S.N.C. Lieu and G. Mikkelsen (eds.), Between Rome and China: History, Religions and Material Culture of the Silk Road, Silk Road Studies XVIII (Turnhout: Brepols, 2016): 147-80.
PLACES AND PEOPLES IN CENTRAL ASIA AND IN THE GRAECO-ROMAN NEAR EAST
A MULTILINGUAL GAZETTEER FROM SELECT PRE-ISLAMIC SOURCES
SAMUEL N. C. LIEU & GUNNER MIKKELSEN Macquarie University (Sydney)
A STATED AIM of the SERICA project1 is the provision of maps in both English and Chinese of the Silk Road from Luoyang 洛陽 in China to Antioch-on-the-Orontes in Syria. A major source of placenames for inclu- sion in these maps is inscriptions from Palmyra, Iran and the capital cities of China. Work on the inscriptions over the years has led the team to realize their value as sources on place and ethnic names in Central Asia as they often provide researchers with contemporary forms and spelling. Some inscriptions, like the famous trilingual (Greek, Middle Persian and Parthian) inscription of Shapur (discovered between 1936 and 1939 and popularly known as the Res Gestae Divi Saporis) at the Ka‘ba-i Zardušt,2 which pro- vides lists of the Sasanian provinces as well as names of Roman cities captured by Shapur I in his successful campaigns, is a major onomasticon in its own right. Systematic collection of onomastic material from the inscrip- tions had already begun when Sam Lieu compiled a commentary on the Res Gestae Divi Saporis published in 1994.3 Material has been steadily added to the list over a number of years and the publication by Philip Huyse of the standard edition of the inscription greatly facilitated the work of compila- tion.
1 On the SERICA project see S. N. C. Lieu, ‘Daqin and Fulin’ in this volume, p. @. 2 See now the major edition by P. Huyse, Die dreisprachige Inschrift Šābuhrs I. an der Ka‘ba-i Zardušt (ŠKZ), 2 vols = Corpus Inscriptionum Iranicarum, Pt. III Pahlavi Inscriptions Vol. 1 in 2 parts (London: Corpus Inscriptionum Iranicarum, 1999). 3 M. H. Dodgeon and S. N. C. Lieu, The Roman Eastern Frontier and the Persian Wars AD 226-363, (London, 1991, revised paperback edition 1994), 34 and 50. 2 SAMUEL LIEU AND GUNNER MIKKELSEN
Material in this multilingual Gazetteer is organized around the standard forms of the place and ethnic names in English. Thus for Samarkand, one finds the material grouped under Samarkand and not Smarakanse or Mara- canda or Samojian or Afrasiab although there will eventually be separate indices to all the ancient and medieval languages represented in the Gazet- teer (i.e. Old Iranian, Middle Iranian, Parthian, Sogdian, Greek, Syriac, Chinese etc.). Another major source for Gazetteer is the historical texts of Manichaean and Nestorian (Church of the East) origin. Like the inscriptions they were contemporary in dating and reflect the pronunciation and systems of transliteration of their time. The fact that they were both universalist religions means that their scribes copied and translated texts which reflected the Middle East at the time of the foundation of these religions.
A MULTILINGUAL GAZETTEER 3
ABBREVIATIONS
Acta Mari = A. Harrak (ed. and trans.), CII (Gr.) = G. Rougemont, The Acts of Mār Mārī the Apostle Inscriptions grecques d’Iran et (Atlanta 2005). d’Asie centrale, CII, Part II, AI = Acta Iranica (Leiden & Téhéran- Inscriptions of the Seleucid and Liège 1974f.) Parthian periods and of eastern Iran Akk. = Akkadian (language). and Central Asia; v. 1, Inscriptions Amm. = Ammianus Marcellinus. in non-Iranian languages (London 2012). Anc. Lett. = Sogdian Ancient Letters; H. Reichelt (ed.), Die soghdischen CIS = J.-B. Chabot et al. (eds.), Corpus Handschriftenreste des Britischen Inscriptionum Semiticarum, Pars Museums, 2 vols. (Heidelberg secunda. Tomus III: Inscriptiones palmyrenae (Paris 1926). 1928-1931), ii, 1-42. Comment [1]: Why refer to Reichelt’s old work? Anc. Lett. (NSW) = N. Sims- Copt. Coptic (language). Williams** **II & VI (Reichelt)** CPD = D. N. MacKenzie (ed.), A Concise Pahlavi Dictionary A?P = Inscription of Artaxerxes II or Comment [2]: Remove query – replace? III(?) at Persepolis, cf. OP 15-56. (Oxford 1971). Aram. = Aramaic (language). Ctes. = Ctesias. Arm. = Armenian (language). DCBT = W. E. Soothill and L. Hodous (eds.), A Dictionary of Chinese Arr. = Flavius Arrianus. Buddhist Terms (London 1934). Athan. Hist. Arian. = Athanasius, DB = Inscription of Darius at Behistan, Historia Arianorum ad Monachos, cf. OP 116-135. PG 25.691-796. DB (Akk.) = E. N. von Voigtlander 北史 李延 BS = Beishi , ed. Li Yanshou (ed.), The Bisitun Inscription of 壽 (Beijing 1974). Darius the Great: Babylonian BSTBL = D. N. MacKenzie (ed.), Version, CII, Pt. I, Vol. 2 (London Buddhist Sogdian Texts of the 1978). British Library (Leiden 1976). DB (Aram.) = J. C. Greenfield and B. BW = B. Watson (trans.), Records of Porten (eds.), The Bisitun the Grand Historian (Han dynasty) Inscription of Darius the Great: by Sima Qian, 2 vols. (Hong Kong Aramaic Version, CII, Pt. I, Vol. 5 1993). (London 1982). Chin. = Chinese (language). Déd. = J. T. Milik, Dédicaces faites C2 = N. Sims-Williams (ed.), The par des dieux (Palmyra, Hatra, Tyr) Christian Sogdian Manuscript C2 et des thiases sémitiques à l’époque (Berlin 1985). romaine (Paris 1972). CII = Corpus Inscriptionum DFG = D. F. Graf (with L. Dreyer), Iranicarum. ‘The Roman East from the Chinese Perspective’, in Palmyra and the 4 SAMUEL LIEU AND GUNNER MIKKELSEN
Silk Road = Les Annales FHG = C. Müller (ed.), Fragmenta Archéologiques Arabes Syriennes Historicorum Graecorum, 5 vols. 42 (1996), 199-216. (Paris 1841-70). DMT iii = N. Sims-Williams et al. GGM = C. Müller (ed.), Geographi (eds.), Dictionary of Manichaean Graeci Minores, 2 vols. et tabulae Texts, Vol. III, 2 (Turnhout 2004). (Paris 1885). DNa = Inscription of Darius at Naqš-i- Gr. = Greek (language). Rustam (A), cf. OP 137-138. Hdt. = Herodotos. Doc. Addai = Doctrina Addai, G. Hebr. = Hebrew (language). Howard (ed. and trans.), The HHS = Hou Hanshu 後漢書, ed. Fan Teaching of Addai (Chico, Calif. Ye 范曄 (Beijing 1965). 1981). HS = Hanshu 漢書 , ed. Ban Gu 班固 DPe = Inscription of Darius at (Beijing 1962). Persepolis (E), cf. OP 136. IEOG = F. C. De Rossi (ed.), Iscrizioni DSf = Inscription of Darius at Susa dello Estremo Oriente Greco, (F), cf. OP 116-135. Inschriften griechischer Städte aus DSm = Inscription of Darius at Susa Kleinasien 65 (Bonn 2004). (M), cf. OP 145-465. Inv. = Inventaire des inscriptions de DTXYJ = Da Tang Xiyuji 大唐西域記 Palmyre (Beirut and Damascus (= Daito Seiki) by Xuanzang 玄奘 1930-). (Kyoto 1911); also T 2087 (Vol. 51) Isid. Char. = Isidore of Charax, 868a-946c. Mansiones Parthicae, ed. and trans. DZc = Inscription of Darius at Suez W.H. Schoff, Parthian Stations of (C), cf. OP 147. Isidore of Charax (Philadelphia DCESSZFSZ = Daci’ensi Sanzang 1914). fashi zhuan ⼤慈恩寺三藏法師傳 JEH = J. E. Hill, Through the Jade (i.e. Life of Xuanzang ⽞奘) T 2053 Gates to Rome – A Study of the Silk (Vol. 50), 220c-280a. Routes during the Later Han EI = Encyclopaedia Iranica (London, Dynasty 1st to 2nd Centuries CE Costa Meza et al. 1982-). (Cookstown 2009). Elam. = Elamite (language). Josh. Styl. = W. Wright (ed.), EMC. = Late Middle Chinese; E. G. Chronicle of Joshua the Stylite Pulleyblank, Lexicon of (Cambridge 1882). Reconstructed Pronunciation in JTS = Jiu Tangshu 舊唐書, ed. Liu Xu Early Middle Chinese, Late Middle 劉昫 (Beijing 1975). Chinese, and Early Mandarin KB = O. Hansen, ‘Zur soghdischen (Vancouver 1991). Inschrift auf dem dreisprachigen FH = F. Hirth, China and the Roman Denkmal von Karabalgasun’, Orient: Researches into their Journal de la Société Finno- ancient and mediæval relations as ougrienne 44 (1930), 3-39. represented in old Chinese records Khot. = Khotanese (language). (Leipzig and Hong Kong 1885). KhT = H. W. Bailey (ed.), Khotanese Texts, 7 vols. (Cambridge 1945-85).
A MULTILINGUAL GAZETTEER 5
KT = The Kül Tigin Inscription; T. NDRC = P. Y. Saeki, The Nestorian Tekin (ed.), A Grammar of Orkhon Documents and Relics in China Turkic (Bloomington 1968), 231- (Tokyo 1952). 242. Nest. = Nestorian. Lat. = Latin (language). Nest. Mon. = Nestorian Monument at LMC. = Late Middle Chinese; E. G. Xi’an, ed. P. Y. Saeki, The Pulleyblank, Lexicon of Nestorian Monuments and Relics in Reconstructed Pronunciation in China, 2nd edn. (Tokyo 1951), 1-12 Early Middle Chinese, Late Middle (Chin. text section). Chinese, and Early Mandarin NT = The New Testament (in Greek). (Vancouver 1991). OIr. = Old Iranian (language). LXX = The Septuagint (in Greek). OP = R. G. Kent, Old Persian, Manich. = Manichaean. Grammar, Texts, Lexicon (New Maḥrnâmag = F.W.K. Müller, Ein Haven 1952). Doppelblatt aus einem OT = The Old Testament (in Hebrew). manichäischen Hymnenbuch Palm. = Palmyrene (Aramaic) (Maḥrnâmag), Abh. d. Preuss. Ak. (language). d. Wiss., Phil.-hist. Kl. 1912, Nr. 5 (Berlin: Verlag der königlichen PAT = D. R. Hillers and E. Cussini Akademie der Wissenschaften in (eds.), Palmyrene Aramaic Texts Komm. bei Georg Reimer, 1912) (Baltimore 1996). Men. Prot. = Menander Protector. Pe. = (Middle) Persian (language). Minshu = Minshu 閩書 (Book of Min), Pesh. = The Peshitta, i.e. The New compiled by He Qiaoyuan 何喬遠, Testament in Syriac (London 1966). punctuated edition by a committee Petr. Patr. = Petrus Patricius. of the Research Centre for Classical PG = J.-P. Migne (ed.), Patrologia Works of the Xiamen University, 5 Graeca cursus completus (Paris vols (Fuzhou: Fujian renwen 1857-66). 褔建⼈⽂出版社 chubenshi 2000). Ps. Mos. Xor. Geog. = J. Marquart, MMTKGI = W. Sundermann, Ērānšahr nach der Geographie des Mitteliranische manichäische Texte Ps. Moses Xorenac‘i, Abh. d. kirchengeschichtlichen Inhalts königlichen Gesellschaft d. Wiss. (Berlin 1981). zu Göttingen, N.F. III, 2 (Berlin Nachlese I = W. Sundermann, 1901). ‘Nachlese zu F. W. K. Müllers Pth. = Parthian (language). “Sogdischen Texten I. 1. Teil”, Ptol. = Claudius Ptolemaios, Altorientalische Forschungen 1 Geographica / Cosmographia; A. (Berlin 1974), 219-55. Stückelberger and G. Graßhoff (ed. Nachlese II = W. Sundermann, and trans.), Ptolemaios, Handbuch ‘Nachlese zu F. W. K. Müllers der Geographie, 3 vols (Basel “Sogdischen Texten I. 2. Teil”’, 2006). Altorientalische Forschungen 3 QGN = U. Hackl, H. Jenni and C. (Berlin 1975), 55-90. Schneider (eds.), Quellen zur Geschichte der Nabatäer,
6 SAMUEL LIEU AND GUNNER MIKKELSEN
Textsammlung mit Übersetzung und Theoph. Sim. = Theophylactus Kommentar (Freiburg and Simocattes. Göttingen 2003). Thphn. = Theophanes. RGDS = Res Gestae Divi Saporis; P. TM i = A. von Le Coq, Türkische Huyse (ed. and trans.), Die Manichaica aus Chotscho, I etc. dreisprachige Inschrift Šābuhrs I. Txt. Sogd. = Textes sogdiens, Mission an der Ka‘ba-i Zardušt (ŠKZ), 2 Pelliot en Asie Centrale, 3. série vols. (London 1999). (Paris 1940). SD = B. Gharib (ed.), Sogdian Uigh. Xuanzang = A. von Gabain, Die Dictionary (Tehran 1995). uigurische Übersetzung der SEG = Supplementum Epigraphicum Biographie Hüen-tsangs, SPAW Graecum (Leiden 1921-). 1935, VII. SJ = Shiji 史記, ed. Sima Qian 司馬遷 Vit. Alex. Mag. Syr. = Vita Alexandris (Beijing 1960). Magni Syriaca, ed. E. A. Wallis SJFZ = Shijia fangzhi 釋迦⽅志, T Budge, The History of Alexander 2088 (Vol. 51) 948a-975a. the Great being the Syriac version Skj. = P. O. Skjærvø, An Introduction of the Pseudo-Callisthenes to Manichean Sogdian (Cambridge (Cambridge 1889), 1-275. MA), www.fas.harvard.edu/ Vit. Alex. Mag. Syr. Abbrev. = Vita ~iranian/Manicheism/Manicheism_ Alexandri Magni Syriaca I_Intro.pdf. Abbreviata, ed. J. P. N. Land, Skt. = Sanskrit. Anecdota Syriaca (Berlin 1858), 205-208. Comment [3]: Page numbers correct? SNCL = (suggestion made by) Samuel N. C. Lieu. W&A = J. Markwart, Wehrōt und Arang (Leiden 1938). Sogd. = Sogdian (language). W-G = Wade-Giles system of SassS = M. Back, Die sassanidischen transliteration of the Chinese Staatsinschriften (Leiden 1978). language. ST i = F. W. K. Müller, Soghdische WS = Wei Shu 魏書, ed. Wei Shou 魏 Texte I, SPAW (1934), 3-111. 收 in Sanguozhi 三國志 (Beijing ST ii = F. W. K. Müller and W. Lentz, 1974). Soghdische Texte II, SPAW (1934), XPh = Inscription of Xerxes at 504-607. Persepolis (H), cf. OP 150-52. Strab. = Strabo, Geographia. XTS = Xin Tangshu 新唐書, ed. STSC = M. Schwartz, Studies in the Ouyang Xiu 歐陽脩 (Beijing 1975). Texts of the Sogdian Christians, XYBJ = Xuanyuan ben jing 宣元本經, PhD. U.Calif. Berkeley, 1967. ap. NDRC (Chin. text section) 96 Syr. = Syriac (language). (ll. 1-10). SZBSL = Shizun bushi lun 世尊布施論, ZFZ = Zhufanzhi 諸蕃志, compiled by ap. NDRC (Chin. text section), 51- Zhao Rugua 趙汝适, ed. Han 70. Zhenhua 韓振華, Zhufanzhi zhubu T = Taishō shinshu daizōkyō ⼤正新修 諸蕃志注補 (Hong Kong 2000). ⼤藏經 (Tokyo 1936-).
