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Cutugno Carmela Tesi.Pdf Intercultural Performance and Dialogue From Richard Schechner Performance Studies Onwards Carmela Cutugno A Mamma e Papà Indice 0.0 Ground floor: Introduzione metodologica p. 5 0.1 Dichiarazione d’intenti: per una meta-metodologia 5 0.2 Embody the subject, walk on the field! 7 1.1 Performance Studies: impalcature generali 12 1.2 TDR: un copione gestativo per Performance Studies 17 1.3 Performance Studies: brevi cenni biografici 22 1.4 Tutta un’altra storia: Performance Studies alla NYU Vs Performance Studies alla NWU 38 1.5 Teatro ⊂ Performance Teatro Performance 42 2.1 PS: Segni Particolari. Performance come Oggetto, Performance come Lente 55 2.2 Performance come oggetto di studio 56 2.3 Archivio Vs Repertorio 66 2.4 Remains Vs Disappearing 71 2.5 Reenactment: da Marina Abramovic all’Intangible Cultural Heritage dell’UNESCO 74 2.6 Clifford Owens: from the Ontology of Performance to an Anthology of Performance 91 2.7 Non toccare l’intoccabile: una Convenzione UNESCO per salvaguardare il Patrimonio Culturale Immateriale 95 3.1 Performance Studies: “in pratica”? Praticanti della teoria, teorici di fatto 105 3.2 Intervallo immaginativo: Re-imagining “Imagining O” 110 3.3 Altri artisti della performance. Curating Performance 190 4.1 No Conclusion: “in between” works in progress 198 4.2 Lo stato liminale dei PS: gli “in betweenness” disciplinanti 199 4.3 Studi impegnati, performances schierate 201 Allegati I. Interviste Ia. Richard Schechner’s Performance Studies 210 Ib. “Rebecca Schneider’s Performance Studies Remains” 229 Ic. A “specific perspective” from a “Performance Studies International” voice. An Interview with Maaike Bleeker 241 Id. In conversation with Diana Taylor 258 Ie. An Interview with André Lepecki 274 If. Marvin Carlson Interview 285 II. Richard Schechner CV 306 Bibliografia 322 Sitografia 327 0.0 Ground floor: Introduzione metodologica 0.1 Dichiarazione d’intenti: per una meta-metodologia My goal is nothing less than making performance studies a method of analysis, a way to understand the world as it is becoming, and a necessary tool for living1 Con questa asserzione, la cui perentorietà non poi così tanto latente palesa una radicata progettualità d’intenti, nonché una via via collaudatasi sperimentazione d’indagine analitica, Richard Schechner chiosava e chiudeva, nel luglio del 2001, la prefazione ad uno dei suoi ultimi scritti: “Performance Studies. An Introduction”. A tale altezza cronologica erano trascorse circa tre decadi da quando, all’indomani dei sessantotteschi fervori rivoluzionari universitari (e non solo), in una non casuale simultaneità con l’istituzione bolognese del primo corso di laurea in DAMS, ma a più di sei ore di fuso orario di distanza dal capoluogo emiliano, cominciava a prender forma negli Stati Uniti (per poi diffondersi in molte altre aree del mondo anglosassone) un nuovo campo d’indagine accademica perimetrato, nonostante la costante ridefinizione dei suoi confini, sotto la denominazione di Performance Studies. Questa tesi di dottorato ha origine dall’intento di analizzare la nascita e l’attuale dimensione costitutivo-identitaria di un ambito di ricerca accademica che, per voce dei suoi più noti esponenti e studiosi, non ama etichette definitorie di nessuna sorta e natura. Le domande principali che sin dall’inizio hanno contraddistinto questa mia ricerca ruotano dunque attorno a degli interrogativi apparentemente elementari, eppure di fondamentale importanza per giungere a dirimere il nucleo 1 R. Schechner, Performance Studies. An Introduction, second edition, New York, Routledge, 2006, p. X. [Il mio obiettivo non é niente di meno che rendere i Performance Studies un metodo di analisi, un modo per comprendere il mondo come sta diventando, e un necessario strumento per vivere], trad. mia. 5 teorico che questo lavoro si propone di affrontare: cosa sono i Performance Studies? Di cosa si occupano? Qual è il loro oggetto di studio specifico? Si tratta davvero di una disciplina innovativa in grado di apportare uno sguardo nuovo ed euristico sugli oggetti di analisi presi di volta in volta in esame? Quali sono le specificità metodologiche che connotano l’approccio analitico dei Performance Studies? Il tentativo di rispondere a questa prima serie di domande ha condotto ad inoltrarsi a fondo nelle questioni prese in esame e, di conseguenza, ad aprirne via via delle altre sempre più specifiche e preziose al fine di comprendere a fondo l’entità dei nuclei teorici qui di seguito affrontati. Se, come vedremo più dettagliatamente nelle prossime pagine, i Performance Studies concepiscono la performance sia come oggetto d’analisi sia come lente metodologica attraverso cui condurre la propria indagine, e se, come più volte specificato da Richard Schechner, praticamente tutto può essere “elevato a performance” e quindi indagato secondo le categorie analitiche di questa disciplina, ecco allora che, con uno slittamento transitivo, questa ricerca dottorale ha scelto come proprio oggetto di studio i Performance Studies stessi, osservandoli “as performance” e scegliendo dunque di avvalersi degli strumenti metodologici suggeriti dal suo stesso oggetto d’analisi2. I Performance Studies vengono dunque elevati in questa dissertazione sia ad oggetto di studio sia a lente metodologica. Conseguenza inevitabile di questa scelta procedurale è l’imporsi, sin dalle prime battute, della natura meta-metodologica di questo lavoro, dovuta proprio all’assunzione di alcuni dei tratti più distintivi delle procedure metodologiche dei Performance Studies stessi. 