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Volume 7, Issue 1, 2017 Special Issue, Volume 7, Issue 1, June 2017 Water Justice, Gender and Disability © Tom Van Cakenberghe / IWMI Guest Editors Dr. Floriane Clement Senior researcher and IWMI Gender Focal Point, International Water Management Institute, Nepal Sylvie Cordier Disability and Development Specialist, United Kingdom Dr. Alan Nicol Strategic Program Leader - Promoting Sustainable Growth, International Water Management Institute, East Africa Chief Editor Dr. Anjal Prakash Programme Coordinator – HI-AWARE, International Center for Integrated Mountain Development, Nepal Managing Editor Monica Priya Research Associate, South Asia Consortium for Interdisciplinary Water Resources Studies, India Volume 7, Issue 1, June 2017 Editorial Knowing where everyone is… 01 - 02 Alan Nicol, Sylvie Cordier and Floriane Clement Original Articles Planning for inclusion: exploring access to WASH for women and men with 03 - 15 disabilities in Jaffna District, Sri Lanka Clare Hanley, Tarryn Brown, Naomi Niroshinie Nayagam, Vellayan Subramaniam, Samantha C De Mel, Arunasalam Sureshkumar Breaking down Barriers: Gender and Disability in Access to Agricultural Water 16 - 27 Management in Nepal Otto Max Hoffmann, Saroj Yakami, Dr. Shiva Chandra Dhakal O The Gender Gap between Water Management and Water Users: Evidence from 28 - 41 Southwest Bangladesh Marie-Charlotte Buisson, Jayne Curnow, Farhat Naz Are policies enough to mainstream Gender in water and sanitation programs? 42 - 54 N Experiences from community managed drinking water supply schemes in India Snehalatha Mekala Commentary T Engendering Change: Overcoming Difference and Disability 55 - 58 Sara Ahmed Book Reviews E Gender Issues in Water and Sanitation Programmes: Lessons from India 59 - 62 Stephanie Leder Disability and Disaster: What is the link? 63 - 64 Hannah Kuper N Karhera – A Photo Book 65 Nivedita Mani T S © 2017 SAWAS Volume 7, Issue 1, June 2017 Editorial: Knowing where everyone is… Alan Nicol, Sylvie Cordier and Floriane Clement Development interventions typically emerge and are eliminate discrimination. Yet, whilst undoubtedly implemented in silos. The Millennium Development important documents in their own right, they are but Goals (MDGs) are a good example of this. However, as a necessary and not sufficient condition to effect real the global community shifts to implementation of the change that improves the quality of people's lives. Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) (a far more participatory process), the Leave No One Behind The papers in this volume on gender, persons with paradigm has emerged and become a strong theme. disabilities and WASH in South Asia help to illustrate Highlighting the inequalities faced by different – and why and provide important pointers on ways often the hardest to reach – population groups this forward. A common thread throughout the four approach recognises the intersection of multiple articles is that a constellation of challenges still forms of discrimination related to gender, age, exists, from 'exclusion' through prejudice at different ethnicity, religion, caste, disability and geography. levels, to institutional realities that render policy and other instruments ineffective in practice. In some This presents an opportunity to take issues affecting cases, even, there remains a complete absence of key the most marginalized within development into the legal and policy instruments. mainstream and to drive real change, pushing for the voices, resources and support that these groups need In Nepal, Hoffman, Yakami and Dhakal note the lack and ensuring paper commitments become real of practical implementation of international actions. In particular, the sub-category of women and conventions and the persistence of exclusion, often persons with disabilities – including girl children – based on deep-seated prejudices within local often 'drop off' the design, development and delivery communities. They argue that governments and of key service provision, the results of which leave other development agents in effect systematically them unable to access such services and having to neglect these most vulnerable groups which allows scratch together other ways of meeting their needs, for the persistence of discrimination. Far more needs sometimes at great personal risk and cost. to be done to breach resulting social and institutional exclusion, including providing information and Now the SDGs have begun implementation it is time knowledge, and tailoring physical structures to the to put the targets and indicators to use, ensuring that needs of these groups. In Sri Lanka (Jaffna), Hanley et this includes the 'left out' groups and in the process al reflect on the complexity of exclusion, but also the strengthening their own agency to effect change in very