A MULTILINGUAL GAZETTEER 7
ZPE = Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik (Bonn). ZZTJ = Zizhi tongjian 資治通鑑, ed. Sima Guang 司馬光 (Shanghai 1956).
8 A MULTILINGUAL GAZETTEER
THE GAZETTEER
Abarshar (Pe. ‘the upper, i.e. Pe. *’ld’n (A(r)dān) RGDS (Pe.) northern lands, later province of [2] the Sasanian Empire round Pth. ’rd’n (Ardān) (Pth.) RGDS 2 Nīšāpūr) Aleppo (major city in Syria) Pe. (1) ’prštry (Abaršahr) RGDS Gr. Βέρροια RGDS (Gr.) 13 (Pe.) 3 Pe. hlpy (Halab) RGDS (Pe.) 8 Pe. (2) ’bršhr (Abaršahr) Pth. hlpy (Halab) RGDS (Pth.) 5 (Manich.) MMTKGI 2230 Alexandria (1) (capital city of Pth. ’prhštr (Abaršahr) RGDS Hellenistic and Roman Egypt) (Pth.) 2 Gr. Ἀλεξάνδρεια Strab. Ι.2.18 Pth. (2) ’br šhr (Abaršahr) Pe. ’lxsyndrgyrd (Alaxsindargird) (Manich.) MMTKGI 669 (Manich.) M2 I R I 27 (MM ii, p. Sogd. (1) ’βr šxr (Abaršahr) 302) (Manich.) MMTKGI 396 Sogd. rxsy-nt’y-kyrδ (əraxsinder- Sogd. (2) ’bršhr (Abaršahr) kird) (Manich.) MMTKGI 359 (Nest.) ST ii 525.29 n. 30 Gr. πάντα τὰ ἀνατάτω ἔθνη (lit. Alexandria (2) (city on the Gulf of “all the nations in the upper Issus, mod. Alexandretta in S. parts”) RGDS (Gr.) 4 Turkey) Gr. Ἀλεξάνδρια RGDS (Gr.) 15 Adiabene (region in E. Pe. ’lhsndly’y (Alexsandariyā) Mesopotamia) RGDS (Pe.) 9 Gr. Ἀδιαβηνή Strabo XVI.1.18 Pth. ’lyhsndry’ (Alexsandariyā) Syr. ḥdyb Thom. Marga 51 RGDS (Pth.) 7 See also Assyria. Amida (ancient city in N. Alan Gates (place-name) Mesopotamia, now Diyarbakir in Gr. αἱ πύλαι Ἀλανῶν RGDS S.E. Turkey) (Gr.) 3 Syr. ’md Jos. Styl. 46.12 Pe. ’l’n’n BBA (Alānān dar) Gr. Ἄμιδα Proc. Pers. Ι.17.24 RGDS (Pe.) 2 Lat. Amida Amm. XVIII.6.17 Pth. ’l’nn TROA (Alānān bar) RGDS (Pth.) 2 Amu Darya, the (river) see Oxus. Alans, the (steppe people who lived Ana(tha) (island-fortress on the north of the Caspian) Euphrates) Gr. οἱ Ἀλανοί Thphn. chron. Gr. (1) Ἀναθώ Isid. Char. 1, p. 2 94.24 Gr. (2) Ἄναθα RGDS (Gr.) 12 Chin. Alanliao 阿蘭聊 [EMC. ʔa- Pe. ’nty (Ānāt) RGDS (Pe.) 7 lan-lɛw; LMC. ʔa-lan-liaw] (JEH) Pth. ’nty (Ānāt) RGDS (Pth.) 5 HHS 88 Anthemusia(s) (Hellenistic Albania (region in the Caucasus) foundation and region in N. Gr. Ἀλβανία RGDS (Gr.) 3 Mespotamia, anc. Batna (q.v.)) Gr. Ἀνθεμουσιάς Isid. Char. 1, A MULTILINGUAL GAZETTEER 9
p. 2, Ἀνθεμουσιά Strab. Syr. (2) ṭyy’, ṭyyt’ Josh. Styl. XVI.1.27 19.19 Lat. Anthemusia Plin. NH OIr. (2) Tāzig (CPD 83 from V.(xx).86, Amm. XIV.3.3 Sem. Ṭaiyi’) Antioch (-on-the-Orontes, Chin. (1) Dashi ⼤食 [EMC. metropolis of Roman Syria, mod. da’/dajʰ-ʑik; LMC. tɦa`/tɦaj`- Antakya in S. Turkey) ʂɦiə˘k] JTS 198 Gr. (1) Ἀντιόχεια Proc. Aed. Chin. (2) Tiaozhi 條支 [EMC. II.10.23 dɛw-tɕia˘/tɕi; LMC. tɦiaw-tʂi] Gr. (2) Ἀντιόχια RGDS (Gr.) 15 (from Tāzig or Tāzik?) HHS 88. Aram. (Palm.) ’nṭky’ Inv. 10 29:2 Arachosia (province of the Syr. ’ntywky, ’ntyky’ Pesh. Acts Achaemenid Persian Empire) 11:26 Elam. ḫar-ra-u-ma-ti-iš OP 213 Pe. ’ndywk (Andiyōk) RGDS Akk. KUR A-ru-ḫa-at-ti DB (Pe.) 9 (Akk.) 52 Pth. ’ndywk (Andiyōk) RGDS OIr. Harawatiš DSm 10, deriv. (Pth.) 6 ethn. Harawatiya Chin. Andu 安都 [EMC. ʔan-tɔ; Gr. Ἀραχωσία Arr. Anab. V.5.2; LMC. ʔan-tu ə˘ ] WS 102 ethn. οἱ Ἀραχωτοί Arr. Anab. Antioch(eia) in Mygdonia see III.11.3 Nisibis. Chin. Wuyishanli 烏⼷⼭離 [EMC. ʔɔ-jik-ʂəɨn/ʂɛːn-liə˘ ʰ/liʰ; Apameia (Lat. Apamaea - city in LMC. ʔuə˘ -jia˘ k-ʂaːn-li`] HS 96A; Syria, mod. Qal‘at el-Mudig in HHS 88 (JEH) Syria) Gr. Ἀπάμια RGDS (Gr.) 13 Arbairā see Arbela. Pe. ’pwmy’y (Apōmiyā) RGDS Arbela, Arbairā (ancient Arba’ilu, (Pe.) 8 city in Assyria, later a major Pth. ’pwmy’ (Apōmiyā) RGDS centre of Christianity and chief (Pth.) 6 city of Adiabene; mod. Arbīl in Arabaye see Beth-‘Arabāyē. N. Iraq) Elam. ḫr-be-ra OP 171 Arabia (region/kingdom; a province Akk. ar-ba-’-il OP 171 of the Achaemenid Persian OIr. Arbairāyā DB 2.90 Empire and later of the Roman Gr. Ἄρβηλα (f.pl.) Arr. Anab. Empire) III.8.7 OIr. Arabāya DB 1.15 Syr. ’rbyl Acta Mari 8 Gr. Ἀραβία RGDS (Gr.) 2, 23 Pe. (1) ’rb’yst’n (Arbyestān) Aria (nation/region; a province of RGDS (Pe.) 2 the Achaemenid Persian Empire, Pe. (2) (Manich.) ’rw’yst’n known later as Herat) (Arwāyistān) MMTKGI 1478 Elam. ḫar-ri-ma OP 213 Pth. ’rb’yst’n (Arbyestān) RGDS Akk. a-ri-e-mu OP 213 (Pth.) 1 OIr. Haraiva DSm 9 Gr. (1) ethn. οἱ Ἄρειοι Arr. Anab. Arabs (people) III.8.4 OIr. (1) Arabāya* Gr. (2) Ῥήν (?) or Ῥή (?) RGDS Syr. (1) ‘rby’ Doc. Addai 24.19
10 SAMUEL LIEU AND GUNNER MIKKELSEN
(Gr.) 4 Gr. Ἀσία, gen. Ἀσίης Hdt. II.16, Pe. hryw (Harēw) RGDS (Pe.) 2 Strab. XI.1.1 Pth. hryw (Harēw) RGDS (Pth.) 2 Pe. ’syd’y (Āsāyā) RGDS (Pe.) 13 Sogd. hryw (Harēw) (Nest.) ST ii Pth. ’s’y’ (Āsāyā) RGDS (Pth.) 10 525.29 n. 30 Syr. ’sy’ Pesh. Acts 2:9 Aristia (town or village in Roman Assyria (region/nation; a province of Syria, mod. ar-Rastan in Syria) the Achaemenid Persian Empire) Gr. Ἀριστία RGDS (Gr.) 16 OIr. Aθurā DB 1.14 etc., adj. Pe. *’lstwn (Aristōn) RGDS (Pe.) Aθuriya DSf 32 10 Gr. Ἀσσυρία RGDS (Gr.) 2 Pth. ’rstwn (Aristōn) RGDS (Pth.) Pe. ’swrstn (Asūrestān) RGDS 7 (Pe.) 2 Armenia (nation; province of the Pth. ’swrstn (Asūrestān) RGDS Achaemenid Persian Empire) (Pth.) 1 Akkad. KUR Ú-ra-aš-ṭu DB Syr. ’twr Acta Mari 8 (Akk.) 49, ethn. LÚ Ú-ra-aš-ṭa-a-a Sogd. (1) ’’δwr’yk SD no. 55 OIr. Armina DB 1.15, ethn. Sogd. (2) swrstn KG 354 Arminiya DB 2.29 (Manich.) (Southern Aram. ’rrṭ DB (Aram.) 8, ethn. Mesopotamia round the royal ’[rrṭy] DB (Aram.) 8 cities Seleucia-Ctesiphon) Gr. Ἀρμενία RGDS (Gr.) 3, 10, Chin. (1) Sulasatangna 蘇剌薩儻 41 那 [EMC. sɔ-lat-sat-tʰaŋ’-na’; Pe. ’lmny (Armin) RGDS (Pe.) 2 LMC. suə˘ -lat-sat-tʰaŋ´-na´] Pth. ’rmny (Armin) RGDS (Pth.) (Budd.) (< Sogd. swrstn, cf. Skt. 1 Surasthâna) DTXYJ 11, P. 37.1 Syr. ’rmn Acta Mari 11, p. 24 Chin. (2) Sulin 蘇鄰 [EMC. sɔ- lin; LMC. suə˘ -lin] Minshu 7 Arshada (fortress in Arachosia) Elam. ir-šá-da OP 171 Atropatene (region) see OIr. Aršādā DB 3.72 Azerbaijan. “Aryans” and “Non-Aryans” see Autiyara (district in Armenia) under Iranians and Non- OIr. Autiyāra DB 2.58 Iranians. Azerbaijan (region, Gr. Arzanene (ancient Arzania, region Atropatene) north of Mesopotamia around the Gr. Ἀδουρβαδηνή RGDS (Gr.) city of Arzen) 2/3 Syr. ’rzwn Acta Mari 7, p. 12.11 Pe. ’twrp’tkn (Ādurbāyagān) Gr. Ἀρζανάνη Proc. Pers. I.8.21 RGDS (Pe.) 2, ’twrp’tk’n Lat. Arzanena Amm. XXV.7.9 (Ādurbāyagān) AI 1975 327 Pth. ’twrp’tkn (Ādurbāyagān) Asia (continent, one of the three RGDS (Pth.) 1 divisions of the known world: Europe, Asia and Lidya (Hdt. II.16) – term later used mainly of Babylon (chief city of the the the Roman province of Asia Achaemenid province of covering the western part Asia Babylonia) Minor with Ephesus as capital) Elam. ba-pi-li OP 199
A MULTILINGUAL GAZETTEER 11
