Northern Province Regional Plan

PHYSICAL PLAN FOR THE NORTHERN PROVINCE

Volume One: The Plan

MINISTRY OF CONSTRUCTION, ENGINEERING SERVICES, HOUSING AND COMMON AMENITIES

Draft December 2012 Acknowledgements

This report has been drafted by a team of urban planners from Australia in conjunction with Sri Lankan planners, under an AusAID funded bi-lateral program to help Sri Lanka meet the challenges of planning for long-term sustained growth post-tsunami and post conflict. The team was based within the National Physical Planning Department (NPPD) and included: Ms Katherine Davis, Ms Alison Dodds, Mr Phil Thomas, Mr Phil Norman, Ms Moya Calvert, Ms Keera Pullman, Ms Michala Lander, Ms Kristina Butler and Ms Anne Donnovan, with the direct assistance of NPPD planners including Mr R.M. (Ari) Ariadasa, Ms Nayani Rajapaksha, Ms Thilani Samanthika, Ms Shanika Dilhani, Ms Ishara Jayanayke and Mr P. Prabaharan. The authors gratefully acknowledge staff of the following organizations who gave freely of their time and knowledge to support the project:

• The National Physical Planning Department; • The Planning Institute of Australia and the Institute of Town Planners Sri Lanka; • The various Ministries and Departments of the Northern Province; • The various Ministries and Departments of the Sri Lankan National Government; • International and local Non-Government Organisations and multilateral development banks; • Universities and other research organisations.

i Executive Summary

Sri Lanka is poised to enter exciting times. Having ended three decades of civil conflict, and with Asia emerging as the powerhouse of the global economy, the Northern Province is well positioned to share in the benefits that will flow from this. This Regional Physical Plan has been developed to help ensure that the Northern Province contributes to this growth in a sustainable way that ensures the growth will continue into the future.

The Plan has been developed in accordance with the Town and Country Planning Amendment Act No. 49 and is aligned to and will deliver on the recently gazetted National Physical Plan. The Regional Plan is built around the vision that by 2030:

The Northern Province will be a safe and healthy, prosperous, culturally rich, and sustainable region with a network of well-serviced and accessible urban centres which are well-connected to each other, to their markets and to the rest of the country.

The following five strategies have been developed to take the Province there:

Sustainable Economic Development and Growth (Needithirukum Samudhayam), to provide opportunities for meaningful employment, livelihoods and investment that are created through thriving, diverse and sustainable economies.

Physical Infrastructure - Connecting the Region (Orunkinintha Piranthium) , to connect people, towns and villages through effective transportation and communication networks across the Province, the rest of Sri Lanka, and the world.

Settlement Pattern: Sustainable and Livable Communities (Arokiyamana Samudhayam), to improve the appearance, accessibility and amenity of settlements within the Northern Province to create vibrant and safe places to live, work and visit.

Water, Sanitation and Irrigation (Anithu Thavaikalukumana Neer), to collect, distribute and reticulate water provincial wide for domestic, agricultural and industrial use. Sanitation including engineering solutions, simple technologies and personal hygiene practices to be promoted and provided across the province.

Environmental Management and Conservation (Enakamana Sullal), to protect, restore and enhance the natural environment to ensure the unique biodiversity of the Northern Province is maintained alongside long-term sustainable development.

ii Delivering on these Strategies involves an ambitious program of actions and investment. Success in delivering this Plan will require commitment and cooperation from across Government at all three levels (National, Provincial and Local) as well as across business interests and the community.

iii Contents

1 Introduction ...... 1

1.1 Context ...... 1

1.2 Mandate and Purpose of the Plan ...... 2

1.3 Introduction to the Northern Province ...... 5

1.3.1 Jaffna District ...... 7

1.3.2 Kilinochchi District ...... 8

1.3.3 Mannar District ...... 8

1.3.4 Mullaittivu District ...... 8

1.3.5 Vavuniya District ...... 9

1.4 History of the Northern Province ...... 9

1.5 Links with the National Physical Planning Policy, Plan and Projects ...... 10

1.5.1 National Physical Plan ...... 10

1.5.2 Mahinda Chintana – Vision for the Future (2010) ...... 12

1.5.3 Integrated Strategic Environment Assessment (2011) ...... 12

1.5.4 Post-Conflict Recovery Projects ...... 13

2 Emerging Challenges ...... 14

2.1 Climate Change ...... 14

2.2 Disaster Risk Reduction ...... 15

2.3 The Energy Crisis ...... 16

2.3.1 Peak Oil ...... 16

2.3.2 Alternative and Renewable Energy Sources...... 17

2.4 Water ...... 17

3 The Plan ...... 19

4 Vision and Strategies ...... 20

4.1 Economic Development and Growth ...... 20

(Needithirukum Samudhayam) ...... 20

iv 4.1.1 Goal ...... 20

4.1.2 Constraints and Opportunities ...... 21

4.1.3 Strategies ...... 24

4.1.4 Indicators ...... 26

4.2 Physical Infrastructure - Connecting the Region ...... 32

(Orunkinintha Piranthium) ...... 32

4.2.1 Goal ...... 32

4.2.2 Constraints and Opportunities ...... 32

4.2.3 Strategies ...... 34

4.2.4 Indicators ...... 37

4.3 Settlement Pattern: Sustainable and Livable Communities ...... 40

(ArokiyamanaSamudhayam) ...... 40

4.3.1 Goal ...... 40

4.3.2 Constraints and Opportunities ...... 40

4.3.3 Strategies ...... 54

4.3.4 Indicators ...... 57

4.4 Water, Sanitation and Irrigation (Anithu Thavaikalukumana Neer) ...... 61

4.4.1 Goal ...... 61

4.4.2 Constraints and Opportunities ...... 61

4.4.3 Strategies ...... 64

4.4.4 Indicators ...... 65

4.5 Environmental Management and Conservation (Enakamana Sullal)...... 70

4.5.1 Goal ...... 70

4.5.2 Constraints and Opportunities ...... 70

4.5.3 Strategies ...... 72

4.5.4 Indicators ...... 73

5 Structure Plan ...... 78

v 6 Implementation ...... 80

6.1 Projects and Further Studies ...... 80

6.2 Education and Information ...... 98

7 Monitoring and Evaluation ...... 99

8 Bibliography ...... 100

List of Figures

Figure 1: Approval process for the preparation of a Regional Plan as prescribed by legislation ...... 3

Figure 2: Planning Process followed for the Northern Province Regional Plan...... 4

Figure 3: The Northern Province ...... 5

Figure 4: Distribution of Population by Gender and Age Group ...... 6

Figure 5: Population in Northern Province by District between 1963 and 2011 ...... 7

Figure 6: Anicut on Jaffna Peninsula ...... 18

Figure 7 Fishing Boats, Northern Province ...... 19

Figure 8: Sorting Fish at Talaimannar ...... 22

Figure 9: Archaeological Sites ...... 28

Figure 10: Areas Identified for Expansion of Agriculture ...... 29

Figure 11: Known Mineral and Extractive Industry Resources ...... 30

Figure 12: Mapped key proposals for Sustainable Economic Development ...... 31

Figure 13: Upgrading the A9 at Kilinochchi ...... 33

Figure 14: Provincial Road Projects Currently Underway or Planned ...... 38

Figure 15: Mapped key proposals for Physical Infrastructure – Connecting the Region ...... 39

Figure 16: Population in Northern Province by District between 1963 and 2011 ...... 41

Figure 17: Population Projection by District Low Growth (1%) ...... 45

Figure 18: Population Projection by District Medium Growth (2%) ...... 45

Figure 19: Population Projection by District Higher Growth 3% ...... 45

vi Figure 20: Urban Hierarchy in the Northern Province ...... 50

Figure 21: Liveable settlements require good urban design ...... 51

Figure 22: Vocational training opportunities will contribute to the creation of a healthy society ...... 52

Figure 24: Current Settlements ...... 58

Figure 25: : Land Use in the Northern Province ...... 59

Figure 26: Location of Schools ...... 60

Figure 27: Open water tanks will need to be repaired and expanded ...... 62

Figure 28: Current Water Supply Projects ...... 66

Figure 29: Current and Projected Domestic Access to Piped Water by District ...... 67

Figure 30: Major Surface and Groundwater Features ...... 68

Figure 31: Mapped key proposals for Water, Sanitation and Irrigation ...... 69

Figure 32: Environmental sustainability involves protecting environmentally sensitive areas 71

Figure 33: Existing Forest Cover in the Northern Province ...... 74

Figure 34: Existing and Proposed Formal Conservation Reserves ...... 75

Figure 35: Distribution of Major Vegetation Types in the Northern Province ...... 76

Figure 36: Mapped key proposals for Environmental Management and Conservation ...... 77

Figure 37: Proposed Structure Plan for the Northern Province ...... 79

List of Tables

Table 1: Population Projection 2010 to 2030 - Low Growth Scenario (1%) ...... 43

Table 2: Population Projection 2010 to 2030 - Medium Growth Scenario (2%) ...... 44

Table 3: Population Projection 2010 to 2030 - Higher Growth Scenario (3%) ...... 44

Table 4: Main Proposed Urban Centres and Their Functions ...... 47

Table 5: 1st to 5th Order Cities in the Northern Province ...... 49

Table 6: Mahaweli Northern Province Proposed Zones ...... 64

vii Table 7 : Northern Plan Projects and Further Studies ...... 81

List of Appendices

Appendix A: Identified First and Second Order Town Functions ...... 101

viii

Physical Plan for th e Northern Province

1 Introduction

1.1 Context

Sri Lanka is emerging from a long period of civil conflict. For several decades the conflict stifled economic prosperity and social development throughout the country, impacting particularly severely in the north and east. Sri Lanka is now moving to engage fully with international markets, to improve social services and prosperity for all its population, and to address environmental concerns throughout the country.

The civil conflict displaced many people, created ethnic and social imbalances, and worsened already existing issues of poverty and regional disparity in access to basic services. The tsunami that ravaged the northern, eastern and southern coasts in December 2004, further added to these problems, causing loss of many lives, damaging infrastructure, and disrupting services.

Despite these setbacks Sri Lanka has improved in many areas and nationally is on schedule to meet most if not all of the United Nations Millennium Development Goals. Of particular note, Sri Lanka has: 97.5% primary school enrolment rate; 95% literacy for 15-25 year olds; near universal immunisation and access to healthcare; low incidence of HIV; increasing proportion of land protected to maintain biological diversity; and, almost universal access by households to improved drinking water and sanitation.

Sri Lanka is well positioned geographically, being in proximity to international trade routes and major regional communication and transportation infrastructure, for local economic development, and for the country to play a greater role in the rapidly growing South Asian Regional economy and globally.

To take advantage of the opportunities that closer links with Asia provide, facilities across the country need to be improved. There is a need for better quality and more reliable sources of electricity and water, improved access to efficient transport, and increased employment opportunities. This will help to ensure certainty in production and supply of goods, and to provide improved economic opportunity for all Sri Lankans. Education, health, and welfare services will continue to be important in Sri Lanka’s development and will require ongoing investment. The difficulty currently experienced in moving people and goods around the country, as a result of poor transport infrastructure, is constraining international investment in Sri Lanka and economic growth across the country.

Physical Plan for th e Northern Province

1.2 Mandate and Purpose of the Plan

The Town and Country Planning Amendment Act No. 49 of 2000 (the Act), declared the provinces of Sri Lanka regional development areas and directed that Regional Plans be prepared for them. This draft Regional Plan (the draft Plan) for the Northern Province has been prepared by the National Physical Planning Department on behalf of the Northern Province Regional Planning Committee. The Plan comprises two volumes:

• Volume 1: The Regional Plan (this volume); and • Volume 2: Background Information.

The Plan sets out the direction and strategic priorities for the physical development of the Northern Province. It does this by providing:

• A vision and strategies to provide for the development of the Northern Province up to 2030; • Objectives to guide development activities within the Northern Province; and • A list of major projects including priorities for implementation across the Northern Province.

There is a legislative process outlined in Figure 1 for the inception and approval of a Regional Plan. The process requires public input into the preparation of the draft Plan. Once drafted, the Inter-Ministerial Coordinating Committee (IMCC) and the National Physical Planning Council (NPPC) review the Plan and grant preliminary approval for the Plan to be placed on public exhibition. All submissions received are considered by the Regional Planning Committee and required amendments are made to the Plan before it is submitted to the IMCC and NPPC for final approval.

Physical Plan for th e Northern Province

Declares boundaries of regional planning area Minister Publishes Gazette Order for preparation of the Plan

Appoints Regional Planning Committee

Requests Committee to Prepare Regional Plan

Inviting public input into preparation of Draft Plan Regional Planning Committee (RPC) Prepare Draft Plan in collaboration with National Physical Planning Department

Review Draft Plan and provide additional technical Technical Advisory comment Committee (TAC) Comments reviewed and

incorporated or Reviews plan and makes recommendations to Inter-Ministerial feedback provided Coordinating National Physical Planning Council Committee (IMCC)

Reviews the Draft Plan and gives approval National Physical Planning Council Final Plan Issued (NPPC) Implementation of Projects

Figure 1: Approval process for the preparation of a Regional Plan as prescribed by legislation

The planning process that was followed in the drafting of this Regional plan is illustrated in Figure 2 below.

Physical Plan for th e Northern Province

National Physical Planning Department commenced researching the Plan and Background Report

June 2011 Minister gazetted the Northern Province Regional Plan

July

Complied a matrix of Government Stakeholders at both National and Provincial Level

Conducted a brief field visit to the Northern Province to view the subject area, met the Chief Secretary and introduced the Project August

Consolidated information, identified key stakeholders in Northern Provincial Council and drafted targeted questions

Met with Governor Maj. G.A. Chandrasiri and introduced the Project September

Returned to Northern Province and met with Northern Provincial Council Roads and Infrastructure, Administration & Education Ministers October

Advised further consultation and travel to the North are not permissible without first presenting the project to the

November Presidential Task Force and receiving their approval

NPPD Workshop on Northern Province: Stakeholders, Visioning & Strategies December

Provided first complete draft of Plan and Background Reports to NPPD for feedback (PIA handover over to NPPD) January

Central Government Agencies meeting matrix established (PIA returned to Project) May

June Meeting with Central Government Agencies and incorporation of information provided into Plan and Background

Report (continued through June, July and August)

eptember S

Windscreen survey of Northern Province

November Presentation to Technical Advisory Committee, and NPPD staff, feedback collated

Incorporation of comments and presentation of final draft to NPPD

December 2012r Figure 2: Planning Process followed for the Northern Province Regional Plan

Physical Plan for th e Northern Province

1.3 Introduction to the Northern Province

The Northern Province covers just over 13% (or 8,847 sq.km) of the total land area of Sri Lanka and contains five Districts, Jaffna, Kilinochchi, Mannar, Mullaittivu and Vavuniya. The boundaries of the five Districts are illustrated in Figure 3.

Town Main road Railway Corridor Surface water

Map created by National Physical Planning JAFFNA DISTRICT Department, 14th Nov 2011 Jaffna Data Source: Integrated Strategic Environmental Assessment; Survey Department 50,000 topographic map series

0 10± 20 30 Km Kilinochchi KILINOCHCHI DISTRICT

Mullaitivu

MULLATTIVU DISTRICT India approx 35kms

Mannar

EASTERN PROVINCE MANNAR DISTRICT

VAVUNIYA DISTRICT Vavuniya

NORTH CENTRAL PROVINCE

NORTH WESTERN PROVINCE Area Detail

Figure 3: The Northern Province

(Source: CEA & DMC 2011)

Physical Plan for th e Northern Province

The Province covers the northern parts of the country which are generally flat and low. The Province has a long coastline, a number of inhabited small islands, and is rich in natural resources, particularly the forests, mineral deposits and coastal resources. It has extensive areas of protected forest and woodland as well as coastal and wetland sanctuaries, substantial mineral deposits, and a coastal belt that offers access to fisheries, ports and aquaculture whilst offering tourism potential.

The Province is the closest part of Sri Lanka to the Indian Continent. The distance from Thalaimannar (the most westerly part of the Province) to Southern India is just 30km. The Province is sparsely populated in comparison with other parts of Sri Lanka. Its population was estimated in 2011 to be close to 1 million. Population distribution by gender and total population figures are set out in Figure 5 and Figure 5. The majority of the population of the Province are Sri Lankan Tamils and Tamil is the principal language spoken.

Figure 4: Distribution of Population by Gender and Age Group

Source: Enumeration of Vital Events 2011 Northern Province Sri Lanka, Dept of Census and Statistics.

Physical Plan for th e Northern Province

1,600,000

1,400,000 Jaffna District 1,200,000 Mannar District 1,000,000 Vavuniya District Pop 800,000 Kilinochchi 600,000 District Mullaittivu 400,000 District Northern 200,000 Province Total

0 1963 1971 1981 2006 2011 Census Year

Figure 5: Population in Northern Province by District between 1963 and 2011

Source: Compiled from Department of Census & Statistics data from various years.

1.3.1 Jaffna District

Jaffna District is the northern-most district and covers an area of 1,025 km 2. The District includes the Jaffna peninsula and seven inhabited islands. The islands closest to Jaffna are connected to the mainland by a causeway whilst those more distant (notably Delft and Nayinativu) are accessible only by boat. Jaffna City is the commercial and cultural centre of the Province and Jaffna District is the most densely populated in the Northern Province. Topographically, Jaffna District is flat (< 5 degree slope). Elevation is generally less than 10m Above Mean Sea Level (AMSL) except along the south-eastern border where the land surface gradually rises. The District contains extensive lagoons which function as important wetlands for migratory bird species.

