DOCSLIB.ORG

Faculty of Gradu Faculty of Graduate Studies the Ibrahim Abu-Lughod

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Faculty of Gradu Faculty of Graduate Studies the Ibrahim Abu-Lughod Faculty of Graduate Studies The Ibrahim Abu-Lughod Institute of International Studies [IALIIS] Israel's 1967 First Strike against Egypt: Preemptive or Preventive ﺍﻝﻀﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﺭﺍﺌﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻝﻰ ﻀﺩ ﻤﺼﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ 1967 : ﺍﺴﺘﺒﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺃﻡ ﻭﻗﺎﺌﻴﺔ Prepared by Gamal M. A. Mohammed Supervisor Dr. Roger Heacock 2012 Faculty of Graduate Studies The Ibrahim Abu-Lughod Institute of International Studies [IALIIS] Israel's 1967 First Strike against Egypt: Preemptive or Preventive ﺍﻝﻀﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﺭﺍﺌﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻝﻰ ﻀﺩ ﻤﺼﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ 1967 : ﺍﺴﺘﺒﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺃﻡ ﻭﻗﺎﺌﻴﺔ Prepared by Gamal M. A. Mohammed University Number 1085443 Supervisor Dr. Roger Heacock Readers Dr. Mahdi Abdul Hadi Dr. Basem Ezbidi This thesis was submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Masters Degree in International Studies from the Faculty of Graduate Studies at Birzeit University -Palestine. Israel’s 1967 First Strike against Egypt: Preemptive or Preventive ﺍﻝﻀﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﺭﺍﺌﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻝﻰ ﻀﺩ ﻤﺼﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ 1967 : ﺍﺴﺘﺒﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺃﻡ ﻭﻗﺎﺌﻴﺔ Prepared by Gamal M. A. Mohammed University Number 1085443 Supervisor Dr. Roger Heacock ……………………… Readers Dr. Mahdi Abdul Hadi Dr. Basem Ezbidi ………………………. …………………... May 16, 2012 iv iv AKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to thank Dr. Roger Heacock for his unwavering support while researching my thesis. He did not spare either time or effort to help me accomplish my research objectives. Gratitude is also extended to Bashar Skaik for preparing the thesis’ charts and to Maysa Gayyusi for preparing the tables and the maps. Special thanks to Julia Pitner for proofreading the manuscript. I am grateful also to Muatasem Afanih and the staff members of the library of the Centre for Development Studies [CDS]. Last but not least, I would like to thank Dr. Mahdi Abdul Hadi and Dr. Basem Ezbidi for their valuable remarks on the research draft. v v To Palestine : History , People , and Land vi vi TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE ...................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................... 5 FIRST STRIKE : CONCEPTS ................................................................................................................ 5 First Strike ................................................................................................................... 6 Inadvertent War ........................................................................................................... 7 Interceptive Strike ........................................................................................................ 8 Preemptive War and Its Criteria ................................................................................. 9 Preventive War .......................................................................................................... 12 LITERATURE REVIEW ..................................................................................................................... 13 First Category: Historical and Narrative Literature ................................................ 14 Second Category: Theoretical Literature .................................................................. 21 PROBLEM STATEMENT .................................................................................................................. 24 HYPOTHESIS .................................................................................................................................. 24 METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................................................ 24 CHAPTER TWO: PROLOGUE TO THE 1967 WAR ........................................................... 28 THE SYRIAN FRONT ........................................................................................................................ 29 INVALIDATING MISCONCEPTIONS .................................................................................................. 40 Egyptian Escalation versus De-escalation ................................................................ 40 The Status of the Gulf of Aqaba ................................................................................. 45 The Arab Military Alliances ...................................................................................... 54 The Status of the Sinai: Was the Sinai Demilitarized? .............................................. 59 The Withdrawal of the Egyptian Forces from Yemen ............................................... 62 CHAPTER THREE: HISTORY OF THE ARAB MILITARY PLANNING 1964-1967: DID THE ARAB COUNTRIES EVER HAVE AN OFFENSIVE PLAN AGAINST ISRAEL?. 68 THE UNIFIED ARAB COMMAND ..................................................................................................... 69 The Joint Defense Council Meetings ......................................................................... 72 Did Israel Know about the Real Status of the UAC? ................................................ 77 EGYPTIAN MILITARY PLANNING .................................................................................................... 