DOCSLIB.ORG

Termite Gut Flagellates and Their Bacterial Symbionts: Phylogenetic Analysis and Localization in Situ

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Termite Gut Flagellates and Their Bacterial Symbionts: Phylogenetic Analysis and Localization in Situ Termite gut flagellates and their bacterial symbionts: Phylogenetic analysis and localization in situ Dissertation zur Erlangung des Grades eines Doktors der Naturwissenschaften im Fachbereich Biologie der naturwissenschaftlichen Sektion der Universität Konstanz vorgelegt von Ulrich Stingl Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 10. Dezember 2004 Referent: Priv.-Doz. Dr. Andreas Brune Referent: Prof. Dr. Bernhard Schink Referent: Prof. Dr. Ralf Conrad Konstanz 2004 Danksagung Die vorliegende Arbeit wurde in der Zeit von April 2001 bis Oktober 2004 am Lehrstuhl für Mikrobielle Ökologie von Prof. Dr. Bernhard Schink unter der Betreuung von PD Dr. Andreas Brune durchgeführt. Dabei gilt mein besonderer Dank: PD Dr. Andreas Brune für das entgegengebrachte Vertrauen, die stetige Hilfsbereitschaft bei Fragen und Diskussionen, sowie die Überlassung des Themas. Prof. Dr. Bernhard Schink für die Möglichkeit, diese Arbeit an seinem Lehrstuhl durchzuführen, für die Übernahme des Koreferats, und für das Interesse und Diskussionsbereitschaft. Dr. Markus Egert, Dr. Michael Friedrich, Annelie Maass, Dr. Renate Radek, Dr. Vladimir Sustr, Yongie Wang und Dr. Martin Zimmer für nette und erfolgreiche Zusammenarbeit in verschiedenen Kooperationsprojekten. Allen jetzigen und ehemaligen Mitarbeitern der Termitengruppe sowie des Lehrstuhls Schink für konstruktive Diskussionen und die angenehme Arbeitsatmosphäre. Mein besonderer Dank geht an die „Ehemaligen“ für das Überlassen zahlreicher Stammkulturen, welche die Arbeit deutlich erleichterten. List of publications The following publications are integrated in this thesis Stingl U, Brune A (2003) Phylogenetic diversity and whole-cell hybridization of oxymonad flagellates from the hindgut of the wood-feeding lower termite Reticulitermes flavipes. Protist 154: 147–155 (Chapter 2) Yang H, Schmitt-Wagner D, Stingl U, Brune A (2004) Niche heterogeneity determines bacterial community structure in the termite gut. Environ Microbiol, in revision (Chapter 3) Stingl U, Radek R, Yang H, Brune A (2004) The “Endomicrobia”: Cytoplasmic symbionts of termite gut protozoa form a separate phylum of prokaryotes. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, in press (Chapter 4) Stingl U, Maass A, Radek R, Brune A (2004) Symbionts of the gut flagellate Staurojoenina sp. from Neotermes cubanus represent a novel, termite-associated lineage of Bacteroidales: Description of 'Candidatus Vestibaculum illigatum'. Microbiol 150: 2229–2235 (Chapter 5) Brune A, Stingl U (2004) Prokaryotic symbionts of termite gut flagellates: phylogenetic and metabolic implications of a tripartite symbiosis. In: Overmann, J. (ed.), Molecular basis of symbiosis. Springer Verlag, in press (Chapter 6) Further publications from cooperation projects, which are not in the main focus of this thesis, can be found in the appendix Lemke T, Stingl U, Egert M, Friedrich MW, Brune A (2003) Physicochemical conditions and microbial activities in the highly alkaline gut of the humus- feeding larva of Pachnoda ephippiata (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). Appl Environ Microbiol 69: 6650–6658 Egert M, Stingl U, Dyhrberg Bruun L, Pommerenke B, Brune A, Friedrich MW Physicochemical conditions and microbial diversity in the intestinal tract of the phytophagous larva of Melolontha melolontha (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). Applied and Environmental Microbiology, in revision Wang Y, Stingl U, Anton-Erxleben F, Zimmer M, Brune A (2004) ‘Candidatus Hepatincola porcellionum’ gen. nov., sp. nov., a new, stalk-forming lineage of Rickettsiales colonizing the midgut glands of a terrestrial isopod. Arch Microbiol 181: 299–304 Wang Y, Stingl U, Anton-Erxleben F, Geisler S, Brune A, Zimmer M (2004) 'Candidatus