real possibilities that exist to improve inclusion. their lives. As editors of this volume on gender, These include more explicit acknowledgement by disability and WASH, we argue that a critical starting government of the difficulties persons with point lies in the achievement of SDG Goal 1 on disabilities face in accessing WASH facilities and, for poverty, Goal 5 on gender equality, and Goal 6 on implementers, turning more comprehensive universal access to water and sanitation. These can understanding into more early consultation, and should be connected to Goal 10 on reducing planning and design with these specific groups inequalities, within which is the challenge of involved. supporting more inclusive development involving the specific needs of persons with disabilities. Buisson, Curnow and Naz, in examining Bangladesh stress the importance of power dynamics. They argue Important legally-binding United Nations for a more targeted approach that not simply seeks Conventions on Human Rights exist to support this, inclusivity but moves to the establishment of more including the Convention on the Elimination of All specialised institutions, including creating female- Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW, 1979) and only water management sub-committees. Finally, in the United Nations Convention on the Rights of India, Mekala similarly notes how institutions – as Persons with Disabilities (UNCRPD, 2006). Under well as development actors – are key to change. these instruments governments are obliged to report Institutions that are tailored to persons with on measures and policies they have adopted to disabilities and particularly those that intersect 01 © 2017 SAWAS Volume 7, Issue 1, June 2017 gender and disability are critical, including providing mentoring and training to support real capacity development with an emphasis on strengthening agency. What is common here is the need for institutional and policy set-up to recognize the need for less general and more specialised and tailored change. This is also the story of Utthan and of her director, Nafisa Barot. As Ahmed highlights, effective and inclusive interventions start with on-the ground knowledge that not only addresses water scarcity issues but also challenges entrenched inequalities in social and economic structures, above all those rooted in patriarchal and feudal systems. Complacency and acceptance that business as usual is working will not deliver decency and human dignity in the face of resistance and continued social and institutional barriers. Where to go next? The answer appears two-pronged: to enforce what exists already through the use of international legal instruments, but avoiding complacency in the face of 'general attempts at inclusion'; whilst using more targeted, directed and tailored activism that can seek more specific change as part of the drive to achieve the SDGs. In what is still a very patriarchal world this specific action should actually demonstrate (and not just promote) practical change, starting with effectively listening to and engaging key groups, and combining this with monitoring and indicator frameworks that can demonstrate progress and the achievement of results for these groups. Whilst the SDGs are a crucial starting point, the editors of this volume call on all involved to ensure that disaggregation of data on gender and persons with disabilities is mainstreamed across all goal monitoring so that the Leave No-one Behind paradigm starts with knowing where everyone is. 02 © 2017 SAWAS Hanley et al. / SAWAS 7 (1), 2017 Planning for inclusion: exploring access to WASH for women and men with disabilities in Jaffna District, Sri Lanka Clare Hanley Disability Inclusion Advisor – CBM Australia Email: [email protected] Tarryn Brown Disability Inclusion Advisor - CBM Australia Naomi Niroshinie Nayagam Independent Consultant, Australia Vellayan Subramaniam President -Northern Province Consortium of Organizations for Differently Abled (NPCODA), Sri Lanka Samantha De Mel Protection & Disability Specialist - World Vision Lanka, Sri Lanka Arunasalam Sureshkumar Monitoring and Evaluation Specialist -World Vision Lanka, Sri Lanka Abstract While Sri Lanka has made significant progress over the last decade in improving rates of access to Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH), this improvement has not been uniform across the country. People living in the conflict-affected Jaffna District have substantially lower rate of access to WASH services than the national average. Hence, efforts are being made to improve WASH coverage in this region. World Vision is one such organisation working to improve access to safe drinking water and sanitation in Jaffna District, with funding from the Australian Government. This program includes a specific focus on
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