79 The Original Qahir .................................................................................................... 80 The Modified Qahir ................................................................................................... 83 The Number of the Deployed Egyptian Forces ........................................................ 86 The Fourth Armored Division .................................................................................. 91 The Shazly Division .................................................................................................. 93 REPORT OF THE SPECIAL COMMITTEE ON THE INVESTIGATION OF THE CAUSES OF THE DEFEAT OF JUNE 1967: COMMITTEE OF THE TEN ................................................................................. 95 vii THE EGYPTIAN AIR FORCE .................................................................................................... 96 CHAPTER FOUR: EGYPT AND THE FIRST STRIKE OPTION: DID EGYPT PLAN TO STRIKE FIRST IN 1967? ........................................................................................................ 104 EGYPTIAN VERSUS ISRAELI NARRATIVE : WHO STARTED HOSTILITIES ? .............................................. 105 NASSER ’S DISCOURSE VERSUS POLICIES ...................................................................................................... 111 Nasser’s Discourse during the Crisis ...................................................................... 113 ISRAELI HISTORIANS ’ ALLEGATIONS : GINOR AND REMEZ VERSUS OREN ........................................... 117 Israeli Troop Concentrations on the Syrian Borders .............................................. 117 Moscow and Egypt’s First Strike ............................................................................ 121 Nasser-Amer Relationship and its Impact on the Army .......................................... 126 Fajr [Dawn] Plan .................................................................................................... 129 The American and Soviet Influence ......................................................................... 134 Oren’s Construction of Events ................................................................................ 139 Israel and Fajr: Superb Intelligence Material or Mere Coincidence ..................... 142 Reconstructing the Actual Events ............................................................................ 145 CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSION ......................................................................................... 151 GENERAL CONCLUSIONS .............................................................................................................. 152 THE ISRAELI STRIKE : PREEMPTIVE OR PREVENTIVE .................................................................................. 155 The Pre-crisis Period .............................................................................................. 153 The Crisis Period ..................................................................................................... 157 Conceptualizing the Israeli Strike ........................................................................... 158 THE FINAL CONCLUSION .............................................................................................................. 164 ANNEX I: ARABIC DOCUMENTS ...................................................................................... 166 ANNEX II: AMERICAN DOCUMENTS .............................................................................. 169 ANNEX III: EASTERN BLOC’S DOCUMENTS ................................................................ 173 ANNEX IV: FRENCH DOCUMENT..................................................................................... 174 BIBLIOGRAPHY..................................................................................................................... 175 viii LIST OF CHARTS CHART NO. 1: NUMBER OF ISRAELI CASUALTIES BETWEEN 1950 AND 1989…………………….. 35 CHART NO. 2: NUMBER OF THE ISRAELI CASUALTIES IN THE SIXTIES …………………………. 36 CHART NO. 3: NUMBER OF ISRAELI CASUALTIES IN 1967 ……………………………………… 37 LIST OF TABLES TABLE NO. 1: NUMBER OF EGYPTIAN TROOPS IN YEMEN AS MENTIONED IN EGYPTIAN AND FOREIGN SOURCES ON THE WAR ………………………………………………………………... 64 TABLE NO. 2: NUMBER OF EGYPTIAN TROOPS DEPLOYED TO THE SINAI AS MENTIONED
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Terrorism Trap: the Hidden Impact of America's War on Terror
    University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 8-2019 The Terrorism Trap: The Hidden Impact of America's War on Terror John Akins University of Tennessee, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss Recommended Citation Akins, John, "The Terrorism Trap: The Hidden Impact of America's War on Terror. " PhD diss., University of Tennessee, 2019. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/5624 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a dissertation written by John Akins entitled "The Terrorism Trap: The Hidden Impact of America's War on Terror." I have examined the final electronic copy of this dissertation for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, with a major in Political Science. Krista Wiegand, Major Professor We have read this dissertation and recommend its acceptance: Brandon Prins, Gary Uzonyi, Candace White Accepted for the Council: Dixie L. Thompson Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official studentecor r ds.) The Terrorism Trap: The Hidden Impact of America’s War on Terror A Dissertation Presented for the Doctor of Philosophy Degree The University of Tennessee, Knoxville John Harrison Akins August 2019 Copyright © 2019 by John Harrison Akins All rights reserved.