Hepatoplasma crinochetorum', a new, stalk-forming lineage of Mollicutes colonizing the midgut glands of a terrestrial isopod. Appl Environ Microbiol 70: 6166–6172 Table of contents 1 Introduction 1 Importance of termites 1 Phylogeny of termites 1 The gut system of termites 2 Microorganisms 2 Associations of termite flagellates with prokaryotes 5 The aims of the study 6 2 Phylogenetic analysis and whole-cell hybridization of oxymonad flagellates from the hindgut of the wood-feeding lower termite Reticulitermes flavipes 7 Abstract 7 Introduction 8 Results 9 Discussion 14 Materials and Methods 16 3 Niche heterogeneity determines bacterial community structure in the termite gut (Reticulitermes santonensis) 21 Summary 21 Introduction 22 Results 23 Discussion 41 Experimental procedures 45 4 The ‘Endomicrobia’: Cytoplasmic symbionts of termite gut flagellates form a separate phylum of prokaryotes 49 Abstract 49 Introduction 50 Materials and Methods 50 Results 52 Discussion 58 5 Symbionts of the gut flagellate Staurojoenina sp. from Neotermes cubanus represent a novel, termite-associated lineage of Bacteroidales: Description of ‘Candidatus Vestibaculum illigatum’ 64 Summary 64 Introduction 65 Methods 66 Results 68 Discussion 71 6 Prokayotic symbionts of termite gut flagellates: Phylogenetic and metabolic implications of a tripartite symbiosis 75 Introduction 75 Hindgut protozoa 78 Symbiotic associations with prokaryotes 81 Conclusions 91 7 General discussion 93 The astonishing diversity of termite gut flagellates 93 Epibionts and endobionts: the uncultivated majority 95 8 Summary 98 9 Zusammenfassung 100 References 103 Abgrenzung der Eigenleistung 121 Appendix 122 Appendix A: Physicochemical conditions and microbial activities in the highly alkaline gut of the humus-feeding larva of Pachnoda ephippiata (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) 123 Appendix B: Physicochemical conditions and microbial diversity in the intestinal tract of the phytophagous larva of Melolontha melolontha (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) 150 Appendix C: ‘Candidatus Hepatincola porcellionum’, a new, stalk-forming lineage of Rickettsiales colonizing the midgut glands of a terrestrial isopod 173 Appendix D: ‘Candidatus Hepatoplasma crinochetarum’, a new, stalk-forming lineage of Mollicutes colonizing the midgut glands of a terrestrial isopod 188 1 Introduction Importance of termites Termites are terrestrial, social insects that inhabit nearly two-thirds of the Earth’s land surface between 45° N and S latitude (Wood and Sands, 1978), but are also present in temperate zones (e.g., Marini and Mantovani, 2002). Their numbers can exceed 6000 individuals per m2, and their biomass often surpasses that of mammalian herbivores (Lee and Wood, 1971; Collins, 1989), which already indicates their enormous ecological impact. Besides their ecological importance, also the commercial relevance of termites is immense: Damages caused by termites make them a worldwide pest; e.g., solely the Formosan termite Coptotermes formosanus is responsible for more than one billion US$ per year in the USA for preventive and remedial treatment (Lax and Osbrink, 2003). Phylogeny of termites Termites (order: Isoptera) make up, together with mantids and cockroaches, the most primitive winged terrestrial insect taxon, the Dictyoptera (Deitz et al., 2003). The Isoptera are divided, dependent on the reference, in six or seven families (Noirot, 1992; Abe et al., 2000), which can be further separated into evolutionary lower and higher termites (Fig. 1). Higher termites are differentiated from lower termites mainly by the absence of symbiotic flagellates in their enlarged hindgut. The loss of these symbiotic microorganisms in the course of evolution is most likely due to the changed feeding- habit of these species, most of which feed on soil or cultivate fungi in their mounds as symbiotic partner for the digestion of wood (Noirot, 1992). Phylogenetically lower termites, in contrast, depend on symbiotic protozoa in their intestinal tract for the degradation of lignocellulose (Cleveland, 1926). 