Entre Chinês E Português No Romance Viver De Yu Hua

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Entre Chinês E Português No Romance Viver De Yu Hua UNIVERSIDADE DE LISBOA FACULDADE DE LETRAS Análise de Estratégias de Compensação da Tradução com base nas “Assimetrias Culturais” entre Chinês e Português no Romance Viver de Yu Hua JIE ZHU Orientadora: Prof.ª Doutora Elisabetta Colla Rosado Coelho David Proposta de tese especialmente elaborada para obtenção do grau de Mestre no ramo de Estudos em Tradução 2021 Agradecimentos A tradução é uma parte importante de mim mesma. O Mestrado em Tradução despertou em mim o interesse e a curiosidade dos estudos em tradução chinês-português. A execução da minha dissertação de mestrado não pode ser desassociado dos estímulos e apoios, sem os quais não teria conseguido encontrar a força para concluir o meu trabalho com sucesso, e aos quais ficarei infinitamente grata. Gostaria de expressar o meu agradecimento à orientadora desta dissertação, Professora Doutora Elisabetta Colla Rosado Coelho David, pela sua orientação, pela sua consultoria e dedicação durante todo o processo da elaboração. À professora Doutora Ana Cristina Alves, como colaboradora especialista, pelo incentivo e apoio académico que sempre demonstrou. Ao professor Tiago Nabais, tradutor do romance Viver, pela sua disponibilidade e cooperação na realização de entrevista, permitindo-me obter informações mais completas sobre a obra e respetivo processo de tradução. À minha grande amiga Sara Loureiro Pinto, pelo companheirismo, pela paciência e pelo encorajamento no estudo e na vida durante os anos que passei em Portugal. Também aos meus amigos Li Shuo 李硕, Liu Zhenzhen 刘禛禛, Jin Yu 金宇, Zhao Wenyue 赵文悦, por estarem ao meu lado, concedendo-me infindável apoio espiritual. Também o apoio dos meus pais não pode ser ignorado, sem o qual não teria conseguido ultrapassar todos os momentos difíceis com que me deparei no decorrer do período académico e, mais concretamente, no processo de escrita da minha dissertação. Por fim, gostaria de mostrar o meu sincero agradecimento a todos aqueles que contribuíram, direta ou indiretamente, para a realização do presente trabalho. 1 Resumo A estreita relação entre cultura e língua é apreciada na literatura. Ler obras ajuda a compreender o pensamento dos autores e do mundo no qual eles vivem. Os romances de Yu Hua 余华 são particularmente realistas, nalguns casos autobiográficos, tornando visíveis os problemas de sobrevivência na China contemporânea e acordando a consciência existencial dos leitores. A razão principal pela qual escolhi analisar a obra Viver (Huozhe 活着) de Yu Hua deve-se ao seu estilo e à sua abordagem cultural. Viver contém características culturais únicas da China. Ao traduzir, é inevitável que as ―assimetrias culturais‖ entre o chinês e o português desafiem as escolhas do tradutor na procura de uma expressão precisa, afetando assim a compreensão dos leitores sobre a literatura e a cultura chinesas. A fim de ajudar a comunicação eficaz do enquadramento cultural chinês, e a compreensão e domínio dos leitores-alvo, é indispensável compensar assimetrias culturais na tradução, procurando alcançar a adequação, de modo a melhor transmitir o significado e as conotações culturais do texto original aos leitores-alvo. Em Viver, Yu Hua utiliza um grande número de palavras com valor cultural, expressões idiomáticas, como chengyu 成语 e suyu 俗语, e yanyu 谚语, entre outros, que contemplam e integram que variantes peculiares da língua e da cultura chinesas. Por causa das suas ricas conotações culturais e significados profundos, é necessário fornecer aos leitores, aos quais falta o mesmo contexto cultural, chaves de leitura para evitar a confusão na compreensão. Com base nos aspetos referidos, o presente trabalho destina-se à análise concetual das ―assimetrias culturais‖ entre chinês e português no romance Viver e à reflexão sobre a aplicação de estratégias de compensação às quais recorreu o tradutor Tiago Nabais. Nesta análise será tido como ponto de partida a perspetiva teórica funcionalista de Eugene A. Nida, bem como a sua teoria de referência - Equivalência Dinâmica. Palavras-chave: Yu Hua; Viver; Tiago Nabais; Tradução chinês-português; estratégias de compensação; assimetrias culturais 2 Abstract The close relationship between culture and language is appreciated in the literature. Reading works helps to understand the thinking of the authors and the world in which they live. Yu Hua‘s novels are particularly realistic, in some cases autobiographical, making visible the problems of survival in contemporary China and awakening the existential conscience of readers. The main reason why I chose to analyze Yu Hua‘s To Live (Huozhe 活着) is due to his style and cultural approach. To Live contains cultural characteristics unique to China. When translating, it is inevitable that cultural asymmetries between Chinese and Portuguese