    [Show full text]
  • The Muslim 500 2011
    The Muslim 500 � 2011 The Muslim The 500 The Muslim 500 � 2011 The Muslim The 500 The Muslim 500The The Muslim � 2011 500———————�——————— THE 500 MOST INFLUENTIAL MUSLIMS ———————�——————— � 2 011 � � THE 500 MOST � INFLUENTIAL MUSLIMS · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · All rights reserved. No part of this book may be repro- The Muslim 500: The 500 Most Influential Muslims duced or utilised in any form or by any means, electronic 2011 (First Edition) or mechanic, inclding photocopying or recording or by any ISBN: 978-9975-428-37-2 information storage and retrieval system, without the prior · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · written permission of the publisher. Views expressed in The Muslim 500 do not necessarily re- Chief Editor: Prof. S. Abdallah Schleifer flect those of RISSC or its advisory board. Researchers: Aftab Ahmed, Samir Ahmed, Zeinab Asfour, Photo of Abdul Hakim Murad provided courtesy of Aiysha Besim Bruncaj, Sulmaan Hanif, Lamya Al-Khraisha, and Malik. Mai Al-Khraisha Image Copyrights: #29 Bazuki Muhammad / Reuters (Page Designed & typeset by: Besim Bruncaj 75); #47 Wang zhou bj / AP (Page 84) Technical consultant: Simon Hart Calligraphy and ornaments throughout the book used courtesy of Irada (http://www.IradaArts.com). Special thanks to: Dr Joseph Lumbard, Amer Hamid, Sun- dus Kelani, Mohammad Husni Naghawai, and Basim Salim. English set in Garamond Premiere
    [Show full text]
  • Region 8 Student Branches
    Student Branches in R8 with Counselor & Chair contact August 2015 Par SPO Name SPO Name SPO ID Officers Full Name Officers Email Address Position Start Date Desc Austria Section Graz Technische Univ STB40401 Chair Michael Tieber 02/10/2014 [email protected] Counselor Michael Muhr 07/01/1994 [email protected] Johannes Kepler University STB28721 Chair Stefan Clara 11/20/2014 [email protected] Linz Counselor Bernhard H Jakoby 02/29/2008 [email protected] University of Klagenfurt SB STB12111 Chair Adam Erdelyi 01/28/2015 [email protected] Counselor Wilfried Elmenreich 11/09/2012 [email protected] Upper Austria Univ Of Applied STB65651 Chair Thomas Kroesswang- 06/01/2011 [email protected] Science - Wels Ridler Counselor Mario P Jungwirth 03/20/2007 [email protected] Wien Technische Universitat- STB03691 Chair Veronika Hager 01/01/2010 [email protected] Vienna Sb Counselor C 11/08/2006 [email protected] MECKLENBRAEUKER Bahrain Section University of Bahrain SB STB36161 Chair Bassem Tariq ElMeleegy 04/01/2015 [email protected] Counselor MOHAB A MANGOUD 05/05/2015 [email protected] Belarus Section Belarusian State Univ STB61961 Chair Aliaksei Aliaksandravich 05/01/2013 [email protected] Kuzmin Counselor Vladimir M Lutkovski 01/01/2002 [email protected] Benelux Section Catholique Univ of Louvain STB03631 Chair Ludovic Moreau 02/15/2015 [email protected] SB Counselor Christophe Craeye 06/27/2008 [email protected] Delft Univ of Tech SB STB00511 Chair Sergio Luis Santos 11/01/2011
    [Show full text]
  • The Legal Status of Tiran and Sanafir Islands Rajab, 1438 - April 2017