2 Introduction (Protozoa) (No protozoa) Figure 1: Schematic outline of the phylogenetic relationships among the different termite families and the closely related cockroaches. The numbers on the lines represent the number of genera/species in the different families (modified from Abe et al., 2000). The gut system of lower termites In the last 20 years much work was done to describe the termite gut micro ecosystem (for review, see Breznak, 2000; Brune, 2004). The digestive processes in the rather small midgut are most probably largely controlled by the activity of host enzymes, whereas the digestion in the enlarged hindgut involves symbiotic microorganisms. Microorganisms Termite guts are densely colonized by symbiotic microorganisms, most of which are presumably involved in different steps of the fermentation of lignocellulose. The midgut contains a purely prokaryotic microbiota, whereas the hindgut is colonized by prokaryotes and special single-celled eukaryotes. As a result of the microbial activities, high concentrations of fermentation products accumulate in this system (for review, see Breznak, 2000). Prokaryotes Emphasis of the research on this micro ecosystem in the last years was concentrated on the function of the prokaryotic microorganisms. Important metabolic functions attributed to the prokaryotic community include reductive acetogenesis, Introduction 3 methanogenesis, nitrogen fixation, and uric acid fermentation (for review, see Breznak, 2000). The identification of the microbial community in termite guts is based mainly on molecular tools (Berchtold et al., 1999; Lillburn et al., 1999; Schmitt-Wagner et al., 2003a). Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA genes of bacteria in the hindgut of Reticulitermes speratus revealed that two-thirds of the clones bore less than 90% sequence similarity
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Morphology, Phylogeny, and Diversity of Trichonympha (Parabasalia: Hypermastigida) of the Wood-Feeding Cockroach Cryptocercus Punctulatus
    J. Eukaryot. Microbiol., 56(4), 2009 pp. 305–313 r 2009 The Author(s) Journal compilation r 2009 by the International Society of Protistologists DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2009.00406.x Morphology, Phylogeny, and Diversity of Trichonympha (Parabasalia: Hypermastigida) of the Wood-Feeding Cockroach Cryptocercus punctulatus KEVIN J. CARPENTER, LAWRENCE CHOW and PATRICK J. KEELING Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Botany Department, University of British Columbia, University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4 ABSTRACT. Trichonympha is one of the most complex and visually striking of the hypermastigote parabasalids—a group of anaerobic flagellates found exclusively in hindguts of lower termites and the wood-feeding cockroach Cryptocercus—but it is one of only two genera common to both groups of insects. We investigated Trichonympha of Cryptocercus using light and electron microscopy (scanning and transmission), as well as molecular phylogeny, to gain a better understanding of its morphology, diversity, and evolution. Microscopy reveals numerous new features, such as previously undetected bacterial surface symbionts, adhesion of post-rostral flagella, and a dis- tinctive frilled operculum. We also sequenced small subunit rRNA gene from manually isolated species, and carried out an environmental polymerase chain reaction (PCR) survey of Trichonympha diversity, all of which strongly supports monophyly of Trichonympha from Cryptocercus to the exclusion of those sampled from termites. Bayesian and distance methods support a relationship between Tricho- nympha species from termites and Cryptocercus, although likelihood analysis allies the latter with Eucomonymphidae. A monophyletic Trichonympha is of great interest because recent evidence supports a sister relationship between Cryptocercus and termites, suggesting Trichonympha predates the Cryptocercus-termite divergence.