Akk. DIN. TIRKI (Babili) DB kujʰ-ʂɨaŋ; LMC. kyj`-ʂaːŋ] (Akk.) 57, cf. bāb-ilu, bāb-ilāni (Badakhshān and the adjoining ‘Gate of the Gods’ OP 199 territories north of the Oxus, JEH) Aram. [bb]l DB (Aram.) 25 HHS 88 OIr. Bābiruš DB 1.14, Bābiruw Baghlan (city of Bactria, now name DB 1.78, adj. Bābirwiya- DB 1.77 of province in Afghanistan) Gr. Βαβυλών Hdt. I.153.4, adj. Chin. Lanshi cheng 藍市城 Βαβυλώνιος Hdt. I.178.2 [EMC. lam-ʂɦi`; LMC. lam- Babylonia (province of the dʑɨ’/dʑi’] (lit. “city of the blue Comment [5]: Leave out? Achaemenid Persian Empire) market”) SJ 123 (= Bactra ? BW), OIr. Bābiruš DSm 7, ethn. Lanshi cheng 藍⽒城 [EMC. lam- Bābiruš, der. ethn. Bābiruwiya dʑiə˘ ’/ dʑɨ’; LMC. lam-ʂɦi`] (lit. Comment [6]: Leave out? DB 1.77 “city of the blue clan”, mod. Syr. ’tr’ dbbyl (‘Land of Baghlan, JEH) HHS 88. Babyl(on)’) Acta Mari 6, p. Balasagan (region/city in Albania in 12.4/5 the Caucasus) Gr. Βαβυλωνία Strabo XVI.1.16 Gr. Βυρασαγηνή RGDS (Gr.) 3 Bactra see Bactria and Balkh. Pe. bl’sk’n (Balāsagān) RGDS Bactria (province of the Achaemenid (Pe.) [2] Persian Empire, later an Pth. bl’skn (Balāsagān) RGDS independent kingdom after (Pth.) 2 Alexander) Arm. Bałasakan Ps. Mos. Xor. Elam. ba-ak-ši-iš, ba-k-tur-ri-iš Geog. 29.iv l.7 OP 199 Balkh (city, now in Afghanistan) Akk. KUR Ba-aḫ-tar DB (Akk.) Gr. Βάκτρα Hdt. VI.6.9.4 69 Syr. blḥ (Nest.) Xi’an Inscr. Syr. l. OIr. Bāxtriš DB 1.16, Bāxtriyā 8. DSf 36 Sogd. bhl (sic) (Nest.) ST ii Aram. [bḥtr]y DB (Aram.) 8 525.31 Gr. Βάκτρα Hdt. IX.113.1; τὸ Chin. Xidun 兮頓 [EMC. ɣɛj- Βάκτριον ἔθνος (lit. “the twənʰ; LMC. xɦjiaj-tun`] (i.e. the Bactrian nation”) Hdt. I.153.4; region of Balkh and Sheberghan, ethn. οἱ Βάκτριοι Arr. Anab. JEH) HHS 88 III.21.1 Barbalissos (city on the Euphrates in Gr. (2) Βακτριανή Ctes. Ass. Syria, mod. Qal‘at Blis) IV.1 (ap. Diod. Sic. II.5.3), Strabo Gr. Βαρβαρισσός RGDS (Gr.) II.8.2, ethn. οἱ Βακτριανοί Arr. 11, 13 Anab. IV.1.5 Pe. byb’lšy (Bēbāliš) RGDS (Pe.) Chin. Daxia ⼤夏 [EMC. da’/dajʰ- 6 ɣaɨʰ/ ɣɛːʰ; LMC. tɦa`/tɦaj`-xɦjaː`] Pth. byb’lšy (Bēbāliš) RGDS Comment [4]: Leave out? (lit. “Great Summer” or (Pth.) 4 “Great(er) China”) SJ 123 Batnan (market-town in N. Badakhshān (region, mod. province Mesopotamia, Hellenistic of Afghanistan) Anthemusia (q.v.) and med. Chin. Guishuang 貴霜 [EMC. Serug and mod. Suruç in S.
12 SAMUEL LIEU AND GUNNER MIKKELSEN
Turkey) Katpatuka A?P 21 Comment [7]: Leave out question mark? Gr. (1) Βατάνη Isid. Char. 1, p. 2 Gr. (1) Καππαδοκίη Hdt. I.71.1 Gr. (2) Βάτναν RGDS (Gr.) 17 Gr. Καππαδοκία RGDS (Gr.) 18 Pe. btn’n (Batnān) RGDS (Pe.) 10 Pe. kpwtky’y (Kap(p)ōdakiyā) Pth. btn’n (Batnān) RGDS (Pth.) 8 RGDS (Pe.) 11 Lat. Batnae Amm. XIV.3.3 Pth. kpwtky’ (Kap(p)ōdakiyā) Syr. bṭnn (Baṭnān) Josh. Styl. 83.4 RGDS (Pth.) 8 Beroea, Berrhoia see Aleppo. Caria (satrapy of the Achaemenid Beth-‘Arabāyē (i.e. ‘Land of the Persian Empire, later part of the Arbas’ –region around Nisibis in Athenian Empire) N. Mesopotamia). See under Elam. kur-qa-ap OP 180 Mygdonia. Akk. kar-sa OP 180 OIr. Karkā DNa 30, adj. Karka- Birtha Aruban (?) (city on the Gr. ethn. pl. οἱ Κᾶρες, οἱ Euphrates, mod. Qreiye?) Καρικοί Pe. byrty ’rwp’n (Bīrt Arūbān) RGDS (Pe.) 7 Carmania, Karmania, Kermania Pth. byrt ’rwp’n (Bīrt Arūbān) (region/district of Persia in RGDS (Pth.) 5 southern Iran) OIr. Karmānā DSf 35 Birtha Asporakan (city on the Gr. (1) Καρμανία Strabo Euphrates, later renamed Zenobia, XV.2.14 mod. Halebiye in the Rep. of Gr. (2) Κερμανζηνή RGDS (Gr.) Syria) 4 Gr. Βίρθα Ἀσπωράκου RGDS Pe. klm’n (Kīrmān) RGDS (Pe.) 3 (Gr.) 12 Pth. krmn (Kīrmān) RGDS (Pth.) Pe. byrty ’spwlk’n (Bīrt 2 Aspōragān) RGDS (Pe.) 7 Pth. byrt ’spwrk’n (Bīrt Carrhai see Harran. Aspōragān) RGDS (Pth.) 5 Caucasus (mountains) Bithynia (region in NW Asia Minor, Gr. (τὸ) Καπ ὄρος RGDS (Gr.) 3 later name of a Hellenistic * kingdom and then a Roman Pe. *kpy *kwpy (Kaf kōf) RGDS province) (Pe.) [2] Gr. Βιθυνία Strab. IV.12.1, Pth. kpy ΘWRA (Kaf kōf) RGDS RGDS (Gr.) 21 (Pth.) [2] Pe. btwny’y (Bitūniyā) RGDS Čāčestān see under Tashkent. (Pe.) 13 Chalkis (city in Syria, mod. Pth. btwny’ (Bitūniyā) RGDS Qennisrin) (Pth.) 10 Gr. Χαλκίς RGDS (Gr.) 13 Pe. knšr’y (Kinašrā) RGDS (Pe.) 7 Cappadocia (region; satrapy of the Pth. knšr’y (Kinašrā) RGDS (Pth.) Achaemenid Persian Empire, later 6 a Roman province) Chanar (city in N. Mespotamia, Elam. qa-at-ba-du-qa OP 178 possibly the same as the Akk. ka-at-pa-tuk-ka OP 178 Hellenistic foundation of Ichnai) OIr. Katpatuka DB 1.15, adj. Gr. Χάναρ RGDS (Gr.) 17
A MULTILINGUAL GAZETTEER 13
Pe. *h’nly (Xānar) RGDS (Pe.) 10 Sogd. cynstn (Čīnastan) Anc. Lett. Pth. h’nry (Xānar) RGDS (Pth.) 8 II.30 Chang’an (W-G. Ch’ang-an – Skt. Cīnaṣthāna DCBT 445b western capital of Han and Tang China) Chin. (2) Zhendan 振旦 [EMC. Chin. Chang’an 長安 (lit. “lasting tɕinʰ-tanʰ; LMC. tʂin`-tan`] SJFZ peace”) 1, 949a27 Gr. (1) Σήρα μετροπόλις Ptol. Syr. (Nes.) (1) (bt) ṣyny’ Nest. VI.16.8 Mon. (Syr.) l. 13 Sogd. (1) ’xwmt’n (< Chin. Syr. (2) ṣyn Vit. Alex. Mag. Syr. Xianyang 咸陽 [EMC. 195.3 ɣəɨm/ɣəːm-jɨaŋ; LMC. xɦjaːm- Arab. ṣīna Al-Nadim, Fihrist jiaŋ] Anc. Lett. II.15 328.31 Sogd. (2) γwmt’n (< Chin. Gr. (2) Τζίνιτζα (< Sogd. cynstn) Xianyang 咸陽?) Txt. Sogd. 133 Cos. Ind. Topog. Chr. I (137) Gr. (2) Χουβδάν (var. lect. Syr. (Nest.) (2) cynst’n Nest. Χουμαδάν) Theoph. Sim. Hist. Mon. 1 VII.9.8 Syr. (Nest.) kwmd’n Nest. Mon. Chin. (3) Zhina 支那 [EMC. tɕia˘ 20 /tɕi-naʰ; LMC. tʂi-na`] (Budd.) (< Chin. Qin/Ch’in?) DCESSZFSZ 3, Characene (region/kingdom in S. 234a24, Zhina ⾄那 [EMC. tɕiʰ- Mesopotamia in the Parthian naʰ; LMC. tʂi`-na`] DTXYJ 9, p. period) 29.4 Gr. Χαρακηνή Ptol. VI.3.3 Skt. Mahā-cīna DCBT 152b See also Charax Spasinou. Turk. mχa cīnadiš (< Skt. Mahā Charax Spasinou (chief city of cīnadeśa Uigh. Xuanzang Characene) G60.240, p. 164 Gr. ὁ Σπασίνου Χάραξ Jos. Ant. Jud. XX,34 Chin. (4) Tuoba Wei 拓跋魏 Aram. krk myšn (Karka Mayšān) [Tuoba = EMC. tʰak-bat] (name PAT 1376.4 (Palm.) of a Turkic dynasty in N. China) Aram./Parth. ’spsnqrṭ Turk. Taβγač or Tawgač (< Chin. (Ispasinqert) Déd. 20-21 Tuoba) ΚΤ Ε4; Taβγačγï being See also under Vologesias. in China, belonging to China KT China E7 Chin. (1) Qin 秦 [EMC. dzin; Gr. (3) Ταυγάστ (< Turk. LMC. tsɦin] (W-G Ch’in – name Taβγač) Theophyl. Sim. Hist. of a dynasty which first ruled over VII.7.11 a united kingdom) SJ passim Gr. (1) Σηρική (Σηρ- < Chin. Chin. (5) Zhongguo 中國 (lit. Qin/Ch’in?) Ptol. VI.16.1 “Middle Kingdom”) SJ 123, SJFZ Sogd. (Manich.) cyn (from 1, 949B3 cyn’ncknδ (čīnānčkanθ) ‘Chinese Skt. (Bud.) Mahyadeśa (lit. Town’ (?)) M1/55, Maḥrnâmag “Middle Kingdom”) DCBT 110b 10 and DMT iii/1 132
14 SAMUEL LIEU AND GUNNER MIKKELSEN
Chin. (6) Da Tang ⼤唐, lit. Uvārazmīš DNa 23; adj. “Great Tang (Dynasty)” DTXYJ 5, Uvārazmīya- cf. A?P 8 894c26 Gr. ethn.pl. οἱ Χοράσμιοι Ptol. Turk. Taito (< Chin. Da Tang ⼤ VI.12.4, Arr. Anab. IV.15.4 唐 [EMC. da’/dajʰ-daŋ; LMC. Circesium (strategic town on the tɦa`/tɦaj`-tɦaŋ]) Uigh. Xuanzang Euphrates in Roman Syria) G68.2, 156 Gr. (1) Κιρκήσιον Proc. Pers. II.5.2 Chin. (7) (Buddh.) Shenzhou 神 Lat. Cercusium Amm. XXIII.5.1 州 (lit. “Land of Spirits”) SJFZ Gr. (2) Κορκουσίων RGDS (Gr.) 950a2 16 Pe. klkysy’y (Kirkisyā) RGDS Chin. (8) Qidan 契丹 [EMC. kʰɨt- (Pe.) 10 tan; LMC. kʰit-tan] (name of the Pth. krksy’ (Kirkisyā) RGDS ruling people of the Liao Dynasty (Pth.) 8 388–1243 CE) Corduene (region in Armenia / N. Gr. Χατάϊα Laon. Chalc. III, p. Mesopotamia, now in S. Turkey) 118.11 (hence med. Lat. Catai, Syr. qrdw Acta Mari 7, p. 14.1 med. Eng. Cathay etc.) Gr. ἡ Γορδυηνή Strabo Turk. kïtay (Chataï) TM i 29.12 XVI.1.25, (ethn.) οἱ Γορδυαῖοι (MIK III 198r (= T II D 171) R Strabo XVI.1.24; οἱ Κάρδουηνοι 4) Petr. Patr. frag. 14 (FHG iv, 189). Lat. Corduena Amm. XVIII.6.20 Chinese (ethn.) Chin. Hanren 漢⼈ (lit. “people of Ctesiphon (city on the Tigris the Han” - Han 漢 - title of ruling opposite to Seleucia – a capital dynasty of China 202 BCE-220 city of both the Parthian and CE), also used to signify China Sasanian empires) vis à vis the non-Chinese and of Gr. Κτησιφῶν Strabo XVI.1.16 the Chinese language (Hanyu 漢 Syr. qtyspwn Acta Mari 17. 語) SJ 123 Pth. (Manich.) tyspwn M6033 A i Sogd. cyn (Čīn) (< Chin. Qin 秦 6 [EMC. dzin; LMC. tsɦin]) Anc. Pahl. Tēsifōn Gāthā uštavatī §21 Lett. II.17 Arm. Tispon Faust. Byz. Hist. Syr. (1) syny’ Vit. Alex. Mag. Syr. IV.16 斯賓 siə˘ /si- Abbrev. 206.29 Chin. Sibin [EMC. pjin szˌ -pjin Syr. (2) sryqy’ Vit. Alex. Mag. ; LMC. ] (Ctesiphon, Syr. Abbrev. 206.30 SNCL, DFG; Susa, JEH) HHS 88. See also Seleukeia (on the Chorasan (region) Tigris). Pe. hw’lcm Cyrrhus see Kyrrhos. Chorasmia (province of the Achaemenid Persian Empire - Kohistan) Daha (province of the Achaemenid Elam. ma-ra-iš-mi-iš OP 177 Persian Empire) Akk. ḫu-ma-ri-iz-ma OP 177 Akk. da-a-an OP 190 OIr. Uvārazmīy DB 1.16 and OIr. Dahā XPh 26; ethn. pl. Dahā
