TAPIRS (TAPIRIDAE): a BIBLIOGRAPHY Tapirus Indicus (Desmarest, 1819) Tapirus Terrestris (Linne, 1766) Tapirus Bairdii (Gill, 1865) Tapirus Pinchaque (Roulin, 1829)

Home , Malayan tapir, South American tapir, White rhinoceros

TITLE: TAPIRS (TAPIRIDAE): A BIBLIOGRAPHY Tapirus indicus (Desmarest, 1819) Tapirus terrestris (Linne, 1766) Tapirus bairdii (Gill, 1865) Tapirus pinchaque (Roulin, 1829)

AUTHORS & INSTITUTION: Kay A. Kenyon, Librarian National Zoological Park Branch Smithsonian Institution Libraries Washington, D.C.

R. A. Barongi and M.L. Matthewson Curators Office, Zoological Society of San Diego P.O. Box 551, San Diego, CA 92112

DATE: September 1988

LAST UPDATE: November 1995

All references are listed under one of the following headings:

Anatomy, Taxonomy Natural History, Wild General Captive Husbandry, Exhibit Design Reproduction and Breeding Nutrition Veterinary/Pathology Genetics and Demography Conservation

ANATOMY, TAXONOMY

Anthony, R. 1920. La poche gutturale du tapir. Bulletin. Societe des Sciences Veterinaires de Lyon, pp. 1-15.

Beddard, R.E. 1889. Notes upon the anatomy of the American tapir (Tapirus terrestris L.) Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1889:252-258.

Brogan, A.E., P.W. Parmalee, and R.R. Polhemus. 1980. A review of fossil tapir records from Tennessee with descriptions of specimens from two new localities. Journal of the Tennessee Academy of Science, 55(1):10-14.

Dennler de la Tour, G. 1971. Ursprung der namen tapir und anta. beitrag zur etymologie sudamerikanischen tiernamen. Saugetierkundliche Mitteilungen, 20(1):144-146.

Dittrech, L. 1969. Zwillinge beim flachlandtapir (T. terrestris). Suagetierkundliche Mitteilungen, 17:59.

1 Guerin, C. and V. Eisenmann. 1994. Tapirs (Mammalia, Perissodactyla) from the Upper Miocene of Western Europe. Geobios (Lyon), 27(1):113-127. (In French)

Hershkovitz, P. 1954. Tapirs: with a systemic review of America species. Mammals of northern Columbia, preliminary report No. 7. Proceedings. United States National Museum, 103 No. 3329:465-496.

Hulbert, R.C. Jr. 1995. The giant tapir, Tapirus haysii, from Leisey Shell Pit 1A and other Florida Irvingtonian localities. Bulletin of the Florida Museum of Natural History, 37(11-20):515-551.

Klatts, B.G. 1972. The moving mesaxonic manus, a comparison of tapirs and rhinoceroses. Mammalia, 36(1):126-145.

Lundelius, E.L. Jr., B.H. Slaughter, and C.S. Churcher. 1976. Notes on American Pleistocene tapirs. Royal Ontario Museum Life Sciences Museum Miscellanous Publications. Athlon. Essays on Palaeontology in Honour of Loris Shano Russell, pp. 226-240.

Owen, R. 1830. On the anatomy of the American tapir (Tapirus terrestris), Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1830:161-164.

Ray, C.E. and A.E. Saunders, 1984. Pleistocene tapirs in the eastern U.S.A. Carnegie Museum of Natural History. Special Publications, 0(8):283-315.

Schoch, R.M. 1984. Two unusual specimens of helaletes in the Yale Peabody Museum Collections and some comments on the ancestry of the Tapiridae Perissodactyla Mammalia. Postilla, 0(193):1-20.

Simpson, G.G. 1945. Notes on Pleistocene and recent tapirs. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 86:33-82.

Tomida, Y. 1994. Reconsideration of Kushiro tapir (Mammalia, Perissodactyla) from the Paleogene of Eastern Hokkaido, Japan. Memoirs of the National Science Museum (Tokyo), 27:31-36.