    [Show full text]
  • Download This Publication (PDF File)
    PUBLIC LIBRARY of SCIENCE | plosgenetics.org | ISSN 1553-7390 | Volume 2 | Issue 12 | DECEMBER 2006 GENETICS PUBLIC LIBRARY of SCIENCE www.plosgenetics.org Volume 2 | Issue 12 | DECEMBER 2006 Interview Review Knight in Common Armor: 1949 Unraveling the Genetics 1956 An Interview with Sir John Sulston e225 of Human Obesity e188 Jane Gitschier David M. Mutch, Karine Clément Research Articles Natural Variants of AtHKT1 1964 The Complete Genome 2039 Enhance Na+ Accumulation e210 Sequence and Comparative e206 in Two Wild Populations of Genome Analysis of the High Arabidopsis Pathogenicity Yersinia Ana Rus, Ivan Baxter, enterocolitica Strain 8081 Balasubramaniam Muthukumar, Nicholas R. Thomson, Sarah Jeff Gustin, Brett Lahner, Elena Howard, Brendan W. Wren, Yakubova, David E. Salt Matthew T. G. Holden, Lisa Crossman, Gregory L. Challis, About the Cover Drosophila SPF45: A Bifunctional 1974 Carol Churcher, Karen The jigsaw image of representatives Protein with Roles in Both e178 Mungall, Karen Brooks, Tracey of various lines of eukaryote evolution Splicing and DNA Repair Chillingworth, Theresa Feltwell, refl ects the current lack of consensus as Ahmad Sami Chaouki, Helen K. Zahra Abdellah, Heidi Hauser, to how the major branches of eukaryotes Salz Kay Jagels, Mark Maddison, fi t together. The illustrations from upper Sharon Moule, Mandy Sanders, left to bottom right are as follows: a single Mammalian Small Nucleolar 1984 Sally Whitehead, Michael A. scale from the surface of Umbellosphaera; RNAs Are Mobile Genetic e205 Quail, Gordon Dougan, Julian Amoeba, the large amoeboid organism Elements Parkhill, Michael B. Prentice used as an introduction to protists for Michel J. Weber many school children; Euglena, the iconic Low Levels of Genetic 2052 fl agellate that is often used to challenge Soft Sweeps III: The Signature 1998 Divergence across e215 ideas of plants (Euglena has chloroplasts) of Positive Selection from e186 Geographically and and animals (Euglena moves); Stentor, Recurrent Mutation Linguistically Diverse one of the larger ciliates; Cacatua, the Pleuni S.
    [Show full text]
  • An Annotated Checklist of Wisconsin Scarabaeoidea (Coleoptera)
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Center for Systematic Entomology, Gainesville, Insecta Mundi Florida March 2002 An annotated checklist of Wisconsin Scarabaeoidea (Coleoptera) Nadine A. Kriska University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI Daniel K. Young University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/insectamundi Part of the Entomology Commons Kriska, Nadine A. and Young, Daniel K., "An annotated checklist of Wisconsin Scarabaeoidea (Coleoptera)" (2002). Insecta Mundi. 537. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/insectamundi/537 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Center for Systematic Entomology, Gainesville, Florida at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Insecta Mundi by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. INSECTA MUNDI, Vol. 16, No. 1-3, March-September, 2002 3 1 An annotated checklist of Wisconsin Scarabaeoidea (Coleoptera) Nadine L. Kriska and Daniel K. Young Department of Entomology 445 Russell Labs University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison, WI 53706 Abstract. A survey of Wisconsin Scarabaeoidea (Coleoptera) conducted from literature searches, collection inventories, and three years of field work (1997-1999), yielded 177 species representing nine families, two of which, Ochodaeidae and Ceratocanthidae, represent new state family records. Fifty-six species (32% of the Wisconsin fauna) represent new state species records, having not previously been recorded from the state. Literature and collection distributional records suggest the potential for at least 33 additional species to occur in Wisconsin. Introduction however, most of Wisconsin's scarabaeoid species diversity, life histories, and distributions were vir- The superfamily Scarabaeoidea is a large, di- tually unknown.