Physical Plan for th e Northern Province

1.3.2 Kilinochchi District

The Kilinochchi District has a total land area of approximately 1,279 km 2. The District was heavily impacted by the conflict and at last record (in 2008/09 1) had the largest area of any District in the Northern Province of abandoned paddy (more than 25,000 ha). The District is flat and featureless, with elevation generally less than 10m AMSL, except along the south- eastern border where the land slopes gently upward. There are no major river systems within the Kilinochchi District, however, there are a number of small to medium scale intermittent streams that are active mainly during northeast monsoonal rainy periods. The District also contains a considerable number of water storages and large areas of irrigation (more than 13,000 ha is irrigated from minor tanks).

1.3.3 Mannar District

Mannar, the western-most district, is long and narrow, covering a land area of 2,002 km 2. The Wilpattu National Park is adjacent to the District, located along its southern boundary. The District is noted for its aridity. There are no perennial river systems, however a number of large ephemeral streams, Pali Aru, Parangi Aru, Nay Aru and Aruvi Aru, run through the District draining to the west.

1.3.4 Mullaittivu District

Mullaittivu is the eastern-most district and covers an area of 2,617 km 2 with the administrative centre in Mullaittivu. Topographically the Mullaittivu District comprises a wide flat coastal plain in the east gradually rising to a gently undulating plateau to the west with elevations rising from sea level to 30m AMSL. The topography becomes most pronounced in the south eastern part of the District. An isolated hillock to the south of the Kokavil has the highest elevation of 85m. The coastal plain features a series of lagoons. Kokkilai in the southeast is protected as a sanctuary. Mullaittivu District has no major river systems or perennial streams. However, there are a number of small to medium scale seasonal streams which are active mainly during northeast monsoonal rainy periods.

1 Northern Region statistics 2010

Physical Plan for th e Northern Province

1.3.5 Vavuniya District

Vavuniya District is the southern-most district and covers a land area of 1,966 km 2. The administrative centre is Vavuniya. The terrain is generally flat with the elevation gain around 100m. The topography becomes more pronounced in the south east where prominent ridges occur representing the highest elevations in the District. There are no major or perennial river systems within the Vavuniya District. However, there are a number of small to medium scale seasonal streams, all of which are active only during the monsoonal rainy periods. The District contains a large number of small and medium sized tanks.

1.4 History of the Northern Province

In early history the Northern Province was occupied by two Kingdoms: the Jaffna Kingdom (which settled on the Jaffna Peninsula) and the Vanni Kingdom (which settled in the Mannar, Mullaittivu and Vavuniya areas). The name Jaffna is a corruption of Yazhppadi (meaning lutist), alluding to the legend that the area was first settled following its gifting to a court musician. In one popular version of the legend this event took place as early as 101 BC.

Geophysically, the Vanni and the Jaffna peninsula are distinctly different. Whilst the Jaffna peninsula is watered by wells accessing shallow groundwater the people of the Vanni rely on irrigation tanks fed by runoff. Both Kingdoms developed coastal trade markets at an early stage (since at least the 6th century AD) and evidence of the former kingdoms is preserved in archaeological sites. Northern Sri Lankan Tamil society is still generally categorised into these two groups: those who are from the Jaffna Peninsula and those who are residents of the Vanni District.

Other cultures have also impacted on the north. The Portuguese conquered the Jaffna Kingdom and coastal Sri Lanka in 1619. They controlled the north for around 100 years until they were displaced by the Dutch who were themselves eventually displaced by the arrival of British colonists in the early 1800’s.

The civil conflict in Sri Lanka which ended in May 2009 was centred mainly on the Northern Province. During the three decades of conflict, economic progress and human development were hindered as the safety and livelihood of the population was severely disrupted. Internally People Camps were established at Manik Farm in Vavuniya District, and other sites in Mannar and Jaffna Districts (in the Northern Province), and Trincomalee District (in the

Physical Plan for th e Northern Province

Eastern Province just south of the border) for a total population of approximately 282,000 Internally Displaced People (IDPs), or around 93,500 families.

During the conflict poverty levels reached 37% in the Northern Province (compared with the national average of around 15%). Between 2005- 2007, the Northern Province contributed just 2.9% to national GDP, as agriculture, its principal industry (which includes high value cash crops and livestock farming) had collapsed by then . The economic recovery has been slow in the Province. In 2009 the average per capita income in the Province was Rs 134,000 - just over half the (then) national average of Rs 232,154. Currently the Northern Province contributes 3.3 % of national GDP or Rs 159 billion.

Following the end of the conflict in May 2009, demining, resettlement, rehabilitation and reconstruction work commenced throughout the Northern Province. The Government of Sri Lanka, the United Nations (UN) and partner agencies, International Non-Governmental Organizations (INGOs) and local Non-Governmental Organization (NGOs), provided assistance in areas such as: water supply; sanitation; housing; irrigation; electricity supply; rehabilitation of roads and railways; health; and livelihood support. In addition, large development programmes funded by multilateral and bilateral donors (such as the Asian Development Bank, World Bank, Chinese and Indian National Governments) are restoring and reconstructing infrastructure including highways, electricity, water supply and telecommunications.

Land mines and the presence of hidden caches of weapons were a major concern during resettlement. Since January 2009, 444 km 2 of land has been cleared of mines and this has been continued with ongoing demining operations.

1.5 Links with the National Physical Planning Policy, Plan and Projects

1.5.1 National Physical Plan

The Northern Province Regional Plan is underpinned by and delivers on the National Physical Planning Policy and National Physical Plan (approved by His Excellency the President in 2010). The National Physical Plan is a strategic document that outlines a vision for Sri Lanka to 2030 and provides a broad framework to secure Sri Lanka’s place in the global economy.

Physical Plan for th e Northern Province

Its role is to promote and guide integrated planning of economic, social, physical and environmental aspects of land in Sri Lanka. The National Physical Plan sets out how Sri Lanka intends to capitalise on the opportunity to become “internationally connected”, through improved communications infrastructure, airports, harbours, and trade links.

The spatial pattern of land use outlined by the National Physical Plan provides the framework for the sustainable development of the whole of Sri Lanka, by protecting important environmental areas, encouraging urban centres as the focus of economic and social activity, and providing an infrastructure network that will support the proposed settlement structure and associated economic activities.

The National Physical Plan expresses a vision for sustainable development of Sri Lanka. It outlines a series of projects required to achieve that, within the following five broad themes:

• Cities and settlements; • Infrastructure and facilities; • Power and energy; • Water resources; and, • Economic development.

Projects identified within those themes include:

• Concentrating urban development in five metropolitan regions; • Conserving the central fragile region and coastal fragile areas; • Developing a Trans Asia highway/railway, establishing a gateway to India, and building a national highway/railway network; • Establishing a Protected Area Network including forest/wildlife conservation areas, archaeological reserves, water bodies and their reservations; • Identifying ; Zones and developing a network of urban service centres; and, • Developing new areas of agriculture and plantations, capitalising on aquatic resources and constructing new fishery harbours.

The Regional Plan for the Northern Province has been prepared to be consistent with the National Physical Planning Policy, and interprets and adopts relevant aspects of the National Physical Structure Plan as they apply to the Northern Province. Under Section 21(1) of the Act, Regional Plans must reflect and adopt the principles and strategies of the National Physical Plan as it is through the preparation and implementation of the Regional, District and Local plans that the National Physical Plan will be implemented.

Physical Plan for th e Northern Province

1.5.2 Mahinda Chintana – Vision for the Future (2010)

The Mahinda Chintana - Vision for the Future, is a development framework for Sri Lanka prepared by the Department of National Planning in 2010. It sets out policies and measures to be implemented during the following six years to reposition Sri Lanka in the global arena as a knowledge-based, economically-strong, middle income country with improved living standards and which preserves cultural values and traditions.

The goal of Mahinda Chintana is to increase the National GDP to provide benefits which flow to every segment of Sri Lankan society. Equitable distribution of benefits requires connectivity through roads, electricity, telecommunications, and information technology, and education and health services. Hence, the Mahinda Chintana development strategy relies not only on promoting investments on infrastructure based on commercial and economic returns but also on ensuring equitable access to such infrastructure to enable the whole population to engage in, and benefit from, the gainful economic activities that ensue.

An example of such a strategy is the National 1000 schools program. Under this program, a number of secondary schools have been selected in each Province to be targeted with additional investment to amongst other things increase science education. In the Northern Province, 40 schools have been selected to benefit from the first phase of the 1000 schools program with a further 85 to be added for the second stage.

1.5.3 Integrated Strategic Environment Assessment (2011)

An Integrated Strategic Environment Assessment (ISEA) for the Northern Province has been prepared by the Central Environment Agency and the Disaster Management Centre with funding from the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). More than 25 Government agencies participated in the ISEA, which collated data and information on a range of subjects including water resources, mineral resources, wildlife and forest resources, archaeological sites, fisheries and marine resources. This information is available in its raw form and in a range of interpreted ‘opportunity maps’ to policy makers and planners to support the identification of opportunities and to inform sound and sustainable strategies for development and conservation.

Physical Plan for th e Northern Province

1.5.4 Post-Conflict Recovery Projects

With the end of the civil conflict in 2009 the Government of Sri Lanka launched programs to fast-track the recovery of the Northern Province through resettlement, poverty reduction and economic development. These programs included:

180 day Programme “Vadakkin Vasantham” - the Government of Sri Lanka initiated this programme to facilitate resettlement of IDPs. This was been prepared under the Mahinda Chintana for the 5 Northern Province Districts. It addresses the specific regional development initiatives to rebuild the Northern part of Sri Lanka.

Northern Spring 3-year Development Plan “Uthuru Wasanthaya” - operated under the Economic Development Ministry is a development program catering to the needs of the five districts. The program targets large infrastructure such as roads, railways, schools, hospitals, urban centres; social development; livelihood enhancement; human settlements and revitalizing productive sectors.

Joint Plan for Assistance for Northern Province in 2011 (JPA) – to help people in the Northern Province to recover and rebuild their lives. The process to prepare the plan was led by the Sri Lankan Government and undertaken jointly with the UN and its agencies, NGOs and INGOs. The objective of the JPA is to identify the priority activities that must be undertaken during 2011; and to facilitate international assistance, in order that the people of Northern Province recover, rebuild and return to a normal life. The ultimate aim is to ensure the long-term sustainable development of the Northern Province within the shortest timeframe possible.

Physical Plan for th e Northern Province

2 Emerging Challenges

2.1 Climate Change

Sri Lanka is already experiencing climate change and will continue to do so. Scientists are in agreement that temperatures across the country have been increasing over the past 100 years and that the rate of increase has accelerated in recent decades. Overall trends in rainfall are more difficult to detect, as Sri Lanka receives rainfall from a number of different weather systems (predominantly the Southwest and North East Monsoons) at different times of the year and each favours different parts of the country.

Scientists are in agreement that the amount and duration of rainfall is becoming more variable between seasons and across the country with some areas receiving increased rainfall and others less. There is also agreement that the North East Monsoon is the system most likely to be adversely impacted by climate change with rainfall predicted to decline both in quantity and duration. Further, scientists believe that sea-levels will continue to rise and that the frequency and severity of extreme weather events (such as flash flooding) will increase.

Climate Change will potentially have wide-ranging impacts across Sri Lanka.. The combination of rising temperatures and decreasing rainfall from the Northeast Monsoon (from which the Northern Province gains most of its rainfall) will place even more pressure on water resources in a region where water is already in short supply. Being heavily dependent on agriculture (and in particular irrigated paddy) for both subsistence and as a cash source this has significant implications for food security, household livelihoods, and economic development across the Northern Province.

Sea level rise is also a major concern for the Province. Much of the population and critical infrastructure is located in low lying coastal areas (such as Jaffna Peninsula) where it is highly vulnerable to inundation. Also, in areas such as Jaffna there is high dependence on shallow groundwater which is vulnerable to saltwater intrusion the risk of which will increase as sea levels rise. There is also concern about the potential impact of increasing incidence and severity of severe weather events, particularly in Vavuniya District which has been identified as being in the highest category of all Districts in Sri Lanka for exposure to cyclone, drought and flood.

Physical Plan for th e Northern Province

Sri Lanka is not a significant contributor to global greenhouse gas emissions. For the Northern Province climate change adaptation will mean, incorporating disaster risk reduction into future land use planning, in order to ensure existing and future urban areas are protected from natural events including coastal inundation or storm surge as sea-levels rise due to climate change. Examples include construction of protective barriers, appropriate siting of new buildings and/or permanent relocation of people and infrastructure. The National Climate Change Adaptation Strategy for Sri Lanka 2011 to 2016 (2011), prepared by the Ministry of Environment, Climate Change Division, outlines in detail the priority adaptation measures that will need to be implemented.

2.2 Disaster Risk Reduction

Following closely from Climate Change is Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) and the clear need to reduce the damage caused by natural hazards. Disasters often follow natural hazards and the severity of a disaster depends on how much impact a hazard has on society and the environment. Impacts affect lives, livelihoods, housing, government, economy, education and vulnerability or resilience to future disasters. DRR requires systematic planning and implementation following analysis and understanding of the factors causing disasters. Reducing exposure to hazards will reduce the vulnerability or people and property, disaster mitigation, astute management of land, preparedness activities, early warning and sustainable development are core elements of DRR. Unsound development will increase disaster risk and disaster losses. DRR requires the full involvement of society, government and the private sector.

Some common terms relating to DRR are:

• Disaster mitigation: Structural and non-structural measures undertaken to limit the adverse impact of natural hazards; for example, planting mangroves to reduce the risk posed by tidal surges or raising awareness of natural hazards through school- based education projects. • Early warning: The provision of timely information enabling people to take steps to reduce the impact of hazards. Early warning is typically multi-hazard and requires genuine ownership of, and participation by, communities and other stakeholders, e.g., access to information by local people concerning an approaching typhoon or tropical storm.

Physical Plan for th e Northern Province

• Disaster preparedness: Measures that help ensure a timely and effective ‘first line’ of response supported by National Societies’ volunteers, branches, regional and national capacities, e.g., community action teams backed up by National Society contingency planning and regional and/or international response teams. • Recovery: Decisions and actions taken after a disaster with a view to restoring or improving the pre-disaster living conditions of the affected community, while facilitating necessary adjustments to reduce disaster risk, e.g., assessing levels of future risk when planning housing projects in the aftermath of a disaster. • Support to livelihoods: Projects that strengthen or diversify livelihoods that enable individuals or households to develop strategies to reduce risk, e.g. home gardening can improve nutrition and increase reserves in the time of drought.

The hazards identified in the Northern Province include cyclones, floods, droughts, tsunami and earthquakes. The Disaster Management Centre is the lead agency in Sri Lanka in terms of disaster response and DRR.

2.3 The Energy Crisis

2.3.1 Peak Oil

Like most of the rest of the world Sri Lanka is economically and socially dependant on fossil fuels. 45% of all Sri Lanka’s energy requirements (including close to 100% in the transport sector) are provided by oil. As the Sri Lankan economy strengthens and more people move into urban centres, this reliance on oil will only increase. All of Sri Lanka’s oil requirements are currently imported. Natural gas (and possibly crude oil) was discovered by ‘Cairn Lanka’ in October 2011 in Sri Lankan National waters in the Mannar Basin but the extent of the reserves are yet to be determined and it will be many years before any oil or gas reserves can be extracted.

Peak Oil is the point in time when the maximum rate of petroleum extraction is reached, after which the rate of production is expected to enter terminal decline. The world discovered the issue of peak oil in the 1960s, and started to use more than it found in the 1980s. Oil therefore is a critical commodity and can have a significant impact on the economy, particularly as oil prices rise. Therefore, for countries such as Sri Lanka who are

Physical Plan for th e Northern Province largely reliant on imported oil and do not have the means to compete with more economically powerful countries, Peak Oil poses serious challenges.

2.3.2 Alternative and Renewable Energy Sources

Sri Lanka has a history of developing alternative energy sources. Renewable energy is energy derived from natural resources such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides and geothermal heat, all of which are replenished naturally. Wind Power is growing at 20% annually, and photovoltaics, including PV power stations are also widely utilised. Renewables such as small photovoltaics and micro-hydro can be used in remote and rural areas, as well as biogas for light and cooking. The feasibility of wind generation is already being investigated in a trial windfarms at Puttalum, in the North Western Province.

Hydroelectricity already supplies 42% of electricity across Sri Lanka. However, all suitable locations for dams have been utilised and opportunities to further expand hydroelectricity generation are limited. Climate change concerns, combined with high oil prices and peak oil mean that renewable energy development and promotion is of great importance to Sri Lanka who have the opportunity to introduce renewable energy legislation and provide incentives for development and commercialisation of renewable energy projects. The Northern Province has potential for development of wind power (particularly on the east coast near Mullaittivu) and for solar power. The Province is also well-positioned to benefit from the development of the Mannar Basin oil and gas fields.

2.4 Water

As Sri Lanka continues to urbanise, the demand for water, an increasingly scarce resource, will grow. The natural distribution of water within Sri Lanka is uneven, with the majority of rainfall occurring in the Central Fragile Area which fills the catchments and distributes water to other parts of the country. The Northern Province is in the dry zone with no perennial rivers and limited seasonal streams and rivers. Water scarcity and changes to rainfall patterns will continue to affect the dry zone of the Northern Province.

