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High-Resolution Climatic Reconstruction in the Tropical Pacific Based on Biocarbonate Archives

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High-Resolution Climatic Reconstruction in the Tropical Pacific Based on Biocarbonate Archives MÉMOIRE D'HABILITATION À DIRIGER DES RECHERCHES UNIVERSITE PIERRE ET MARIE CURIE École doctorale des Sciences de la Terre et de l’Univers High-resolution climatic reconstruction in the tropical Pacific based on biocarbonate archives T. maxima and Porites sp.; New Caledonia lagoon (© IRD, N. Duprey, PhD Student 09-12) Claire E. LAZARETH Chargée de Recherche à l’Institut de Recherches pour le Développement Laboratoire d’Océanographie et du Climat: Expérimentation et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN) UMR 7159 CNRS/IRD/UPMC/MNHN Institut Pierre Simon Laplace (IPSL) Soutenue le 19 Janvier 2017 devant le jury composé de : Damien CARDINAL, Professeur Université Paris VI Président du Jury Bruno MALAIZE, Professeur Université de Bordeaux Rapporteur Claire ROLLION-BARD, Ingénieure de Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris Rapporteur recherche; HDR Frédéric MARIN, Directeur de recherches Université de Bourgogne Examinateur Christophe COLIN, Professeur Université Paris XI Examinateur Yves-Marie PAULET, Professeur Université de Bretagne Occidentale Examinateur CONTENTS REMERCIEMENTS ............................................................................................................................. 5 RÉSUMÉ ........................................................................................................................................... 7 ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................................ 8 I / GENERAL INTRODUCTION AND MANUSCRIPT STRUCTURE ......................................................... 9 1.1 The tropical Pacific Ocean: a major component of the climate system .............................................. 9 1.2 High-resolution proxies from biocarbonate archives ........................................................................ 12 1.3 The diagenesis issue .......................................................................................................................... 16 1.4 The Holocene time-period ................................................................................................................. 17 II / GROWTH AND GEOCHEMISTRY OF MOLLUSCAN SHELLS AS A PROXY FOR SST .................... 18 2.1 Sclerochronology as a tool for environmental variability reconstruction ......................................... 19 2.1.1 Protothaca thaca and ENSO ...................................................................................................................... 19 2.1.2 The daily increment thickness of giant clam shells and the SST ................................................................ 21 2.2 The potential of shell geochemistry to reconstruct SST changes ...................................................... 28 2.2.1 Magnesium content and SST: does it work? .............................................................................................. 28 2.2.2 Calibration of 18O in Tridacnidae shells ................................................................................................... 36 III / DIAGENESIS ASSESSMENT: AN ESSENTIAL STEP ..................................................................... 38 3.1 Molluscan shell alterations ................................................................................................................ 39 3.1.1 Diagenesis on mollusk shells from specimen collected alive ..................................................................... 39 3.1.2 The dense shell of Tridacnidae: not always devoided of diagenesis .......................................................... 41 3.2 Coral skeleton diagenesis and its impact on geochemical tracers ..................................................... 47 IV / HOLOCENE PALEO-ENVIRONMENTAL RECONSTRUCTIONS ................................................... 59 4.1 The Mid-Holocene period ................................................................................................................. 59 4.2 The Lapita colonization ..................................................................................................................... 65 V / AND NOW…? ............................................................................................................................ 71 5.1 Project on biomineralization.............................................................................................................. 72 5.2 Tropical ecosystems under threat: how could biocarbonate archives help? ...................................... 73 5.2.1 The impact of mine exploitations in New Caledonia ................................................................................. 74 5.2.2 Near future studies on coral reefs environments: Western Indian Ocean ................................................... 75 5.3 Hydrochemical data in the Amazon basin: the potential of freshwater bivalves .............................. 75 5.4 Concluding remarks .......................................................................................................................... 76 REFERENCES .................................................................................................................................. 78 APPENDIX A - VERY BRIEF OVERVIEW ON MOLLUSKS AND THEIR SHELLS .............................. 94 APPENDIX B ................................................................................................................................ 98 B.1 Curriculum vitae ............................................................................................................................... 98 B.2 Research projects .............................................................................................................................. 99 B.3 Student training ............................................................................................................................... 100 B.3.1 Post-Doctorate level ................................................................................................................................. 100 B.3.2 PhD .......................................................................................................................................................... 100 B.3.3 Internship ................................................................................................................................................. 100 B.3.4 Other levels .............................................................................................................................................. 101 B.4 Research-related activities .............................................................................................................. 102 B.4.1 Scientific expertise ................................................................................................................................... 102 B.4.2 Others....................................................................................................................................................... 102 B.5 Publications & communications ..................................................................................................... 102 B.5.1 Peer-reviewed journal articles.................................................................................................................. 103 B.5.2 Non-peer-reviewed articles ...................................................................................................................... 104 B.5.3 Communications ...................................................................................................................................... 105 B.5.4 Public promotion ..................................................................................................................................... 109 APPENDIX C: REPRESENTATIVE PAPERS ................................................................................. 110 REMERCIEMENTS Les travaux présentés ici, non exhaustifs, n'auraient pu voir le jour sans les collègues/amis avec qui j'ai travaillé et qui, pour certains, m'accompagnent depuis de nombreuses années. Tout a commencé avec ma thèse, dans un tout autre domaine, mais point de départ de toute carrière scientifique. Aussi, un grand merci à Jean-Claude C. Mercier pour la confiance et le soutien qu'il m'a toujours apporté. Puis, ce sont Frank Dehairs et Luc André qui m'ont accueillie au sein de leurs équipes pour deux années extrêmement riches qui m'ont donné l'envie de poursuivre mes travaux dans les domaines présentés ici. Bien sûr, un grand merci à tous mes collègues IRDiens, qu'ils aient travaillé directement à mes côtés ou m'aient soutenue et conseillée. Toutes les personnes de l'ancienne équipe Paléotropique ont été présentes au cours de ces années, merci à vous. Au-delà des personnes qui m'ont permis de développer mes recherches dans le Pacifique - Luc Ortlieb, Guy Cabioch et John Butscher - je remercie particulièrement Florence Le Cornec et Sandrine Caquineau; sans leurs compétences, rien de ce qui est présenté ici n'aurait pu voir le jour. Enfin, je remercie l'ensemble des étudiants que j'ai encadrés ou co-encadrés et qui ont grandement participé aux travaux développés dans ce mémoire. Ce fût toujours un immense plaisir de les guider et de travailler à leurs côtés. Merci à tous! RÉSUMÉ Dans le contexte actuel du changement climatique et la nécessité de fournir des prédictions du climat futur aussi précises que possible, il est primordial de connaître au mieux notre système climatique. L'Océan Pacifique
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