2 ivi, p. 42. Riporto a tal proposito una considerazione fatta da Richard Schechner e da me qui impiegata come spunto di riflessione: «Everything and anything can be studied “as” any discipline of study –physics, economics, law, etc. What the “as” says is that the object of study will be regarded “from the perspective of”, “in terms of”, “interrogated by” a particular discipline of study». 6 0.2 Embody the subject, walk on the field! Uno dei quattro tratti distintivi che, come vedremo in alcune delle pagine che seguono, secondo Schechner rendono “speciali” i Performance Studies, consiste nel loro basarsi su un lavoro di ricerca sul campo inteso come “ osservazione partecipante”.3 […] what role does the fieldworker play? He is not a performer and not not a performer, not a spectator and not not a spectator. He is between two roles just as he is in between two cultures. In the field he represents – whether he wants to or not – his culture of origin; and back home he represents the culture he has studied. The fieldworker is always in a “not… not not” situation. And like a performer going through workshops-rehearsals the fieldworker goes through the three-phase performance process isomorphic with the ritual process: 1. The stripping away of his ethnocentrism. […] 2. The revelation […] of what is “new” in the culture he temporarily inhabits. […] 3. The difficult task of using his field notes (or raw footage and sound tapes) to make an acceptable “product” – monograph, film, lectures, whatever: the way he edits and translates what he found into items understood by the world he returns to. In brief he must make an acceptable performance out of all workshop-rehearsal material […] some effort to make writing speak in the voice of the “away culture”. […] Fieldworkers now not only watch but learn, participate, and initiate actions. Directors have been, and fieldworkers are becoming, specialists in restored 4 behavior. 3 ivi, p. 2. 4 R. Schechner, Between Theatre and Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, 1985, pag. I08-109. [che ruolo svolge il ricercatore sul campo? Non è un performer e non è un non 7 Come frutto del tentativo di adottare, tra gli altri, anche e soprattutto quest’aspetto dei caratteri metodologici distintivi dei Performance Studies, questa tesi di dottorato scaturisce da un lungo periodo di ricerca sul campo, incentrato proprio sulla tecnica dell’osservazione partecipante. Più concretamente, quasi l’intero lavoro di ricerca è stato condotto durante un anno di fieldwork svolto come Visiting Scholar negli Stati Uniti, presso il dipartimento di Performance Studies della Tisch School of the Arts della New York University e il dipartimento di Theatre and Performance Studies della Brown University. L’occasione offertami da queste due prestigiose istituzioni accademiche americane mi ha concesso di esperire in prima persona quale sia realmente l’attuale identità dei Performance Studies in territorio statunitense. Ho seguito corsi offerti dal dipartimento di Performance Studies della New York University, partecipato alla realizzazione di progetti dipartimentali, dialogato continuamente e proficuamente con docenti come Richard Schechner, Diana Taylor, Rebecca Schneider e Andrè Lepecki, consultato tutto il materiale messo a disposizione dalla New York University Library e dalla New York Public Library for the Performing Arts. Un altro arricchimento assai prezioso é provenuto inoltre dalla consultazione dei Richard Schechner Papers conservati presso la Rare performer, non è uno spettatore e non è un non spettatore. Si trova tra due ruoli proprio come si trova tra due culture. Sul campo egli rappresenta -che lo voglia o meno- la sua cultura d’origine; e di ritorno a casa egli rappresenta la cultura che ha studiato. Il ricercatore sul campo si trova sempre in una situazione di “non… non non”. E come un performer che si muove tra workshops e prove il ricercatore sul campo attraversa le tre fasi del processo performativo isomorfe a quelle del processo rituale: 1. Lo spogliarsi del suo etnocentrismo. […] 2. La rivelazione […] di ciò che è “nuovo” nella cultura nella quale egli vive temporaneamente. […] 3. Il difficile compito di usare le note raccolte sul campo, i filmati e le registrazioni audio) per realizzare un “prodotto” accettabile -una monografia, un film, delle lezioni, o qualunque altra cosa: il modo in cui egli monta e traduce ciò che ha scoperto in oggetti comprensibili per il mondo nel quale ritorna. In breve deve tirar fuori una performance accettabile da tutto il materiale del workshop e delle prove, un tentativo di far parlare la scrittura con la voce “dell’altra cultura”.
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