Throughout the Northeast Monsoon, rainfall assists in increasing water supplies, though surveys indicate that intensive agriculture cannot be supported without adequate replenishment of surface water stores. The major tank cascade systems and irrigation schemes include Iranamadu, Giants tank, Pavakkulam and Kalmadu, which need careful

Physical Plan for th e Northern Province monitoring to determine capacity for both agriculture, irrigation and drinking water and some tanks and systems are in disrepair and require renovation.

Whilst groundwater aquifers provide water to the Province, (in particular the Jaffna Peninsula), pollutants from fertilizers, lack of wastewater treatment facilities and saltwater intrusion mean rapid action must be taken to protect the quality of this water source. In other areas of the Province, drawing water from the ground is commonly the only water source and limiting the effects of agricultural pollutants in this water is also a necessity.

The conservation of water, protection of water bodies, tanks and aquifers, and its sustainable use will assist the Northern Province in meeting its water requirements in the future. The importance of water to humans, agriculture, livestock and industry in the Northern Province is paramount and will play a key role in shaping the feasibility of future settlements and commercial enterprises. The Province must use the water it has wisely, reuse it where possible and ensure it is disposed of in a safe manner. This will assist the Province in meeting the challenges that the future holds.

Figure 6: Anicut on Jaffna Peninsula

Physical Plan for th e Northern Province

3 The Plan

Immediately following the end of the conflict the priority in the Northern Province was to address the urgent humanitarian needs of those impacted. The great majority of Internally Displaced People (IDP) have now been resettled and the focus has shifted towards addressing medium to longer term needs such as upgrading government services and providing economic opportunities for people to a standard equivalent to that of the rest of the country. The Province has also embarked on long-term development designed to sustain the health and wellbeing of the whole community.

The Plan will assist in maintaining community harmony by helping to improve the standard of living through investment and employment generation, through provision of education and medical services, and developing a more productive economy. It will also outline plans for improved infrastructure, including roads, railways, ports and communications, to ensure that the Northern Province is better connected to the rest of the country and the world.

Figure 7 Fishing Boats, Northern Province

Physical Plan for th e Northern Province

4 Vision and Strategies

The vision for the Northern Province sets out the long term aspirations for the whole of the Province within which the detailed strategies and Objectives of the Regional Plan have been formed.

The Northern Province will be a safe and healthy, prosperous, culturally rich, and sustainable region, well-serviced and accessible both internally and to the rest of Sri Lanka and the world.

The five strategies outlined below have been developed to detail how the vision is to be achieved. The strategies are based on initial research and consultation with the National Physical Planning Department. They have also incorporated research undertaken as part of the development of Mahinda Chintana 2010 , the Uthuru Wasanthaya , Integrated Strategic Environmental Assessment, and the National Physical Plan and Policy.

Each of the five strategies includes a key objective, as well as priority objectives which identify projects or studies to be undertaken in order to achieve the Goal. A set of indicators have also been prepared which should be used to assess progress.

4.1 Economic Development and Growth

(Needithirukum Samudhayam)

The range of economic development opportunities in the Northern Province includes Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Fisheries and Aquaculture, Tourism, Manufacturing and Industry and Mining and Minerals. Each of these sectors will play an important role in shaping the economic future of the Province and providing income generating opportunities for the people of the Region. The Province should ‘play to its strengths’ by supporting the agricultural, fishing and animal husbandry initiatives and the numerous economic benefits of these and related industries. Growth must occur in a sustainable manner, ensuring the longevity of investments and returns to those in each industry.

4.1.1 Goal

To provide opportunities for meaningful employment, livelihoods and investment, created through thriving, diverse and sustainable economies.

Physical Plan for th e Northern Province

4.1.2 Constraints and Opportunities

Agriculture and Animal Husbandry : The agricultural sector faces a number of problems including low productivity, a low level of technological innovation, inadequate credit flows, poor access to local and international markets and inadequate use of quality seeds and planting material. The conflict saw destruction of facilities such as an agricultural complex in Killinochchi which had included an agricultural school and seed farm. The conflict also saw the destruction of farms and subsequent loss of livestock.

The National Physical Planning Department has identified opportunities to expand agriculture by increasing broad-scale commercial farming and by introducing new lucrative crops however this needs to be done in close consultation with the Departments of Wildife and Forestry. Immediate action is underway to return to production lands abandoned during the conflict through rehabilitation and restoration of water reservoirs/tanks such as under the Dahasak Maha Weu programme. Should issues of water be addressed, there are some areas of land that may be suitable for small-medium scale commercial agriculture (areas outside of existing protected areas).

International loans have contributed to development, such as funding for farmers where money is paid back through profits, and money for water pumps and seed farming. Government seed farms are established at Mannar, Killinochchi and Murunkan and there is an agriculture school at Vavuniya. Many areas in the north remain as livelihood or subsistence farming. Livestock such as cows are also provided by the Government to farmers to assist with re-establishing themselves.

Fisheries, Ports and Harbours : Since the 1980s 26% of fish came from the Northern Province. 45% of the population is involved in agricultural activities and agriculture currently contributes 16% to the Province’s GDP. The National Fisheries Sector Development Strategy 2011-2013 sets a national target of 22kg fish per person, though currently only 11% of this is achieved. There is significant potential to develop the fisheries sector, particularly aquaculture, and non-traditional aquaculture such as mussel cultivation and seaweed harvesting, though expansion should be undertaken sustainably with conservation and long term fish stock supplies (which are already depleted, particularly inner coastal fisheries) at the forefront of any expansion.

Physical Plan for th e Northern Province

Figure 8: Sorting Fish at Talaimannar

Existing fisheries harbours are in Jaffna, Mullaittivu and a gateway commercial port at Mannar. Potential for aquaculture is great in these areas as well as Vavuniya and Killinochchi, with a number of reservoirs available for inland fisheries. Fish breeding is also important, with land already set aside near Irahamadu for a breeding centre. More fisheries harbours and local anchorages/landing places need to be developed. Nationally, feasibility studies are already underway for new harbours such as at Point Pedro and Myllodi. Once harbours are established, land is leased for supporting infrastructure and industries, all important employment generators, such as ice plants/ cold storage, fuel suppliers and ship repairers. In addition, a successful harbour can then be supported by other industrial developments such as canning factories and processing facilities.

Vital also for economic development are the ports, with KKS operating as the main commercial port, handling cement and commodities movements. The Ports Authority indicate that KKS should be expanded and established as a clear Regional Port, allowing for larger ships up to 5000 tonnes capacity. No major shipping routes access the Northern Province and it is not viable to do so, nor are the existing ports such as Point Pedro or Mannar suitable for major development due to local physical conditions and being highly weather dependent.

Physical Plan for th e Northern Province

Tourism : Tourism has great potential for growth as the Province develops and better transport links are established. Across Sri Lanka tourist numbers rapidly increased since the return of peace with 2.5million tourists expected by 2016, or 28% growth. By capitalising on its unique cultural and natural features the Northern Province can capture some of this growth, and there is a target of 2800 rooms by 2016, substantial growth given the current provision of around 250 rooms, mostly in Jaffna. Substantial investment will be required to improve land, sea and air transport, develop sustainable accommodation, increase the skill base of local people and market the region’s assets, such as promoting opportunities for coastal tourism (including on the offshore islands), eco/nature based tourism, cultural/heritage and sport related tourism. Potential exists in the areas south of Mullaittivu and Mannar, and in areas around Jaffna Lagoon as well as the cultural and sporting capital at Jaffna. A number of mega tourism projects have been progressed on State coastal land across Sri Lanka, but none in the Northern Province due to land ownership issues and lack of access to potential development areas. Therefore a different approach will need to be considered in order to facilitate tourism in the province, perhaps through foreign investment, which will in part be driven by the resolution of current accessibility issues.

Minerals : The Northern Province contains a range of mineral and extractive resources required by industry, business and construction. These include: gemstones; sand and limestone suitable for concrete; hard-stone suitable for road construction; beach mineral sands and clay suitable for manufacturing bricks and tiles. Those wishing to explore mineral potential in the area are required to seek formal exploration permits and where deposits are discovered, mining licences can be obtained.

Manufacturing and Industry : Nationally, Sri Lanka’s industrial sector accounts for nearly 30% of GDP and employs about 25% of the workforce. However, many industries in the north closed during the conflict. The continuing recovery process provides an opportunity to restore building material, construction and light engineering industries as demand grows for materials and skilled labour for housing and infrastructure. There is also potential for new industries to develop out of the recently discovered gas reserves in the Mannar Basin. Each of these industries will have to overcome issues such as:

• Developing human capacity (e.g. education and training); • Developing infrastructure (e.g. construction of roads, ports and industrial centres); • Access to land and resources (e.g. land use zoning, planning permits); and • Business development incentives (e.g. Special tax regimes).

Physical Plan for th e Northern Province

The first priority will be to create and promote a positive business climate to attract the private investment that is needed for long-term growth. This is explored further in chapter 4.1 Economic Development and Growth.

4.1.3 Strategies

Animal Husbandry and Agriculture

1. Upgrade and modernise agricultural processing systems (including a fruit processing factory at Kilinochchi) and assist Cooperative Societies and market centres through schemes such as credit guarantee and micro credit and clustering of small farms; 2. Investigate the development of small-medium scale commercial agriculture and farming around Parangi Aru Reservior following implementation of the canal from Parangi Aru Reservoir to Vavunikulam Tank Sanctuary which aims to increase water supply in the area, whilst minimising impacts on surrounding environmentally sensitive areas. 3. Continue to support the development and operation of small scale commercial agriculture in the Jaffna Peninsula, particularly the northern areas. 4. Provision of technical service facilities (such as district veterinary clinics), seed farms for cultivation, and processing and livestock breeding centres throughout the Province; 5. Encouraging diversification of crops including rubber, cashews, kohomba, onion, chilli, oranges, mangoes, grapes, palmyra, vegetables, herbs and spices across the Province including at Vavuniya, Kilinochchi and Mullaittivu. Consideration should be given to the promotion of organic agriculture; 6. Support National Research, Development and Enterprise initiatives in relation to Animal Husbandry and Agriculture such as the Government seed farm at Jaffna and Paranthan, and model orchards at Jaffna, Kilinochchi and Vavuniya; 7. Develop food processing facilities at Mullaittivu, Vavuniya, Mannar, Kilinochchi and KKS.

Aquaculture and Fisheries

8. Rehabilitate, upgrade and modernise the aquaculture and fisheries industry to take advantage of opportunities arising from the fishing grounds of the Exclusive Economic Zone.

Physical Plan for th e Northern Province

9. Convert anchorages or upgrade fishery harbours into modernised Marine Resource Harbours at Mannar, Chalai, Mullaittivu, Point Pedro, Gurunagar, Nachchikkuda, Silavatturai, Pesalai. Facilities are to include ice plants, cold storage, freezing rooms, fuel storage, and communication facilities. 10. Promote and develop aquaculture-based industries including a fish breeding centre at Iranamadhu, a sea cucumber hatchery in Mannar and for inland fisheries in Killinochchi, Mannar and Vavuniya, Jaffna and Mullaittivu. These industries comprise of seaweed farming, sea bass farming, sea cucumber farming, oyster/mussel culture, and Ornamental fish.

Tourism

11. Sri Lankan Tourism Board to work in collaboration with the Department of Wildlife and Department of Forestry to develop environmentally sustainable tourism opportunities in the National Parks, Forestry Reserves and Sanctuaries. 12. Develop Silavatturai and surrounds as a gateway tourism destination to an extended Wilpattu National Park and to connect to the Kalpitiya tourism area in the North Western Province. 13. Promote the Jaffna Lagoon, Casuarina Beach and Elephant Pass as a Sanctuary and Ecotourism destination, preserving the unique biodiversity of the wetlands and important bird migratory areas. 14. Develop the area immediately south of Mullaittivu as a tourism destination whilst protecting and promoting the sanctuaries, lagoons and marine habitats along the coast to Trincomalee. 15. Undertake an archaeological survey throughout the Northern Province to identify and record all sites and artefacts of significance and diversity. These diverse cultural and heritage assets could be used to promote heritage and cultural tourism opportunities. This could include historical and archaeological places such as Jaffna Fort, Kantharodai, Nallur Rajadhani, Delft, Idikundu and Religious Places: Nallur Kanthaswamy, Madhu Church, Nainativu, Thiruketheeswaram Sivan Temple, Maviddapuram Kanthaswam Kovil, Tellipalai Thurgai Temple, Selva Sannithi Temple, Vallipuram Azhvar Temple, Keerimalai Kerny.

Physical Plan for th e Northern Province

Manufacturing and Industry

16. Develop a competitive IT and telecoms park linked to the University of Jaffna to attract telecoms businesses. 17. Progressively develop new industrial estates at Kilinochchi, Achchuveli, and Poonthondam and expand existing estates at Paranthan and Kankesanturai. 18. Ongoing monitoring of industrial development against current regulatory frameworks to minimise environmental harm. Industrial estates should be classified and sited in terms of low, medium or high polluting in-line with the Central Environmental Agency policy. 19. Rebuild the Achuweli Economic Zone in Jaffna District and develop special economic zone at Poonthondam. 20. Investigate the establishment of Export Processing Zones at Mannar, Mullaittivu and Kankesanturai.

Mining and Minerals

21. Support oil and gas exploration in the Mannar Basin by reserving land for support facilities at Mannar. 22. Support the Geological Survey and Mines Bureau in conducting detailed geological surveys of the Northern Province to confirm location, extent and availability of minerals and extractive resources. 23. Rehabilitate and expand minerals industries which were affected during the conflict, including the saltern at Elephant Pass, mineral sands at Kokkutoduval and cement manufacturing such as around Mannar. 24. Establish new industrial and manufacturing industries in locations identified through exploration permits or the Geological Survey and Mines Bureau surveys as minerals or mining areas, which may include limestone quarrying/ cement manufacture, extraction from black sand such as Titanium.

4.1.4 Indicators

• Agricultural, dairy, fishing and manufacturing production and exports are increased to bring production in line with National levels and identified targets.

Physical Plan for th e Northern Province

• Opportunities for tourism are increased as demonstrated by the increased number of domestic and international tourist arrivals and hotel occupation levels. • Archaeological survey completed and all significant sites and artefacts are recorded in conjunction with the Central Environment Agency. • Quantity and quality of jobs is increased and unemployment levels fall. • Pollutant levels decline and are monitored in accordance with Sri Lankan environmental policies. • Regional contribution to National GDP grows in line with Sri Lanka’s average GDP by 2030, and average incomes are increased; • Poverty levels are reduced to the national average (currently 15%)

Physical Plan for th e Northern Province

Temple or church !( Tank or Pond !. ^_ ^_^_!( ^_^_^_ # Fort !( Tree ^_ # ^_ !. Light House !? Ruins

0 9± 18 27 Km

Mullaitivu

Figure 9: Archaeological Sites

Physical Plan for th e Northern Province

Figure 10: Areas I dentified for Expansion of Agriculture

Physical Plan for th e Northern Province

Glass Sand Gravel Point Pedro Mineral Sand Limestone (! Other Sand Resources Red Beds

Map created by National Physical Planning Department 30th Nov 2011 Data Sources: Kodikamam Geological Survey and Mines Bureau; Jaffna (! Integrated Strategic Environmental Assessment; (! Survey Department 50,000 topographic map series

0 10± 20 30 Km Pooneryn (! Jaffna Lagoon Parantan Pallai (! (! Kilinochchi (!

Puthukkudiyiruppu (! Kokavil Mullaitivu (! Mulliyavalai(! (!

Vellankulam (! Mallavi Oddusuddan (! Mankulam (! (! Talaimannar (! Pesalai (! Nedunkeni (!

Mannar (!

Giant's Tank

Paraiyanalankulam Vavuniya Area Detail (! (!

Cheddikulam (!

Figure 11: Known Mineral and Extractive Industry Resources

Physical Plan for th e Northern Province

Figure 12: Mapped key proposals for Sustainable Economic Development

Physical Plan for th e Northern Province

4.2 Physical Infrastructure - Connecting the Region

(Orunkinintha Piranthium)

Connecting the region locally, regionally and internationally is vital in creating a long term sustainable future for the Province. Connectivity includes road, rail, sea and air transportation, power and energy (including renewable sources such as wind and solar).

4.2.1 Goal

To connect people, towns and villages through effective integrated transportation and communication networks across the Province, the rest of Sri Lanka, and the world.

4.2.2 Constraints and Opportunities

For the Northern Province to grow and prosper it needs to be integrated with the rest of the country and international markets, and the various towns and villages across the Province need to be connected to each other. Existing infrastructure in the Northern Province is inadequate to meet current needs. Land transport access is currently poor compared with the rest of Sri Lanka:

• There are far fewer roads than in the rest of the country (the road network is 3 times as coarse); • Existing roads are in poor condition with C and D Class roads 1/3rd less likely to be sealed than in other Provinces. • The railway line is currently operational to Omantai.

Air and sea transport is currently limited:

• The only major seaport (Kankasanthuri) is currently not operational. • Airports are still controlled by the military and civilian usage is restricted.

Communications networks have been damaged and in some parts of the Province are not currently operational and most of the population are not able to access mains electricity.