    22 Dirasat The Legal Status of Tiran and Sanafir Islands Rajab, 1438 - April 2017 Askar H. Enazy The Legal Status of Tiran and Sanafir Islands Askar H. Enazy 4 Dirasat No. 22 Rajab, 1438 - April 2017 © King Faisal Center for Research and Islamic Studies, 2017 King Fahd National Library Cataloging-In-Publication Data Enazy, Askar H. The Legal Status of Tiran and Sanafir Island. / Askar H. Enazy, - Riyadh, 2017 76 p ; 16.5 x 23 cm ISBN: 978-603-8206-26-3 1 - Islands - Saudi Arabia - History 2- Tiran, Strait of - Inter- national status I - Title 341.44 dc 1438/8202 L.D. no. 1438/8202 ISBN: 978-603-8206-26-3 Table of Content Introduction 7 Legal History of the Tiran-Sanafir Islands Dispute 11 1928 Tiran-Sanafir Incident 14 The 1950 Saudi-Egyptian Accord on Egyptian Occupation of Tiran and Sanafir 17 The 1954 Egyptian Claim to Tiran and Sanafir Islands 24 Aftermath of the 1956 Suez Crisis: Egyptian Abandonment of the Claim to the Islands and Saudi Assertion of Its Sovereignty over Them 26 March–April 1957: Saudi Press Statement and Diplomatic Note Reasserting Saudi Sovereignty over Tiran and Sanafir 29 The April 1957 Memorandum on Saudi Arabia’s “Legal and Historical Rights in the Straits of Tiran and the Gulf of Aqaba” 30 The June 1967 War and Israeli Reoccupation of Tiran and Sanafir Islands 33 The Status of Tiran and Sanafir Islands in the Egyptian-Israeli Peace Treaty of 1979 39 The 1988–1990 Egyptian-Saudi Exchange of Letters, the 1990 Egyptian Decree 27 Establishing the Egyptian Territorial Sea, and 2016 Statements by the Egyptian President
    [Show full text]
  • The Thistle and the Drone
    AKBAR AHMED HOW AMERICA’S WAR ON TERROR BECAME A GLOBAL WAR ON TRIBAL ISLAM n the wake of the 9/11 attacks, the United States declared war on terrorism. More than ten years later, the results are decidedly mixed. Here world-renowned author, diplomat, and scholar Akbar Ahmed reveals an important yet largely ignored result of this war: in many nations it has exacerbated the already broken relationship between central I governments and the largely rural Muslim tribal societies on the peripheries of both Muslim and non-Muslim nations. The center and the periphery are engaged in a mutually destructive civil war across the globe, a conflict that has been intensified by the war on terror. Conflicts between governments and tribal societies predate the war on terror in many regions, from South Asia to the Middle East to North Africa, pitting those in the centers of power against those who live in the outlying provinces. Akbar Ahmed’s unique study demonstrates that this conflict between the center and the periphery has entered a new and dangerous stage with U.S. involvement after 9/11 and the deployment of drones, in the hunt for al Qaeda, threatening the very existence of many tribal societies. American firepower and its vast anti-terror network have turned the war on terror into a global war on tribal Islam. And too often the victims are innocent children at school, women in their homes, workers simply trying to earn a living, and worshipers in their mosques. Bat- tered by military attacks or drone strikes one day and suicide bombers the next, the tribes bemoan, “Every day is like 9/11 for us.” In The Thistle and the Drone, the third vol- ume in Ahmed’s groundbreaking trilogy examin- ing relations between America and the Muslim world, the author draws on forty case studies representing the global span of Islam to demon- strate how the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Signatories. Appeal from Palestine. 20.6