A MULTILINGUAL GAZETTEER 15
“the Daae” Dunhuang (W-G Tun-huang also Gr. οἱ Δάαι or Δάοι Hdt. I.125.4 known as Shazhou 沙州 in the Chin. (?) Daxia ⼤夏 [EMC. Tang period, city in the mod. da’/dajʰ-ɣaɨ’/ɣɛː’; LMC. Gansu province of China) tɦa`/tɦaj`-xɦjaː`] (lit. “Great Chin. Dunhuang 燉(敦)煌 [EMC. Summer” or “Great China” – Xia twən-ɣwaŋ; LMC. tun-xɦuaŋ] (lit. being the name of an ancient “blazing beacon”) SJ 123, HHS Chinese dynasty) SJ 123 88 Damascus (city in Syria, later a Sogd. drw’’n Anc. Lett. II.23, major city of the Roman province drw’n (ÿǝrwān) Skj. 108 of Syria, capital mod. Rep. of Gr. Θροάνα Ptol. VΙ.16.6 Syria) Hebr. (1) dwmšk OT 4Ki. 16:10 Ecbatana see Hamadan. Hebr. (2) dmšk OT Gen. 14:15 Edessa see Orhai. Gr. Δαμασκός LXX, Gen. 14:15 Syr. drmswq Pesh. 2Cor. 11:32 Egypt (nation; a province of the Achaemenid Persian Empire) Doman(a) (Doman(a), city, probably Elam. mu-iṣ-ṣa-ri-ḭa OP 203 in Armenia Minor and situated in Akk. mi-ṣir OP 203 the locality of Kose) OIr. Mudrāya DB 1.15, pl. ethn. Gr. (1) Δόμανα Ptol. V.7.3 as prov. Mudrāyā, adj. Mudrāyā- Gr. (2) Δόμαν RGDS (Gr.) 17 Syr. mṣryn Pesh. Matt. 213, Pe. dwm’n (Domān) RGDS (Pe.) (ethn.) mṣyry’ Vit. Alex. Mag. 10 Syr. Abbrev. 205.25 Pth. dwm’n (Domān) RGDS Gr. ἡ Αἴγυπτος Hdt. I.1.1 (Pth.) 8 Sogd. (Nest.) mcryn C2 60R1, Doura / Europos (Hellenistic city mcryncyq ‘Egyptian’ AI 28, 182 and Roman military colony on the Chin. Haixi 海西 (lit. “West of Middle Euphrates) the Sea” = Egypt, JEH) HHS 88 Gr. (1) Δοῦρα Νικάνορος πόλις Elam (kingdom) Mans. Parth. 1 Elam. ḫal-tam-ti OP 175 Gr. (2) Δοῦρα RGDS (Gr.) 17 Akk. e-lam-mat OP 175 Pe. dwl’y (Dūrā) RGDS (Pe.) 10 OIr. hŪja DSe 21, hŪvja DB 1.14 Pth. dw
16 SAMUEL LIEU AND GUNNER MIKKELSEN
Akk. ku-ú-šu å 180 Greeks, Hellenes (commonly OIr. Kūša DSf 43, ethn. Kūšāya, referred to as Ionians in Asia) pl. ethn. As prov. Kūšiya. Gr. (1) οἱ Ἴωνες (“Ionians”) Hebr. kūš OP 180 Hdt. I.6.2; (adj.) Ἰωνικός Euphrates (river) (“Ionian”) Hdt. I.56.2 Gr. Εὐφρήτης (f.) Hdt. I.179.4, OIr. Yauna (province of the Εὐφράτης (m.) Strabo XVI.1.21 Achaemenid Persian Empire OIr. Ufrātuš DB 1.92 consisting mainly of the Greek Syr. pr’ Pesh. Apoc. 9:14 cities of the Aegean coast) DSm 10, ethn. Yauna, ethn. pl. as prov.
Yaunā Ferghana (region in mod. Aram. (Palm.) ywny’ CISem. Uzbekistan) 3924.4 Chin. (1) Dayuan ⼤宛 [EMC. Syr. ywny’ Xi’an Nest. Insc. Syr. da’/dajʰ-ʔyan; LMC. tɦa`/tɦaj`- l. 4 ʔuan] or Dawan ⼤宛 [EMC. Bactr. ιωναγγο (adj.) Rabatak l. da’/dajʰ-ʔuan’; LMC. tɦa`/tɦaj`- 3, IEOG, p. 204 ʔyan´] (Yuan/wan 宛 from Prakrit: Yona IEOG 409, p. 237 Yavana? (OIr. for Ionians = Chin. Yuan 宛 (as in Dayuan ⼤ Greeks) or Prakrit Yona, i.e. the 宛. See under Ferghana.) Graeco-Bactrian empire, used of Gr. (2) Ἕλλην, pl. οἱ Ἕλληνες Ferghana and Bukhara) SJ 123 (“Hellenes”) CII (Gr.) 5.5, Chin. (2) Bahanna 拔汗那 [EMC. CISem. 3924.3(Gr.) bəɨt/bɛːt-ɣan-naʰ; LMC. pɦaːt-
xɦan-na`] ZZTJ 211 Chin. (3) Feihan 㤄捍 [EMC. **; Hama (city in Syria, now in mod. Comment [8]: Pei not Fei? LMC. **] DTXYJ 1.20.9 (= T Syria) 51.871b14) Gr. Χάμαθ RGDS (Gr.) 15 Pe. *hm’ty (Hamāt) RGDS (Pe.)
10 Germanikeia (city in Roman Syria, Pth. hm’ty (Hamāt) RGDS (Pth.) now Maraş in S. Turkey) 7 Gr. Γερμανίκια RGDS (Gr.) 17 Hamadan (Gr. Ecbatana, city, now Pe. glmnwsy (Garmanos) RGDS capital of Hamadan province of (Pe.) 10 Iran) Pth. grmnyws (Garmaniyos) Elam. ag-ma-da-na OP 212 RGDS (Pth.) 8 Akk. a-ga-ma-ta-nu OP 212 Gindaros (large village in Syria OIr. Hagmatāna (lit. “meeting administered from Antioch, mod. place”), loc. Hagmatānaiy DB Ǧindaris) 2.76 Gr. Γίνδαρος RGDS (Gr.) 14 Gr. (1) Ἀγβάτανα Ctes. Assyr. Pe. gndlwsy (Gindaros) RGDS (cf. Steph. Byz. Ethn. s.v. (Pe.) 8 Ἀγβάτανα), ‘Aκβάτανα Ptol. Pth. gndrws (Gindaros) RGDS Geog. VI.2.14 (Pth.) 6 Gr. (2) Ἐκβάτανα (f.pl.) Arr. Gold City see Jincheng. Anab. III.19.5 Gourgan see Hyrcania. Gr. (3) Ἄμιδαν RGDS (Gr.) 64
A MULTILINGUAL GAZETTEER 17
Pe. ’hmt’n RGDS (Pe.) 33 Anab. V.5.3 Pth. ’hmtn RGDS (Pth.) 27 Lat. Paropamisadae Amm. Chin. (1) Aman 阿蠻 [EMC. ʔa- XXIII.6.14 maɨn/mɛːn; LMC. ʔa-maːn] See also under Gandara. (Ariana, Herat, JEH; Hamadan, Hira see under Vologesias. DFG, see also Oman) HHS 88 Huns, the Chin. (2) Hedu 和櫝 [EMC. Gr. οί Οὔννοι Zos. IV.3 ɣwaʰ-dəwk; LMC. xɦua`-tɦəwk]? Sogd. xwn Anc. Lett. II.14 (?) (SL) HHS 88 [xw](n)’nw Chin. (3) Fandou 番兜 [EMC. Chin. Xiongnu 匈奴 [EMC. fjyan/faːn-təw; LMC. pʰuan-təw]? xuawŋ-nɔ; LMC. xywŋ-nuə˘] SJ HS 96A 123 Harran (Gr. Karras and Lat. Huzistan (region) Carr(h)ai - city in N. OIr. hŪja DSe 21, hŪvja DB 1.14, Mesopotamia, now in S. Turkey) ethn. hŪvja and der. ethn. hŪvjiya- Syr. ḥrn Josh. Styl. 38.2; (ethn.) DB 1.75 ḥrny’ ibid. 47.11 Gr. (1) ethn. οἱ Σουσιανοί Arr. Gr. Κάρρας RGDS (Gr.) 19 Anab. III.8.5, οἱ Σούσιοι Arr. Pe. h’rn (Harrān) RGDS (Pe.) 12 Anab. III.11.3 Pth. h’rn (Harrān) RGDS (Pth.) 9 Gr. (2) Οὐζηνή (i.e. Susiana) Lat. Carrae Amm. XVIII.7.3 RGDS (Gr.) 2, 35, ethn. οἱ Hecatompylos (capital city of Οὔξιοι Arr. Anab. III.11.5 Hyrcania, site near mod. Shar-I Gr. (3) Οὐξία Strabo XVI1.17 Qomis or Komis between the Pe. hwcstn (Χūzestān) RGDS Iranian cities of Damghan and (Pe.) [2], [21] Shahrud) Pth. hwzstn (Χūzestān) RGDS Gr. Ἑκατόμπυλος (lit. “(city) (Pth.) 1, 16 with a hundred gates”) App. Syr. Hyrcania (region; a district of the 57, Ἑκατονταπύλος Diod. Median Empire and later a XVII.75.1 province of the Parthian Empire) Chin. Hedu 和櫝 [EMC. ɣwaʰ- OIr. Varkāna DB 2.92 dəwk; LMC. xɦua`-tɦəwk]? Gr. (1) Ὑρκανία Arr. Anab. (JEH) HHS 88 III.19.8; ethn. οἱ Ὑρκάνιοι Hdt. Herat see under Ariana. III.117.1 Hierapolis (city in Roman Syria, Gr. (2) Γουργάν RGDS (Gr.) 3 mod. Membij or Menbij) Pe. gwlk’n (Gurgān) RGDS (Pe.) Gr. Ἱεράπολις RGDS (Gr.) 13 2 Pe. mnbwk (Manbūg) RGDS (Pe.) Pth. wrkn (Wurgān) RGDS (Pth.) 7 2 Pth. mnbwk (Manbūg) RGDS See also Iberia. (Pth.) 5 Hindestan (i.e. Sind, India) (region). Iberia (nation/region in the See India. Caucasus, mod. Georgia) Hindu Kush, the Gr. Ἰβερία RGDS (Gr.) 3, 60 Gr. τὸ Παραπαμίσος ὄρος Arr. Pe. wlwc’n (Wiruzān) RGDS
18 SAMUEL LIEU AND GUNNER MIKKELSEN
(Pe.) [2], 30 Bactr. αριαο (adj.) Rabatak, l.3, Pth. wyršn (Wiržān) RGDS (Pth.) IEOG, p. 204 2, 25 See also Iran. India: Hindestān (i.e. Sind, India) Isauria (region of S Asia Minor, (region) north of Cilicia – mistranslated as Elam. ḫi-in-du-iš OP 214 Συρία in RGDS (Gr.) 21) OIr. Hinduš DSm 10, der. ethn. Gr. Ἰσαύρια Ptol. V.4.9, (ethn.) Hiduya A?P 13 Ἰσαύροι App., Mithr. 75 Gr. Ἰνδία RGDS (Gr.) 4 Pe. ’swly’y (Isawriyā) RGDS Pe. hndstn (Hindestān) RGDS (Pe.) 13 (Pe.) 3 Pth. ’swry’ (Isawriyā) RGDS Pth. hndstn (Hindestān) RGDS (Pth.) 10 (Pth.) 2 Izala (district of Susiana) Bactr. Ιυνδο Rabatak l.4, ap. Elam. iṣ-ṣi-la OP 175 IEOG, p. 204 OIr. Izalā DB 2.53 Sogd. ’yntk’w (adj.) BSTBL 10 Gr. Ἰζαλάς Theoph. Sim. Hist. (Intox. l. 37) ΙΙ,1,1 Chin. (1) Shendu 身毒 [EMC.