The National Plan encourages the development and use of renewable energy sources to reduce greenhouse emissions and the Regional Plan should include measures to assist this principle. It should also initiate studies to assess the impacts of climate change including

Physical Plan for th e Northern Province whether the Northern Province will be more vulnerable to natural disasters such as cyclones, flooding, droughts, and coastal inundation.

Figure 13: Upgrading the A9 at Kilinochchi

Major investment is underway to repair the damage and bring the infrastructure in the Northern Province up to the equivalent standard as the rest of Sri Lanka. First priority should be given to restoration/upgrading of the existing key transport infrastructure:

• The A9 (and other A Class roads) need to be raised up to a modern standard. Many of these roads have not yet been surfaced and travel along them is very slow. The lack of maintenance discourages communication across the region, delays the delivery of goods to markets, means the A9 is overburdened and prevents full integration of the Province. The A9 should be upgraded to an expressway with provision for a local traffic service road alongside and bypasses of towns that the A9 currently dissects; • Restoration and expansion of three railways is required – from Kankesanturai to Anuradhapura via Jaffna, Mankulam and Vavuniya, Mannar to Trincomalee via Medawchchiya and Pareiyananlakulam to Horowpotana via Anuradhapura. The extensions beyond Jaffna and Mannar to the respective ports will be vital for the viability

Physical Plan for th e Northern Province

of the ports, and also for the economic benefits which will flow on from these upgraded ports. • Kankesanturai should be upgraded as a regional port, handling cargo to India and the Bay of Bengal, while Talaimannar/Mannar should be upgraded as a passenger port and as the Gateway to India.

It will be necessary for investment to continue in the long-term to ensure that infrastructure limitations do not prevent future growth prospects in the Province:

• Road access from Trinconmalee will require upgrading to ensure that the Northern Province shares the benefits of this hub and proposed metro city. Domestic airports are proposed at Mannar, Vavuniya and Kankesanturai. • An initial 4-lane (with potential to be expanded to a 6-lane) Northern Expressway should be constructed from Jaffna to Anuradhapura via Kilinochchi and Vavuniya. • The concept of a link to India across the Palk Strait offering direct highway and railway access to the sub-continent is an ambitious proposal. It would physically connect Sri Lanka to Asia and the rest of the world, and to the Trans-Asian Highway. However this is a very long-term prospect and a road or rail connection has many hurdles to overcome, including religious, political, environmental and economic issues. • An extension of the Trans-Asian highway from Mannar through to the Hambantota and Trinconmalee is a key part of the National Physical Planning Policy. It would promote the integration of the whole country by means of a national highway loop and would connect all the main regional centres rather than being focused on Colombo. However this is a long-term and very expensive project and the connection to India is uncertain.

Delivering on these Strategies involves an ambitious program of actions and investment. Success in delivering this Plan will require commitment and cooperation from across Government at all three levels (National, Provincial and Local) as well as across business interests and the community.

4.2.3 Strategies

Roads

1. Evaluate the technical and financial feasibility of the proposed Trans-Asian Highway by exploring its viability, environmental impacts, sources of funding and development alternatives (i.e. road or rail link/ bridge or tunnel).

Physical Plan for th e Northern Province

2. Upgrade, resurface and widen the A-class road network to 4 or 6 lanes including:

Kilinochchi to Mullaittivu Mankulum via Oddusuddan to Mullaittivu Paraiyanalankulam/Kannaddi to Vavuniya Jaffna to Pooneryn to Vellankulam to Mannar Jaffna to Kankesanturai Trincomalee to Vavuniya

3. Construct an Expressway from Jaffna to Medawchchiya (162km), this should take the route of the existing A9 with an additional minor service road running alongside to cater for local traffic, and bypasses of existing towns that the A9 currently dissects. 4. Upgrade, resurface and where possible widen the following B Class Roads:

Vellankulam to Mallavi to Mankulum Pooneryn to Parantan Kankesanturai to Point Pedro Point Pedro to Chavakachcheri Jaffna to Point Pedro Mullaittivu to Nedunkeni Oddusuddan to Nedunkeni Murunkan to Silavaturi

5. Progressively upgrade the local road network (Class B, C, D) to enable farmers and villagers to reach their local market more easily and to strengthen local economies. 6. Improve the regional, intercity and local bus services to reflect growth of urban areas.

Rail

7. Upgrade and rehabilitate railways including:

Medawachchya via Paraiyanalankulam (43km) to Tallaimannar (63km) Anuradhapura via Omantai and Pallai to Kankesanturai (55km)

8. Designate land for railway reserves adjacent to the proposed railway lines to allow for future expansion such as grade separation and a separate freight transport line.

Physical Plan for th e Northern Province

9. Investigate the construction of new dedicated freight rail lines that connect to major Ports at Kankesanturai, Mannar and Trincomalee. 10. Undertake a feasibility study to investigate the electrification of the railway system and potential future upgrade to a high speed rail system.

Sea

11. Upgrade seaports including:

Kankesanturai Harbour as a Regional Port for commercial cargo handling and improved freight movement between India and Sir Lanka. Talaimannar/Mannar as a Passenger Port and the Gateway to India.

12. Investigate the potential for the development of a ferry service which could include interconnections between:

Mannar and Delft Mannar and Jaffna Mannar and North Western Province Mannar and Silavaturai Silavaturai and Kalpitiya, possibly with tourist focussed connections to Willpittu National Park Kankesanturai to Mullaittivu

Air

13. Construct a new domestic airport at Mannar which would be predicated by the implementation of the Trans-Asian Highway development or sufficient increase in tourism numbers to the area. 14. Continue to implement the Palali Airport Improvement Project including the ongoing reconstruction of the runway.

Public Transport

15. All forms of public transport both within and outside of the Province be integrated to ensure maximum connections, choice and ease of travel.

Physical Plan for th e Northern Province

Power and Energy

16. Enhance electricity distribution and transmission systems to ensure all households and businesses have access to electricity by:

Repairing and upgrading the high voltage transmission line from Vavuniya to Chunnakam; Constructing a high voltage transmission line from Kapalturai to Kilinochchi and from Vavuniya to Mannar; Constructing a new grid substation at Chunnakam, Kilinochchi and Mannar. Upgrading the existing grid substation at Vavuniya

17. Investigate the appropriate distribution of electricity to the islands of Jaffna, through connection to the National Grid or self-generation utilising sustainable technology. 18. Continue to investigate and develop renewable energy sources to meet the Province’s future energy requirements including wind power (e.g. at Mannar), tidal power and solar energy/ photovoltaics, and in conjunction with the Geological Resources and Mines Bureau, opportunities for use of geothermal power based on geochemical survey results.

4.2.4 Indicators

• Average travel time by road and rail between major centres and towns is reduced. • Telecommunications coverage increased to ensure all urban and rural areas have mobile coverage. • Continue to increase connections to the national electricity grid to all households and businesses. • Proportion of energy generated by renewables is increased and overall energy efficiency improved. • Public transport accessibility is increased to improve access to all households and businesses.

Physical Plan for th e Northern Province

Ongoing project under NRCP Point Pedro Kankesanturai (! Ongoing project under Emergency loan (! Nelliady (! Class A road Atchuveli Chankanai (! Class B road (! Vaddukkoddai Manipay(! (! (! (! Urumpirai Map created by National Physical Planning Department, 29th Nov 2011 Meesalai(! Jaffna (! (! Kodikamam Data Source: Road Development Authority; (! Survey Department 50,000 topographic map Chavakachcheri Pallai series (!

Pooneryn 0 10± 20 30 (! Km Parantan Pallai (! (! Kilinochchi (!

Puthukkudiyiruppu (! Kokavil Mullaitivu (! Mulliyavalai(! (!

Vellankulam (! Mallavi Oddusuddan (! Mankulam (! (! Talaimannar (! Pesalai (! Nedunkeni (!

Mannar (!

Paraiyanalankulam Vavuniya Area Detail (! (!

Cheddikulam (!

Figure 14: Provincial Road Projects Currently Underway or Planned

(Source: Road Development Authority 2010)

Physical Plan for th e Northern Province

Figure 15: Mapped key proposals for Physical Infrastructure – Connecting the Region

Physical Plan for th e Northern Province

4.3 Settlement Pattern: Sustainable and Livable Communities

(ArokiyamanaSamudhayam)

A sustainable and livable society indicates a community that has access to all the services, and facilities needed for a happy and healthy society, thereby improving overall quality of life. It would include provision of facilities that provide services for health, education recreation and safety, as well as adequate housing, major and minor infrastructure and communications relevant to the size and function, or hierarchy, of the urban centre. This chapter considers Population and Future Population Projections, Urban Hierarchy, Urban Design and Development Guidelines, Disaster Risk Reduction, Education, Health Care and Safety and Security.

4.3.1 Goal

To improve the appearance, accessibility and amenity of settlements within the Northern Province to create vibrant and safe places to live, work and visit.

4.3.2 Constraints and Opportunities

Population & Future Population Projections

The conflict in the North resulted in massive movements of people across, into and out of the Northern Province. Population changes in the Northern Province as a whole and by District during the period between 1963 and 2011 are shown in Figure 16. The figure clearly depicts how during the peak of the conflict the population significantly declined. The more recent population figures are similar to those of the mid-1970s. Districts significantly affected by the conflict included Mullaittivu where the population declined by 69.1% between 2006 and 2011 and Kilinochchi where the population declined by 47.3%.

Physical Plan for th e Northern Province

1,600,000

1,400,000 Jaffna District 1,200,000 Mannar District 1,000,000 Vavuniya District 800,000 Kilinochchi Population 600,000 District Mullaittivu 400,000 District Northern 200,000 Province Total

0 1963 1971 1981 2006 2011 Census Year

Figure 16: Population in Northern Province by District between 1963 and 2011

There are two key questions to be determined in making predictions about the future population of the Northern Province. Firstly, it is necessary to determine the baseline from which to make projections. In this analysis it has been decided to use 2011 Census estimates as the baseline. Available data supports the assumption that internally displaced people are resettling within the Province and further, that most are returning to their original homes. The story is very different for the refugees, most of whom are in India. Information relating to their behaviour indicates that these people (around 250,000 in total) are returning to the Province at a very slow rate (around 10% per year) which suggests that in all likelihood some may never return.

Secondly, it is necessary to choose a rate at which to grow the population. Logically this will be based on past rates of growth with adjustments to account for changed circumstances. The growth rate of the national population of Sri Lanka has been declining quite steeply for the past 30 years and is currently estimated to be about 0.7% 2. This is down from a rate of

2 World Bank

Physical Plan for th e Northern Province

2.24% during the period 1963 to 1981 and 1.19% during the period 1981 to 2006. Nineteen sixty three to 1981 was the pre-war period during which the Northern Province population grew at a rate of 2.76%, significantly higher than the national average at the time. During the war, the population of the Northern Province grew at 0.87%, much slower than the national average at that time.

It is to be expected that with the improved social and economic conditions and the conclusion to the war, population growth in the Northern Province will increase significantly from the current very low levels. It is unlikely however, given the declining trend nationally that it will return to the full pre-war levels for some time. To account for this, three scenarios have been used in projecting the population of the Northern Province: low growth (1% pa), medium growth (2% pa) and higher growth (3% pa). The results for each of these scenarios projected out to 2030 by District are shown in Table 1, Table 1: Population Projection 2010 to 2030 - Low Growth Scenario (1%)

and

, as well as

Physical Plan for th e Northern Province

, Figure 17: Population Projection by District Low Growth (1%)

and Figure 18: Population Projection by District Medium Growth (2%)

Population as per 2011 District Census 2015 2020 2025 2030

Jaffna 567,229 590,261 620,370 652,015 685,275

Mannar 95,430 99,305 104,370 109,694 115,290

Vavuniya 164,852 171,546 180,296 189,493 199,159

Mullaittivu 66,526 69,227 72,759 76,470 80,371

Kilinochchi 103,717 107,928 113,434 119,220 125,301

Total 997,754 1,038,267 1,091,229 1,146,892 1,205,396

Table 1: Population Projection 2010 to 2030 - Low Growth Scenario (1%)

Population as per 2011 District Census 2015 2020 2025 2030

Jaffna 567,229 613,987 677,891 748,447 826,346

Mannar 95,430 103,296 114,048 125,918 139,023

Vavuniya 164,852 178,441 197,013 217,519 240,158

Mullaittivu 66,526 72,010 79,505 87,780 96,916

Kilinochchi 103,717 112,267 123,951 136,851 151,096

Physical Plan for th e Northern Province

Total 997,754 1,080,001 1,192,408 1,316,515 1,453,539

Table 2: Population Projection 2010 to 2030 - Medium Growth Scenario (2%)

Population as per 2011 District Census 2015 2020 2025 2030

Jaffna 567,229 638,421 740105 857985 994639

Mannar 95,430 107,407 124515 144346 167338

Vavuniya 164,852 185,542 215094 249354 289069

Mullaittivu 66,526 74,876 86801 100626 116654

Kilinochchi 103,717 116,735 135328 156881 181868

Total 997,754 1,122,981 1,301,843 1,509,192 1,749,568

Table 3: Population Projection 2010 to 2030 - Higher Growth Scenario (3%)

Physical Plan for th e Northern Province

1,400,000 1% Growth Scenario 1,200,000 1,000,000 Jaffna 800,000 Mannar 600,000 Vavuniya

Population 400,000 Mullaittivu 200,000 Kilinochchi 0 2011 2015 2020 2025 2030 Total Year

Figure 17: Population Projection by District Low Growth (1%)

1,600,000 2% Growth Scenario 1,400,000 1,200,000 Jaffna 1,000,000 Mannar 800,000 Vavuniya 600,000 Population 400,000 Mullaittivu 200,000 Kilinochchi 0 Total 2011 2015 2020 2025 2030 Year

Figure 18: Population Projection by District Medium Growth (2%)

2,000,000 3% Growth Scenario 1,800,000 1,600,000 1,400,000 Jaffna 1,200,000 Mannar 1,000,000 800,000 Vavuniya Population 600,000 Mullaittivu 400,000 Kilinochchi 200,000 0 Total 2011 2015 2020 2025 2030 Year

Figure 19: Population Projection by District Higher Growth 3%

Physical Plan for th e Northern Province

The most realistic scenario would appear to be one of a growth at somewhere between the low and medium scenarios province-wide. An optimistic scenario would see this supplemented with pockets of high growth around development nodes such as the Jaffna Metro City, or longer term around Mannar if a land transport link is developed with India

Urban Hierarchy

In accordance with the National Physical Plan, a hierarchy of urban centres for the Northern Province based on metro-towns, district capitals, urban centres and villages was identified. The hierarchy provides a framework for assessing the services required to meet the needs of both existing and planned communities and ensuring those services are provided in the right locations.

The five district capitals of Jaffna, Mannar, Vavuniya, Kilinochchi and Mullaittivu are the main functional metropolitan towns within the Province. Jaffna is the major Metropolitan Capital, being the second largest Metropolitan Area after Colombo in Sri Lanka. Therefore Jaffna is a First Order City because of its high level of land use activity and large catchment area. Mannar, Vavuniya , Kilinochchi and Mullaittivu are Second Order Cities. The main urban centres and their functions are set out in Table 1 below:

Physical Plan for th e Northern Province

Table 4: Main Proposed Urban Centres and Their Functions

Urban Centre Proposed Functions

Jaffna Metro City

Higher Educational Centre and Medical teaching Hospital

Trade and Commercial Centre

Historical and Cultural hub

Gateway to National tourist destinations

Specialist Health Hub (Centre of Excellence in Cardiology)

Vavuniya District Service and Administrative Centre

Trade and Commercial Centre

Industrial and Economic hub

Educational hub- Vocational Training and Agricultural College

Health Services hub with District Hospital

Transportation hub

Mannar District Service and Administrative Centre

Mineral based industrial centre

Trading centre

Gateway to India and Passenger Port

Gateway to National tourist destinations

Health Services hub with District Hospital

National fishery based activity & trading centre

Mullaittivu Local Service and Administrative Centre

Gateway to National tourist destinations

Fishery based activity and trading centre

Health Services hub with District Hospital

Physical Plan for th e Northern Province

Urban Centre Proposed Functions

Kilinochchi District Service and Administrative Centre

Provincial Agriculture Centre

Provincial Inland Fisheries and Aquaculture Centre

Health Services Hub with District Hospital

Beyond the Main Urban Centres identified in each district in Table 4 above, Table 5 below identifies the first, second, third, fourth and fifth order cities in the Northern Province. These cities are then mapped in Figure 20: Urban Hierarchy in the Northern Province. Appendix A: Identified First and Second Order Town Functions provides further detail on the functions of these towns.

Physical Plan for th e Northern Province

Table 5: 1st to 5th Order Cities in the Northern Province

1st Order 2nd Order 3rd Order 4th Order 5th Order

Jaffna Vavniya Chavakachcheri Chunnakam Talaimannar

Killinochchi Point Pedro Vellankulam Pesalai

Mullaittivu Velvatithurai Poonaryn Mulliyavalai

Mannar Kankasanthurai Pesalai Puthukuduiritpu

Mulathive Mallavi

Kokavil

Mankulam

Nedunkeni

Oddusudan

Pallai

Kodikamman

Meesalai

Vaddukkodei

Manipai

Chankanai

Physical Plan for th e Northern Province

Figure 20: Urban Hierarchy in the Northern Province

Urban Design and Development Guidelines

In order to preserve the local character of cities and towns as they develop, protect scenic and cultural places, create safe and functional pedestrian areas and protect waterways and natural landscapes, it is recommended that Urban Design and Development Guidelines be prepared by the National Physical Planning Department, following a thorough review of each of the main urban centres of the Northern Province. In addition the Northern Province Landscape Guidelines already prepared by the National Physical Planning Department should be implemented as required.