    [Show full text]
  • Natural History
    Bulletin OF THE Illinois State Laboratory OF Natural History Urbana, Illinois, U. S. A. Vol. VIIL Article IV. THE ECOLOGY OF THE SKOKIE MARSH AREA, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE MOLLUSCA. BY FRANK COLLINS BAKER Curator of the Chicago Academy of Sciences — ERRATA AND ADDENDA. Page 58, line 7, for ovalis read ovata. Page 85, line 8, for longicaiidiis read longicanda, and just above Phaciis plcitro- nectes read the following paragraph : Phacus longicanda var. torta. n. var. —This variety, for which I propose the name torta because of the twisted body, is figured by Stein ('78, Taf. 20, Fig. 3). It occurred sparingly in midsummer from July to September, rarely in October, in 1896 and 1897. Page 91, line 18, after T. caudata Ehrb. read T. lagenella Stein. Pages 153, line 3 from bottom, 168, line 16, and 178, line 14, iov'98 read '.9Sa. Pages 156, line 11, 159, line 16, and 161, line 5 from bottom, for '93 read '98a. Pages 175, line 5, 186, line 3, and 208, line 17, for Bimcerium read Dimcerium. Page 288, line, 3 for Lampsilus read Lampsilis. Page 292, line 13, for gracilis read gracile. Page 471, line 3 under heading beetles, for pennsylvanicus read pennsylvanica CONTENTS. PAGE Introduction 441 Method of Study 441 Acknowledgments 442 Economic Considerations 442 General Topography 443 A. The Skokie Marsh 446 B. The Intermediate Ridge or Sand Spit. 446 C. The East Branch of the North Branch of the Chicago River 447 D. The Glenwood Beach Ridge 447 E. The North Branch of the Chicago River 448 Seasonal Comparisons 449 Detailed Discussion and Comparison of Stations 449 A.
    [Show full text]
  • Multigene Eukaryote Phylogeny Reveals the Likely Protozoan Ancestors of Opis- Thokonts (Animals, Fungi, Choanozoans) and Amoebozoa
    Accepted Manuscript Multigene eukaryote phylogeny reveals the likely protozoan ancestors of opis- thokonts (animals, fungi, choanozoans) and Amoebozoa Thomas Cavalier-Smith, Ema E. Chao, Elizabeth A. Snell, Cédric Berney, Anna Maria Fiore-Donno, Rhodri Lewis PII: S1055-7903(14)00279-6 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2014.08.012 Reference: YMPEV 4996 To appear in: Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution Received Date: 24 January 2014 Revised Date: 2 August 2014 Accepted Date: 11 August 2014 Please cite this article as: Cavalier-Smith, T., Chao, E.E., Snell, E.A., Berney, C., Fiore-Donno, A.M., Lewis, R., Multigene eukaryote phylogeny reveals the likely protozoan ancestors of opisthokonts (animals, fungi, choanozoans) and Amoebozoa, Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution (2014), doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/ j.ympev.2014.08.012 This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. 1 1 Multigene eukaryote phylogeny reveals the likely protozoan ancestors of opisthokonts 2 (animals, fungi, choanozoans) and Amoebozoa 3 4 Thomas Cavalier-Smith1, Ema E. Chao1, Elizabeth A. Snell1, Cédric Berney1,2, Anna Maria 5 Fiore-Donno1,3, and Rhodri Lewis1 6 7 1Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK.
    [Show full text]
  • Taxonomy, Biogeography, and Notes on Termites (Isoptera: Kalotermitidae, Rhinotermitidae, Termitidae) of the Bahamas and Turks and Caicos Islands
    SYSTEMATICS Taxonomy, Biogeography, and Notes on Termites (Isoptera: Kalotermitidae, Rhinotermitidae, Termitidae) of the Bahamas and Turks and Caicos Islands RUDOLF H. SCHEFFRAHN,1 JAN KRˇ ECˇ EK,1 JAMES A. CHASE,2 BOUDANATH MAHARAJH,1 3 AND JOHN R. MANGOLD Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 99(3): 463Ð486 (2006) ABSTRACT Termite surveys of 33 islands of the Bahamas and Turks and Caicos (BATC) archipelago yielded 3,533 colony samples from 593 sites. Twenty-seven species from three families and 12 genera were recorded as follows: Cryptotermes brevis (Walker), Cr. cavifrons Banks, Cr. cymatofrons Schef- Downloaded from frahn and Krˇecˇek, Cr. bracketti n. sp., Incisitermes bequaerti (Snyder), I. incisus (Silvestri), I. milleri (Emerson), I. rhyzophorae Herna´ndez, I. schwarzi (Banks), I. snyderi (Light), Neotermes castaneus (Burmeister), Ne. jouteli (Banks), Ne. luykxi Nickle and Collins, Ne. mona Banks, Procryptotermes corniceps (Snyder), and Pr. hesperus Scheffrahn and Krˇecˇek (Kalotermitidae); Coptotermes gestroi Wasmann, Heterotermes cardini (Snyder), H. sp., Prorhinotermes simplex Hagen, and Reticulitermes flavipes Koller (Rhinotermitidae); and Anoplotermes bahamensis n. sp., A. inopinatus n. sp., Nasuti- termes corniger (Motschulsky), Na. rippertii Rambur, Parvitermes brooksi (Snyder), and Termes http://aesa.oxfordjournals.org/ hispaniolae Banks (Termitidae). Of these species, three species are known only from the Bahamas, whereas 22 have larger regional indigenous ranges that include Cuba, Florida, or Hispaniola and beyond. Recent exotic immigrations for two of the regional indigenous species cannot be excluded. Three species are nonindigenous pests of known recent immigration. IdentiÞcation keys based on the soldier (or soldierless worker) and the winged imago are provided along with species distributions by island. Cr. bracketti, known only from San Salvador Island, Bahamas, is described from the soldier and imago.
