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Employing Deuteronomy: an Analysis of the Quotations and Allusions to Deuteronomy in the Dead Sea Scrolls

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Employing Deuteronomy: an Analysis of the Quotations and Allusions to Deuteronomy in the Dead Sea Scrolls EMPLOYING DEUTERONOMY: AN ANALYSIS OF THE QUOTATIONS AND ALLUSIONS TO DEUTERONOMY IN THE DEAD SEA SCROLLS by Joshua Mark Matson A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES Master of Arts in Biblical Studies We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ Dr. Martin G. Abegg, Jr., Ph.D.; Thesis Supervisor ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ Dr. Andrew Perrin, Ph.D.; Second Reader TRINITY WESTERN UNIVERSITY Date (June 2015) Ⓒ Joshua M. Matson ABBREVIATIONS AND SIGLA ABD Anchor Bible Dictionary BA Biblical Archaeologist BASOR Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research BHT Beiträge zur historischen Theologie Bib Biblica BibInt Biblical Interpretation Series BJRL Bulletin of the John Rylands University Library of Manchester BZAW Beihefte zur Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft CD Damascus Document DJD Discoveries in the Judaean Desert DJDJ Discoveries in the Judaean Desert of Jordan DSD Dead Sea Discoveries G Greek Edition of the Hebrew Bible HALOT The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament. Ludwig Koehler, Walter Baumgartner, and Johann J. Stamm. Translated and edited under the supervision of Mervyn E.J. Richardson. 4 vols. Leiden: Brill, 1994–1999. HDSS Hebrew of the Dead Sea Scrolls. Elisha Qimron. HSS 29. Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1986. HSM Harvard Semitic Monographs HSS Harvard Semitic Studies HUCA Hebrew Union College Annual IBHS An Introduction to Biblical Hebrew Syntax. Bruce K. Waltke and Michael O’Connor. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns, 1990. JBL Journal of Biblical Literature JJS Journal of Jewish Studies JR Journal of Religion JSNTSup Journal for the Study of the New Testament Supplement Series JSOTSup Journal for the Study of the Old Testament Supplement Series i JSPSup Journal for the Study of the Pseudepigrapha Supplement Series JSS Journal of Semitic Studies Joüon Joüon, Paul. A Grammar of Biblical Hebrew. Translated and revised by T. Muraoka. 2 vols. Rome: Pontifical Biblical Institute, 1991. LJPSTT Literature of the Jewish People in the Period of the Second Temple and the Talmud LNTS The Library of New Testament Studies M Masoretic Text of the Hebrew Bible NTS New Testament Studies OED Oxford English Dictionary om Omitted from Manuscript or Text par. Parallel RevQ Revue de Qumran SJT Scottish Journal of Theology Smr Samaritan Pentateuch STDJ Studies on the Texts of the Desert of Judah SNTSMS Society for New Testament Studies Monograph Series TSAJ Texte und Studien zum antiken Judentum VT Vestus Testamentum WUNT Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament ZAW Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft ii ABSTRACT Employing Deuteronomy: An Analysis of the Quotations and Allusions to Deuteronomy In the Dead Sea Scrolls The study of quotations and allusions to the Hebrew Bible in religious texts, including the Greek New Testament, Rabbinic Literature, and the Dead Sea Scrolls, has only recently began to be methodically approached and analyzed. Although previous studies on quotations and allusions to the Hebrew Bible in the Dead Sea Scrolls are amply available, no such study has sought to approach the subject from a perspective of universality. Instead such studies have focused on a single manuscript or manuscript family, arriving at conclusions that are only applicable to the studied manuscripts. This study seeks to identify and analyze universal conclusions that have been obtained by a study of the quotations and allusions to Deuteronomy in all of the non-biblical Dead Sea Scrolls manuscripts. This is accomplished through an in-depth study of the history of studies on quotations and allusions in the various religious texts mentioned above, a detailed explanation of the methodology utilized in this study, and an analysis of fifteen universal conclusions that are exhibited by the authors/scribes of the Dead Sea Scrolls when quoting or alluding to the Deuteronomy text of the Hebrew Bible. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Abbreviation and Sigla i Abstract iii Chapter 1: Introduction 1 1.0. Introduction: A Statement of the Problem 1 1.1. The Goals and Scope of the Thesis 4 Chapter 2: History of Defining, Identifying, and Hypothesizing about Quotations and Allusions to the Hebrew Bible 7 2.0. History of the Study of Quotations and Allusions to the Hebrew Bible 7 2.1. Defining Quotations and Allusions to the Hebrew Bible 10 2.1.1. Defining Quotations and Allusions within the Hebrew Bible 12 2.1.2. Defining Quotations and Allusions within the Greek New Testament 12 2.1.3. Defining Quotations and Allusions within the texts of the Judaean Desert 13 2.2. Identifying Quotations and Allusions to the Hebrew Bible 17 2.2.1. Quotations and Allusions within the Hebrew Bible 17 2.2.2. Quotations and Allusions within the Greek New Testament 18 2.2.3. Quotations and Allusions within the texts of the Judaean Desert 23 2.3. Hypothesizing about Quotations and Allusions to the Hebrew Bible 31 2.4. Conclusion: Where do we go from here in the Study of Quotations and Allusions? 34 Chapter 3: Defining and Identifying Deuteronomy Quotations and Allusions in Qumran Literature 35 3.0. Foundations to Quotations and Allusions to the Hebrew Bible 35 3.1. The Hebrew Bible in the Judaean Desert 36 3.1.1. The Book of Deuteronomy in the Judaean Desert 42 3.2. Definition of Terms in discussing the use of Deuteronomy in the Judaean Desert Manuscripts 46 3.2.1. Quotation 46 3.2.1.1 Explicit Quotation 48 3.2.1.2. Implicit Quotation 50 3.2.2. Allusion 51 3.2.3. Common Vernacular 53 3.2.3.1. Biblical Language 54 iv 3.3. Method of Study on Anterior Quotations in Judaean Desert Manuscripts 55 3.3.1. Identifying Deuteronomy Quotations in the Judaean Desert Manuscripts 55 3.3.2. Evaluating Deuteronomy Quotations in the Judaean Desert Manuscripts 57 3.3.2.1. Rare Words/Phrases vs. Common Words/Phrases 57 3.3.2.2. Contextual Influences 58 3.3.2.3. Evidence of Extensive Paraphrase in Rewritten Bible Texts 59 3.3.3. Assessing the Value of Deuteronomy Quotations from the Judaean Desert Manuscripts 60 3.4. Goal of Studying Deuteronomy Quotations in the Judaean Desert Manuscripts 62 Chapter 4: Scribal Practices and Approaches Reflected in Deuteronomy Quotations and Allusions in Qumran Literature 63 4.0. What Can Quotations and Allusions Tell Us? 63 4.1. Textual and Linguistic Changes that Appear in Deuteronomy Quotations and Allusions 64 4.2. Limited Alterations to the Anterior Text 66 4.3. Grammatical and Linguistic Shifts from the Anterior Text 67 4.3.1. Shift in Gender 68 4.3.1.1. 4Q436 1a–b I, 3—Deuteronomy 32:7 68 4.3.2. Shift in Infinitive 70 4.3.2.1. CD VI, 18—Deuteronomy 5:12 71 4.3.3. Shift in Noun Number 72 4.3.3.1. 4Q175 I, 19—Deuteronomy 33:11 73 4.3.3.2. 4Q266 11, 4—Deuteronomy 30:4 74 4.3.3.3. 4Q398 11–13, 3—Deuteronomy 30:1 75 4.3.4. Shift in Preposition 75 4.3.4.1. 1QHa IV, 25—Deuteronomy 32:22 76 4.3.4.2. 1QHa XIII, 29—Deuteronomy 32:24 77 4.3.4.3. 1QM X, 2—Deuteronomy 20:2 78 4.3.4.4. 4Q266 11, 4—Deuteronomy 30:4 79 4.3.4.5. 4Q375 1 I, 8—Deuteronomy 12:14 80 4.3.4.6. 4Q413 1–2, 4—Deuteronomy 32:7 80 4.3.4.7. 4Q491 1–3, 10—Deuteronomy 1:15 81 4.3.4.8. 4Q504 1–2recto III, 8—Deuteronomy 28:48 81 4.3.4.9. 11Q14 1 II, 7–8—Deuteronomy 28:12 82 v 4.3.5. Shift in Vocabulary 83 4.3.5.1. CD V, 17—Deuteronomy 32:28 84 4.3.5.2. 1QM X, 2—Deuteronomy 20:2 85 4.3.5.3. 1QM X, 9—Deuteronomy 7:6 86 4.3.5.4. 1QM XIV, 8—Deuteronomy 7:9 86 4.3.5.5. 4Q159 2–4, 6–7—Deuteronomy 22:5 87 4.3.5.6. 4Q251 17, 2—Deuteronomy 23:1 (22:30) 88 4.3.5.7. 4Q271 4 II, 7–8—Deuteronomy 23:24 (23) 88 4.3.5.8. 4Q381 76–77, 14—Deuteronomy 10:17 89 4.3.5.9. 4Q393 3, 3—Deuteronomy 9:26 89 4.3.5.10. 4Q504 6, 8—Deuteronomy 32:11 90 4.3.6. Shift in Verb 91 4.3.6.1. CD IV, 7—Deuteronomy 25:1 92 4.3.6.2. 1QS II, 12–14—Deuteronomy 29:18 93 4.3.6.3. 1Q22 1 I, 10—Deuteronomy 28:15 95 4.3.6.4. 1Q22 1 II, 9—Deuteronomy 4:15 96 4.3.6.5. 4Q175 I, 3—Deuteronomy 5:29 96 4.3.6.6. 4Q248 1, 3–4—Deuteronomy 28:53 97 4.3.6.7. 4Q292 2, 3—Deuteronomy 1:11 98 4.3.6.8. 4Q375 1 I, 3—Deuteronomy 13:18 (17) 99 4.3.6.9. 4Q394 8 IV, 10–11—Deuteronomy 12:5 100 4.3.6.10. 4Q396 1–2 IV, 7—Deuteronomy 22:9 100 4.3.6.11. 4Q418 103 II, 7–8—Deuteronomy 22:10 101 4.3.6.12. 4Q434 1 I, 4—Deuteronomy 10:16 102 4.3.6.13. 4Q504 1–2 IIIrecto, 6–7 para. 4Q504 6, 15—Deuteronomy 8:5 103 4.3.7. Shift in Person 103 4.3.7.1. CD III, 7—Deuteronomy 9:23 104 4.3.7.2. CD III, 8—Deuteronomy 1:27 104 4.3.7.3. CD V, 21—Deuteronomy 13:6 (5) 105 4.3.7.4.
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