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Development of Numerical Methods to Determine the Lithospheric Structure Combining Geopotential, Lithostatic and Heat Transport Equations

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Development of Numerical Methods to Determine the Lithospheric Structure Combining Geopotential, Lithostatic and Heat Transport Equations Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) Institut de Ciències de la Terra “Jaume Almera” Departament d’Estructura i Dinàmica de la Terra Universitat de Barcelona Departament de Geodinàmica i Geofísica Programa de doctorat Ciències de la Terra. Bienni 2002-2004 DEVELOPMENT OF NUMERICAL METHODS TO DETERMINE THE LITHOSPHERIC STRUCTURE COMBINING GEOPOTENTIAL, LITHOSTATIC AND HEAT TRANSPORT EQUATIONS. APPLICATION TO THE GIBRALTAR ARC SYSTEM Memoria presentada por Javier Fullea Urchulutegui para optar al grado de Doctor Directores: Manel Fernàndez Ortiga Hermann Zeyen Tutor: Francesc Sàbat Montserrat Barcelona, Diciembre 2007 Agradecimientos Este trabajo no habría sido posible sin la ayuda inestimable de mis directores de tesis: Manel Fernàndez y Hermann Zeyen. A Manel le agradezco la paciencia y el tiempo dedicados a ejercer su magisterio sobre este humilde aprendiz, iniciándole así en los modos y maneras de esta artesanía moderna que es la labor científica. A Hermann, que me acogió amablemente durante dos estancias veraniegas en el Departement de Sciences de la Terre, Paris- Sud, le debo toda la parte técnica de la tesis e innúmeras horas de dedicación. Quisiera agradecer a mi antigua profesora de la UCM, Ana Negredo, el haberme introducido en el ambiente científico a través de un estimulante trabajo de investigación de final de carrera, y a Jaume Vergés sus valiosos comentarios geológicos. Agradezco al Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia la financiación de esta tesis a través de una beca FPU, y al Institut de Cienciès de la Terra Jaume Almera, perteneciente al CSIC, el haberme proporcionado todos los medios materiales para la consecución de la misma. Esta tesis debe mucho al software libre, sensu lato. Es decir, tanto a aquellos que generosamente ponen su código a disposición de la comunidad de usuarios para que éstos lo hagan evolucionar, como a aquellos que utilizan la libre disponibilidad de los programas como eficaz banco de pruebas para ulteriores desarrollos comerciales. Por tanto, mi gratitud para con Linux, los autores de Generic Mapping Tools (GMT) e Intel (Compilador Fortran 90 para Linux). Agradezco a los compañeros, pasados y presentes, del Jaume Almera el haberme hecho grata la estancia en la ciudad condal. Mención especial merece mi buen amigo y camarada Mario, excelente y eximio individuo con el que tantas horas he pasado charlando, dentro y fuera del trabajo, y que tantos ratos me ha ofrecido su buen corazón, seguro cabo con el que aferrarme a la joliè de la vie, mientras las tempestades de la tristeza azotaban mi alma. Y las horas que has echado para enseñarme Linux y GMT no se las salta un romaní. Un especial recuerdo también para mi compañera de despacho, Leire, a quien considero como una hermana mayor, y cuya tesis y la mía, fatalmente unidas temática y espacio- temporalmente, parecen haber superado la maldición del depatx 250. Te agradezco haberme enseñado la palabra zirrikitu y las lecciones improvisadas de geología. Al Dr. Yeisi (JC A(l)fonso, te regalo la l que siempre me robas del apellido) le agradezco el haberme descubierto las excelencias de la buena cerveza, y el haberme inoculado la fiebre ochentera. Otrosí su dilatado background geofísico y petrológico, que tan útil me ha resultado. El hierático Dr. Arrow (Isaac) también me ha servido de seguro maestro en el manejo del ordenador, y le quiero agradecer su estilismo funcional-revolucionario, su lucidez en el análisis del mundo científico, y su palillo. Al Dr. Zlotnik, porteño quijotesco, le quiero agradecer su efusividad en las noches de mala vida y su asesoramiento, profesional, en materia de programación. Al chaba banyolí, pero netamente internacional, Gaspà Dos Veces Toro, le agradezco su animosidad fiestera y su chulería castiza, rara vez enturbiadas. Al Dr. Saura, melena par excellence del Gironès, le agradezco el ser co-lector de un libro irlandés maldito por lo denso, su exquisita educación, y su asesoramiento técnico, que tantas veces me ayudó a desfacer el nudo Wordiano. A David, fotolog master, le agradezco la parada y fonda generosamente ofrecidas, así como la oportunidad de ver en directo a una ilustre pareja de aborígenes rockeros e irreverentes. A las amazonas de la ciencia ipalomer y bgaite, les agradezco el mal genio (pero buen corazón y excelente disposición como proveedora de papers de las antípodas), y el haberme brindado la posibilidad de leer al jalisciense más internacional editado en sus propios pagos, respectivamente. Al “jodido” Dr. Emami le agradezco las conversaciones sobre Zoroastro, y a Stephàne su discreción y savoir faire. A la tétrada consagrada, y futuro de la Geofísica ibérica, Ivone, Daniel GC, Marta y Antonio, les agradezco su buen hacer y el ejemplo de que, al final y con la precariedad como bandera, los buenos ganan: sois unos científicos