    [Show full text]
  • Bioflocculation of Wastewater Organic Matter at Short Retention Times
    Bioflocculation of Wastewater Organic Matter at Short Retention Times Lena Faust Thesis committee Promotor Prof. dr. ir. H.H.M. Rijnaarts Professor, Chair Environmental Technology Wageningen University Co-promotor Dr. ir. H. Temmink Assistant professor, Sub-department of Environmental Technology Wageningen University Other members Prof. Dr A.J.M. Stams, Wageningen University Prof. Dr. I. Smets, University of Leuven, Belgium Prof. Dr. B.-M. Wilen, Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden Prof. Dr. D.C. Nijmeijer, University of Twente, The Netherlands This research was conducted under the auspices of the Graduate School SENSE (Socio- Economic and Natural Sciences of the Environment) Bioflocculation of Wastewater Organic Matter at Short Retention Times Lena Faust Thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of doctor at Wageningen University by the authority of the Rector Magnificus Prof. Dr M.J. Kropff, in the presence of the Thesis Committee appointed by the Academic Board to be defended in public on Wednesday 3rd of December 2014 at 1.30 p.m. in the Aula. Lena Faust Bioflocculation of Wastewater Organic Matter at Short Retention Times, 163 pages. PhD thesis, Wageningen University, Wageningen, NL (2014) With references, with summaries in English and Dutch ISBN 978-94-6257-171-6 ˮDa steh ich nun, ich armer Tor, und bin so klug als wie zuvor.ˮ Dr. Faust (in Faust I written by Johann Wolgang von Goethe) Contents 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................1
    [Show full text]
  • Protist Phylogeny and the High-Level Classification of Protozoa
    Europ. J. Protistol. 39, 338–348 (2003) © Urban & Fischer Verlag http://www.urbanfischer.de/journals/ejp Protist phylogeny and the high-level classification of Protozoa Thomas Cavalier-Smith Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PS, UK; E-mail: [email protected] Received 1 September 2003; 29 September 2003. Accepted: 29 September 2003 Protist large-scale phylogeny is briefly reviewed and a revised higher classification of the kingdom Pro- tozoa into 11 phyla presented. Complementary gene fusions reveal a fundamental bifurcation among eu- karyotes between two major clades: the ancestrally uniciliate (often unicentriolar) unikonts and the an- cestrally biciliate bikonts, which undergo ciliary transformation by converting a younger anterior cilium into a dissimilar older posterior cilium. Unikonts comprise the ancestrally unikont protozoan phylum Amoebozoa and the opisthokonts (kingdom Animalia, phylum Choanozoa, their sisters or ancestors; and kingdom Fungi). They share a derived triple-gene fusion, absent from bikonts. Bikonts contrastingly share a derived gene fusion between dihydrofolate reductase and thymidylate synthase and include plants and all other protists, comprising the protozoan infrakingdoms Rhizaria [phyla Cercozoa and Re- taria (Radiozoa, Foraminifera)] and Excavata (phyla Loukozoa, Metamonada, Euglenozoa, Percolozoa), plus the kingdom Plantae [Viridaeplantae, Rhodophyta (sisters); Glaucophyta], the chromalveolate clade, and the protozoan phylum Apusozoa (Thecomonadea, Diphylleida). Chromalveolates comprise kingdom Chromista (Cryptista, Heterokonta, Haptophyta) and the protozoan infrakingdom Alveolata [phyla Cilio- phora and Miozoa (= Protalveolata, Dinozoa, Apicomplexa)], which diverged from a common ancestor that enslaved a red alga and evolved novel plastid protein-targeting machinery via the host rough ER and the enslaved algal plasma membrane (periplastid membrane).