Turner, H.N. 1850. Contributions to the anatomy of the tapir. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1850:102-106.

Ubilla, M. 1983. On the presence of fossil tapirs in Uruguay Mammalia Perissodactyla Tapiridae. Revista de la Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias Serie Cienias Tierra, 1(3):85-102. (Dept. Paleontalogia Facultad Humanidaes Ciencias, Montevideo, Uruguay. (In Spanish.)

NATURAL HISTORY, WILD

Abdulali, H. 1952. The "dipping" habit of the tapir. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 50:932-933.

Anon. 1979. Trapping and immbolization of the Malayan tapir in West Malaysia. Malayan Nature Journal, 33(2):117-122.

Anon. and G.A. Petrides. 1980. Browse use, feeding behavior, and management of the Malaysian tapir. Journal of Wildlife Management, 44(2):489-494.

Deuve, J. 1961. Note sur la famille Tapiridae au Loas. Bulletin de la Societe Sciences Naturalles (Laos), 1, No. 4:47-48.

2 Fragoso, J. and M. Williamson. 1986. Tapir discovery in Belize. Species (Newsletter of the Species Survival Commission), no. 6:9.

Geroudet, P. 1970. Le tapir pinchaque doit etro protege en Equateur. Biological Conservation, 2(2):139-140.

Hunsaker, D. and T. Hahn. 1965. Vocalization of the South American tapir (T. terrestris). Animal Behavior, 13:69-74.

McClure, H.E. 1963. A wounded tapir. Malayan Nature Journal, 17:266-267.

Overall, K.L. 1980. Coatis (Nasua nasua), tapirs (Tapirus bairdii) and ticks a case of mammalian interspecific grooming. Biotropica, 12(2):158.

Padilla, M. and R.C. Dowler. 1994. Taprius terrestris. Mammalian Species, 481:1-8.

Sanborn, C.C. 1950. Notes on the Malay tapir and other animals in Siam. Journal of Mammalogy, 31(4):430-433.

Schauenberg, P. 1969. Contribution a l' etude du tapir pinchaque (Tapirus pinchaque Roulin 1829) Revue Suisse de Zoologie (Geneva), 76:211-256.

Stummer, M. 1971. Wolltapire, T. pinchaque in Ecuador. Der Zoologische Garten, (Leipzig), 40(3):148-159.

Terwilleger, V.J. 1978. Natural history of Baird' s tapir on Barro Colorado Island, Panama Canal Zone. Biotropica, 10(3):211-220.

Williams, K.D. 1978. Aspects of the ecology and behavior of the Malayan tapir (Tapirus indicus demarest) in the National Park of West Malaysia. M.S. Thesis, Michigan State University, 54 pp.

_____. 1979. Radio-tracking tapirs in the primary rain forest of West Malaysia. Malayan Nature Journal, 32(3/4):253-258.

______. 1979. Trapping and immobilization of the Malayan tapir in West Malaysia. Malayan Nature Journal, 33(2):117-122.

GENERAL

Burton, M. 1956. Tapirs. Zoo Life, Spring 1956.

D' Aulaire, E. and P.O. 1979. Is this the creature time forgot.International Wildlife, 9(1):28-32.

Eisenberg, J.F., C.P. Groves, and K. MacKinnon. 1990. Tapirs. In: Grzimek' s Encyclopedia of Mammals, vol 4, New York: McGraw-Hill, pp. 598-608.

MacKinnon, J. 1984. Tapirs. In: MacDonald, D., ed. The Encyclopedia of Mammals, New York: Facts on File, pp. 488-489.

Fradrich, H. and E. Thenius. 1972. Tapirs. In: Grzimek, B. (ed.). Grzimek' s Animal Life Incyclopedia, 13:17-23. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.

Fragoso, J. Tapir research in Belize. Belize Audubon Society Bulletin, 17(7):2-3.

