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A Critical Study on Chemistry and Distribution of Phenolic Compounds in Plants, and Their Role in Human Health
IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT) e-ISSN: 2319-2402,p- ISSN: 2319-2399. Volume. 1 Issue. 3, PP 57-60 www.iosrjournals.org A Critical Study on Chemistry and Distribution of Phenolic Compounds in Plants, and Their Role in Human Health Nisreen Husain1, Sunita Gupta2 1 (Department of Zoology, Govt. Dr. W.W. Patankar Girls’ PG. College, Durg (C.G.) 491001,India) email - [email protected] 2 (Department of Chemistry, Govt. Dr. W.W. Patankar Girls’ PG. College, Durg (C.G.) 491001,India) email - [email protected] Abstract: Phytochemicals are the secondary metabolites synthesized in different parts of the plants. They have the remarkable ability to influence various body processes and functions. So they are taken in the form of food supplements, tonics, dietary plants and medicines. Such natural products of the plants attribute to their therapeutic and medicinal values. Phenolic compounds are the most important group of bioactive constituents of the medicinal plants and human diet. Some of the important ones are simple phenols, phenolic acids, flavonoids and phenyl-propanoids. They act as antioxidants and free radical scavengers, and hence function to decrease oxidative stress and their harmful effects. Thus, phenols help in prevention and control of many dreadful diseases and early ageing. Phenols are also responsible for anti-inflammatory, anti-biotic and anti- septic properties. The unique molecular structure of these phytochemicals, with specific position of hydroxyl groups, owes to their powerful bioactivities. The present work reviews the critical study on the chemistry, distribution and role of some phenolic compounds in promoting health-benefits. -
Solubility and Antioxidant Potential of a Pyrogallol Derivative for Biodiesel Additive
Article Solubility and Antioxidant Potential of a Pyrogallol Derivative for Biodiesel Additive Hery Sutanto 1,2, Bambang Heru Susanto 1 and Mohammad Nasikin 1,* 1 Department of Chemical Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Universitas Indonesia, Kampus Baru UI, Depok, Jawa Barat 16424, Indonesia 2 Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Life Sciences and Technology, Swiss German University, The Prominence Tower, Jalan Jalur Sutera Barat, Alam Sutera Tangerang Banten 15143, Indonesia * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +62-21-786-3516 Received: 23 May 2019; Accepted: 29 June 2019; Published: 2 July 2019 Abstract: Biodiesel is a renewable plant-based fuel as an alternative for fossil diesel fuel which has many advantages. However, its high content of unsaturated fatty acid causes an oxidation instability during storage. Numerous additives have been used and developed to overcome this problem such as the application of phenolic compound-based antioxidants. Pyrogallol is reported to be one of the best phenolic antioxidants for biodiesel. Unfortunately, pyrogallol has a low solubility in oil solution. In this research, pyrogallol solubility is increased by preparing a pyrogallol derivative through a reaction between pyrogallol and methyl linoleate in the presence of radical 2,2- diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). The spectrophotometric method was used for solubility test. Antioxidant potential was examined using acid value determination during a four-week storage period as well as the Rancimat test to see its performance under accelerated oxidation conditions. The reaction produced a molecule which has a molecular weight of 418 g/mol, representing pyrogallol derivative which has a new C–O covalent bond with methyl linoleate. -
United States Patent Office