ɕin-dəwk; LMC. ʂin-tɦəwk] (lit. “body-poison(ous)” - phonetic Jade Gate, the translit. of Hindu) SJ 123. Chin. Yumen (guan) ⽟門(關) Chin. (2) Tianzhu 天竺 [EMC. [EMC. ŋuawk-mən; LMC. ŋywk- tʰɛn-truwk; LMC. tʰian-triwk] (= mun] (lit. “jade-gate (barrier)”) Northwest India, Sind) HHS 88 HS 96A; HHS 88 Khot. gūkimįni, gākimąni K1318 Comment [9]: ?? Ionia (province of the Achaemenid (cf. H. W. Bailey, “Turks in Persian Empire consisting mainly Khotanese texts”, JRAS (1939), of the Greek cities of the Aegean 85) coast) OIr. Yauna DSm 10, ethn. Yauna, Jaxartes see Syr Darya. ethn. pl. as prov. Yaunā Jerusalem (city) Gr. ἡ Ἰωνίη Hdt. I.6.3; (ethn.) οἱ Hebr. (1) yerūshālayim OT Jos. Ἴωνες Hdt. I.6.2; (adj.) Ἰωνικός 15.8 Hdt. I.56.2 Hebr. (2) yerūshālām OT Jos. Iran (kingdom/nation) 20.10 OIr. (1) Ērānšahr (lit. “land of the Gr. (1) Ἱεροσαλήμ NT passim Aryans”) Gr. (2) Ἱεροσόλυμα NT, Strabo OIr. (2) Ērānwēz (lit. “home of XVI.2.34; ethn. Ἱεροσολυμίτης the Aryans”) CPD 30 LXX Si 50.27 Gr. ethn. pl. οἱ Ἀριανοί RGDS Pe. ’wlyšlym (Urišilīm) CPL 84 (Gr.) 1 Syr. ’wršlm Doc. Add. 2.15c Pe. ’yl’n (Ērān) RGDS (Pe.) 1 Sogd. (Nest.) ’wršlm C4 56 V.6 Pth. ’ry’n (Ērān) RGDS (Pth.) 1 Chin. (Nest.) Wulishilian 烏梨師 斂 [EMC. ʔɔ-li-ʂi-liamʰ; LMC. ʔuə˘ Iranians/Aryans (people) -li-ʂˌr -liam`] Xusuo (Xuting) Gr. Ἀριανός, pl. Ἀριανοί RGDS Mishihuo jing ed. P. Y. Saeki, (Gr.) 1
A MULTILINGUAL GAZETTEER 19
Nestorian Monuments 25 (Chin. (Pe.) 3 text section) Pth. kwšnhštr (Kušānšahr) RGDS Jews (people/nation) (Pth.) 2 Sogd. (1) cxwd, pl. cxwdt Bactr. κυϸανο Rabatak l.1, IEOG, Nachlese II, p. 66.19,20; cxwδ’ny p. 204 (adj.) ST i, p. 45.19 Chin. Dongli 東離 [EMC. təwŋ-liə˘ Chin. Shihu[ren] ⽯忽[⼈] [EMC. ʰ/liʰ; LMC. təwŋ-li`] (= eastern dʑiajk-xwət; LMC. ʂɦiajk-xut] part of the Kushan Empire) (JEH) (Nest.) Shizun bushi lun l. 66, HHS 88 Sogd. (2) yhwd’ (< Syr.) ST ii p. Kyrrhos (town in Syria and centre of 518.70 the region known as the See also Judaea. Kyrrhestikē, mod. Ḫoros or Qal‘at Jincheng (city, mod. Lanzhou fu, Nebi Huru near the Turkish Gansu, China) border) Chin. Jincheng ⾦城 [EMC. kim- Gr. Κύρρος RGDS (Gr.) 15 dʑiajŋ; LMC. kim-ʂɦiajŋ] (lit. Pe. *kylwsy (Kir(r)os) RGDS “gold-city”) JEH) HHS 88 (Pe.) 9 Sogd. kmzyn Anc. Lett. II.23 Pth. kyrws (Kir(r)os) RGDS (Pth.) 7 Jiuquan (one of the four commanderies of Hexi 河西) Chin. 酒泉 [EMC. tsuw’-dzwian; Larmenaza (town in Syria, mod. LMC. tsiw´-tsɦyan] (lit. ”wine- Armenaz) spring”) HHS 88 Gr. Λαρμέναζα RGDS (Gr.) 14 Sogd. cwcn Anc. Lett. II.5 Pe. ’lmn’c (Armenāž) RGDS (Pe.) Judaea (region – now modern 9 Israel). See also under Jews. Pth. ’rmn’š (Armenāž) RGDS Gr. Ἰουδαία NT Mt. 2:1 (Pth.) 6 Syr. yhwd’ Pesh. Mt. 2:1 Libya (region/kingdom) Sogd. yhwd’ ST ii 518.72 Elam. pu-ú-ti-ḭa-ap OP 197 Akk. pu-u-ṭa OP 197 Kashgar or Kash (oasis city in OIr. Putāya DNa 29 today’s Xinjiang, China, now Gr. Λιβύη Hdt. Ι.46.3 known in Chinese as Kashi 喀什) Loulan (city situated north of Lop Gr. Κάς (?) RGDS (Gr.) 4 Nor) Pe. k’š (Kāš) RGDS (Pe.) 3 Chin. Loulan 樓蘭 [EMC. ləw-lan; Pth. k’š (Kāš) RGDS (Pth.) 2 LMC. ləw-lan] CS 50 Chin. Shule 疏勒 [EMC. ʂɨə˘ -lək; Sogd. kr’wr’n Anc. Lett. VI.5 LMC. ʂəə˘ /ʂuə˘ -lə ə˘k] (JEH) HHS Lo-yang see Luoyang. 88 Luoyang (W-G Lo-yang – ancient Kermania see Karmania. city and eastern capital of Tang Ktesiphon see Ctesiphon. China) Kushan (region/kingdom) Chin. Luoyang 洛陽 [EMC. lak- Gr. (τὸ) Κουσηνῶν ἔθνος RGDS jɨaŋ; LMC. lak-jiaŋ] HHS 88 (Gr.) 4 Sogd. srγ Anc. Lett. II.11,13,37, Pe. kwš’nštry (Kušānšahr) RGDS
20 SAMUEL LIEU AND GUNNER MIKKELSEN
srγč’n SHBM ii 1.34 Ptol. I.12.7, VI.10.4 Syr. (Nest.) srg Nest. Mon. 21 Gr. (2) Μάρου RGDS (Gr.) 3 Pe. mlwy (Marw) RGDS (Pe.) 2, 28 Macedonia see Thrace. Pth. mrgw (Marγ) RGDS (Pth.) 2, Maishan (Gr. Mesene) (region of S. 23 Mesopotamia) Syr. (1) mrgyws Vit. Alex. Mag. Gr. (1) Μεσανηνή RGDS (Gr.) 2 Syr. 208.17 Gr. (2) Μαικηνή (error for Syr. (2) mrw Vit. Alex. Mag. Syr. Μαισηνή ?) Strabo XVI.4.1 208.18 Pe. myš’n (Mēšān) RGDS (Pe.) Sogd. mrwrwd (Nest.) ST ii [2]. 23, 25, 26, 27 525.29 n. 30 Pth. myšn (Mēšān) RGDS (Pth.) Mazūn see Oman. 18, 20, 21 Syr. myšn Acta Mari 31 Media (nation; a province of the Achaemenid Persian Empire) Makhelonia (region in the Elam. ma-da OP 202 Caucasus?) Akk. ma-da-a-a OP 202 Gr. Μαχελονία RGDS (Gr.) 3 OIr. Māda DB 47 Pe. syk’n (Sīgān) RGDS (Pe.) 2 Aram. mdy DB (Aram.) 1, adj. Pth. sykn (Sīgān) RGDS (Pth.) [2] mdy DB (Aram.) 2 Maka (province of the Achaemenid Gr. (1) Μηδία Arr. Anab. Persian Empire, cf. JAOS 56 III.19.3, ethn. pl. οἱ Μῆδοι Hdt. (1936), 217-8) ΙΙΙ.62.4 Elam. ma-ak-qa OP 201 Gr. (2) Μαδηνή RGDS (Gr.) 3 Akk. ma-ak OP 201 Pe. m’dy (Māh) RGDS (Pe.) 3 OIr. Maka DB 1.17, ethn. Maciya; Pth. m’d (Māδ) RGDS (Pth.) 3 pl. as prov. Maciyā A?P 29 Merv see Margiane, Marw. Gr. ethn. pl. οἱ Μάκαι Hdt. IV.175.1 (tribe on the Libyan Mesene see Maishan. coast?) Meshike (region / town on the right Makran, Makuran (region of S. bank of the Euphrates, renamed Iran = Achaemenid Gedrosia) Pērōz-Šābuhr q.v. by Shapur I Gr. Μακαράν RGDS (Gr.) 4 after his victory over Gordian in Pe. mkwl’n (Ma(u)rān) RGDS 244 CE) (Pe.) 3 Gr. Μησιχί(ισ?)η (region) RGDS Pth. mkwrn (Ma(u)rān) RGDS (Gr.) 8; Μισιχή (town) RGDS 10 (Pth.) 2 Pe. mšyk (Mišik) RGDS (Pe.) 4 Pth. mšyk (Mišik) RGDS (Pth.) 3 Makuran see Makran. Mesopotamia (region) Margiane, Marw, Merv (region in Gr. Μεσοποταμία Strabo mod. Uzbekistan) XVI.1.21, RGDS (Gr.) 23 Akk. adj. LÚ mar-gu-ma-a-a DB Pe. mdy’nlwt’n (Mayānrōdān) (Akk.) 69 RGDS (Pe.) 14 OIr. Margu- DB 4.25, adj. Pth. mdynrwtn (Maδyānrōdān) Mārgarva- DB 3.12 RGDS (Pth.) 11 Aram. mrgw DB (Aram.) 30 Syr. byt nhryn Doc. Addai 1.18 Gr. (1) ἡ Μαργιανή Ἀντιόχεια
A MULTILINGUAL GAZETTEER 21
Chin. Tiaozhi 條枝 [EMC. dɛw- Nisibenus id. XVIII.10.1 tɕia˘/tɕi; LMC. tɦiaw-tʂi] (phonetic Gr. (2) Ἀντιόχεια ἡ ἐν translit. of Tigar i.e. the “Tigris” Μυγδονίᾳ (Antiocheia in (?) DFG; = Mesopotamia or Mygdonia) Polyb. V.51.1 Babylonia, incl. Characene and Lat. (2) Antiochia, Plin. NH VI.42 Susiana (?)) SJ 123. On this see “Non-Iranians / non-Aryans)” also under Arabs. (peoples) Mudraya see Egypt. Gr. Ἀναριανός, pl. Ἀναριανοί Mygdonia (Hellenistic name for RGDS (Gr.) 1 region in N. Mesopotamia around Pe. ’nyl’n (Anērān) RGDS (Pe.) 1 the city of Nisibis) Pth. ’ny’ry’n (Anērān) RGDS Gr. Μυγδονία Polyb. V.51. (Pth.) 1 Syr. byt ‘rby’ (i.e. ‘Land of the Arbas’) Acta Mari 8, p. 16 Oman (region/people) Gr. (τὸ) Μίζουν ἔθνος RGDS Nazareth (town/city in Galilee) (Gr.) 5 Gr. Ναζαρέτ ΝΤ Mt. 2:23, Pe. *mzwnštry (Mazūnšahr) Ναζαρά ΝΤ Lk. 4:16, Ναζαρέθ RGDS (Pe.) 3 ΝΤ Lk. 2:39 Pth. mzw[nh]štr (Mazū[n]šahr) Syr. nčrt Pesh. Mt. 2:23 RGDS (Pth.) 2 Sogd. ncrθ (Nest.) Nachlese I, Orhai (Gr. Edessa - city in N. 241.2 (form suggested by Mesopotamia, mod. Urfa) Sundermann) Syr. ’wrhy Doc. Addai 1.4 Chin. Nasaluo 那薩羅 [EMC. naʰ- Gr. Ἔδεσσα RGDS (Gr.) 19 sat-la; LMC. na`-sat-la] (Nest.) Pe. ’wlh’y (Urhā) RGDS (Pe.) 12 XYBJ l.2 Pth. ’wrh’y (Urhā) RGDS (Pth.) 9 Nikopolis (city in Roman Cilicia Oxus (river, mod. Amu Darya) Campestris, now Islāhiye in Gr. Ὄξυς Arr. Anab. IV.15.7 Turkey) Pe. wehrōd (lit. “the good river”) Gr. Νεικόπολις (sic, corr. EI I.996. Νικόπολις) RGDS (Gr.) 30 Chin. (1) (Han) Guishui 媯⽔ Pe. *nykplwsy (Nīkopolos) RGDS [EMC. kwiə˘ /kwi-ɕwi’; LMC. kyj- (Pe.) 18 ʂyj´] (lit. “Gui River” (BW)) SJ Pth. nykplws (Nīkopolos) RGDS 123 (Pth.) 13 Chin. (2) (Northern dynasties) Nile (river) Wuhushui 烏滸⽔ [EMC. ʔɔ-xɔ’- OIr. Pirāva DZc 9 ɕwi’; LMC. ʔuə˘ -xuə˘ ´-ʂyj´] BS Gr. Νεῖλος Hdt. II.10.2 123, 165, 168 Nisibis (ancient Naṣibina, important Chin. (3) (N. dyn. and Tang) Roman frontier city in N. Syria, Wuhuhe 烏滸河 [EMC. ʔɔ-xɔ’-ɣa; now Nusaibyn in S. Turkey) LMC. ʔuə˘ -xuə˘ ´-xɦa] BS 168, JTS Syr. nzybyn Acta Mari 7, p. 12.7 221b Gr. (1) Νίσιβις Strabo XVI.1.23 Lat. (1) Nesibis, Plin. NH VI.42, Palmyra see Tadmor. Nisibis Amm. XIV.9.1; adj.