Physical Plan for th e Northern Province

Figure 21: Liveable settlements require good urban design

Disaster Risk Reduction

Sea level rise has potential to affect all coastal towns including the district capitals of Mannar and Mullaittivu. The Province also includes areas that are tsunami vulnerable, that have vulnerability to flood inundation as well as cyclone paths and wind loading zones. For this reason these towns should look to move inland however these vulnerabilities need to be carefully considered. Both Mullaittivu and Mannar have land available on the in-land side for development. New services, housing and infrastructure should be directed to these locations once identified. Disaster Risk Reduction also included disaster proofing the existing facilities and this must go hand in hand with education campaigns and local level information distribution.

Education

Improving the quality and access to education is central to progress in the Northern Province. Education contributes to economic development and can help to improve the standard of living. A number of schools remain to be reopened after the war, and additional staff need to be recruited and trained to ensure children in the Northern Province are supported in their education as well as their counterparts elsewhere in the country. Currently there is only one University in the Province and vocational training opportunities are currently limited. As the population grows and its needs change, there will be a

Physical Plan for th e Northern Province continuing requirement for investment in education across all areas including schools, vocational training, agricultural colleges and universities.

Figure 22: Vocational training opportunities will contribute to the creation of a healthy society

Health Care

Improving access to health care is also a continuing priority. More recently, access to hospital beds varies greatly across the Province – Vavuniya District has a higher number of beds per person than the average across Sri Lanka whilst Kilinochchi District has a lower than average number of beds per person. Some health services are still to re-open following the war and plans need to be made for improvements to existing services to provide for a growing population and to cater for the emerging requirements of an ageing population. Preventative health care will become an increasing priority to minimise sickness through malaria, rabies, tuberculosis and dengue fever. Other measures should be incorporated to encourage a healthy and active lifestyle such as providing an appropriate range of recreation facilities.

In 2009 it was recorded that 11,176 people living in the Northern Province have a disability, and there are an estimated 10,600 disabled children and youth. War casualties are a significant component of the disabled. Most of the disabled have never attended school and

Physical Plan for th e Northern Province therefore lack opportunities, resulting in unemployment, marginalisation and social exclusion.

Culture

The Northern Province has cultural heritage and practices that are distinct within Sri Lanka. Traditionally Northern Tamil society is generally categorised in two groups: Those who are from the Jaffna Peninsula in the north, and those who are residents of the Vanni District to the immediate south. Jaffna society is a caste society, with social dominance the Vellalar particularly through myths and legends. Historically, the Vellalar, who form approximately fifty percent of the population, were involved in agriculture, using the services of castes collectively known as Panchamar (Tamil for group of five). The Panchamar consisted of the Nalavar, Pallar, Parayar, Vannar, and Ambattar. Others such as the Karaiyar (fishermen) existed outside the agriculture-based caste system. The caste of temple priests, known as, Iyers was also held in high esteem.

The people in the Vanni districts considered themselves separate from Tamils of the Jaffna peninsula but the two groups did intermarry. Most of these married couples moved into the Vanni districts where land was available. The Vanni consists of a number of highland settlements within forested lands using irrigation tank-based cultivation. Hunting and raising livestock such as water buffalo and cattle occurred alongside the agriculture. The Tamil- inhabited Vanni consists of the Vavuniya, Mullaitivu, and Eastern Mannar district.

Safety and Security

Maintaining law and order, and ensuring people have trust and confidence in their local law and order system and officials, is a high priority and assists in creating a harmonious society. In addition, improvements are required to provide facilities for a full range of government services, such as law courts and to ensure that these are accessible to the community.

Ensuring Women’s rights are understood (by both women and men), women understand their rights, services that address women’s needs are provided and women’s participation in local, district and provincial government is a key priority to provide a platform to address gender equality.

Taking into account the very high number of female-headed-households in the Northern Province, women's specific concerns also need to be given priority. An increased military presence heightens the vulnerability of women to violence and harassment and restricts

Physical Plan for th e Northern Province their freedom of movement, which adversely impacts on other aspects of their lives including their livelihood opportunities. Civil administration structures need to be established / strengthened to enable women to engage with government processes as is found in other parts of the country. Ensuring women’s rights are duly recognized and that women are represented at decision making levels in local, provincial and national government is a key priority to provide a platform to address gender equality.

In the post-war environment, mine safety has been a key concern. Whilst a significant proportion of land has been cleared, allowing for resettlement, there are still areas that need to be cleared. Complete mine clearance is vital for the growth of the Northern Province and the clearance of mines continues today.

4.3.3 Strategies

Population

1. Continually monitor population growth scenarios for the Northern Province and review key actions against revised figures where applicable.

Urban Hierarchy

2. UDA in partnership with the NPPD prepare a series of Development Plans that reflect the policy of urban hierarchical structure:

a. to revitalise the Jaffna Metro-City as a major cultural, heritage and educational centre and as the prime business location for the North. b. to develop Mannar as a Special Purpose City (due to potential links and trade potential with India via the Trans-Asian Highway) which will comprise of a District Service and Administrative Centre as well as a transport hub and trading centre. c. to develop Vavuniya as a District Service and Administrative Centre, which should include a transport hub and trade and commercial centre; d. to develop Kilinochchi as a District Service and Administrative Centre and a Provincial Agricultural and Inland Fisheries and Aquaculture Centre; e. to develop Mullaittivu as a Local Service Centre and Administrative Centre and fisheries based activities and trading centre.

Physical Plan for th e Northern Province

f. For the islands near Jaffna to address issues of economic development, water supply, tourism opportunities, infrastructure, governance and accessibility.

Urban Design and Development Guidelines

3. National Building and Research Organisation (NBRO) to investigate and implement actions and/or guidelines that consider disaster risk reduction, in order to ensure existing and future urban areas are protected from natural events such as coastal inundation or storm surge as sea-levels rise due to climate change (such as construction of protective barriers, appropriate siting of new buildings and/or permanent relocation of people and infrastructure). 4. Develop urban design guidelines for the Province which promotes and preserves local character, a distinctively local style of architecture and local guidelines for the main towns, and including principles for scenic protection and waterway protection. Inclusive design (differently abled) that ensures equal access for all regardless of ability should be incorporated into guidelines for all public buildings and spaces to ensure equal access for all should be included. 5. Ensure that recreational and community facilities are incorporated into all new local development plans, including local parklands, children’s playgrounds and meeting halls. 6. Upgrade the Duraiyappah Stadium at Jaffna into a world class sportsground with facilities to provide for international cricket and other regional and national sporting activities.

Disaster Risk Reduction

7. Greater Development Areas for Mullaittivu and Mannar Towns to be identified inland and where possible outside of flood inundation and wind loading zones. Where this is not possible, any new development in these areas or in the existing towns is to be done with Disaster Risk Reduction as a key consideration.

Health

8. Upgrade hospital facilities across the Province, with development of a Teaching Hospital and Centre of Excellence in Cardiology at Jaffna and develop or expand

Physical Plan for th e Northern Province

hospitals in key existing and developing urban centres in Jaffna, Kilinochchi, Vavuniya, Mannar, Mullaittivu and Pooneryn. 9. Promote a network of community health centres that provide good quality services for psychological and physical and a range of preventative health care programs. Continue to extend preventative health care programs (such as immunisation) to the whole population in line with Health Department guidelines. 10. Upgrade and install adequate water distribution and sewerage systems throughout the Province to ensure access for all homes and businesses.

Education

11. Provide an accessible network of primary and secondary schools (including schools with facilities for those with special needs) and develop plans to incentivise teachers and other key educational staff to ensure that schools are adequately staffed. 12. Provide a network of vocational training centres, ensuring that that there are facilities to cater for students with special needs, to provide training programmes that will develop a competitive and skilled workforce. 13. Provision of education through Training Centres and Agricultural Colleges (including those at Kilinochchi and Vavuniya); 14. Preserve the heritage and cultural significance of the Jaffna Library and enhance its facilities and linkages to educational institutions and the community at large. 15. Develop Jaffna University as a knowledge centre, utilising its capacity for research and innovation to foster economic development in the North.

Security and Safety

16. Expedite mine and weapon cache clearance programs to ensure all land in the Province is declared safe. 17. Re-establish an accessible law and order system based on a new Provincial court complex in Jaffna, lower courts and police stations at District Centres and ensure that recruitment and training of law enforcement staff includes tamil speaking, gender sensitive men and women. 18. Ensure that rehabilitation and reconstruction activities are within the control of civilian authorities and that women from war affected areas in the Northern Province

Physical Plan for th e Northern Province

are included in planning and implementing rehabilitation and reconstruction activities. 19. Education for women and political empowerment programmes to foster engagement of women in decision making processes.

4.3.4 Indicators

• Population projections are updated based on the 2011 Census; • Future development is appropriately sited and reflects current best practice in disaster risk reduction; • Cities and towns are developed in accordance with the hierarchy of settlements; • Access to markets, jobs and services is increased, unemployment figures are reduced; • Cities, towns and villages are functional, fit for purpose and attractive and healthy places to live with the distinctive architecture of the Northern Province maintained; • Educational indicators are monitored, including school attendance levels (target 100% attendance) and the number of students completing various levels is increased; • Improved access to higher education with an increase in the number of people with higher education qualifications; • Access to healthcare facilities is evidenced through an increased number of beds per capita; • Life expectancy at birth: in years, for males and females separately is increased to equal the national average ( Female: 77.9, Male 70.3 Ministry of Health 2011); • Rates of diseases, per 100,000 population are reduced and reflect the national average; • Involvement in organised sport and passive recreation increases and opportunities for involvement by both men and women of all ages are increased; • Access to potable water and sanitation facilities is 100% across the Province with a subsequent reduction in number of related diseases; • Eradication of mines and weapon caches evidenced through an official declaration of a mine free Province, with clearance of mines in priority settlement areas to be completed by 2013; • Awareness by the community of their civil rights is improved through community education programmes; • Religion and cultural activities continue to be practiced throughout the Province;

Physical Plan for th e Northern Province

• Community have increased confidence in the law and order system, which may be demonstrated by an increase in the number of crimes reported and prosecuted, and through community feedback about feelings of personal stability and safety. • Number of women in elected governance positions has increased.

Planned settlement Major urban centre Map created by National Physical Planning Department, 29th Nov 2011 Data Source: Integrated Strategic Environmental Assessment; JAFFNA DISTRICT Survey Department 50,000 topographic Jaffna map series

0 9± 18 27 Km Kilinochchi KILINOCHCHI DISTRICT

Mullaitivu

MULLATTIVU DISTRICT

Mannar

EASTERN PROVINCE VAVUNIYA DISTRICT MANNAR DISTRICT

Vavuniya Area Detail

NORTH CENTRAL PROVINCE

NORTH WESTERN PROVINCE

Figure 23: Current Settlements

Physical Plan for th e Northern Province

Urban and industrial Conservation and protection Cropping (includes land in transition) Grazing land Water bodies (fresh and saline)

Map created by National Physical Planning Jaffna Department, 14th Nov 2011 Data Source: Integrated Strategic Environmental Assessment; Survey Department 50,000 topographic map series ± 0 10 20 30 Km

Kilinochchi

Mullaitivu

Mannar

Area Detail Vavuniya

Figure 24: : Land Use in the Northern Province

Physical Plan for th e Northern Province

# School Population per GND Industrial school 0 - 200 # 200 - 500 ## ## ## # # #### ###### ## ## # # # ## ### # 500 - 1000 ## ### ## # # ###### # ##### ## ## ### # ### # ### # ### # # ## # 1000 - 2000 ####### ### ###### ## # ## ##### # #### # # ###### #### # # # # ### # 2000 - 5000 #### # ##### # # # ## # # ### ### ## ## # > 5000 ## ### #### ### ## # # ### # ## ### # # ## # ####### ### # ### ### ####Jaffna######## # Map created by National Physical Planning Department, # # # ######### ## ### # # ## ## ## # ## # ## # ###### # # Nov 2011 # # # # # # # Data Source: Survey Department 50,000 topographic # # # ## # ## # ### # map series # # ### # ## # # ## ## Note: best available data, most likely incomplete. ## # # # ## # # # # # # ## #

# # ± # 0 10 20 30 Kilinochchi # Km # # # # # # # # # # # # # Mullaitivu # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # Mannar # # # # # # # # ### # # # # ## # ## # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # # # # Area Detail # # # # #Vavuniya # # # # # # # # # # # # # ## ## # # # # # # # ## # # #

# # # #

Figure 25: Location of Schools

(Source: Survey Department 1:5000 Topographic Series)

Physical Plan for th e Northern Province

4.4 Water, Sanitation and Irrigation (Anithu Thavaikalukumana Neer)

The Northern Province lies within Sri Lanka’s Dry Zone where there is low annual rainfall and water is a limited and valuable resource. Every opportunity needs to be taken to conserve water and to protect it from pollution and supply should be augmented through irrigation, rehabilitation of tanks, canal development and other measures. It is critical that there is an adequate supply of water for human consumption and also irrigation to ensure the prosperity of the Northern Province. This strategy therefore focusses on the provision of safe drinking water, appropriate sanitation measures such as waste management and functioning irrigation systems.

4.4.1 Goal

To collect, distribute and reticulate water Provincial wide for domestic, agricultural and industrial use.

4.4.2 Constraints and Opportunities

There are significant issues with water supply and sanitation in the Northern Province. Irrigation systems (open water reservoirs or tanks) are in need of repair and expansion and a significant proportion of agricultural land currently relies solely on rainfall, and used of groundwater wells from shallow aquifers. The people of Jaffna peninsula and the islands depend entirely on water from shallow aquifers which are at high risk of organic pollution and saltwater intrusion. There is currently only limited testing and no systematic monitoring of these critical issues. The water requirements for human consumption, agriculture and industry will all increase in the coming decades highlighting the critical need to manage and protect the existing resource. Addressing these issues will provide environmental, health and economic development benefits for the Northern Province community.

The proportion of the population with access to safe drinking water is low in rural areas compared with elsewhere in Sri Lanka. Currently, 83% (2010) of the Northern Province population have access to safe water while access to piped water stands at only 5%, much less than any other part of the country. Jaffna has the largest population and highest density of any district, and as an identified metro-city, a reliable and safe water supply will be vital for economic development and investment. Potable water for the Province will

Physical Plan for th e Northern Province provide the population with a basis for good health and reduced incidence of waterborne disease.

Many rural households have inadequate access to latrine facilities. Around 70,000 latrines are required in the Northern Province with around 52,000 already planned or commenced/completed. The provision of latrine facilities needs to be accompanied by suitable septic waste disposal facilities. It is vital that appropriate sewerage systems that meet health and environmental guidelines are implemented and waste water that is treated prior to disposal ensures outbreaks of disease are minimised.

Figure 26: Open water tanks will need to be repaired and expanded

A number of large scale water projects (for both human consumption and irrigation) have been commenced or at feasibility stage. The National Dahasak Maha Weu programme plans to rehabilitate 10,000 tanks by 2020 with approximately 1,000 tanks rehabilitated every year from 2010. The programme will provide 80,000ha of agricultural land with an assured supply of water and will increase the cropping intensity and productivity of that land. Much of this land is in the North and includes the rehabilitation of the Giants Tank and Iranamadu Tank, each of which will benefit over 10,000 farming families. Other new projects include River Basin Diversions including the Lower Malwatu Oya Diversion to irrigate 15,000 hectares supplying 12,000 farms and the System L-Weli Oya Diversion to create 23,000 hectares of new irrigation land for 16,000 farms.

Physical Plan for th e Northern Province

A major ongoing initiative at final feasibility stage is the Northern Central Province Canal Project which is the largest agricultural project under the Mahaweli Development Plan, formulated by the Government with UNDP assistance. Ultimately this project will provide water via a conveyance canal from Moragahakanda Reservoir all the way north to Iranamadu tank (where the Full Supply Level is already being raised by 0.6m through the Jaffna Water Supply Project). This would benefit agricultural production for up to 10,000ha in the Killinochchi district and up to 15,000 farmer families.

The Mahaweli Development Plan also includes areas identified as J Zone and K Zone, the details of which are provided in Table 6: Mahaweli Northern Province Proposed Zones, below. The J Zone in-basin development is focussed on the new Parangi Aru and Pali Aru reservoirs in the Northern Province to provide water for the deficit of Vauni Kulam Tank, benefiting over 3000 famers, providing some drinking water for Mankulam town whilst augmenting the Jaffna water supply scheme. The project incorporates environmental improvement measures with minimum clearing of existing forest lands, establishment of new forest reserves and greenbelt along one side of the canal, and a road on the other. There is potential for small scale agri-development and agro-tourism in these areas. However, rehabilitation of these tanks will be of no value if there is not sufficient water available to fill them. A staged programme of catchment management, rehabilitation and water provision for rehabilitated tanks will need to be coordinated by the Ministry for Irrigation and Water Resources Management and other partners to ensure that there is an integrated approach to irrigation and agriculture across the Province.