- 2,979,406 United States Patent Office Patented Apr. 11, 1961 1. 2 Any of the usual alkali metal polyphosphates may be employed such as sodium hexametaphosphate, potassium 2,979,406 hexametaphosphate and the like. Best results, however, SINGLE POWDER PHOTOGRAPHICDEVELOPERS are achieved by use of the sodium hexametaphosphate 5 and the use of this compound is, accordingly, preferred. John B. Taylor and Jerry S. Krizka, Binghamton, N.Y., The photographic developing agent may be any of assignors to General Aniline & Film Corporation, New those previously mentioned and it may be used alone York, N.Y., a corporation of Delaware - or in admixture with other developing agents. Typi No Drawing. Filed Apr. 11, 1956, Ser. No. 577,452 cally, we may use a mixture of N-methyl-p-aminophenol O and hydroquinone, metol and 1-phenyl-3-pyrazolidone 8 Claims. (C. 96-66) (phenidone), phenidone and hydroquinone or phenidone, The present invention relates to single powder photo N-methyl-p-aminophenyl and hydroquinone. graphic developers in which all of the essential ingredients The preservative is preferably sodium sulfite usually of the developer are intimately admixed in dry powder in the anhydrous condition and the anti-fogging agent form and, more particularly, to an improved stabilizer 15 is potassium bromide. The alkali may be any of those for such developers. used in compounding photographic developers, such as Single powder photographic developers contain as sodium carbonate, sodium hydroxide, sodium tetraborate, their essential ingredients one or more -
Dictionary of Contact Allergens: Chemical Structures, Sources And
51_943_1106* 05.11.2005 12:17 Uhr Seite 943 Chapter 51 Dictionary of Contact Allergens: 51 Chemical Structures, Sources and References Christophe J. Le Coz, Jean-Pierre Lepoittevin 51.1 Introduction This chapter has been written in order to familiarize the reader with the chemical structure of chemicals implicated in contact dermatitis, mainly as haptens respon- sible for allergic contact dermatitis. For each molecule, the principal name is used for classification. We have also listed the most important synonym(s), the Chemical Abstract Service (CAS) Registry Number that characterizes the substance, and its chemical structure. The reader will find one or more relevant literature references. As it was not possible to be exhaustive, some allergens have been omitted since they were obsolete, extremely rarely implicated in contact dermatitis, their case reports were too imprecise or they are extensively treated in other chapters of the textbook. From a practical chemical point of view, acrylates, cyanoacrylates and (meth)acry- lates, cephalosporins, and parabens have been grouped together. 1. Abietic acid CAS Registry Number [514–10–3] Abietic acid is probably the major allergen of colophony, along with dehydroabietic acid,by way of oxidation products.Its detection in a material indicates that allergen- ic components of colophony are present. Suggested Reading Bergh M, Menné T, Karlberg AT (1994) Colophony in paper-based surgical clothing. Contact Der- matitis 31 : 332–333 Karlberg AT, Bergstedt E, Boman A, Bohlinder K, Lidén C, Nilsson JLG,Wahlberg JE (1985) Is abiet- ic acid the allergenic component of colophony? Contact Dermatitis 13 : 209–215 Karlberg AT, Bohlinder K, Boman A, Hacksell U, Hermansson J, Jacobsson S, Nilsson JLG (1988) Identification of 15-hydroperoxyabietic acid as a contact allergen in Portuguese colophony. -
Springer MRW: [AU:0, IDX:0]
Dictionary of Contact Allergens: Chemical Structures, Sources, and References Jean-Pierre Lepoittevin and Christophe J. Le Coz Contents 1 Introduction ..................................................................... 21 2 Abietic Acid ..................................................................... 22 2.1 Suggested Reading ............................................................... 22 3 Acetaldehyde .................................................................... 22 3.1 Suggested Reading ............................................................... 22 4 Acetophenone Azine ............................................................ 22 4.1 Suggested Reading ............................................................... 23 5 Acid Blue 158 ................................................................... 23 5.1 Suggested Reading ............................................................... 23 6 Acrylamide ...................................................................... 23 6.1 Suggested Reading ............................................................... 23 7 Acrylates, Cyanoacrylate, and Methacrylates ............................... 23 7.1 Acrylic Acid and Acrylates ...................................................... 23 7.2 Bisphenol A Diglycidylether Diacrylate .. ...................................... 23 7.3 Bisphenol A Glycidyl Methacrylate ............................................. 24 7.4 1,4-Butanediol Diacrylate ....................................................... 24 7.5 1,4-Butanediol Dimethacrylate -