22 SAMUEL LIEU AND GUNNER MIKKELSEN
Pamirs, the (mountain range) Gr. ὁ Πασαργάδης (m. sg.) Hdt. Gr. Ἰμάος Ptol. VI.15.1 IV.167.1; αἱ Πασαργάδαι (f.pl.) Chin. Congling 葱/蔥嶺 [EMC. Ctes. Pers. 35 (FGrH no. 90 F tsʰəwŋ-liajŋ’; LMC. tsʰəwŋ-liajŋ´] 66)) (lit. “onion-ridge”) HS 96A; HHS Pashkibour see Peshawar. 88. Pērōz-Šābuhr (lit. “victorious is Pamphylia (coastal region of SE Shapur” – city on the left bank of Asia Minor, later name of a the Euphrates = mod. Anbar) Roman province, wrongly Gr. Πήρωσσαβουρ RGDS (Gr.) translated as Καμπανία in the 5, 10 RGDS (Ge.) 21) Pe. prywzšhpwhry (Pērōz-Šābuhr) Gr. Παμφυλία Strab. XIV.2, RGDS (Pe.) 6 (ethn.) Πάμφυλοι Hdt. I.28 Pth. prgwzšhypwhr (Pērōz- Pe. pmply’y (Pamfiliyā) RGDS Šābuhr) RGDS (Pth.) 4 (Pe.) 13 Persepolis (city, capital of Persis, Pth. pmpl’y’ (Pamfiliyā) RGDS now in the prov. of Fars, Iran) (Pth.) 10 Gr. Περσεπόλις Strabo XV.3.1 Syr. pmpwly’ Pesh. Acts 2:10 Pe. ststwn-y (Sadestūn) (lit. “(city Paradan (region) of) a hundred pillars”) Cf. SassS Gr. Παραδηνή RGDS (Gr.) 4 259 Pe. p’ld’n (Pār(a)dān) RGDS (Pe.) Persia (nation; province of the 3 Achaemenid Persian Empire) Pth. p’rtn (Pār(a)dān) RGDS Elam. parš-ip OP 196 (Pth.) 2 Akk. KUR Par-su DB (Akk.) 31, Parthia (nation; a province of the adj. LÚ Par-sa-a DB (Akk.) 44 Achaemenid Persian Empire) OIr. Pārsa- (adj.; also masc. as Elam. par-tu-ma OP 196 sb.) DB 1.14, adj. Pārsa DB 1.49 Akk. KUR Par-ar-tu-ú cf. DB Aram. prs DB (Aram.) 36, adj. (Aram.) p. 59 prsy DB (Aram.) 2 OIr. Parθava DB 1.16, adj. Gr. (1) Πέρσης Hdt. I.140.1 Parθava- OP 196 Gr. (2) Περσίς RGDS (Gr.) 2 Aram. prtw DB (Aram.) 29 Pe. p’lsy (Pārs) RGDS (Pe.) 1 Gr. (1) Παρθυηνή Mans. Parth. Pth. p’rs (Pārs) RGDS (Pth.) 2 1 Sogd. p’rs (Pārs) C2 1R6 Gr. (2) Παρθία RGDS (Gr.) 2 Syr. byt prsy’ Acta Mari 31, p. 74 Pe. plswby (Pahlaw) RGDS (Pe.) Chin. (1) (Buddh.) Bolasi 波剌斯 2, [21] [EMC. pa-lat-siə˘ /si; LMC. pua- Pe. p’rsyq (adj.) DMT iii/1 259 lat-szˌ ] DTXYJ XI,37.1 Pth. prtw (Parθaw) RGDS (Pth.) Chin. (2) Bosi 波斯 [EMC. pa-siə˘ [1], 16 /si; LMC. pua-szˌ ] JTS 198 Chin. Anxi 安息 [EMC. ʔan-** Persian (adj. and ethn.) (from the Pth. dynastic name of Akk. LÚ Par-sa-a DB (Akk.) 44 Aršak) SJ 123 etc OIr. Pārsa- (adj.; also masc. as Pasargadae (city) sb.) DB 1.14, adj. Pārsa DB 1.49 OIr. Paišiyāuvādā DB 3.42 Sogd. p’arsyq (pārsik) C2 1R9
A MULTILINGUAL GAZETTEER 23
Peshawar (city, now in mod. Pth. rpnyws (?) (Refaniyos) Pakistan) RGDS (Pth.) 6 Skt.(?) Puruṣapura W&A 106 Roman (and Byzantine) Empire, Gr. ethn. (τὸ) Πασκιβούρων the, (ἔθνος) RGDS (Gr.) 4 Gr. (1) ἡ Ῥωμαίων ἀρχή RGDS Pe. pškpwly (Paškabūr) RGDS (Gr.) 7 (Pe.) 3 Gr. (2) Ῥωμανία (late classical) Pth. (1) pškbwr (Paškabūr) RGDS Athan. Hist. Arian. 35, PG (Pth.) 2 1.733C Pth. (2) (Manich.) pwškwr Syr. (ethn.) rhwmy’ ‘Romans’ (Puškawur) M1202 V (17)2 Doc. Addai 1.10 Chin. Fulousha 富樓沙 [EMC. Pe. (1) hlwmy (Hrōm), RGDS puwʰ-ləw-ʂaɨ/ʂɛː; LMC. (Pe.) 4, hrwm ’dyn štry fjyw`/fuw`-ləw-ʂaː] BS 97 (Hrōmāyīn šahr, lit. “kingdom of Petra see Rekem. the Romans”) RGDS (Pe.) 16 Phoenicia (region of the Levant, Pe. (2) (Manich.) hrwm (Hrōm) mod. Lebanon) M2 I R i 2 Gr. (1) Φοινείκη Strab. Geog. Pth. (1) prwm (Frōm) RGDS XVI.2.21 (Pth.) 3, prwmyn hštr (Frōmāyīn Gr. (2) Φονείκη RGDS (Gr.) 21 šahr, lit. “kingdom of the Pe. pwnky’y (Fōnikiyā) RGDS Romans”) RGDS (Pth.) 12 (Pe) 14 Pth. (2) frwm (Frōm) (Manich.) Pth. pnky’y (Fōnikiyā) RGDS M216c+M1750 R 12 (Pth) 10 Turk. purum KT E4 Sogd. frwmcyq (Frūmčīk) (adj.) Putaya see Libya. (Nest.) ST i, frwmcyqty z’y (lit. “Roman territory”) STSC, 4.15 Qennisrin see Chalkis. (form suggested by editor); frwmyq (Frūmīk) (adj.) (Nest.) Rekem (Semitic name for Petra – C2 86R3 ⼤秦 city in Arabia) Chin. (1) Da Qin (lit. “Great Nab. Raqmu QGN N.060.05.02.3, Qin (Dynasty)” or “Great China”) p. 221 HHS 88 (N.B. the term might Gr. Πέτρα Strabo XVI.4.21 have originally been applied to Chin. Lixuan 黎軒 [EMC. lɛj-xɨan; the Seleucid Empire) 拂林 pʰut- LMC. liaj-xian] SJ 123; Lijian 梨 Chin. (2) Fulin [EMC. lim fjyt/fut-lim 鞬 or 梨靬 [EMC. li-kɨan; LMC. ; LMC. ] JTS 198, 拂懍 li-kian] (alt. name for Da Qin cf. also (Buddh.) Fulin [EMC. pʰut-lim’ fjyt/fut-lim´ the Seleukidae? JEH or Seleukeia; ; LMC. ] Rekem, i.e. Petra, DFG), HHS 88 DTXYJ 11, p. 37.9 (= T 2087, 938a25) Rephanea (city in Syria, mod. Chin. (3) Lumei 蘆眉 [EMC. lɔ- Rafniye) mi; LMC. luə˘ -mi] (< Arab. Rum, Gr. Ῥεφανέα RGDS (Gr.) 14 i.e. former Roman Asia Minor) Pe. rpnywsy (?) (Refaniyos) ZFZ, p. 231 RGDS (Pe.) 8
24 SAMUEL LIEU AND GUNNER MIKKELSEN
Romans, the (and the Byzantines) Samarkand (city in mod. Gr. οἱ Ῥωμαῖοι RGDS (Gr.) 8 Uzbekistan, aka Smarakanse) Syr. (ethn.) rhwmy’ ‘Romans’ Gr. Μαρακάνδοι (ethn. pl. as Doc. Addai p. 1.10 place-name) Arr. Anab. IV,3,6 Pe. hrwm’dyn (Hrōmāyīn) RGDS Syr. (1) smrqnd Vit. Alex. Mag. (Pe.) 5 Syr. 204.7 Pth. prwmyn (Frōmāyīn) RGDS Syr. (2) smyrqyr Vit. Alex. Mag. (Pth.) 4 Syr. Abbrev. 207.2 Pth. (Manich.) frwm’y (Frōmāy) Sogd. sm’rkndh Anc. Lett. II.20 (lit. “a Roman”) M1321 V 9 Chin. Samojian 颯秣建 [EMC. Sogd. (Nest.) frwmčyqt’ (pl.) sep/sap-mat-kɨanʰ; LMC. sap- ‘Romans’ ST ii 1.57 muat-kian`] DTXYJ I,21.9 Rome see Romans. Sardis (eponymous chief city of a province of the Achaemenid Persian Empire, formerly the Sagartia (northwestern province of kingdom of Lydia) the Achaemenid Persian Empire) Lydian Śfard- OP 210 Elam. adj. áš-šá-kar-tia OP 172 Elam. iš-par-da OP 210 Akk. adj. sa-ga-ar-ta-a-a OP 172 Akk. sa-ar-du OP 210 OIr. Asagarta DPe 15, ethn. OIr. Sparda DSm 7 Asagartiya- DB 2.79 Gr. αἱ Σάρδιες Hdt. I.7.2 Gr. Σαγαρτία, Σαγάρτιοι (ethn.) Hdt. VII.85.1 Satala (city and important Roman military base on the Upper Sakas (people and province or Euphrates, now Sadak in NE district = Scythia, a province of Turkey) the Achaemenid Persian Empire) Gr. Σάταλα RGDS (Gr.) 17 Elam. šá-ak-qa OP 209 Pe. s’t
A MULTILINGUAL GAZETTEER 25
Iraq) Syr. (1) swd Vit. Alex. Mag. Syr. Gr. Σελεύκεια CIS II 202.14 3974(Gr.).1/2 Syr. (2) swndyq’ (from the ethnic Syr. slyq Acta Mari 17 swndyqy’) Vit. Alex. Mag. Syr. Aram. (Palm.) slwky’ CIS II 204.7 3074(Palm.).4 Chin. (1) Liyi 栗⼷ [EMC. lit-jik] Sogd. slyq C2 68V14 (orthographic error for Suyi 粟⼷ Chin. (Se)Lijian 梨鞬 (for [EMC. suawk-jik]?) HHS 88 (Σε)λεύκειαν ?) [EMC. li-kɨan; Chin. (2) Suli 窣利 [EMC. swət- LMC. li-kian] (?) HHS 88 liʰ; LMC. sut-li`] DTXYJ I,18.5 Seleucia (2) Pieria (port-city of Khot. ethn. sūlī, pl. sūlya, adj. Antioch-on-the-Orontes, mod. al- sūlina KhT vii 76-78 Kābūsīya or Σελευκόβηλος, Chin. (2) Kangju 康居 [EMC. Seleucia ad Belum, mod. Seluqiye kʰaŋ; LMC. kʰaŋ] (region on the Orontes) Tashkent plus the Chu, Talas, and Gr. Σελεύκεια RGDS (Gr.) 15 middle Jaxartes basins JEH) SJ Pe. slwky’y (Selūkiyā) RGDS 123 (Pe.) 9 Sogdian (adj.), Sogdians Pth. sylwky’ (Selūkiyā) RGDS Pe. (Manich.) swγlyy DMT iii/1 (Pth.) 7 310 Sīgān see Makhelonia. Syr. swndyqy’ Vit. Alex. Mag. Syr. 204.5 Sind see India. Sura or Soura (city on the Sinzara (city, mod. Saizar on the Euphrates, mod. Suriya in Syria) Orontes?) Gr. Σοῦρα RGDS (Gr.) 13 Gr. Σίνζαρα RGDS (Gr.) 16 Pe. swl’y (Sūrā) RGDS (Pe.) 7 Pe. sncly (Sinzar) RGDS (Pe.) 9 Pth. swr’y (Sūrā) RGDS (Pth.) 5 Pth. syzry (Sīzar) RGDS (Pth.) 7 Susa (city in Elam) Sogdia(na) (nation/region; a Elam. šu-šá-an OP 188 province of the Achaemenid Akk. šu-šá-an OP 188 Persian Empire) OIr. Čūšāyā DSf 22 Elam. šu-ug-da OP 209 Gr. (1) Σοῦσα (n.pl.) Hdt. Akk. su-ug-du OP 209 III.70.3, SEG vii 1.3 (dat. pl. OIr. Suguda DB 1.16 Σούσοις) Sogd. ethn. swγδyk Anc. Lett. Gr. (2) Σουίσα RGDS (Gr.) 17 II.9, adj. sγwdy’n’k SHBM ii 1.37 Pe. swšy (Sūš) RGDS (Pe.) 11 Gr. (1) ethn. οἱ Σόγδοι Hdt. Pth. swšy (Sūš) RGDS (Pth.) 8 III.93.3 Syr. šwš Acta Mari 31, p. 72.1See Gr. (2) Σογδιανή Arr. Anab. also Susiana. III.28.10; ethn. οἱ Σογδιανοί Arr. Anab. III.8.3 Sūristān (= Assyria, esp. re the Gr. (3) Σωδικηνή RGDS (Gr.) 4 region around Seleucia and Pe. swgdy (Sugd) RGDS (Pe.) 3 Ctesiphon) Pth. swgd (Suγd) RGDS (Pth.) 2 Sogd. (Manich.) swrstn KG 354 Turk. ethn. SWXDW (suγdu or (Southern Mesopotamia round the soγdu ‘a Sogdian’) Pell. 23.1 royal cities Seleucia-Ctesiphon)