    19/06/2020 Signatories for “Appeal from Palestine to the Peoples and States of the World” Name Current/ Previous Occupation 1. Abbas Zaki Member of the Central Committee of Fatah—Ramallah 2. Abd El-Qader Husseini Chairman of Faisal Husseini Foundation— Jerusalem 3. Abdallah Abu Alhnoud Member of the Fatah Advisory Council— Gaza 4. Abdallah Abu Hamad President of Taraji Wadi Al-Nes Sports Club—Bethlehem 5. Abdallah Hijazi President of the Civil Retired Assembly, Former Ambassador—Ramallah 6. Abdallah Yousif Alsha’rawi President of the Palestinian Motors Sport & Motorcycle & Bicycles Federation— Ramallah 7. Abdel Halim Attiya President of Al-Thahirya Youth Club— Hebron 8. Abdel Jalil Zreiqat President of Tafouh Youth Sports Club— Hebron 9. Abdel Karim Abu Khashan University Lecturer, Birzeit University— Ramallah 10. Abdel Majid Hijeh Secretary-General of the Olympic Committee—Ramallah 11. Abdel Majid Sweilem University Lecturer and Journalist— Ramallah 12. Abdel Qader Hasan Abdallah Secretary General of the Palestine Workers Kabouli Union—Lebanon, Alkharoub Region 13. Abdel Rahim Mahamid Secretary of the Al-Taybeh Sports Club— Ramallah 14. Abdel Raof Asqoul Storyteller—Tyre 15. Abdel Salam Abu Nada Expert in Media Development—Brussels 16. Abdel-Rahman Tamimi Director General of the Palestinian Hydrology Group—Ramallah 17. Abdo Edrisi President of the Chamber of Commerce and Industry—Hebron 18. Abdul Rahman Bseiso Retired Ambassador—Cyprus 19. Abdul Rahman Hamad Former Minister—Gaza 20. Abu Ali Masoud Vice-Chairman of the Fatah Advisory Council—Ramallah 21. Adalah Abu Sitta Chairwoman of the Board of Directors of the Right to Live Society—Gaza 22. Adel Al-Asta Writer—Gaza 23.
    [Show full text]
  • United Arab Republic 1 United Arab Republic
    United Arab Republic 1 United Arab Republic ةدحتملا ةيبرعلا ةيروهمجلا Al-Gumhuriyah al-Arabiyah al-Muttahidah Al-Jumhuriyah al-Arabiyah al-MuttahidahUnited Arab Republic ← → 1958–1961 ← (1971) → ← → Flag Coat of arms Anthem Oh My Weapon[1] Capital Cairo Language(s) Arabic [2] Religion Secular (1958–1962) Islam (1962–1971) Government Confederation President - 1958–1970 Gamal Abdel Nasser United Arab Republic 2 Historical era Cold War - Established February 22, 1958 - Secession of Syria September 28, 1961 - Renamed to Egypt 1971 Area - 1961 1166049 km2 (450214 sq mi) Population - 1961 est. 32203000 Density 27.6 /km2 (71.5 /sq mi) Currency United Arab Republic pound Calling code +20 Al-Gumhuriyah al-Arabiyahةدحتملا ةيبرعلا ةيروهمجلا :The United Arab Republic (Arabic al-Muttahidah/Al-Jumhuriyah al-Arabiyah al-Muttahidah), often abbreviated as the U.A.R., was a sovereign union between Egypt and Syria. The union began in 1958 and existed until 1961, when Syria seceded from the union. Egypt continued to be known officially as the "United Arab Republic" until 1971. The President was Gamal Abdel Nasser. During most of its existence (1958–1961) it was a member of the United Arab States, a confederation with North Yemen. The UAR adopted a flag based on the Arab Liberation Flag of the Egyptian Revolution of 1952, but with two stars to represent the two parts. This continues to be the flag of Syria. In 1963, Iraq adopted a flag that was similar but with three stars, representing the hope that Iraq would join the UAR. The current flags of Egypt, Sudan, and Yemen are also based on Arab Liberation Flag of horizontal red, white, and black bands.