Phenols & Phenolic Compounds
PHENOLS & PHENOLIC P COMPOUNDS A R I V E S CENTRAL POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD (Ministry of Environment, Forests & Climate Change) PariveshBhawan, East Arjun Nagar H Delhi - 110032 website: www.cpcb.nic.in AUGUST, 2016 1 FOREWORD Phenols or Phenolics are a family of organic compounds characterized by hydroxyl (-OH) group attached to an aromatic ring. Besides serving as generic name for the entire family, the term phenol (C6H5OH) itself is the first member commonly known as benzenol or carbolic acid. All other members in the family are known as derivatives of phenol and phenolic compounds. Phenolic compounds are common by-product of any industrial process viz. manufacture of dyes, plastics, drugs, antioxidants, paper and petroleum industries. Phenols and Phenolic compounds are widely used in household products and various industries, as intermediates during various industrial synthesis. Phenol itself is an established disinfectant in household cleaners. Phenols are used as basic material during production of plastics, explosives, drugs, Dye & Dye Intermediate Industries, commercial production of azo dyes etc. Phenolic resins form a large part of phenol production. Phenol formaldehyde resin was one of the earliest plastic known as Bakelite, which is still in use. Many phenolic compounds occur in nature and used in manufacture of perfumes and artificial flowers because of their pleasant odour and also have wide application in food as antioxidants. Because of wide use of phenols & phenolic compounds, these are discharged alongwith the effluents from several categories of industries such as Textiles, Woolen Mills, Dye & Dye Intermediate Industries, Coke ovens, Pulp & Paper Industries, Iron & Steel Plants, Petrochemicals, Paint Industries, Oil; Drilling & Gas Extraction units; Pharmaceuticals, Coal Washeries, Refractory Industries etc. -
UV-Triggered Polymerization, Deposition, and Patterning of Plant Phenolic Compounds
UV-Triggered Polymerization, Deposition, and Patterning of Plant Phenolic Compounds Farid Behboodi-Sadabad, Huijie Zhang, Vanessa Trouillet, Alexander Welle, Nicolas Plumeré, and Pavel A. Levkin* materials by simple immersion of objects Plant-derived phenolic compounds, rich in catechol and pyrogallol moieties, into a dopamine solution under basic con- can form multifunctional coatings on various substrates following polymeri- ditions,[7] in the presence of oxidants,[4a,8] zation under mildly alkaline conditions. Despite many appealing features of and under UV irradiation.[9] such coatings, the difficulty to control polymerization of phenolic compounds Recently it was shown that different plant-derived phenolic compounds iso- spatially and temporally limits their number of potential applications. In this lated from various plants, and rich in study, it is demonstrated that UV irradiation can trigger oxidative polymeriza- 1,2-dihydroxybenzene (catechol) and tion and deposition of plant-derived phenolic compounds, which opens the 1,2,3-trihydroxybenzene (pyrogallol, PG) possibility to create 2D gradients and patterns of polyphenol coatings and moieties, could also form nanocoat- control this polymerization temporally. UV–vis spectroscopy, electrospray ings following polymerization using [10] [11] ionization mass spectrometry, and cyclic voltammetry analyses are used to enzymes, coordination complexes, or using mildly alkaline solutions in the investigate the UV-induced polymerization of several plant-derived phenolic presence of dissolved -
Developers, an Introduction
