natural desire to be liberated from the Ottoman yoke. The situation of the Greeks in the Ottoman Empire was very difficult. As time passed and Ottoman power weakened, persecution of the faith increased. “The rights of the patriarch,” writes Fr. Alexander Schmemann, “were gradually reduced to nothing; all that was left to him was the ‘right’ of being responsible for the Christians. In the course of seventy-three years in the eighteenth century, the patriarch was replaced forty-eight times! Some were deposed and reinstalled as many as five times; many were put to torture. The rebellions of the Janissaries were accompanied by terrible bloodshed. Churches were defiled, relics cut to pieces, and the Holy Gifts profaned. Christian pogroms became more and more frequent. In the nineteenth century Turkey was simply rotting away, but the ‘sick man of Europe’ was supported at all points by other nations in opposition to Russia,”1 the only real protector of the Orthodox in the Ottoman empire.
    [Show full text]
  • Immigration and Restaurants in Chicago During the Era of Chinese Exclusion, 1893-1933
    University of South Carolina Scholar Commons Theses and Dissertations Summer 2019 Exclusive Dining: Immigration and Restaurants in Chicago during the Era of Chinese Exclusion, 1893-1933 Samuel C. King Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/etd Recommended Citation King, S. C.(2019). Exclusive Dining: Immigration and Restaurants in Chicago during the Era of Chinese Exclusion, 1893-1933. (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/etd/5418 This Open Access Dissertation is brought to you by Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Exclusive Dining: Immigration and Restaurants in Chicago during the Era of Chinese Exclusion, 1893-1933 by Samuel C. King Bachelor of Arts New York University, 2012 Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History College of Arts and Sciences University of South Carolina 2019 Accepted by: Lauren Sklaroff, Major Professor Mark Smith, Committee Member David S. Shields, Committee Member Erica J. Peters, Committee Member Yulian Wu, Committee Member Cheryl L. Addy, Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School Abstract The central aim of this project is to describe and explicate the process by which the status of Chinese restaurants in the United States underwent a dramatic and complete reversal in American consumer culture between the 1890s and the 1930s. In pursuit of this aim, this research demonstrates the connection that historically existed between restaurants, race, immigration, and foreign affairs during the Chinese Exclusion era.
    [Show full text]
  • Annual Report 1995
    19 9 5 ANNUAL REPORT 1995 Annual Report Copyright © 1996, Board of Trustees, Photographic credits: Details illustrated at section openings: National Gallery of Art. All rights p. 16: photo courtesy of PaceWildenstein p. 5: Alexander Archipenko, Woman Combing Her reserved. Works of art in the National Gallery of Art's collec- Hair, 1915, Ailsa Mellon Bruce Fund, 1971.66.10 tions have been photographed by the department p. 7: Giovanni Domenico Tiepolo, Punchinello's This publication was produced by the of imaging and visual services. Other photographs Farewell to Venice, 1797/1804, Gift of Robert H. and Editors Office, National Gallery of Art, are by: Robert Shelley (pp. 12, 26, 27, 34, 37), Clarice Smith, 1979.76.4 Editor-in-chief, Frances P. Smyth Philip Charles (p. 30), Andrew Krieger (pp. 33, 59, p. 9: Jacques-Louis David, Napoleon in His Study, Editors, Tarn L. Curry, Julie Warnement 107), and William D. Wilson (p. 64). 1812, Samuel H. Kress Collection, 1961.9.15 Editorial assistance, Mariah Seagle Cover: Paul Cezanne, Boy in a Red Waistcoat (detail), p. 13: Giovanni Paolo Pannini, The Interior of the 1888-1890, Collection of Mr. and Mrs. Paul Mellon Pantheon, c. 1740, Samuel H. Kress Collection, Designed by Susan Lehmann, in Honor of the 50th Anniversary of the National 1939.1.24 Washington, DC Gallery of Art, 1995.47.5 p. 53: Jacob Jordaens, Design for a Wall Decoration (recto), 1640-1645, Ailsa Mellon Bruce Fund, Printed by Schneidereith & Sons, Title page: Jean Dubuffet, Le temps presse (Time Is 1875.13.1.a Baltimore, Maryland Running Out), 1950, The Stephen Hahn Family p.
    [Show full text]