    [Show full text]
  • 179 1 Proper Nouns Are Not Transliterated in This Book Unless
    Notes 1 Proper nouns are not transliterated in this book unless they form part of a longer phrase or sentence in Arabic. Place names follow contemporary media usage, while personal and organisational names use either the stan- dard Egyptian spelling or, if known, the preferred spelling of the individual or body in question. Unavoidably, there are sometimes variations in the spelling of names in quoted material. 2 The ambiguous role of Nasser’s friend and rival Marshal Abdel Hakim Amer is discussed at length in later chapters. 3 On the composition of this core elite, see Hinnebusch, R. Egyptian Politics under Sadat (Cambridge University Press, 1985), pp. 15–16; Auda, G. ‘The State of Political Control: The Case of Nasser 1960–1967’, The Arab Journal of the Social Sciences, 2.1 (1987), p. 102. 4 Amin Howeidy Interview. 5 Heikal, M. H. Autumn of Fury (London: Andre Deutsch, 1983), pp. 37–8; Dia al-Din Dawud Interview; Frankel, N. ‘Interviews with Ismail Fahmy, Ashraf Ghorbal and Mohamed Riad’, American Arab Affairs, 31 (1990), p. 99. 6 Kenneth Boulding predicts that images will diverge farther from reality under authoritarianism, because feedback from lower levels of the elite is indirect and largely controlled by the upper levels. Boulding, K. E. The Image (University of Michigan: Ann Arbor, 1956), p. 100. 7 McLaurin, R. D., Mughisuddin, M. and Wagner, A. A. Foreign Policy Making in the Middle East (New York: Praeger, 1977), p. 42; Dabous, S. ‘Nasser and the Egyptian Press’, In Tripp, C. (ed.) Contemporary Egypt: Through Egyptian Eyes (London: Routledge, 1993); Ahmed Said Interview.
    [Show full text]
  • Rethinking the Six Day War: an Analysis of Counterfactual Explanations Limor Bordoley
    Limor Bordoley Rethinking the Six Day War: An Analysis of Counterfactual Explanations Limor Bordoley Abstract The Six Day War of June 1967 transformed the political and physical landscape of the Middle East. The war established Israel as a major regional power in the region, while the Israeli territorial acquisitions resulting from the war have permanently marred Israel’s relationship with its Arab neighbors. The May crisis that preceded the war quickly spiraled out of control, leading many to believe that the war was unavoidable. In this paper, I construct three counterfactuals that consider how May and June 1967 might have unfolded differently if a particular event or person in the May crisis had been different. Ultimately, the counterfactuals show that war could have been avoided in three different ways, demonstrating that the Six Day War was certainly avoidable. In the latter half of the paper, I construct a framework to compare the effectiveness of multiple counterfactual. Thus, the objective of this paper is twofold: first, to determine whether war was unavoidable given the political climate and set of relations present in May and June 1967 and second, to create a framework with which one can compare the relative persuasiveness of multiple counterfactuals. Introduction The Six Day War of June 1967 transformed the political and physical landscape of the Middle East. The war established Israel as a major regional power, expanding its territorial boundaries and affirming its military supremacy in the region. The Israeli territorial acquisitions resulting from the war have been a major source of contention in peace talks with the Palestinians, and has permanently marred Israel’s relationship with its Arab neighbors.