26 SAMUEL LIEU AND GUNNER MIKKELSEN
Chin. (1) (Budd.) Sulasatangna 蘇 Sogd. twp’yt (Manich.) KB19(4), 剌薩儻那 [EMC. sɔ-lat-sat-tʰaŋ’- (adj.) twp’ytcʾny KB19(1) na’; LMC. suə˘ -lat-sat-tʰaŋ´-na´] Chin. Xizang 西藏 [EMC. sɛj- (< Sogd. swrstn, cf. Skt. dzaŋʰ; LMC. siaj-tsɦaŋ`] (lit. Surasthâna) DTXYJ 11, P. 37.1 “western despository” or “western Chin. (2) Sulin 蘇鄰 [EMC. sɔ-lin; hide-away”) LMC. suə˘ -lin] Minshu 7 Tigris (river) Susiana see Huzistan. OIr. Tigrā- DB 1.85 Syr Darya (river in Central Asia) Gr. (1) Τίγρης (f.) Hdt. I.189.1 Gr. (1) Ἰαξάρτης Strabo XI.8.8 Gr. (2) Τίγρiς (m.) Strabo XVI.1.21 Gr. (2) Τανάϊς Arr. An. III.28.8 Pe. dglty Paik. 20§38 Sogd. tγʾlʾt DMT III/2 190 Syria (region/nation, Roman Chin. Tiaozhi 條枝 (?) [EMC. dɛw- province and mod. Republic of tɕia˘/tɕi; LMC. tɦiaw-tʂi] (?) (see also Syria) under Arabs) Syr. swry’ Doc. Addai 1.18 Gr. Συρία RGDS (Gr.) 11 Tuoba Wei see China. Pe. ’swly’y (Asūriyā) RGDS (Pe.) Tun-huang see Dunhuang. 6 Turan (vassal kingom of the Pth. ’swry’ (Asūriyā) RGDS Sasanian Empire, north of (Pth.) 5 Makuran, term later used of Central Asia) Tadmor (city in the Syrian Desert Gr. Τουρηνή RGDS (Gr.) 4 more popularly known as Pe. twr’n (Tūrān) RGDS (Pe.) 3 Palmyra) Pth. twgrn (Tuγrān) RGDS (Pth.) Aram. (Palm.) tdmwr CIS II 2 3944(Palm.).3 Turks, the (people) Gr. Πάλμυρα CIS II 3913(Gr.).1 Turk. Türk Bodun (lit. “Turkish Chin. Qielan 且蘭 [EMC. tsʰia’- people”) KT E6 lan; LMC. tsʰia´-lan] (?) WS Chin. Tujue 突厥 [EMC. dwət- 30.862 kuat; LMC. tɦut-kyat] SS 84 Copt. (< Syr.?) tadamor Manich. Gr. οἱ Τούρκοι Men. Prot. Hist. Hist. Text l. 21; ZPE 119 (1997), 10 195 Tzin(i)stan see China. Tashkent (lit. “stone city”, now capital of Uzbekistan) Urfa see Orhai. Gr. Τσατσηνή RGDS (Gr.) 5 Pe. c’cstn (Čāčestān) RGDS (Pe.) Urima (city in Syria, mod. Horum 3 Huyuk) Pth. š’šstn (Čāčestān) RGDS Gr. Οὔρινα RGDS (Gr.) 14 (Pth.) 2 Pe. ’wln’y (Urnā) RGDS (Pe.) 7 Pth. ’wrn’y (Urnā) RGDS (Pth.) 6 Taugast see under China.
Tibet (region/kingdom, now an autonomous region of China) Vologesias (Parthian city in Lower Turk. tüpüt KT E4 Mesopotamia) Syr. byt twpt’y’ (Bēt Tūptāye) Gr. (Palm.) Ὀλογασία, Déd.
A MULTILINGUAL GAZETTEER 27
13.6.[23]; Ὀλογαισία Inv. X 112.7 Aram. (Palm.) ’lgšy’ CIS II 3933.4 Chin. Yuluo 於羅 [EMC. ʔɨa˘ -la; LMC. ʔɨa˘ /ʔya˘ -la] (Vologesias, SNCL, Charax Spasinou, JEH; Hira, FH) HHS 88.
Ye (major trading city in China, later known as Anyang 安陽) Chin. Ye 鄴 [EMC. ŋɨap] SS 30 Sogd. ’nkp’ Anc. Lett. II.13
Zabdicene (Transtigritanian region) Gr. Ζαβδικηνή Petr. Patr. Hist. frag. 14 (FHG iv 180) Lat. Zabdicena Amm. XXV.187.9 Syr. byt zbdy Acta Mari 8 Zeugma (Sem. lit. “ford or crossing” - a city commanding the most important crossing on the Eurphrates in Syria) Gr. Ζεῦγμα RGDS (Gr.) 14, Strabo XVI.1.22 Pe. zwm’y (Zōmā) RGDS (Pe.) 8 Pth. zwm’ (Zōmā) RGDS (Pth.) 6 Chin. Feiqiao ⾶橋 [EMC. puj- giaw] (?) (lit. “flying bridge”, i.e. Zeugma, DFG) HHS 88 Zibak see Wakhān
28 A MULTILINGUAL GAZETTEER
SELECT INDICES BY LANGUAGE
1. Aramaic Fulin 拂懍 see Roman (and Byzantine) Empire ’lgšy’ see Vologesias Fulin 拂林 see Roman (and ’rrṭ see Armenia Byzantine) Empire ’nṭky’ see Antioch Fulousha 富樓沙 see Peshawar bbl see Babylon Guishuang 貴霜 see Badakhshān bḥtry see Bactria Guishui 媯⽔ see Oxus krk myšn (Karka Mayšān) see Haixi 海西 see Egypt Charax Spasinou Hanren 漢⼈ (ethn.) see Chinese mdy see Media Hedu 和櫝 see Hamadan mrgw see Margiane Jincheng ⾦城 (lit. “gold-city”) see ’spsnqrṭ (Ispasinqert) see Charax Jincheng Spasinou Jiuquan 酒泉 see Jiuquan prs see Persia Kangju 康居 see Sogdia(na) prtw see Parthia Lanshi cheng 藍市城 see Baghlan slwky’ see Seleucia (1) Lanshi cheng 藍⽒城 see Baghlan tdmwr see Tadmor Lijian 梨鞬 see Rekem and ywny’ see Greeks, Hellenes Seleucia (1) Lixuan 黎軒 see Rekem 2. Chinese Loulan 樓蘭 see Loulan Lumei 蘆眉 see Roman (and Alanliao 阿蘭聊 see Alans Byzantine) Empire Aman 阿蠻 see Hamadan Nasaluo 那薩羅 see Nazareth Andu 安都 see Antioch Qidan 契丹 see China Anxi 安息 see Parthia Qielan 且蘭 see Tadmor Comment [10]: Missing in main list Bahanna 拔汗那 see Ferghana Qiemo 且末 see Cherchan Bolasi 波剌斯 see Persia Qin 秦 see China Bosi 波斯 see Persia Samojian 颯秣建 see Samarkand Congling 葱嶺 see Pamirs Shanshan 鄯善 see Charkhlik Da Qin ⼤秦 see Roman (and Shendu 身毒 see India Byzantine) Empire Shenzhou 神州 see China Dashi ⼤食 see Arabs Shihu[ren] ⽯忽[⼈] (ethn.) see Da Tang ⼤唐 see China Jews Dawan ⼤宛 see Ferghana Shule 疏勒 see Kashgar Daxia ⼤夏 see Bactria and Daha Sibin 斯賓 see Ctesiphon Dayuan ⼤宛 see Ferghana Sulasatangna 蘇剌薩儻那 see Dongli 東離 see Kushan Assyria and Sūristān Dunhuang 燉煌 see Dunhuang Suli 窣利 see Sogdia(na) Fandou 番兜 see Hamadan Sulin 蘇鄰 see Assyria and Feihan 㤄捍 see Ferghana Sūristān Feiqiao ⾶橋 see Zeugma A MULTILINGUAL GAZETTEER 29
Suyi 粟⼷ (written as Liyi 栗⼷) see Ἀντιόχεια ἡ ἐν Μυγδονίᾳ see Sogdia(na) Nisibis Tianzhu 天竺 see India Ἀντιόχια see Antioch Tiaozhi 條枝 / 條支 see Arabs, Ἀπάμια see Apameia Mesopotamia and Tigris Ἀραβία see Arabia Tujue 突厥 see Turks Ἀραχωσία see Arachosia Tuoba Wei 拓跋魏 see China Ἄρβηλα see Arbela Wulishilian 烏梨師斂 see Ἄρειοι (ethn) see Aria Jerusalem Ἀρζανάνη see Arzanene Wuhuhe 烏滸河 see Oxus Ἀριανοί (ethn.) see Iran Wuhushui 烏滸⽔ see Oxus Ἀριανός (ethn.) see Iranian Wuyishanli 烏⼷⼭離 see Ἀριστία see Aristia Arachosia Ἀρμενία see Armenia Xidun 兮頓 see Balkh Ἀσία, see Asia Xiongnu 匈奴 see Huns Ἀσσυρία see Assyria Xizang 西藏 see Tibet Βαβυλών see Babylon Ye 鄴 see Ye Βαβυλωνία see Babylonia Yizhi 移支 see Barkol Βάκτρα see Bactria and Balkh Yuan 宛 see Greeks, Hellenes Βακτριανή see Bactria Yuluo 於羅 see Vologesias Βαρβαρισσός see Barbalissos Yumen (guan) ⽟門(關) see Jade Βατάνη see Batnan Gate Βάτναν see Batnan Zhendan 振旦 see China Βιθυνία see Bithynia Zhina 支那 see China Βίρθα Ἀσπωράκου see Birtha Zhongguo 中國 see China Asporakan Βυρασαγηνή see Balasagan 3. Greek Γερμανίκια see Germanikeia Γίνδαρος see Gindaros Ἀγβάτανα see Hamadan Γορδυηνή see Corduene Ἀδιαβηνή see Adiabene Γουργάν see Hyrcania Ἀδουρβαδηνή see Azerbaijan Δάαι (ethn.) see Daha Αἴγυπτος see Egypt Δαμασκός see Damascus Ἀκβάτανα see Hamadan Δόμαν see Doman(a) Ἀλανοί see Alans Δόμανα see Doman(a) Ἀλβανία see Albania Δοῦρα see Doura / Europos Ἀλεξάνδρεια see Alexandria (1) Δοῦρα Νικάνορος πόλις see Ἀλεξάνδρια see Alexandria (2) Doura / Europos Ἄμιδα see Amid Δραγγηνή see Drangiana Ἀμιδαν see Hamadan Δραγγιανή see Drangiana Ἄναθα see Ana(tha) Ἔδεσσα see Orhai Ἀναθώ see Ana(tha) Ἑκατόμπυλος see Hecatompylos Ἀναριανός, Ἀναριανοί see Non- Ἑκατονταπύλος see Iranians Hecatompylos Ἀνθεμουσιά see Anthemusia(s) Ἐκβάτανα see Hamadan Ἀνθεμουσιάς see Anthemusia(s) Ἕλλην, Ἕλληνες see Greeks, Ἀντιόχεια see Antioch Hellenes
30 SAMUEL LIEU AND GUNNER MIKKELSEN