Article from View Camera Magazine March/April 2003 DEVELOPERS, AN INTRODUCTION Introduction Is it important to know about most technical things in photography? I am not by nature a technical person and I believe that for the most part it is not important. While it may be intellectually interesting about things like hyperfocal distance and the Scheimpflug principle or the relative merits of different lenses, knowing these things will not make you a better photographer, just as knowing how an internal combustion engine works will not make you a better driver. In 1970 I taught a class at the Philadelphia College of Art (now, University of the Arts) called “Theory and Technique.” Since I was a self-taught photographer, I knew virtually none of what I had been hired to teach before the semester began, though I had told them I did. I spent the entire semester studying, not making even one photograph during that time. Each week I studied from between four and fifteen books, trying to understand the material, which was not always easy for me, and then prepared the two-hour lecture for that week. I had one student in my class with an engineering degree from Carnegie Tech who now was in art school after having decided that he did not want to be an engineer. It seemed that he knew twice as much as I did and I really needed to be on my toes. At the end of the semester after the final exam he asked me if I had gone to R.I.T. -
POLITECNICO DI TORINO Repository ISTITUZIONALE
POLITECNICO DI TORINO Repository ISTITUZIONALE Multifunctional surfaces for implants in bone contact applications Original Multifunctional surfaces for implants in bone contact applications / Cazzola, Martina. - (2018 Mar 22). Availability: This version is available at: 11583/2704549 since: 2018-03-27T12:37:15Z Publisher: Politecnico di Torino Published DOI: Terms of use: Altro tipo di accesso This article is made available under terms and conditions as specified in the corresponding bibliographic description in the repository Publisher copyright (Article begins on next page) 04 August 2020 Doctoral Dissertation UniTo-PoliTo Doctoral Program in Bioengineering and Medical-Surgical sciences (30th Cycle) Multifunctional surfaces for implants in bone contact applications By Martina Cazzola ****** Supervisors: Prof. Enrica Vernè, Supervisor Prof. Silvia Spriano, Co-Supervisor Dr. Sara Ferraris, Co-Supervisor Politecnico di Torino 2017 Declaration I hereby declare that, the contents and organization of this dissertation constitute my own original work and does not compromise in any way the rights of third parties, including those relating to the security of personal data. Martina Cazzola 2017 * This dissertation is presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for Ph.D. degree in the Graduate School of Politecnico di Torino (ScuDo). Acknowledgment At the end of this journey I would like to thank all the people who have been by my side along the way. Firstly, I would like to thank my tutors Prof. Enrica Vernè, Prof. Silvia Spriano and Dr. Sara Ferraris for their support to my Ph.D research, for sharing with me their knowledge and for motivating me. Without their help all this work would not have been possible. -
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REVIEW OF SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC METHODS FOR DETERMINATION OF VANADIUM Behrooz Rezaie, Raziya Zabeen, A.K. Goswami and D.N. Purohit Department o f Chemistry M .L Sukhadia University Udaipur - 313 001, Rajasthan (India) CONTENTS Page REVIEW ................................... ......................................... 1 REFERENCES ...................................................................... 200 REVIEW A survey of literature reported for spectrophotometric determination of vanadium from 1973 to 1991 has been made. To save space the available information has been reported in tabular form. The condensed information is presented under the following headings: name of the reagent, X or working wavelength with e, optimum pH, remarks and references. Under "remarks* information regarding composition of the complex, details of the method, interferences, application of the method, etc., are reported. Shortly before this survey was completed, a review was published (reference 430), covering a significant part of the subject (hydroxamic acid complexes) as studied between 1963 and 1988. There will therefore be some unavoidable overlapping between both reviews. 1 Name of the Reagent X or pH Remarks Refs. working wavelength withe 5 -Dimethylamino-1 - 595 nm 3 J Vanadium forms a (1:1) complex with the re- 1 (2-thiazolylazo) «=42000 to agent and is extracted into CHC13 from aq. phenol 43 medium. Beer’s law is obeyed with up to 1.2 p.g of vol. per mL Interference in the determination of V is caused by Ti(IV), Zr, Nb, Fe(III) and oxalate, but Nb and Fe(III) can be masked with KCN and triethanolamine, respectively. Procedure: To a portion of test soin, containing <10 /tg of V is added 1 ml of 0.01% methanolic reagent, the soin, is adjusted to pH 4 with Na acetate-HO buffer and diluted to 50 ml with HgO and after 15 min. -