    [Show full text]
  • Novel Lineages of Oxymonad Flagellates from the Termite Porotermes Adamsoni (Stolotermitidae): the Genera Oxynympha and Termitim
    Protist, Vol. 170, 125683, December 2019 http://www.elsevier.de/protis Published online date 21 October 2019 ORIGINAL PAPER Novel Lineages of Oxymonad Flagellates from the Termite Porotermes adamsoni (Stolotermitidae): the Genera Oxynympha and Termitimonas a,1 b a c b,1 Renate Radek , Katja Meuser , Samet Altinay , Nathan Lo , and Andreas Brune a Evolutionary Biology, Institute for Biology/Zoology, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany b Research Group Insect Gut Microbiology and Symbiosis, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, 35043 Marburg, Germany c School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia Submitted January 21, 2019; Accepted October 9, 2019 Monitoring Editor: Alastair Simpson The symbiotic gut flagellates of lower termites form host-specific consortia composed of Parabasalia and Oxymonadida. The analysis of their coevolution with termites is hampered by a lack of informa- tion, particularly on the flagellates colonizing the basal host lineages. To date, there are no reports on the presence of oxymonads in termites of the family Stolotermitidae. We discovered three novel, deep-branching lineages of oxymonads in a member of this family, the damp-wood termite Porotermes adamsoni. One tiny species (6–10 ␮m), Termitimonas travisi, morphologically resembles members of the genus Monocercomonoides, but its SSU rRNA genes are highly dissimilar to recently published sequences of Polymastigidae from cockroaches and vertebrates. A second small species (9–13 ␮m), Oxynympha loricata, has a slight phylogenetic affinity to members of the Saccinobaculidae, which are found exclusively in wood-feeding cockroaches of the genus Cryptocercus, the closest relatives of termites, but shows a combination of morphological features that is unprecedented in any oxymonad family.
    [Show full text]
  • The Revised Classification of Eukaryotes
    See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/231610049 The Revised Classification of Eukaryotes Article in Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology · September 2012 DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2012.00644.x · Source: PubMed CITATIONS READS 961 2,825 25 authors, including: Sina M Adl Alastair Simpson University of Saskatchewan Dalhousie University 118 PUBLICATIONS 8,522 CITATIONS 264 PUBLICATIONS 10,739 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE Christopher E Lane David Bass University of Rhode Island Natural History Museum, London 82 PUBLICATIONS 6,233 CITATIONS 464 PUBLICATIONS 7,765 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects: Biodiversity and ecology of soil taste amoeba View project Predator control of diversity View project All content following this page was uploaded by Smirnov Alexey on 25 October 2017. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. The Journal of Published by the International Society of Eukaryotic Microbiology Protistologists J. Eukaryot. Microbiol., 59(5), 2012 pp. 429–493 © 2012 The Author(s) Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology © 2012 International Society of Protistologists DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2012.00644.x The Revised Classification of Eukaryotes SINA M. ADL,a,b ALASTAIR G. B. SIMPSON,b CHRISTOPHER E. LANE,c JULIUS LUKESˇ,d DAVID BASS,e SAMUEL S. BOWSER,f MATTHEW W. BROWN,g FABIEN BURKI,h MICAH DUNTHORN,i VLADIMIR HAMPL,j AARON HEISS,b MONA HOPPENRATH,k ENRIQUE LARA,l LINE LE GALL,m DENIS H. LYNN,n,1 HILARY MCMANUS,o EDWARD A. D.