Physical Plan for th e Northern Province

Table 6: Mahaweli Northern Province Proposed Zones

Mahaweli J Zone based on Parangi Aru and Pali Aru Reservoir

Existing Irrigation Area 2,875 ha

Proposed Area 19,918 ha

Total Area 22,983 ha

Mahaweli K Zone based on Kanagarayan Reservoir

Existing Irrigation Area 13,198 ha

Proposed Area 7,854 ha

Total Area 21,052 ha

4.4.3 Strategies

1. Continue to implement water supply projects already commenced (implemented by the National Water Supply and Drainage Board) whilst preparing bid proposals for anticipated water supply projects in Mullaittivu, Mankulam, Cheddikulam, KKS, Tadduvankoddi, Talimannar, Musali); 2. Introduce effective monitoring and management programs to ensure sustainable water usage, supply and quality. 3. National Water Supply and Drainage Board to investigate options and develop and implement strategies for protecting groundwater quality from pollutants such as fertilizer infiltration and poor waste management. 4. Modernise the water supply and sewerage systems for the District Capitals as a first priority, followed by the remainder of the Province when and where feasible. 5. Support the continued investigation into, and future implementation of the Northern Central Canal Project (NCP) which will construct a canal from the new Moragahakandha Reservoir to take water north to Iranamadhu. Later phases of the

Physical Plan for th e Northern Province

project include a diversion canal to Giant’s Tank from Tekham Anicut and a canal from Parangi Aru Reservoir to Vavuni Kulam Tank Sanctuary; 6. Provincial Governments to monitor the ongoing provision of new latrines across the Northern Province to ensure all households have access to sanitation and septic waste disposal facilities that meet Government environmental and health standards.

4.4.4 Indicators

• Water quality is improved and incidence of water borne disease is reduced; • An appropriate system for treating drinking water and sewerage disposal, that meets environmental and health standards, is installed across the Province; • Numbers with access to potable water of assured safe quality is increased; • Numbers with access to Government standard latrines is increased; • Production from irrigated agriculture is increased as water supply and irrigation projects are implemented; • Regular monitoring and management of water supply and ground water quantity and quality.

Physical Plan for th e Northern Province

•

Figure 27: Current Water Supply Projects

Physical Plan for th e Northern Province

50 Jaffna

% of Pop 40 Killonochchi Mannar 30 Mullaitivu Vavunya 20

0 2011 2015 2020 2030

Figure 28: Current and Projected Domestic Access to Piped Water by District

(Source: NWS & DB 2011)

Physical Plan for th e Northern Province

Surface water River, ela or canal Saline lagoon or lake Tank Groundwater Jaffna Extensive and productive aquifer Discontinuous productive aquifer Discontinuous moderate to low aquifer Map created by National Physical Planning Department, 14th Nov 2011 Data Sources: Water Resources Board; Integrated Strategic Environmental Assessment; Survey Department 50,000 topographic map series

0 10 20 30 Kilinochchi Km ± Mullaitivu

Mannar

Vavuniya

Area Detail

Figure 29: Major Surface and Groundwater Features

Physical Plan for th e Northern Province

Figure 30: Mapped key proposals for Water, Sanitation and Irrigation

Physical Plan for th e Northern Province

4.5 Environmental Management and Conservation (Enakamana Sullal)

Conserving biological diversity and ensuring ecological integrity is a guiding principle of the National Physical Plan. The Northern Province contains many environmental assets that must be preserved through the network of National Parks, Forest Reserves and Sanctuaries. Careful management of these protected areas is required in order to facilitate sustainable tourism that will generate employment opportunities whilst protecting the flora and fauna. In addition, appropriate strategies for waste management will need to be implemented.

4.5.1 Goal

To protect, restore and enhance the natural environment to ensure the unique biodiversity of the Northern Province is maintained alongside long-term sustainable development.

4.5.2 Constraints and Opportunities

The Northern Province has many attractive and important environmental assets, including the Wilpattu National Park, Giants Tank, Chundikulam, the Madhu Sanctuary, as well as biodiversity hotspots such as the lagoons, bays, salt flats, wetlands and coral reefs along the coast, and the large areas of natural forest. The Northern Province contains the greatest extent of dry monsoon forest in Sri Lanka, and it has remained largely intact throughout the conflict. Together these comprise an important national asset which is vital for the country’s biodiversity and which can generate wealth and employment for the Province through tourism and non-timber forest products.

The National Physical Plan identifies these areas as the Protected Area Network whose role is to contribute to the environmental, social and economic development of Sri Lanka. The Protected Area Network includes wildlife reserves, forests, areas of archaeological and historical value, areas of natural beauty, wetlands and catchments, and natural and man- made water courses and water bodies. The Mahinda Chintana 2010 also recognises the importance of this network in order to conserve biological diversity and to develop nature based and ecotourism activities.

Scenic qualities also need to be recognised and protected for the contribution they make to the natural landscape in the North and because of their contribution to tourism. Beautiful landscapes have been spoiled in other parts of Sri Lanka by unattractive developments and

Physical Plan for th e Northern Province billboards and the North has an opportunity to avoid this situation, which will otherwise degrade the scenery and undermine the Province’s tourism.

Figure 31: Environmental sustainability involves protecting environmentally sensitive areas

Important natural environments are located in and adjacent to the Province for which local management plans are required these areas include, but are not limited to Wilpattu National Park, Nanthi Kadal Lagoon, Kokilai Lagoon, Nayaru Lagoon, Chundikkulam Sanctuary, Madhu Sanctuary and Giant’s Tank Sanctuary.

The extensive areas of natural forest should be protected and enhanced for their biodiversity and scenic qualities. This should not prevent limited areas being identified (in consultation with the Central Environment Authority) for commercial forestry or cleared to accommodate necessary development. This should be carried out in accordance with the forest values identified in the Integrated Strategic Environmental Assessment (ISEA) (2011).

Elephant Corridors and proposed Sanctuaries and National Parks, as identified in the ISEA are an important consideration for any future development in the Northern Province.

The Wilpattu National Park is the largest national park in the country and abuts the Northern Province along its southern boundary. It contains a wealth of native animals and birds and will attract increasing numbers of tourists now that the conflict has ceased. There are no National Pasrks in the Northern Province, but the Department of Wildlife have already proposed plans to convert Madhu Sanctuary into a new National Park, excluding the area

Physical Plan for th e Northern Province directly around Madhu Church which sees significant numbers of visitors and Pilgrims each year. The Department has also identified a second National Park in the north eastern coastal area of the Province. In terms of tourism, it is important to develop key towns which could serve as “gateways” to the National Park and Sanctuaries as centres for organised tours, information, accommodation, and education. Cush towns include Madhu and Silavatturai.

The chain of lagoons and bird sanctuaries along the east coast of Jaffna, Kilinochchi and Mullaittivu should be designated for conservation, wildlife and/or marine habitat purposes. A plan should be prepared to coordinate access, tours and accommodation along this coast and help to promote this area as a new tourist destination for coastal tourism and ecotourism. In the north of the Province, the Thamanna Lagoon there are barges to separate the fresh and salty water however these are damaged and a detailed study is required to check environmental impacts and feasibility.

Pollution of the land and waterways of the region are a threat to the health of the environment as well as to the population. Management and disposal of waste is a key concern, particularly as the population continues to grow and as industries return.

4.5.3 Strategies

1. Support the Department of Wildlife and Department of Forestry in conserving existing protected areas, including National Parks, Forestry Reserves and Sanctuaries to ensure the unique biodiversity of the Northern Province is preserved and its environmental values enhanced. 2. Support the Department of Wildlife and Department of Forestry in identifying and designating new protected areas and managing development proposals within and in close proximity to these areas. 3. Support the Department of Wildlife in implementing plans to convert Madhu Road Sanctuary into a new National Park, which adjoins a proposed Elephant Corridor, and further development of National Parks and Elephant Corridors in the Northern Province. 4. Support the Department of Wildlife plans to designate Jaffna saltwater lagoon and associated wetland areas as protected Sanctuaries in order to safeguard the overall biodiversity of the area, particularly as it serves as a major international Bird Migratory Route.

Physical Plan for th e Northern Province

5. Central Environment Agency to undertake an investigation into the feasibility and environmental impact of repairing the damaged barges separating fresh and salt water in the Thamanna Lagoon. 6. Departments of Foresstry and Wildlife to jointly develop an East Coast Masterplan to preserve the chain of lagoons and bird sanctuaries south of Mullaittivu and including the Nayaru and Kokkilai Lagoons, should be designated for conservation, wildlife and/or marine habitat purposes. 7. Review current waste management and recycling processes and develop a Waste Management Plan including a Waste Education Strategy, with particular focus on existing and proposed urban centres and industrial sites with potential to pollute land and waters.

4.5.4 Indicators

• The Protected Area Network is maintained and enhanced. • Proportion of land area and of key biodiversity assets in the Protected Area Network is increased. • Disposal of waste is improved through the implementation of a Waste Management Plan. • Proportion of waste recycled is increased through the implementation of a Waste Management Plan. • Overall community awareness of waste disposal and recycling is improved as demonstrated by an increase in the amount of recycling.

Physical Plan for th e Northern Province

Agriculture Forest Kankasahurai (! Topography (m) 0

Karaitivu (! Karainagar 150 Kayts JaffnaJAFFNA DISTRICT Nayinativu (! (! Chavakachcheri (! Map created by National Physical Planning Kayts Maruthankerny Department, 14th Nov 2011 Analaitivu (! Data Source: Integrated Strategic Environmental Assessment; Pungudutivu Survey Department 50,000 topographic map series Delft Poonakary 0 10 20 30 (! Km

(! Kilinochchi KILINOCHCHI DISTRICT (!

! ± ( Iranamadu Puthukkudiyiruppu (! Mullaitivu " (! Kokavil new

Vellankulam (! India MULLATTIVU DISTRICTOddusudan approx 35kms (! (! Thunukkai (! Mankulam Thlaimannar (!

" " Nedunkeni Kanakarayankulam Mannar (! " Puliyankulam

Omanthai MANNAR DISTRICT (!

" Murunkan VAVUNIYA DISTRICT

Vavuniya EASTERN (! " PROVINCE Madukanda

Area Detail " Cheddikulam

NORTH CENTRAL PROVINCE

NORTH WESTERN PROVINCE

Figure 32: Existing Forest Cover in the Northern Province

Physical Plan for th e Northern Province

Proposed conservation area Existing conservation area Surface water

Map created by National Physical Planning Department, 16th Nov 2011 Data Sources: Department of Wildlife Conservation; Jaffna Integrated Strategic Environmental Assessment; Survey Department 50,000 topographic map series

0 10± 20 30 Chundikulam Km

Kilinochchi

Mullaitivu

Kokilai

Mannar

Madhu Road Giant’s Tank

Vavuniya

Area Detail

Wilpattu North

Figure 33: Existing and Proposed Formal Conservation Reserves

Physical Plan for th e Northern Province

Dry Monsoon / Riverine & Arid Zone forest Mangrove Salt Marsh Sand dune or salt pan Waterbodies

Jaffna Map created by National Physical Planning Department, 8th Nov 2011 Data Source: Integrated Strategic Environmental Assessment; Survey Department 50,000 topographic map series

0 10± 20 30 Km

Kilinochchi

Mullaitivu

Mannar

Vavuniya Area Detail

Figure 34: Distribution of Major Vegetation Types in the Northern Province

Physical Plan for th e Northern Province

Figure 35: Mapped key proposals for Environmental Management and Conservation

Physical Plan for th e Northern Province

5 Structure Plan

Figure 36 shows the major elements of the proposed physical plan for the Northern Province. Features of the proposals include:

• Developing Jaffna and surrounds as a metro city • Developing Mannar/Thallaimannar as an entre port connected to India • Developing Vavuniya, Kilinochchi and Mullaittivu as District Administrative Centres and transport/trading hubs • New high speed rail and roads constructed in major land transport corridors linking the main towns • Connecting the Province internally and externally through ferries and airports • Establishing new areas of extensive commercial agriculture and expanding existing intensive agriculture • Establishing new export industrial zones at KKS and Mannar (to cater for the anticipated needs of Mannar Basin oil and gas prospects) • Develop a renewable energy supply for to assist the Province meet its future power needs • Protect the natural environment of the Province, which is different to the rest of Sri Lanka and enhance the quality of the protected areas • Identify land for agricultural expansion • Provide schools and healthcare centres the are accessible to the population throughout the province • Provide opportunities for higher education, vocational training and income generation • Expanding existing industries and encouraging new industries • Encouraging a variety of tourist activities in different locations throughout the province

Physical Plan for th e Northern Province

Figure 36: Proposed Structure Plan for the Northern Province

Physical Plan for th e Northern Province

6 Implementation

To ensure that the Northern Province Regional Plan is implemented and not neglected will require that that the Regional Plan is approved and adopted by the Regional Planning Committee and that stakeholders are informed and educated about the Plan. Funding will need to be found for new projects, and a continuing partnership will need to be developed with many other agencies so that over time, the Regional Plan becomes the common agenda across Government.

6.1 Projects and Further Studies

The development of the Northern Province is reliant on the delivery of a large number of major projects, all of which require funding, be it in the form of public private partnerships, foreign loans, UN or INGO projects, or Sri Lankan or foreign Government funding.

Some of these projects are identified in the Mahinda Chintana and will therefore already have Government support. Other projects may not yet have the support of the Government. Proposals and feasibility studies may need to be developed in more detail for these projects through the relevant Agency and their costs and staging will need to be assessed.

The projects already outlined in this document under the Objectives Section in each Strategy chapter are further detailed below in Table 2.

Physical Plan for the Northern Province

Table 7: Northern Plan Projects and Further Studies

PROJECT Agency Priority $US

Strategy: Physical Infrastructure Connecting the Region

Construct an Expressway from Medawachchya to Jaffna Expressway Ministry of Transport/ Road Development Authority Medium 50-100 (162km) Ministry of Highways

Upgrade and rehabilitate the railway from Mankulam to Vavunyia and Ministry of Transport/ Department of Railways Medium 50-100 Mannar to Trincomalee

Evaluate the technical and financial feasibility of the proposed Trans- Asian Highway by exploring its viability, environmental impacts, sources Ministry of Transport/ Road Development Authority/ Long 100+ of funding and development alternatives (i.e. road or rail link/ bridge or Ministry of Highways tunnel).

Upgrade, resurface and widen the A-class road network to 4 or 6 lanes including: Ministry of Transport/ Road Development Authority Kilinochchi to Mullaittivu Long 100+ Ministry of Highways Mankulum via Oddusuddan to Mullaittivu Paraiyanalankulam/Kannaddi to Vavuniya

Physical Plan for the Northern Province

PROJECT Agency Priority $US Jaffna to Pooneryn to Vellankulam to Mannar Jaffna to Kankesanturai Trincomalee to Vavuniya

Upgrade, resurface and where possible widen the following B Class Roads: Vellankulam to Mallavi to Mankulum Pooneryn to Parantan Kankesanturai to Point Pedro Ministry of Transport/ Road Development Authority / Northern Province Council Medium 10-50 Point Pedro to Chavakachcheri

Jaffna to Point Pedro Mullaittivu to Nedunkeni Oddusuddan to Nedunkeni Murunkan to Silavaturi

Progressively upgrade the local road network (Class B, C, D) to enable Ministry of Transport/ Road Development Authority / farmers and villagers to reach their local market more easily and to Short 10-50 Northern Province Council strengthen local economies.

Physical Plan for the Northern Province

PROJECT Agency Priority $US

Improve the regional, intercity and local bus services to reflect growth Ministry of Transport Medium 0-10 of urban areas.

Upgrade and rehabilitate railways including: Medawachchya via Paraiyanalankulam (43km) to Tallaimannar Ministry of Transport/ Department of Railways Medium 50-100 (63km) Anuradhapura via Omantai and Pallai to Kankesanturai (55km)

Designate land for railway reserves adjacent to the proposed railway lines to allow for future expansion such as grade separation and a Ministry of Transport/ Department of Railways Medium 50-100 separate freight transport line.

Investigate the construction of new dedicated freight rail lines that Ministry of Transport/ Department of Railways Long 0-10 connect to major Ports at Kankesanturai, Mannar and Trincomalee.

Undertake a feasibility study to investigate the electrification of the railway system and potential future upgrade to a high speed rail Ministry of Transport/ Department of Railways Long 0-10 system.

Upgrade seaports including: Medium- Kankesanturai Harbour as a Regional Port for commercial cargo Ministry of Transport/ Ports and Aviation 50-100 Long handling and improved freight movement between India and Sri

Physical Plan for the Northern Province

PROJECT Agency Priority $US Lanka. Talaimannar/Mannar as a Passenger Port and the Gateway to India.

Investigate the potential for the development of a ferry service which could include interconnections between: Mannar and Delft Mannar and Jaffna Mannar and North Western Province Short- Ministry of Transport/ Ports and Aviation 10-50 Mannar and Silavaturai Medium Silavaturai and Kalpitiya, possibly with tourist focussed connections to Willpittu National Park Kankesanturai to Mullaittivu Mullaittivu to Trincolmalee

Construct a new domestic airport at Mannar which would be predicated by the implementation of the Trans-Asian Highway development or Ministry of Transport/ Ports and Aviation Long 100+ sufficient increase in tourism numbers to the area.