    [Show full text]
  • Military History Anniversaries 1 Thru 15 July
    Military History Anniversaries 1 thru 15 July Events in History over the next 15 day period that had U.S. military involvement or impacted in some way on U.S military operations or American interests JUL 00 1940 – U.S. Army: 1st Airborne Unit » In 1930, the U.S. Army experimented with the concept of parachuting three-man heavy-machine-gun teams. Nothing came of these early experiments. The first U.S. airborne unit began as a test platoon formed from part of the 29th Infantry Regiment, in July 1940. The platoon leader was 1st Lieutenant William T. Ryder, who made the first jump on August 16, 1940 at Lawson Field, Fort Benning, Georgia from a B-18 Bomber. He was immediately followed by Private William N. King, the first enlisted soldier to make a parachute jump. Although airborne units were not popular with the top U.S. Armed Forces commanders, President Franklin D. Roosevelt sponsored the concept, and Major General William C. Lee organized the first paratroop platoon. On a tour of Europe he had first observed the revolutionary new German airborne forces which he believed the U.S. Army should adopt. This led to the Provisional Parachute Group, and then the United States Army Airborne Command. General Lee was the first commander at the new parachute school at Fort Benning, in west-central Georgia. The U.S. Armed Forces regards Major General William C. Lee as the father of the Airborne. The first U.S. combat jump was near Oran, Algeria, in North Africa on November 8, 1942, conducted by elements of the 2nd Battalion, 509th Parachute Infantry Regiment.
    [Show full text]
  • The 1967 Arab-Israeli War Origins and Consequences
    The 1967 Arab-Israeli War Origins and Consequences The June 1967 War was a watershed moment in the history of the mod- ern Middle East. In six days, the Israelis defeated the Arab armies of Egypt, Syria, and Jordan and seized large portions of territory includ- ing the West Bank, East Jerusalem, the Gaza Strip, the Sinai Peninsula, and the Golan Heights. With the hindsight of four decades and access to recently declassified documents, two veteran scholars of the Middle East bring together some of the most knowledgeable experts in their fields to reassess the origins of the war and its regional reverberations. Each chapter takes a different perspective from the vantage point of a different participant, those that actually took part in the war, and the world powers – the United States, Soviet Union, Britain, and France – that played important roles behind the scenes. Their conclusions make for sober reading. At the heart of the story was the incompetence of the Egyptian high command under the leadership of Gamal Abdel Nasser and the rivalry between various Arab players who were deeply suspi- cious of each other’s motives. Israel, on the other side, gained a resound- ing victory for which, despite previous assessments to the contrary, there was no master plan. Wm. Roger Louis is the Kerr Professor of English History and Cul- ture at the University of Texas at Austin and Honorary Fellow of St. Antony’s College, Oxford. A past President of the American His- torical Association, he is the editor-in-chief of The Oxford History of the British Empire.
    [Show full text]
  • The Emergence of Egyptian Radio 12 3
    1 2018 Issue Edited by Grammargal 2 The Voice of the Arabs The Radio Station That Brought Down Colonialism Abbas Metwalli 3 Contents 1. Introduction, by Ahmed Said 6 2. The Emergence of Egyptian Radio 12 3. The Founding of the Voice of the Arabs 18 4. Mohamed Fathi Al-Deeb 27 5. The Voice of the Arabs during Nasser’s Era 34 6. The Influence of the Arab parameter 37 7. The Call for Arab Nationalism 58 8. Arabic Broadcasts from Cairo 62 9. The June 1967 War 66 10. A Commentary by Ahmed Said 68 11. The Maligned Ahmed Said 73 12. Ahmed Said, by Sayed Al-Ghadhban 76 13. The 60th Anniversary, by Fahmy Omar 79 14. The Voice in the Eyes of Foreigners 81 15. Whose Voice 85 16. Nasser’s Rule & The role of Radio 91 17. Nasser’s Other Voice, by William S. Ellis 93 18. The Voice of the Arabs during Sadat’s Era 97 19. The Broadcasters’ Massacre of 1971 99 20. Mohamed Orouq 112 21. May 15,1971 in the Memory of Egyptians 117 22. The Voice of the Arabs, a school of Innovators 118 23. The Voice of the Arabs During Mubarak’s Era 140 24. The Voice During the Muslim Brotherhood Era 145 25. The Voice of the Arabs Female Stars 156 26. The Age of Radio Networks 161 27. The Voice of the Arabs Network 163 28. The Radio Syle of the Voice of the Arabs 166 29. Chiefs of the Voice of the Arabs 172 30. The Voice of the Arabs today 186 31.
    [Show full text]