3 Jackson, C.E. 1950. 1950. Malayan tapir. Malayan Nature Journal. 5(2):92-95.

Lekagul, B. and J.A. McNeely. 1977. Asian or Malayan tapir. In: Mammals of Thailand, pp. 648- 650. Bankok: Kurusapha Ladprao Press.

Redford, K.H. and J.F. Eisenberg. 1989. Order Perissodactyla (Odd-toed ungulates). In: Redford, K.H. and J.F. Eisenberg, Mammals of the Neotropics: The Southern Cone, vol 2, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp.226-228.

Thom, W.S. 1936. The Malay tapir. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 38(3):479-483.

Yin, T.U. 1967. Malayan tapir. In: The Wild Animals of Burma, pp. 147-148. Rangoon: Rangoon Gazette Ltd.

CAPTIVE HUSBANDRY, EXHIBIT DESIGN

Anon. 1968. Zum erstenmal woltapire in einem europaischen Zoo in Frankfurt. Das Tier, Bern (6):8-32.

Anon. 1971. Results of a survey of captive tapirs taken by the Tapir Research Institute between July 1970 and March 1971. Tapir Research Institute, California, p. 1-22.

Anon. 1980. Cats and tapirs at Howletts and Port Lympne. International Zoo News, 27(2-3):45-46.

Anthony, G. 1987. The Tapir: Study of Gaits, Investigation of Tapirs in Captivity, Pathological Approach. Dissertation. The Faculty of Medicine of Nantes, France, 79 pp.

Barongi, R. 1986. Tapirs in captivity and their management at Miami Metrozoo. American Association of Zoological Parks and Aquariums. Annual Conference Proceedings, Minneapolis, pp. 96-108.

Barongi, R. 1993. Husbandry and conservation of tapirs Tapirus spp. International Zoo Yearbook, 32:7-15.

Crandall, L. 1951. The mountain tapir in the Bronx Zoo. AnimalKingdom, New York (1)54:2-8.

______. 1964. Family Tapiridae. In: Management of Wild Animals in Captivity, pp. 499-504. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Dunn, F. and J. Adams. 1963. Recent records for the tapir in Templer Park. Malayan Nature Journal, 17:59.

Fountaine, P. 1962. Longevity of the Malayan tapir (T. indicus). International Zoo Yearbook, 3:80.

Gale, N. and C. Sedgwick. 1968. A note on the woolly tapir (T. pinchaque) at the Los Angeles Zoo. International Zoo Yearbook, (8):211-212.

Horan, A. 1983. An outline of tapir management. Proceedings of the Association of British Wild Animal Keepers, 7:24-29

Kauffels, T. 1995. The Central American or Baird's tapir, (Tapirus bairdii Gill, 1865), for the first time in a German zoo. Zoologische Garten, 65(1):7-10. (In German)

Kourist, W. 1973. Fruhe haltung von grossaugetieren, Teil 4: Die ersten zweihornigen Nashorner,

4 die tapire und wale in den Zoologischen Garten und anderen Tiersammlungen. Zoologische Beitraege, 19(1):127-150.

Krumbiegel, I. 1936. Beitrage zur jugendentivicklung des Schabrackentapirs. Der Zoologische Garten N.F, 8:96-99.

Lee, A.R. 1993. Management Guidelines for the Welfare of Zoo Animals: Tapirs (Tapirus spp). London: Federation of Zoological Gardens of Great Britain and Ireland, 51 pp.

Lindberg, A. 1984. Ein albinotischer flachlandtapir (T. terristris) in Kolmardens Djurpark. Der Zoologische Garten, 54(4-5):357-359.

Mahler, A.E. 1984. Activity budgets and use of exhibit space by South American tapir (Tapirus terrestris) in a zoological setting. Zoo Biology, 3(1):35-46.

Naundorff, E. 1953. Meine begegnung mit einem bergtapir (T.pinchaque). Der Zoologische Garten N.F., 20:51-52.

Read, B. 1986. Breeding and management of the Malayan tapir Tapirus indicus at the St. Louis Zoo. International Zoo Yearbook, 24/25:294-297.