Continue to implement the Palali Airport Improvement Project including Short- Ministry of Transport/ Ports and Aviation 10-50 the ongoing reconstruction of the runway. Medium

Physical Plan for the Northern Province

PROJECT Agency Priority $US

Enhance electricity distribution and transmission systems to ensure all households and businesses have access to electricity by: Repairing and upgrading the high voltage transmission line from Vavuniya to Chunnakam;

Constructing a high voltage transmission line from Kapalturai to Ceylon Electricity Board Short 10-50 Kilinochchi and from Vavuniya to Mannar; Constructing a new grid substation at Chunnakam, Kilinochchi and Mannar; Upgrading the existing grid substation at Vavuniya.

Investigate the appropriate distribution of electricity to the islands of Jaffna, through connection to the National Grid or self-generation Ceylon Electricity Board Short 0-10 utilising sustainable technology.

Continue to investigate and develop renewable energy sources to meet the Province’s future energy requirements including wind power (e.g. at Mannar), tidal power and solar energy/ photovoltaics, and in Ceylon Electricity Board Short 0-10 conjunction with the Geological Resources and Mines Bureau, opportunities for use of geothermal power based on geochemical survey results.

Strategy: Economic Development and Growth

Physical Plan for the Northern Province

PROJECT Agency Priority $US

Support national initiatives for the Government seed farm at Jaffna and Ministry of Agriculture/ Department of Agriculture Medium 0-10 Paranthan, and model orchards at Jaffna, Kilinochchi and Vavuniya

Upgrade the fishery harbours at Point Pedro (and Mannar) with Ministry of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Short 0-10 associated fish processing industries. Development

Establish a cage farm for shrimps, prawns, crabs, lobster, sea Ministry of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Short 0-10 cucumber etc. at Elephant Pass. Development

Upgrade and modernise agricultural processing systems (including a Ministry of Agriculture/ Department of Agriculture Short 0-10 fruit processing factory at Kilinochchi) and assist Cooperative Societies and market centres through schemes such as credit guarantee and micro credit and clustering of small farms.

Investigate the development of small-medium scale commercial National Water Supply and Drainage Board /Ministry Short 0-10 agriculture and farming around Parangi Aru Reservior following of Agriculture/ Department of Agriculture implementation of the canal from Parangi Aru Reservoir to Vavunikulam Tank Sanctuary which aims to increase water supply in the area, whilst minimising impacts on surrounding environmentally sensitive areas.

Continue to support the development and operation of small scale Ministry of Agriculture/ Department of Agriculture Short 0-10 commercial agriculture in the Jaffna Peninsula, particularly the northern areas.

Provision of technical service facilities (such as district veterinary Ministry of Agriculture/ Department of Agriculture Short 0-10

Physical Plan for the Northern Province

PROJECT Agency Priority $US clinics), seed farms for cultivation , and processing and livestock breeding centres throughout the Province.

Encouraging diversification of crops including rubber, cashews, Ministry of Agriculture/ Department of Agriculture Medium 0-10 kohomba, onion, chilli, oranges, mangoes, grapes, palmyra, vegetables, herbs and spices across the Province including at Vavuniya, Kilinochchi and Mullaittivu. Consideration should be given to the promotion of organic agriculture.

Support National Research, Development and Enterprise initiatives in Ministry of Agriculture/ Department of Agriculture Short 0-10 relation to Animal Husbandry and Agriculture such as the Government seed farm at Jaffna and Paranthan, and model orchards at Jaffna, Kilinochchi and Vavuniya.

Develop food processing facilities. Ministry of Agriculture/ Department of Agriculture / Short 0-10 Ministry of Commerce

Rehabilitate, upgrade and modernise the aquaculture and fisheries Ministry of Fisheries and Aquatic Resource Short 10-50 industry to take advantage of opportunities arising from the fishing Development grounds of the Exclusive Economic Zone.

Convert anchorages or upgrade fishery harbours into modernised Ministry of Fisheries and Aquatic Resource Short 10-50 Marine Resource Harbours at Mannar, Chalai, Mullaittivu, Point Pedro, Development Gurunagar, Nachchikkuda, Silavatturai, Pesalai. Facilities are to include ice plants, cold storage, freezing rooms, fuel storage, and

Physical Plan for the Northern Province

PROJECT Agency Priority $US communication facilities.

Promote and develop aquaculture-based industries including a fish Ministry of Fisheries and Aquatic Resource Short 10-50 breeding centre at Iranamadhu, a sea cucumber hatchery in Mannar Development and for inland fisheries in Killinochchi, Mannar and Vavuniya, Jaffna and Mullaittivu. These industries comprise of seaweed farming, sea bass farming, sea cucumber farming, oyster/mussel culture, and Ornamental fish.

Sri Lankan Tourism Board to work in collaboration with the Department Tourism Board / Department of Wildlife / Short 10-50 of Wildlife and Department of Forestry to develop environmentally Department of Forestry sustainable tourism opportunities in the National Parks, Forestry Reserves and Sanctuaries

Develop Silavatturai and surrounds as a gateway tourism destination to Tourism Board / Department of Wildlife / Medium 10-50 an extended Wilpattu National Park and to connect to the Kalpitiya Department of Forestry tourism area in the North Western Province.

Promote the Jaffna Lagoon, Casuarina Beach and Elephant Pass as a Tourism Board / Department of Wildlife / Short 0-10 Sanctuary and Ecotourism destination, preserving the unique Department of Forestry biodiversity of the wetlands and important bird migratory areas.

Develop the area immediately north and south of Mullaittivu as a Tourism Board / Department of Wildlife / Short 0-10 tourism destination whilst promoting the sanctuaries, lagoons and Department of Forestry / National Physical Planning marine habitats along the coast to Trincomalee. Department

Physical Plan for the Northern Province

PROJECT Agency Priority $US

Undertake an archaeological survey throughout the Northern Province Archaeological Department Short 0-10 to identify and record all sites and artefacts of significance and diversity. These diverse cultural and heritage assets could be used to promote heritage and cultural tourism opportunities. This could include historical and archaeological places such as Jaffna Fort, Kantharodai, Nallur Rajadhani, Delft, Idikundu and Religious Places: Nallur Kanthaswamy, Madhu Church, Nainativu, Thiruketheeswaram Sivan Temple, Maviddapuram Kanthaswam Kovil, Tellipalai Thurgai Temple, Selva Sannithi Temple, Vallipuram Azhvar Temple, Keerimalai Kerny

Develop a competitive IT and telecoms park linked to the University of University of Jaffna / Department of Industry / Medium 10-50 Jaffna to attract telecoms businesses. Department of Planning

Progressively develop new industrial estates at Kilinochchi, Achchuveli, Department of Industry / Department of Planning Medium 10-50 and Poonthondam and expand existing estates at Paranthan and Kankesanturai.

Ongoing monitoring of industrial development against current Department of Industry / Central Environment Short 0-10 regulatory frameworks to minimise environmental harm. Agency

Rebuild the Achuweli Economic Zone in Jaffna District and develop Department of Planning Medium 0-10 special economic zone at Poonthondam.

Investigate the establishment of Export Processing Zones at Mannar, Department of Planning Medium 0-10

Physical Plan for the Northern Province

PROJECT Agency Priority $US Mullaittivu and Kankesanturai.

Support oil and gas exploration in the Mannar Basin by reserving land Department of Planning / Geological Survey and Medium 10-50 for support facilities at Mannar Mines Bureau

Support the Geological Survey and Mines Bureau in conducting detailed Geological Survey and Mines Bureau Medium 0-10 geological surveys of the Northern Province to confirm location, extent and availability of minerals and extractive resources

Rehabilitate and expand minerals industries which were affected during Department of Industry Short 10-50 the conflict, including the saltern at Elephant Pass, mineral sands at Kokkutoduval and cement manufacturing such as around Mannar.

Establish new industrial and manufacturing industries in locations Geological Survey and Mines Bureau / Department of Medium 0-10 identified through exploration permits or the Geological Survey and Industry Mines Bureau surveys as minerals or mining areas, which may include limestone quarrying/ cement manufacture, extraction from black sand such as Titanium.

Strategy: Settlement Pattern: Sustainable and Livable Communities

Develop a world class sports ground with facilities to provide for Ministry of Sport / Department of Sports Medium 10-100m international cricket and other regional and national sport activities Development /Ministry of Local Government – Provincial Council

Physical Plan for the Northern Province

PROJECT Agency Priority $US

Upgrade hospital facilities across the Province Ministry of Health Short 10-100m

Develop a teaching hospital and Centre of Excellence in Cardiology at Ministry of Health Medium 10-100m Jaffna

Continually monitor population growth scenarios for the Northern National Physical Planning Deparment / Department On-going 0-10 Province and review key actions against revised figures where of Census and Stastics applicable

UDA in partnership with the NPPD prepare a series of Development Urban Development Authority / National Physical Short 0-10 Maps that reflect the current policy of urban hierarchical structure: Planning Department a. to revitalise the Jaffna Metro-City as a major cultural, heritage and educational centre and as the prime business location for the North. b. to develop Mannar as a Special Purpose City (due to potential links and trade potential with India via the Trans-Asian Highway) which will comprise of a District Service and Administrative Centre as well as a transport hub and trading centre. c. to develop Vavuniya as a District Service and Administrative Centre, which should include a transport hub and trade and commercial centre;

Physical Plan for the Northern Province

PROJECT Agency Priority $US d. to develop Kilinochchi as a District Service and Administrative Centre and a Provincial Agricultural and Inland Fisheries and Aquaculture Centre; e. to develop Mullaittivu as a Local Service Centre and Administrative Centre and fisheries based activities and trading centre. f. For the islands near Jaffna to address issues of economic development, water supply, tourism opportunities, infrastructure, governance and accessibility.

Investigate and implement actions and/or guidelines that consider Disaster Management Centre, Coast Conservation Short 0-10 disaster risk reduction, in order to ensure existing and future urban Department areas are protected from natural events such as coastal inundation or storm surge as sea-levels rise due to climate change (such as construction of protective barriers, appropriate siting of new buildings and/or permanent relocation of people and infrastructure).

Develop an urban design framework for the Province which promotes Urban Development Authority / National Physical Short 0-10 and preserves local character, a distinctively local style of architecture Planning Department / Provincial Council and local guidelines for the main towns, and including principles for scenic protection and waterway protection. Inclusive design (differently abled) that ensures equal access for all regardless of ability

Physical Plan for the Northern Province

PROJECT Agency Priority $US should be incorporated into guidelines for all public buildings and spaces to ensure equal access for all should be included.

Ensure that recreational and community facilities are incorporated into Urban Development Authority / National Physical Short 0-10 all new local development plans, including local parklands, children’s Planning Department / Provincial Council playgrounds and meeting halls while upgrading the Duraiyappah Stadium at Jaffna into a world class sportsground with facilities to provide for international cricket and other regional and national sporting activities.

Upgrade hospital facilities across the Province, with development of a Health Department Short 10-100 Teaching Hospital and Centre of Excellence in Cardiology at Jaffna and develop or expand hospitals in key existing and developing urban centres in Jaffna, Kilinochchi, Vavuniya, Mannar, Mullaittivu and Pooneryn.

Promote a network of community health centres that provide good Health Department Short 0-10 quality services for psychological and physical and a range of preventative health care programs. Continue to extend preventative health care programs (such as immunisation) to the whole population in line with Health Department guidelines.

Upgrade and install adequate water distribution and sewerage systems National Water Supply and Drainage Board Short 10-50 throughout the Province to ensure access for all homes and businesses.

Physical Plan for the Northern Province

PROJECT Agency Priority $US

Provide an accessible network of primary and secondary schools Department of Education Short 10-100 (including schools with facilities for those with special needs) and develop plans to incentivise teachers and other key educational staff to ensure that schools are adequately staffed.

Provide a network of vocational training centres, ensuring that that Department of Education / Vocational Training Short 0-10 there are facilities to cater for students with special needs, to provide Centres training programmes that will develop a competitive and skilled workforce.

Provision of education through Training Centres and Agricultural Department of Education / Vocational Training Short 10-50 Colleges (including those at Kilinochchi and Vavuniya); Centres

Preserve the heritage and cultural significance of the Jaffna Library and Department of Archaeology Short 10-50 enhance its facilities and linkages to educational institutions and the community at large.

Develop Jaffna University as a knowledge centre, utilising its capacity Jaffna University / Department of Higher Education Medium 10-50 for research and innovation to foster economic development in the North.

Expedite mine and weapon cache clearance programs to ensure all Sri Lankan Army / Presidential Task Force Short 10-100 land in the Province is declared safe.

Re-establish an accessible law and order system based on a new Sri Lankan Police / Sri Lankan Judiciary / Provincial Medium 10-100

Physical Plan for the Northern Province

PROJECT Agency Priority $US Provincial court complex in Jaffna, lower courts and police stations at Council District Centres and ensure that recruitment and training of law enforcement staff includes cultural awareness and sensitivity

Strategy: Water, Sanitation and Irrigation

Implement the programme to modernise the water supply and National Water Supply and Drainage Board Long 100m+ sewerage system for Jaffna as one of Sri Lanka’s nine metro-cities

Continue to implement water supply projects already commenced National Water Supply and Dainage Board Short 100+ (implemented by the National Water Sup ply and Drainage Board) whilst preparing bid proposals for anticipated water supply projects in Mullaittivu, Mankulam, Cheddikulam, KKS, Tadduvankoddi, Talimannar, Musali);

Introduce effective monitoring and management programs to ensure National Water Supply and Dainage Board / Central Medium 10-50 sustainable water usage, supply and quality Environment Agency

Investigate options and develop and implement strategies for National Water Supply and Dainage Board / Central Medium 10-50 protecting groundwater quality from pollutants such as fertilizer Environment Agency / Department of Agriculture infiltration and poor waste management.

Modernise the water supply and sewerage systems for the District National Water Supply and Drainage Board Medium 10-50 Capitals as a first priority, followed by the remainder of the Province when and where feasible.

Physical Plan for the Northern Province

PROJECT Agency Priority $US

Support the continued investigation into, and future implementation of National Water Supply and Drainage Board Short 10-50 the Northern Central Canal Project (NCP) which will construct a canal from the new Moragahakandha Reservoir to take water north to Iranamadhu. Later phases of the project include a diversion canal to Giant’s Tank from Tekham Anicut and a canal from Parangi Aru Reservoir to Vavuni Kulam Tank Sanctuary;

Monitor the ongoing provision of new latrines across the Northern National Water Supply and Drainage Board / Central Short 0-10 Province to ensure all households have access to sanitation and septic Environmental Agency waste disposal facilities that meet Government environmental and health standards.

Strategy: Environmental Management and Conservation

Support the Department of Wildlife and Department of Forestry in Department of Wildlife / Department of Forestry / Short 0-10 conserving existing protected areas, including National Parks, Forestry Central Environment Agency Reserves and Sanctuaries to ensure the unique biodiversity of the Northern Province is preserved and its environmental values enhanced.

Support the Department of Wildlife and Department of Forestry in Department of Wildlife / Department of Forestry / Short 0-10 identifying and designating new protected areas and managing Central Environment Agency development proposals within and in close proximity to these areas.

Support the Department of Wildlife in implementing plans to convert Department of Wildlife / Department of Forestry / Medium 0-10 Madhu Road Sanctuary into a new National Park, which adjoins a

Physical Plan for the Northern Province

PROJECT Agency Priority $US proposed Elephant Corridor, and further development of National Parks Central Environment Agency and Elephant Corridors in the Northern Province.

Support the Department of Wildlife plans to designate Jaffna saltwater Department of Wildlife / Department of Forestry / Short 0-10 lagoon and associated wetland areas as protected Sanctuaries in order Central Environment Agency to safeguard the overall biodiversity of the area, particularly as it serves as a major international Bird Migratory Route.

Undertake an investigation into the feasibility and environmental Department of Wildlife / Department of Forestry / Medium 0-10 impact of repairing the damaged barges separating fresh and salt Central Environment Agency water in the Thamanna Lagoon.

Develop an East Coast Masterplan to preserve the chain of lagoons and Department of Wildlife / Department of Forestry / Short 0-10 bird sanctuaries south of Mullaittivu and including the Nayaru and Central Environment Agency Kokkilai Lagoons, should be designated for conservation, wildlife and/or marine habitat purposes.

Review current waste management and recycling processes and Department of Wildlife / Department of Forestry / Medium 0-10 develop a Waste Management Plan including a Waste Education Central Environment Agency Strategy, with particular focus on existing and proposed urban centres and industrial sites with potential to pollute land and waters.

KEY TO ABBREVIATIONS S = Short-term =as a priority/ next 12 months; M = 1-5 years; L = more than 5 years.

97 Physical Plan for the Northern Province

6.2 Education and Information

The Regional Plan will be publicised and promoted widely so that politicians, agencies and the wider community can understand the Plan and share its vision. A programme of publicity and promotion should be developed to develop the widespread support that is needed to implement the Plan.

7 Monitoring and Evaluation

Realistic and manageable arrangements for the ongoing monitoring of the Regional Plan will need to be set up to ensure that the Plan does not become irrelevant and ignored. The Regional Planning Committee will have responsibility to oversee the preparation of the Plan and will have broad representation involving all key stakeholders. Although the Committee’s official responsibilities only involve the preparation of the Plan, it should consider an ongoing role to oversee the implementation of the Plan.