    [Show full text]
  • Insect-Mediated Nitrogen Dynamics in Decomposing Wood
    Ecological Entomology (2015), 40 (Suppl. 1), 97–112 DOI: 10.1111/een.12176 INSECTS AND ECOSYSTEM SERVICES SPECIAL ISSUE Insect-mediated nitrogen dynamics in decomposing wood MICHAEL D. ULYSHEN USDA Forest Service, Athens, Georgia, U.S.A. Abstract. 1. Wood decomposition is characterised by complex and poorly understood nitrogen (N) dynamics with unclear implications for forest nutrient cycling and productivity. Wood-dwelling microbes have developed unique strategies for coping with the N limitations imposed by their substrate, including the translocation of N into wood by cord-forming fungi and the fixation of atmospheric nitrogen2 (N ) by bacteria and Archaea. 2. By accelerating the release of nutrients immobilised in fungal tissues and promoting N2 fixation by free-living and endosymbiotic prokaryotes, saproxylic insects have the potential to influence N dynamics in forests. 3. Prokaryotes capable of fixing N2 appear to be commonplace among wood-feeding insects, with published records from three orders (Blattodea, Coleoptera and Hymenoptera), 13 families, 33 genera and at least 60 species. These organisms appear to play a significant role in the N economies of their hosts and represent a widespread solution to surviving on a diet of wood. 4. While agricultural research has demonstrated the role that termites and other insects can play in enhancing crop yields, the importance of saproxylic insects to forest productivity remains unexplored. Key words. Arthropods, diazotroph, ecosystem services, Isoptera, mineralisation, saproxylic, symbiosis. Introduction the N-rich tissues of particular insect and fungal species. For example, Baker (1969) reported that Anobium punctatum (De Nitrogen (N) is the limiting nutrient in many systems (Vitousek Geer) developing in dry wood acquired 2.5 times the amount & Howarth, 1991; LeBauer & Treseder, 2008) and this is espe- of N provided by the wood itself.
    [Show full text]
  • Uropod Exopod Equal in Length to Proximal Two Articles of Ularly Common, for Example, in San Francisco Bay and Coos Bay
    Lamprops triserratus occurs along much of the coast in estuaries and bays; it is partic­ 9 Uropod exopod equal in length to proximal two articles of ularly common, for example, in San Francisco Bay and Coos Bay. endopod (plate 228D) Lamprops obfuscatus __ Uropod exopod extends beyond end of second article of endopod (plate 228E) Lamprops tomalesi NANNASTACIOAE Campylaspis canaliculata Zimmer, 1936. Campylaspis rubromaculata Lie, 1971 (=C. nodulosa Lie, Key to Species with No Free Telson 1969). Campylaspis hartae Lie, 1969. 1. Uropod endopod composed of two distinct articles 2 Cumella vulgaris Hart, 1930. — Uropod endopod uniarticulate 3 2. First antenna with conspicuous "elbow"; carapace with large tooth at anteroventral corner; first pereonite very nar­ References row (plate 230A) Eudorella pacifica — First antenna without elbow; carapace anteroventral Caiman, W. T. 1912. The Crustacea of the Order Cumacea in the col­ corner rounded; first pereonite wide enough to be easily lection of the United States National Museum. Proceedings of the seen in lateral view (plate 229A) U.S. National Museum 41: 603-676. Nippoleucon hinumensis Gladfelter, W. B. 1975. Quantitative distribution of shallow-water 3-. Carapace extended posteriorly, overhanging first few pere- cumaceans from the vicinity of Dillon Beach, California, with de­ scriptions of five new species. Crustaceana 29: 241-251. onites so that pereonites 1 and 2 are much narrower than Hart, J. F. L. 1930. Some Cumacea of the Vancouver Island region. Con­ pereonites 3-5 4 tributions to Canadian Biology and Fisheries 6: 1-8. — Carapace not overhanging pereon, pereonites 1 and 2 same Lie, U. 1969. Cumacea from Puget Sound and off the Northwestern length as pereonites 3-5 (plate 229B) Cumella vulgaris coast of Washington, with descriptions of two new species.
    [Show full text]