Reynolds, A.J. 1947. The tapirs of Burma Zoo. Zoo Life, Autumn 1947.

Von Richter, W. 1966. Investigations on the inherent behavior of the Malayan tapir (T. terrestris). Zoologische Beitrage, 12:67-159.

Whitehead, M.P. and R. Lock. 1988. Captive management of the malayan tapir (Tapirus indius) at Twycross Zoo. Ungulates. Bristol: Association of British Wild Animal Keepers and Marwell Zoological Society, pp. 24-35.

Young. W.A. 1961. Rearing an American tapir (T. terrestris). International Zoo Yearbook, 3:94-95.

REPRODUCTION AND BREEDING

Alvarez Del Toro, M. 1966. A note on the breeding of Baird's tapir (T. bairdii) at Tuxtle Gutierrez Zoo. International Zoo Yearbook, 6:196-197.

Anon. 1980. Captive rearing records of tapirs at Howletts and Port Lympne. International Zoo Yearbook, 27(2-3):45-46.

Brown, J.L, S.B. Citino, J. Shaw, and C. Miller. 1994. Endocrine profiles during the estrous cycle and pregnancy in the Baird's tapir (Tapirus bairdii). Zoo Biology, 13(2):107-117.

Buschelberger, P. 1987. Information on life expectancy and reproduction of tapirus terrestris. Zoologische Garten, 57(5/6):371-372. (In German).

Caddick. G.G. 1988. Central American tapir breeding project: Belize Zoo. American Association of Zoological Parks and Aquariums Regional Conference Proceedings, pp. 267-271.

Crotty, M.J. and S. Bonney. 1979. Breeding the mountain tapir at the Los Angeles Zoo. International Zoo Yearbook, 19:184-187.

Ferrier, W.B. 1905. Tapir calf. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 17:242.

5 Fredrick, D.L. 1982. Cytological changes before, during and after pregnancy in South American tapirs. American Association of Zoological Parks and Aquariums Regional Conference Proceedings, pp. 364-371.

Kasman, L.H., B. McCowan and B.L. Lasley. 1985. Pregnancy detection in tapirs by direct urinary estrone sulfate analysis. Zoo Biology, 4(3):301-306.

Mallinson, J.J. 1969. Reproduction and development of Brazilian tapir, Tapirus terrestris. Annual Report of the Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust, 6:47-52.

Pournelle, G.H. 1966. When does a Malay tapir lose its spots and stripes? Zoonooz, 39(11):6-7.

Read, B. 1986. Breeding and management of the Malayan tapir Tapirus indicus at the St. Louis Zoo. International Zoo Yearbook, 24/25:294-297.

Roman, J.M., C.B. Wright and T.L. Fuciarelli. 1995. Prepartum observations in a baird' s tapir (Tapirus bairdii) at Virginia Zoological Park. American Zoo and Aquarium Association Regional Conference Proceedings, pp. 591-592.

Schurer, U. 1976. Behavior at birth of Tapirus terrestris. Zoologische Garten, 46(4-5):367-370.

Smielowski, J. 1979. Births of white American tapirs. International Zoo News, 26(3):10-15.

NUTRITION

Bodmer, R.E. 1990. Fruit patch size and frugivory in the lowland tapir (Tapirus terrestris). Journal of Zoology, 222(1):121-128.

Downer, C.G. 1995. The gentle botanist. Wildlife Conservation, 98(4):30-35.

Jansen, D.H. 1981. Digestive seed predation by a Costa Rican Baird's tapir. Biotropica, 13(Suppl.):59-63.

______. 1982. Seeds in tapir dung in Santa Rosa National Park, Costa Rica. Brenesia, 19/20:129- 135.

_____. 1982. Wild plant acceptability to a captive Costa Rican Baird's tapir. Brenesia, 19/20:99-128.

Medway, L. 1974. Food of the tapir, Tapirus indicus. Malayan Nature Journal, 28:90-93.

Ormrod, S. 1967. Milk analysis of the South American tapir (T.terrestris). International Zoo Yearbook, 7:157-158.