de cajales. A la vieja guardia del Almera de los tiempos heroicos (Manu, Charlie, Ignacio, Rafa, Valen, Jose etc.) le agradezco el haber generado una mitología becaria homérica, que nos ha permitido tocar el material de los sueños a los amanuenses de esta época gris y medievalizante. Un recuerdo también para los compañeros más recientes: Lluís, Anne, Emilio, Caroline, Naiara, Jordi etc. A mis amigos de Madrid, camaradas desde los tiempos universitarios, les debo infinitas horas de diversión y apoyo, y muchas cosas más, difíciles de expresar por escrito. Sencillamente, os quiero, y me gustaría que mi vida siguiera formando parte de la vuestra, aunque medien miles de km (no me lo toméis en cuenta, la edad me está volviendo asquerosamente sentimental). Al proto doctor Rísquez, ingenio de Moratalaz y fénix de las Ecuaciones de Maxwell, le agradezco la camaradería política (¡¡son 13 años de sintonía y evolución conjunta!!), su bondad extremada y desbordante, así como los buenos ratos que hemos pasado pergeñando ecuaciones y modelos disparatados en los lugares más inverosímiles. Al hombre-móvil Álvaro Ruano, cruzado ocasional y subscriptor honorario del Marca, Ché de las hamburguesas, le agradezco el que se pase la vida intentando parecer un malvado cínico e insensible para disimular ese buen corazón que tantas veces le ha perdido. Hemos hecho prácticas “a rajatabla”, virguerías con el Fifa y, aunque me has hecho conocer el frío suelo de Toledo para no deshacer una cama, conozco pocas personas más generosas que tú (y, además, me ofreciste el mejor consejo sentimental de mi vida). ¿Qué decir de mi pequeño amigo Jose, probablemente el mayor experto mundial en Álgebra vivo, titán memorioso, madridista honrado y fervoroso, prodigio del recorte verbal castizo e ingenioso? Conocimos juntos la vaselina abellanística por un error de aula en aquel otoño iniciático del 95 (¡¡primera persona que conocí en la carrera!!). A Juanma, Lord Prosper, otrora hombre-H, le agradezco su locuacidad radiofónica, las muchas horas de buena conversación de madrugada en el Ford Fiesta, y el haberme presentado al inefable Segovia de Huete. Al forestal Abraham, topógrafo de la meseta, le agradezco haberme dejado formar parte de los tiempos etílicos en que se forjó su leyenda de copar-field a golpe de Negrita, y el haberme dado la oportunidad de conducir, por una vez en mi vida, un BMW. El filósofo melómano y socrático David, Miles Davis de San Blas, me introdujo en el mundo de la Filmoteca y el billar, así como en Materialismo Filosófico bueniano; le agradezco el haberse comido de cabo a rabo un bocadillo de barra entera en mi casa (pero, para qué lo vas a cortar, no le hagas daño al pan…) y su gerontofilia reciente. Al ingeniero Marqueta, avezado ciclista y acreedor del prestigioso “cero remarcado” de Gascón en Mecánica I, le agradezco haberme enseñado como se come de verdad la carne con las manos y el arte del lanzamiento de croquetas en una épica jornada en el barrio de Oporto. Mi buen Dimas de Corral, top ten de Física, eterno estudiante, cristo dos pistolas de las residencias universitarias, quiero agradecerte la oportunidad que me diste de conocer un viñedo, tu inocencia rural y tu atletismo irredento. Finalmente a Johonny y Juanito les agradezco el haber abierto recientemente embajada en Ucrania. Agradezco a mis padres su apoyo incondicional e incesante durante todos estos años, su paciencia infinita, su cariño, y su bondad desinteresada. Siempre habéis sido puerto donde recalar en tiempos difíciles. Y siempre lo seréis. Mi afecto especial para los dos canes de mi vida que guardaron y guardan el sueño y la alegría de mis progenitores: Crom, noble teutón de morro chato y electrizante, y Pip, bretón montaraz. Alicia, ma ringa, ma sha. En el invierno de mi corazón, arrasado por la soledad, el hastío y la indiferencia, brotaste como una extraña y fragante flor, la más hermosa, la más inesperada del jardín de las almas; despertaste mi interés por la vida y los asuntos de los hombres; no me pesaron los trabajos del cortejo, oíslo cimarrón, pues mis pies bailan ligeros elevados sobre la tierra, nunca tan amable, nunca tan feraz. Corona y cetro, cetro y corona, excuso decir que este trabajo es tan tuyo como mío, pues tú eres yo, y yo soy tú, sustancia imponderable, sutilísima, eterna. Por último, y en un acto de inmodestia audaz e inusitada, quiero agradecerme esta tesis a mí mismo. Por haber tenido paciencia y soportado mis incesantes desfallecimientos y escarceos varios, pues es dilatado y vasto el campo de las distracciones que amenaza el alma de los jóvenes doctorandos. No ha sido fácil enderezar, durante todos estos años, la voluntad a un fin único y, como si de una larga marcha se tratase, hemos tenido que comer suela de alpargata y sacrificar a algunos hombres (otros yo, sombras del pasado), ad majorem scientia gloriam, se entiende. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................... 3 1.1 PREVIOUS WORK........................................................................................ 3 1.1.1 Geophysical modelling...............................................................................................
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