The following steps are recommended for consideration:

• The Regional Planning Committee continue to meet annually to oversee monitoring, implementation and review of the Plan • An Implementation Committee of around ten key agencies be set up to implement the plan and to meet quarterly • A small team of specialists (Executive Director, Project Officer and support staff) to be engaged to coordinate the implementation of the Plan with skills and knowledge in project management, town planning, roads and water management be engaged.

The Committee would need to consider sources of funding to appoint the team and also where it would be accommodated and who it would be responsible to.

8 Bibliography

Department of Census and Statistics Sri Lanka (2011), Enumeration of Vital Events 2011 Northern Province, Sri Lanka

Department of National Planning (Ministry of Finance and Planning) (2006) Mahinda Chintana - Vision for a New Sri Lanka: A Ten Year Horizon Development Framework 2006-16 Discussion Paper

Eriyagama N., Smakhtin V., Chandrapala L., and Fernando K (2010) Impacts of Climate Change on Water Resources and Agriculture in Sri Lanka: A Review and Preliminary Vulnerability Mapping. IWMI Research Report 135, International Water Management Institute, Colombo Sri Lanka

Kurukulasuriya V () Systems of Regional Planning In Sri Lanka – An Overview

Jayatissa, Dr R. Hossain, Dr M., Nanayakkasa, L. (2012) Assessment of Nutritional Status and Associated Factors in the Northern Province, written in conjunction with UNICEF, WFP and Ministry of Health, Sri Lanka

Northern Provincial Council Feb (2009) Five Year Investment Programme 2009-2013 Northern Province

Northern Provincial Council (2010) Statistical Information 2010

NPPD (2011) National Physical Planning Policy and Plan - Sri Lanka 2010-2030

NPPD (2005) National Physical Planning Policy Volume 1 – Policies (Draft)

NPPD (2008) North Central Metropolis Structure Plan

UNHCR (2012) Permanent Housing, Shelter and NFI Sector Meeting Notes, 21 June 2012

UNDP (2011) Northern Province - Integrated Strategic Environmental Assessment

NPPD (2009) Proposed Physical Structure Plan for the Northern Province and Concept Plan for the Development of Mankulam Regional Urban Centre

NPPD (2007) Sabragumawa Region Physical Plan

Survey Department (2007) National Atlas of Sri Lanka

NPPD (2011) Uva Region Physical Plan 2010-2030

NPPD (2008) Mankulam New City – Final Draft

NPPD (2005) Physical Plan for Southern Region

PD&MC for NPPD (2004) Physical Plan for North West Region

NPPD and Ministry of Urban Development & Water Supply (2005) Physical Planning Guidelines and Project Proposals for the Vulnerable Coastal Zone of Sri Lanka

100 Physical Plan for the Northern Province

Appendix A: Identified First and Second Order Town Functions

101

Administrative Health Education Commercial Banks/ Manufacturing Economy Physical Utilities Recreational financial Industries based Infrastructur Institutes & e Facilities Industries Insurance

Northern Teaching Post graduate Retail Government Rice /grinding/ oil IT Park Central bus Petrol Museum/ Provincial Council Hospital institutions banks mills stand storage general tanks library/reading rooms

Governor’s office Specialized Technical Retail shops Private banks Small scale paper Tourism Railway station Petrol filling Town hall hospitals College products based stations activities

District court Maternity Vocational Gem & jewelry Rural Iron/newspaper/bottl Livestock & Parking Gas National Homes Training development e collector farming installations stadium/auditor institutions banks iums

Magistrate court PHI National Hardware/ furniture Mortgage & Timber stores Crop Water supply Gas Youth centers Schools & fittings investment cultivation scheme storage banks tanks

Regional/ District Family Madya Maha Bars/liquor shops Cooperative Small scale Garment Agro based Grid Gas sail Art gallery Offices Health Vidyala(Centr credit society factories industries station/sub centers Offices al Schools) station/

102

transformers

Department of Ayurvedha Secondary Studio Insurance Concrete works General post Fire Gymnasium Northern hospitals & Schools corporations office brigades Provincial Council dispensaries

Divisional Private Primary Textile apparel Pawnbrokers Printing /publishes Sub post offices Sewerage Swimming Secretariat hospitals Schools treatment pools plant/work sites

Local Authority Nursing Nurseries Stationary & book Motor car Confectionary /bakery Agency post Crematoriu Botanical homes shops sale offices m gardens

Grama Niladhari Medical Convent Agro equipments Finance Small scale Telecommunica Cemetery Parks & play Offices Centers /chemicals & fertilizer companies Footwear/leather tion centers grounds manufactory

Private Tutorials Pharmacy & drugs Leasing Service centers Telecom Oil Cinema/ Dispensarie sellers companies operating installations theater s centers /tele-

shops

Special Professional Restaurant s& cafes Stock brokers Photocopy service Telephone Charitable

103

Institutions Educational booth Observator organization institutions y

Nurses Private Automobile Airline Lathe/welding IT based Regional Community Training Schools accessories /shipping/tou workshops institutions meteorolog organizations Schools r/cargo ical centers

Laboratories International Show rooms Field Handloom /weaving Radio & Petroleum Hotels & guest Schools business /batik /tailoring television distributors houses centers stations

Veterinary Zonal opticians License Electronic repair Transmission Culture & offices Educational offices centers heritage sites Office

Police Teachers Public market Computer Automobile garage Other related Special Sacred /military Training related centers Area Zone hospitals institutions services

Ambulance Research Gas sail outlets Professional Saloon/beauty parlor Services stations service organizations

Wholesale & Foreign Laundry cleaners storage employment

104

Proposed Activities for Vavuniya Urban Centre

agencies

Shopping malls Indentory Picture framing agents

Export –import trade Investment/ Funeral undertakers Trade promotion institutions

Supper markets Adverting Caterers agencies

Wholesale centers Slaughter house

Economic centers Engineering contractors /industries supplies

Grain/milk collecting Industrial research center institutions

Warehouses Security & investigations

105

Administrati Health Education Commercial Banks/ Manufacturing Economy Physical Utilities Recreation ve financial Industries based Infrastructur al Institutes & e Facilities Industries Insurance

District court General Technical Retail Government Rice /grinding/ oil Small & Transport Petrol International Hospital College banks mills medium scale terminal ( bus storage Stadium industrial & railway) tanks park

Magistrate Divisional Vocational Retail shops Private banks Small scale paper IT Park Parking Petrol filling Museum/ court hospital Training products stations general institutions library/readin g rooms

Regional/ Maternity National Gem & jewelry Rural Iron/newspaper/bottl Livestock & Water supply Gas Town hall District Offices Homes Schools development e collector farming scheme installations banks

Department of PHI Madya Maha Hardware/ Mortgage & Timber stores Crop Grid Gas National Northern Vidyala(Centr furniture & fittings investment cultivation station/sub storage stadium/audi Provincial al Schools) banks station/ tanks toriums Council transformers

Divisional Family Health Secondary Bars/liquor shops Cooperative Small scale Garment Agro based General post Gas sail Youth

106

Secretariat Offices Schools credit society factories industries office centers centers

Local Ayurvedha Primary Studio Insurance Concrete works Special Sub post offices Fire Art gallery Authority hospitals & Schools corporations economic brigades dispensaries zone

Grama Private Nurseries Textile apparel Pawnbrokers Printing /publishes Agency post Sewerage Gymnasium Niladhari hospitals offices treatment Offices plant/work sites

Nursing Convent Stationary & book Motor car Confectionary /bakery Telecommunica Crematoriu Swimming homes shops sale tion centers m pools

Medical Tutorials Agro equipments Finance Small scale Telecom Cemetery Botanical Centers /chemicals & companies Footwear/leather operating gardens fertilizer manufactory centers /tele-

shops

Private Professional Pharmacy & drugs Leasing Service centers Telephone Oil Parks & play Dispensaries Edu.institution sellers companies booth installations grounds s

107

Special Private Restaurant s& Stock brokers Photocopy service IT based Cinema/ Institutions Schools cafes institutions Observator theater y

Nurses International Automobile Airline Lathe/welding Radio & Regional Charitable Training Schools accessories /shipping/tou workshops television meteorolog organization Schools r/cargo stations ical centers

Laboratories Zonal Show rooms Field Handloom /weaving Transmission Petroleum Community Educational business /batik /tailoring centers distributors organizations Office centers

Veterinary Teachers opticians License Electronic repair Other related Hotels & offices Training offices centers guest houses institutions

Police Research Public market Computer Automobile garage Culture & /military stations related heritage sites hospitals services

Ambulance Gas sail outlets Professional Saloon/beauty parlor Special Services service Sacred Area organizations Zones

Wholesale & Foreign Laundry cleaners

108

storage employment agencies

Shopping malls Indentory Picture framing agents

Export –import Investment/ Funeral undertakers trade Trade promotion institutions

Supper markets Adverting Caterers agencies

Wholesale centers Slaughter house

Dedicated Engineering Economic centers contractors /industries supplies

Grain/milk Industrial research collecting center institutions

Warehouses Security & investigations

109

Proposed Activities for Mannar Urban Centre

110

Administrati Health Education Commercial Banks/ Manufacturing Economy Physical Utilities Recreation ve financial Industries based Infrastructur al Institutes & e Facilities Industries Insurance

District court District Technical Retail Government Rice /grinding/ oil Small & Domestic Petrol Museum/ hospital College banks mills medium scale harbour storage general industrial tanks library/readin park g rooms

Magistrate Divisional Vocational Retail shops Private banks Small scale paper Fishery & Central bus Petrol filling Town hall court hospital Training products related stand stations institutions industries

Primary court Maternity National Gem & jewelry Rural Iron/newspaper/bot Saltern & Railway station Gas Auditoriums Homes Schools development tle collector Related installations banks industries

Regional/ PHI Madya Maha Hardware/ furniture Mortgage & Timber stores Livestock & Parking Gas Youth District Offices Vidyala(Centr & fittings investment farming storage centers al Schools) banks tanks

Department of Family Health Secondary Bars/liquor shops Cooperative Small scale Crop Water supply Gas sail Art gallery Northern Offices Schools credit society Garment factories cultivation scheme centers Provincial

111

Council

Divisional Ayurvedha Primary Studio Insurance Concrete works Agro based Grid Fire Gymnasium Secretariat hospitals & Schools corporations industries station/sub brigades dispensaries station/ transformers

Local Private Nurseries Textile apparel Pawnbrokers Printing /publishes General post Sewerage Swimming Authority hospitals office treatment pools plant/work sites

Grama Nursing Convent Stationary & book Motor car Confectionary Sub post offices Crematoriu Beach park Niladhari homes shops sale /bakery m Offices

Medical Tutorials Agro equipments Finance Small scale Agency post Cemetery Parks & play Centers /chemicals & fertilizer companies Footwear/leather offices grounds manufactory

Private Professional Pharmacy & drugs Leasing Service centers Telecommunica Oil Cinema/ Dispensaries Educational sellers companies tion centers installations theater institutions

Special Private Restaurant s& cafes Stock brokers Photocopy service Telecom Charitable

112

Institutions Schools operating Observator organization centers /tele- y shops

Nurses International Automobile Airline Lathe/welding Telephone Regional Community Training Schools accessories /shipping/tou workshops booth meteorolog organizations Schools r/cargo ical centers

Laboratories Zonal Show rooms Field Handloom /weaving IT based Petroleum Hotels & Educational business /batik /tailoring institutions distributors guest houses Office centers

Veterinary Teachers opticians License Electronic repair Radio & Container Culture & offices Training offices television terminal heritage sites institutions stations

Police Research Public market Computer Automobile garage Transmission Container /military stations related centers yards hospitals services

Ambulance Gas sail outlets Professional Saloon/beauty Other related Services service parlor centers organizations

Wholesale & Foreign Laundry cleaners employment

113

storage agencies

Commercial complex Indentory Picture framing agents

Export –import trade Investment/ Funeral Trade undertakers promotion institutions

Supper markets Adverting Caterers agencies

Wholesale centers Slaughter house

Dedicated Economic Engineering centers contractors /industries supplies

Grain/milk collecting Industrial research center institutions

Warehouses Security & investigations

Special economic

114

zone

Proposed Activities for Mullaittivu Urban Centre

115

Administrati Health Education Commercial Banks/ Manufacturing Economy Physical Utilities Recreation ve financial Industries based Infrastructur al Institutes & e Facilities Industries Insurance

Primary court Maternity National Gem & jewelry Rural Iron/newspaper/bot Tourism Railway station Gas Auditoriums Homes Schools development tle collector based installations banks industries

116

Council

Divisional Ayurvedha Primary Studio Insurance Concrete works Grid Fire Gymnasium Secretariat hospitals & Schools corporations station/sub brigades dispensaries station/ transformers

Local Private Nurseries Textile apparel Pawnbrokers Printing /publishes General post Sewerage Swimming Authority hospitals office treatment pools plant/work sites

Grama Nursing Convent Stationary & book Motor car Confectionary Sub post offices Crematoriu Beach park Niladhari homes shops sale /bakery m Offices

Medical Tutorials Agro equipments Finance Small scale Agency post Cemetery Parks & play Centers /chemicals & fertilizer companies Footwear/leather offices grounds manufactory

Private Professional Pharmacy & drugs Leasing Service centers Telecommunica Oil Cinema/ Dispensaries Educational sellers companies tion centers installations theater institutions

Special Private Restaurant s& cafes Stock brokers Photocopy service Telecom Charitable

117

Institutions Schools operating Observator organization centers /tele- y shops

Nurses International Automobile Airline Lathe/welding Telephone Regional Community Training Schools accessories /shipping/tou workshops booth meteorolog organizations Schools r/cargo ical centers

Laboratories Zonal Show rooms Field Handloom /weaving IT based Petroleum Hotels & Educational business /batik /tailoring institutions distributors guest houses Office centers

Veterinary Teachers opticians License Electronic repair Radio & offices Training offices television institutions stations

Police Research Public market Computer Automobile garage Transmission /military stations related centers hospitals services

Ambulance Gas sail outlets Professional Saloon/beauty Other related Services service parlor centers organizations

Wholesale & Foreign Laundry cleaners employment

118

storage agencies

Commercial complex Indentory Picture framing agents

Export –import trade Investment/ Funeral Trade undertakers promotion institutions

Supper markets Adverting Caterers agencies

Wholesale centers Slaughter house

Dedicated Economic Engineering centers contractors /industries supplies

Grain/milk collecting Industrial research center institutions

Warehouses Security & investigations

119 Proposed Activities for Kilinochchi Urban Centre

Administrati Health Education Commercial Banks/ Manufacturing Economy Physical Utilities Recreation ve financial Industries based Infrastructur al Institutes & e Facilities Industries Insurance

District court District University Retail Government Rice /grinding/ oil Small & Domestic Air Petrol Museum/ hospital banks mills medium scale port storage general industrial tanks library/readin park g rooms

Magistrate Divisional Technical Retail shops Private banks Small scale paper Fishery & Central bus Petrol filling Town hall court hospital College products related stand stations industries

Primary court Maternity Vocational Gem & jewelry Rural Iron/newspaper/bot Tourism Railway station Gas Auditoriums Homes Training development tle collector based installations institutions banks industries

Regional/ PHI National Hardware/ furniture Mortgage & Timber stores Livestock & Parking Gas Youth District Offices Schools & fittings investment farming storage centers banks tanks

Department of Family Health Madya Maha Bars/liquor shops Cooperative Small scale Crop Water supply Gas sail Art gallery Northern Offices Vidyala(Centr credit society Garment factories cultivation scheme centers Provincial al Schools)

120

Council

Divisional Ayurvedha Secondary Studio Insurance Concrete works Agro based Grid Fire Gymnasium Secretariat hospitals & Schools corporations industries station/sub brigades dispensaries station/ transformers

Local Private Primary Textile apparel Pawnbrokers Printing /publishes Special General post Sewerage Swimming Authority hospitals Schools Economic office treatment pools Zone plant/work sites

Grama Nursing Nurseries Stationary & book Motor car Confectionary Sub post offices Crematoriu Beach park Niladhari homes shops sale /bakery m Offices

Medical Convent Agro equipments Finance Small scale Agency post Cemetery Parks & play Centers /chemicals & fertilizer companies Footwear/leather offices grounds manufactory

Private Tutorials Pharmacy & drugs Leasing Service centers Telecommunica Oil Cinema/ Dispensaries sellers companies tion centers installations theater

Special Professional Restaurant s& cafes Stock brokers Photocopy service Telecom Charitable Institutions Educational operating Observator organization

121

institutions centers /tele- y shops

Nurses Private Automobile Airline Lathe/welding Telephone Regional Community Training Schools accessories /shipping/tou workshops booth meteorolog organizations Schools r/cargo ical centers

Laboratories International Show rooms Field Handloom /weaving IT based Petroleum Hotels & Schools business /batik /tailoring institutions distributors guest houses centers

Veterinary Zonal opticians License Electronic repair Radio & Container offices Educational offices television terminal Office stations

Police Teachers Public market Computer Automobile garage Transmission Container /military Training related centers yards hospitals institutions services

Ambulance Research Gas sail outlets Professional Saloon/beauty Other related Services stations service parlor centers organizations

Wholesale & Foreign Laundry cleaners storage employment

122

agencies

Commercial complex Indentory Picture framing agents

Export –import trade Investment/ Funeral Trade undertakers promotion institutions

Supper markets Adverting Caterers agencies

Wholesale centers Slaughter house

Dedicated Economic Engineering centers contractors /industries supplies

Grain/milk collecting Industrial research center institutions

Warehouses Security & investigations

123