Human Dignity, Human Rights, and Responsibility The New Language of Global Bioethics and Biolaw

Yechiel Michael Barilan

The MIT Press Cambridge, Massachusetts London, England Contents

Series Foreword xi Acknowledgments xiii

1 Introduction 1 An Overview of the Book in Three Paragraphs 1 Human Dignity: The Challenges 2 On the Terminology Used in This Book 4 Cultural Orientation 17 On the Methodology 18 Human Dignity and Rights Today: The Agenda 20

2 Hermeneutics and the History of Human Dignity 23 An Overview of the History of Human Rights 23 Hermeneutics of the Biblical Sources 28 Judaism 41 Stoicism 46 Christianity 47 Torture: Turning One against Oneself 53 Lactantius 57 Slavery and Human Dignity 59 Ezra, Lactantius, and Marx 64 From Lactantius to Liberation Theology 66 Freedom in the History of Human Dignity 69 Physical, Psychological, and Cultural Diversity 71 Freedom and Chosen Slavery 71 Augustine's Descendance Principle 74 God's Friend 79 The Brief Authority of Man's Glassy Essence 80 viii Contents

Immanuel Kant 81 Enlightenment and Modernity 83 Human Dignity as a Phenomenology of Humanness and Solidarity 84 Suffering and Human Dignity 88 The History of Human Dignity: A Synthetic Summary 89 Challenges to the Future of Human Dignity 91

3 Reconstructing Human Dignity as a Moral Value 93 Introduction 93 Blessed Coincidences 98 Culture, Codes of Honor, and Human Dignity 100 Reverse Engineering of Human Dignity 104 Ten Uses of Human Dignity 117 Embeddedness in Reality and the "Moral Point of View" 122 Freedom and Human Dignity: Five Meanings 127 Vulnerability 140 Enforcement 144

4 Human Rights or Natural Moral Rights 149 An Outline of a Definition 149 Penology and Rights 162 Metaethics and Rights 165 Claim Rights Take Shape in Deliberative Democracies 170 Human Rights as Recipient-Centered Norms for Agents 174 Contracts and Promises 175 The Will and the Interests 177 Hybridization of Interests and Will in Human Rights 180 Transcendental Choices 183 The Implicit Maxims of Self-Alienation 189 The Right to Property 196 The Right to Privacy 203

5 Moral Status 207 Introduction 207 Shifting Harm or Diversion Dilemmas 209 The Conditions for Inviolability and Human Rights 219 Speciesism and the Argument from Marginal Cases 238 On the Moral Status of Unborn Humans 240 Dominion, Sexuality, Intimacy, and Care 254 Contents ix

6 Responsibility beyond Human Rights 261 Responsibility and Dignity 262 Human Dignity within Responsibilities of Intimacy 269 Responsibility for the Ethos of Human Dignity and the Conditions of Rights 278

7 A Synthetic Summary 295 Summary of the Key Philosophical Arguments 295 Existence, Identity, and Moral Status 300 Epilogue 302

References 303 Index 335