Ἐλυμαΐς see Elam Μαργιανή Ἀντιόχεια see Εὐρωπός see Doura / Europos Margiane Εὐφράτης see Euphrates Μάρου see Margiane Εὐφρήτης see Euphrates Μαχελονία see Makhelonia Ζαβδικηνή see Zabdicene Μεσανηνή see Maishan Ζεῦγμα see Zeugma Μεσοποταμία see Mesopotamia Θροάνα see Dunhuang Μηδία see Media Ἰαξάρτης see Syr Darya Μῆδοι (Medoi) see Media Ἰβερία see Iberia Μησιχί(ισ?)η see Meshike Ἱεράπολις see Hierapolis Μίζουν ἔθνος see Oman Ἱεροσαλήμ see Jerusalem Μισιχή see Meshike Ἱεροσόλυμα see Jerusalem Μυγδονία see Mygdonia Ἱεροσολυμίτης (ethn.) see Ναζαρά see Nazareth Jerusalem Ναζαρέθ see Nazareth Ἰζαλάς see Izala Ναζαρέτ see Nazareth Ἰμάος see Pamirs Νεικόπολις (sic) see Nazareth Ἰνδία see India Νεῖλος see Nile, River Ἰσαύρια see Isauria Νίσιβις see Nisibis Ἰσαύροι (ethn.) see Isauria Ὀλογαισία see Vologesias Ἴωνες ethn.) see Greeks, Hellenes Ὀλογασία see Vologesias Ἰωνίη see Ionia. Ὄξυς see Oxus Ἰωνικός (ethn. adj.) see Greeks Οὐζηνή see Huzistan and Ionia Οὔννοι (ethn.) see Huns Καπ ὄρος see Caucasus * Οὐξία see Huzistan Καππαδοκία see Cappadocia Οὔξιοι (ethn.) see Huzistan Καππαδοκίη see Cappadocia Οὔρινα see Urima Κάρδουηνοι (ethn.) see Corduene Πάλμυρα see Tadmor Καρμανία see Carmania Παμφυλία see Pamphylia Κάρρας see Harran Πάμφυλοι (ethn.) see Pamphylia Κάς (?) see Kashgar πάντα τὰ ἀνατάτω ἔθνη see Κερμανζηνή see Carmania Abarshar Κιρκήσιον see Circesium Παραδηνή see Paradan Κορκουσίων see Circesium Παραπαμίσος ὄρος see Hindu Κουσηνῶν ἔθνος (ethn.) see Kush Kushan Παρθία see Parthia Κτησιφῶν see Ctesiphon Παρθυηνή see Parthia Κύρρος see Kyrrhos Πασαργάδαι (f.pl.) see Λαρμέναζα see Larmenaza Pasargadae Λιβύη see Libya Πασαργάδης see Pasargadae Μαδηνή see Media Πασκιβούρων (ethn. pl. gen.) see Μαικηνή (error for Μαισηνή ?) Peshawar see Maishan Περσεπόλις see Persepolis Μάκαι (ethnic) see Maka Πέρσης see Persia Μακαράν see Makran Περσίς see Persia Μαρακάνδοι (ethn.) see Πέτρα see Rekem Samarkand Πήρωσσαβουρ see Pērōz-Šābuhr
A MULTILINGUAL GAZETTEER 31
Πρέσσουρ ὅρος see Elbourz Τσατσηνή see Tashkent Mountains Ὑρκανία see Hyrcania πύλαι Ἀλανῶν see Alan Gates Ὑρκάνιοι (ethn.) see Hyrcania Ῥεφανέα see Rephanea Φοινείκη see Phoenicia Ῥήν (?) or Ῥή (?)see Aria Φονείκη see Phoenicia Ῥωμαῖοι (ethn.) see Romans, the Χαλκίς see Chalkis (and Byzantines) Χάμαθ see Hama Ῥωμαίων ἀρχή (ἡ) see Roman Χάναρ see Chanar (and Byzantine) Empire Χαρακηνή see Characene Ῥωμανία (late classical) see Χατάϊα see China Gr. Σηρική see Roman (and Byzantine) China Empire Χοράσμιοι (ethn.) see Chorasmia Σαγαρτία from Σαγάρτιοι (ethn.) Χουβδάν see Chang’an see Sagartia Σάκαι (ethn.) see Sakas 4. Hebrew Σαράγγαι (ethn.) see Drangiana Σάρδιες see Sardis Gr. Σελεύκεια dwmšk see Damascus see Seleucia (1) and dmšk see Damascus Σάταλα see Satala kūš see Ethiopia Σατταγύδαι (ethn.) see Sattagydia yerūshālām see Jerusalem Σατταγυδία see Sattagydia yerūshālayim see Jerusalem Σεγιστανή see Sakastan Σελεύκεια see Seleucia (1) and 5. Latin Seleucia (2) Pieria Σήρα μετροπόλιςs see Chang’an Amida see Amida Σίνζαρα see Sinzara Anthemusia see Anthemusia(s) Σκύθαι (ethn.) see Sakas Antiochia (2) see Nisibis Σκυθική see Sakas Arzanena see Arzanene Σογδιανή see Sogdia(na) Batnae see Batnan Σογδιανοί (ethn.) see Sogdia(na) Carrae see Harran Σόγδοι (ethn.) see Sogdia(na) Cercusium see Circesium Σουίσα see Susa Corduena see Corduene Σοῦρα see Sura Nesibis, see Nisibis Σουσιανοί see Huzistan Nisibis see Nisibis Σούσιοι see Huzistan Paropamisadae see Hindu Kush Σπασίνου Χάραξ see Charax Zabdicena see Zabdicene Spasinou Συρία see Syria 6. Middle Persian Σωδικηνή see Sogdia(na) Τανάϊς see Syr Darya ’bršhr (Abaršahr) see Abarshar Ταυγάστ see China ’hmt’n see Hamadan Τζίνιτζα see China ’l’n’n BBA (Alānān dar) see Alan Τίγρης see Tigris Gates Τίγρις see Tigris ’ld’n* (A(r)dān) see Albania Τουρηνή see Turan ’lhsndly’y (Alexsandariyā) see Τούρκοι see Turks Alexandria (2)
32 SAMUEL LIEU AND GUNNER MIKKELSEN
’lstwn (Aristōn) see Aristia hrwm (Hrōm) see Roman (and ’lmn’c (Armenāž) see Larmenaza Byzantine) Empire ’lmny (Armin) see Armenia hrwm ’dyn štry (Hrōmāyīn šahr) see ’lxsyndrgyrd (Alaxsindargird) see Roman (and Byzantine) Alexandria (1) Empire ’rb’yst’n (Arbyestān) see Arabia hrwm’dyn (Hrōmāyīn) (ethn.) see ’rw’yst’n (Arwāyistān) see Arabia Romans, the (and Byzantines) ’swly’y (Asūriyā) see Syria hm’ty (Hamāt) see Hama ’syd’y (Āsāyā) see Asia hndstn (Hindestān) see India ’ndywk (Andiyōk) see Antioch hryw (Harēw) see Aria ’nty (Ānāt) see Ana(tha) hw’lcm see Chorasan ’nyl’n (Anērān) see Non-Iranians hwcstn (Χūzestān) see Huzistan ’prštry (Abaršahr) see Abarshar k’š (Kāš) see Kashgar ’pwmy’y (Apōmiyā) see Apameia klm’n (Kīrmān) see Carmania ’swly’y (Isawriyā) see Isauria knšr’y (Kinašrā) see Chalkis ’swrstn (Asūrestān) see Assyria kpwtky’y (Kap(p)ōdakiyā) see ’twrp’tkn (Ādurbāyagān) see Cappadocia Azerbaijan klkysy’y (Kirkisyā) see Circesium ’twrp’tk’n (Ādurbāyagān) see kpy *kwpy (Kaf kōf) see Caucasus Azerbaijan kwš’nštry (Kušānšahr) see Kushan ’wlh’y (Urhā) see Orhai kylwsy* (Kir(r)os) see Kyrrhos ’wln’y (Urnā) see Urima m’dy (Māh) see Media ’wlyšlym (Urišilīm) see Jerusalem mdy’nlwt’n (Mayānrōdān) see ’yl’n (Ērān) see Iran Mesopotamia bl’sk’n (Balāsagān) see Balasagan mlwy (Marw) see Margiane btn’n (Batnān) RGDS see Batnan mkwl’n (Ma(u)rān) see Makran btwny’y (Bitūniyā) see Bithynia mnbwk (Manbūg) Hierapolis byb’lšy (Bēbāliš) see Barbalissos mšyk (Mišik) see Meshike byrty ’rwp’n (Bīrt Arūbān) see myš’n (Mēšān) see Maishan Birtha Aruban mzwnštry* (Mazūnšahr) see Oman byrty ’spwlk’n (Bīrt Aspōragān) see nykplwsy* (Nīkopolos) see Birtha Asporakan Nazareth c’cstn (Čāčestān) see Tashkent Pth. p’ld’n (Pār(a)dān) see Paradan dglty see Tigris p’lsy (Pārs) see Persia dwl’y (Dūrā) see Doura / Europos plswby (Pahlaw) see Parthia dwm’n (Domān) see Doman(a) plšhw’ly kwpy (Parišxwār kōf) see glmnwsy (Garmanos) see Elbourz Mountains Germanikeia pmply’y (Pamf iliyā) see gndlwsy (Gindaros) see Gindaros Pamphylia h’nly (Xānar) see Chanar prywzšhpwhry (Pērōz-Šābuhr) see gwlk’n (Gurgān) see Hyrcania Pērōz-Šābuhr h’rn (Harrān) see Harran pškpwly (Paškabūr) see Peshawar hlpy (Halab) see Aleppo pwnky’y (Fōnikiyā) see Phoenicia hlwmy (Hrōm), see Roman (and rpnywsy (?) (Refaniyos) see Byzantine) Empire Rephanea s’t
A MULTILINGUAL GAZETTEER 33 skstn (Sagestān) see Sakastan byb’lšy (Bēbāliš) see Barbalissos slwky’y (Selūkiyā) see Seleucia (2) byrt ’rwp’n (Bīrt Arūbān) see Pieria Birtha Aruban sncly (Sinzar) see Sinzara byrt ’spwrk’n (Bīrt Aspōragān) see ststwn-y (Sadestūn) see Persepolis Birtha Asporakan swgdy (Sugd) see Sogdia(na) dw
34 SAMUEL LIEU AND GUNNER MIKKELSEN prgwzšhypwhr (Pērōz-Šābuhr) see drw’’n, drw’n (ÿǝrwān) see Pērōz-Šābuhr Dunhuang prtw (Parθaw) see Parthia frwmcyq (Frūmčīk) (adj.) see prwm (Frōm) see Roman (and Roman (and Byzantine) Byzantine) Empire Empire prwmyn (Frōmāyīn) (ethn.) see frwmčyqt’ (pl.) ‘Romans’ see Romans, the (and Byzantines) Romans, the (and Byzantines) prwmyn hštr (Frōmāyīn šahr) see frwmcyqty z’y see Roman (and Roman (and Byzantine) Byzantine) Empire Empire frwmyq (Frūmīk) (adj.) see Roman pryšhwr ΘWRA (Parišxwār kōf) (and Byzantine) Empire see Elbourz Mountains γwmt’n see Chang’an pškbwr (Paškabūr) see Peshawar hryw (Harēw) see Aria pwškwr (Puškawur) see Peshawar kmzyn see Jincheng rpnyws (?) (Refaniyos) see kr’wr’n see Loulan Rephanea mcryn see Egypt s’t
A MULTILINGUAL GAZETTEER 35 wršlm see Jerusalem yy’, ṭyyt’ see Arabs wrhy see Orhai ywny’ see Greeks, Hellenes rby’ see Arabs zbdy - byt zbdy see Zabdicene bbyl, ’tr’ dbbyl see Babylonia blḥ see Balkh 10. Old Turkish bṭnn see Batnan byt ‘rby’ see Mygdonia Mχa Cīnadiš see China byt nhryn see Mesopotamia SWXDW (ethn.) see Sogdian byt prsy’ see Persia Taβγač or Tawgač see China byt twpt’y’ see Tibet Taito see China byt zbdy see Zabdicene Tüpüt see Tibet cynst’n see China Türk Bodun see Turks drmswq see Damascus ḥdyb see Adiabene ḥrn see Harran kwmd’n see Chang’an mrgyws see Margiane mrw see Margiane mṣryn see Egypt mṣyry’ (ethn.) see Egypt myšn see Maishan nčrt see Nazareth nzybyn see Nisibis pmpwly’ see Pamphylia qrdw see Corduene prsy’ - byt prsy’ see Persia qtyspwn see Ctesiphon hwmy’ (ethn.) see Roman (and Byzantine) Empire hwmy’ (ethn.) see Romans, the (and Byzantines) lyq see Seleucia (1) mrqnd see Samarkand myrqyr see Samarkand qwty’ see Sakas rg see Luoyang ryqy’ see Chinese (ethn.) twpt’y’ - byt twpt’y’ see Tibet wd see Sogdia(na) wndyq’ see Sogdia(na) wndyqy’ see Sogdian, Sogdians wry’ see Syria yny’ see Chinese (ethn.) yn see China Aram. yny’ - byt ṣyny’ see China wš see Susa