Crystal Structure of Pyrogallol–Phloroglucinol Transhydroxylase, an Mo Enzyme Capable of Intermolecular Hydroxyl Transfer Between Phenols
Crystal structure of pyrogallol–phloroglucinol transhydroxylase, an Mo enzyme capable of intermolecular hydroxyl transfer between phenols Albrecht Messerschmidt*†, Holger Niessen‡, Dietmar Abt‡, Oliver Einsle*§, Bernhard Schink‡, and Peter M. H. Kroneck‡† *Abteilung Strukturforschung, Max-Planck-Institut fu¨r Biochemie, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Germany; ‡Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Sektion, Fachbereich Biologie, Universita¨t Konstanz, Postfach M665, 78457 Konstanz, Germany; and §Abteilung fu¨r Molekulare Strukturbiologie, Institut fu¨r Mikrobiologie und Genetik, Georg-August-Universita¨t Go¨ ttingen, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077 Go¨ttingen, Germany Communicated by Helmut Beinert, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, June 24, 2004 (received for review March 23, 2004) The Mo enzyme transhydroxylase from the anaerobic microorgan- ism Pelobacter acidigallici catalyzes the conversion of pyrogallol to phloroglucinol. Such trihydroxybenzenes and their derivatives represent important building blocks of plant polymers. None of the transferred hydroxyl groups originates from water during tran- shydroxylation; instead a cosubstrate, such as 1,2,3,5-tetrahy- droxybenzene, is used in a reaction without apparent electron transfer. Here, we report on the crystal structure of the enzyme in the reduced Mo(IV) state, which we solved by single anomalous- diffraction technique. It represents the largest structure (1,149 amino acid residues per molecule, 12 independent molecules per unit cell), which has been solved so far by single anomalous- diffraction technique. Tranhydroxylase is a heterodimer, with the active Mo–molybdopterin guanine dinucleotide (MGD)2 site in the ␣-subunit, and three [4FeO4S] centers in the -subunit. The latter subunit carries a seven-stranded, mainly antiparallel -barrel do- main. We propose a scheme for the transhydroxylation reaction based on 3D structures of complexes of the enzyme with various polyphenols serving either as substrate or inhibitor. -
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Pyrogallol [87-66-1]
Pyrogallol [87-66-1] Review of Toxicological Literature Prepared for Errol Zeiger, Ph.D. National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences P.O. Box 12233 Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709 Contract No. N01-ES-65402 Submitted by Raymond Tice, Ph.D. Integrated Laboratory Systems P.O. Box 13501 Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709 April 1998 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The nomination by Drs. Gold, Ames, and Slone, University of California, Berkeley, of pyrogallol for testing is based on its frequent occurrence in natural and manufactured products, including hair dyes, and the apparent lack of carcinogenicity data. Pyrogallol (1,2,3-trihydroxybenzene) for commercial use is available from a number of U.S. producers, although information on production and import volumes was not located. It is primarily used as a modifier in oxidation dyes, including hair dyes and colors. Pyrogallol is also used as a developer in photography and holography; a mordant for dying wool; a chemical reagent for antimony and bismuth; and as an active reducer for gold, silver, and mercury salts. It is used for process engraving and for making colloidal solutions of metals. Additionally, pyrogallol is used in the manufacture of pharmaceuticals and pesticides and has been used for medicinal purposes as a topical antipsoriatic. Workers in the dye and chemical industries, as well as those involved in textile and fur dying operations, may be potentially exposed to pyrogallol in the workplace. Photographers and holographers are potentially exposed during the developing process. Human exposure also occurs from the use of products containing pyrogallol as an ingredient. Hair coloring formulations containing pyrogallol may be applied to or come in contact with skin (particularly the scalp) and eyes.