Rodrigues, M., F. Olmos, and M. Galetti. 1993. Seed dispersal by tapir in southeastern Brazil. Mammalia, 57(3):460-461.

Williams, K.D. and G.A. 1980. Petrides 1980: Browse use feeding behavior and management of the Malayan tapir (Tapirus indidus). Journal of Wildlife Management, 44(2):489-494.

Wilson, R. and S. Wilson. 1973. Diet of captive tapirs. International Zoo Yearbook, 13:213.

VETERINARY/PATHOLOGY

6 Alexander, I.D. 1978. Actinomyces infection in a tapir (Tapirus terrestris). Journal of Zoo Animal Medicine, 9(4)124-126.

Baumann, R., G. Mazur and G. Braunitzer. 1984. Oxygen binding properties of hemo globin from the white rhinoceros and tapir. Respiration Physiology, 56(1):1-10.

Dillehay, D.L, T.R. Boosinger and S. MacKenzie. 1985. Coccidioidomycosis in a tapir. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 187(11):1233-1234.

Divakaran, N.N., et al. 1985. Tuberculosis in a tapir Tapirus indicus). Indian Veterinary Journal, 62(12):1086= 1087.

Donat, K. 1981. Der M. cucullaris beim Amerikanischen tapir (Tapirus terrestris L.). Zentralblatt fuer Veterinaermedizin Reihe C., 10(2):125-129.

Ensley, P.K., F.H. Gerber, and J.E. Meier. 1980. Acute gastrointestinal distress in a ten-day-old Baird's tapir (Tapirus bairdii). Journal of Zoo Animal Medicine, 11(4):113-117.

Jensen, J.M. 1978. Beta-Hemolytic Streptococcus Associated with Enteritis in a Malayan Tapir. Journal of Zoo Animal Medicine, 9(3):88-90.

Kuehn, G. 1986. Tapiridae. In: M.E. Fowler, ed. Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine, 2nd ed., pp. 931-934. Philadelphia: Saunders.

Meier, J.E. 1982. Treatment of Salmonellosis Journal of ZooAnimal Medicine, 13(1):26-29.

Neuville, H. 1933. Sur l'appareil respiratoire d Tapirus indicus. Bulletin du Museum Paris, 5:346.

Reichel, K. and H. Mayer. 1972. Herpes virusinfektion bei tapiren. Erkrankungen der Zootiere, p. 221-225. (Wroclaw Symposium 1972. Akademie Verlag, Berlin).

Schauder, W. 1944. L' uterus gravide et le placenta du tapir, leur comparaison avec ceux du Porc et du Cheval. Morphologisches Jahrbuch Dtsch., 89:407-456.

Starzynski, W. 1965. Cholelithiasis in an American tapir (T. terrestris). International Zoo Yearbook, 5:195-196.

Urbain, A., J. Nouvel, and P. Bullier. 1943. Tuberculose et osteopathie hypertrophiante chey un Tapir Americain. Bulletin. Academie Veterinaire de France, 132.

Wolska, M. and H. Piechaczek. 1970. Some intestinal Ciliates from American tapir. Acta Protozoologica, 7:221-227.

CONSERVATION

Caddick, G.B. 1988. Central American tapir breeding project: Belize Zoo. American Association of Zoological Parks and Aquariums Regional Conference Proceedings, p. 267-270.

Fragoso, J.M.V. 1991. The effect of hunting on tapirs on Belize. IN: J.G. Robinson and K.H. Redford, eds. Neotropical Wildlife Use and Conservation, pp. 154-162.

Greene, L. 1992. Conservation of Baird' s tapir in Panama: A cooperative approach. American Association of Zoological Parks and Aquariums Regional Conference Proceedings, pp. 558- 561.

7 Matola, Sharon. 1992. Tapir Specialist Group. Species (Newsletter of the Species Survival Commission), 19:60.

Santiapillai, C. and W.S. Ramono. 1990. The status and Conservation of the Malayan tapir in Sumatra, Indonesia. Tigerpaper, 17(4):6-11.