will challenge the translator‘s choices in the search for a precise expression, thus affecting readers‘ understanding of Chinese literature and culture. In order to help the effective communication of the Chinese cultural framework and the understanding and mastery of the target readers, it is essential to compensate for ―cultural asymmetries‖ in translation, seeking to achieve adequacy, in order to better convey the meaning and cultural connotations of the original text to readers -target. In To Live, Yu Hua uses a large number of words with cultural value, idioms, such as chengyu 成语, suyu 俗语, and yanyu 谚语, among others, that contemplate and integrate peculiar variants of the Chinese language and culture. Because of its rich cultural connotations and profound meanings, it is necessary to provide readers, who lack the same cultural context, with keys to read and to avoid confusion in understanding. Based on these aspects, the present work is intended for the conceptual analysis of ―cultural asymmetries‖ between Chinese and Portuguese in the novel To Live and for reflecting on the application of compensation strategies translator Tiago Nabais used. In this analysis, Eugene A. Nida‘s functionalist theoretical perspective will be taken as a starting point, as well as his reference theory - Dynamic Equivalence. Keywords: To live; Tiago Nabais; Chinese-Portuguese translation; compensation strategies; cultural asymmetries 3 Índice Agradecimentos………………………………………………………………………………....1 Resumo..........................................................................................................................2 Abstract.........................................................................................................................3 Índice de Tabelas e Figuras.........................................................................................6 Lista de Abreviaturas...................................................................................................7 Introdução.....................................................................................................................8 Parte I Capítulo 1 - Vida, Obra e Tradutor 1.1 Yu Hua: vida e obra .............................................................................................. 12 1.2 Tiago Nabais: vida e obra ...................................................................................... 15 1.3 Diálogos interculturais entre autor e tradutor ....................................................... 16 1.4 Viver: resenha crítica ............................................................................................. 18 1.4.1 Viver: resumo do romance .............................................................................. 20 1.4.2 Contexto social e histórico ............................................................................. 22 1.4.3 Estilo de escrita .............................................................................................. 23 Parte II Capítulo 2 - Enquadramento Teórico-Metodológico 2.1 Introdução e evolução do conceito de ―compensação‖ na tradução ..................... 27 2.1.1 Perspetiva ocidental.........................................................................................28 2.1.2 Perspetiva chinesa............................................................................................31 2.2 Teoria de ―compensação‖ de Eugene A. Nida - ―Equivalência Dinâmica‖ ......... 33 Capítulo 3 - Estratégias de Compensação e Correspondência Cultural na Tradução 3.1 Definição de Compensação da Tradução...............................................................36 3.2 Classificação de Estratégias de Compensação da tradução...................................37 4 3.2.1 Anotação..........................................................................................................37 3.2.2 Transliteração e interpretação..........................................................................39 3.2.3 Adaptação........................................................................................................39 3.2.4 Paráfrase..........................................................................................................39 3.2.5 Generalização..................................................................................................40 3.3 Análise das Estratégias de Compensação da tradução usadas por Tiago Nabais...........................................................................................................................41 3.3.1 Marcas culturais e tradução. ........................................................................... 41 3.3.1.1 Conotação de marcas culturais..................................................................42 3.3.1.2 Classificação de marcas culturais..............................................................42
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