The Stratigraphy and Diagenesis of the Rierdon and Swift Formations (Upper Jurassic) Missouri River Headwaters Basin
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University of Montana ScholarWorks at University of Montana Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers Graduate School 1985 The stratigraphy and diagenesis of the Rierdon and Swift Formations (Upper Jurassic) Missouri River headwaters basin James Brent Lippert The University of Montana Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Lippert, James Brent, "The stratigraphy and diagenesis of the Rierdon and Swift Formations (Upper Jurassic) Missouri River headwaters basin" (1985). Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers. 7571. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/7571 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at ScholarWorks at University of Montana. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at University of Montana. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. The Stratigraphy and Diagenesis of the Riercon and Swift Formations (Upper Jurassic), Missouri River Headwaters Basin by James Brent Lippert B.A., University of Montana, 1983 Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science University of Montana 1985 Approved bys / chairman,Board of Examiners Dean, Graduate School Date Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. UMI Number: EP38372 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. UMT OMMTUKion RtMisNng UMI EP38372 Published by ProQuest LLC (2013). Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code ProQuest* ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Lipoert, James B., December 1985 Geology The Stratigraphy and Diagenesis of the Upper Jurassic Rierdon and Swift Formations (Southwest Montana) (161 pp.) Director: Johnnie N. Moore, Ph.D. The Rierdon and Swift Formations are the shallow marine depo sits of the last two incursions of intracratonic seas during the Jurassic period. The Rierdon Formation consists of limestones and shales, while the Swift Formation contains sandstones and conglomerates. Understanding the distribution and depositional environments of these sediments enhances the interpretation of the previously undescribed carbonate and sandstone diagenesis. The Rierdon Formation is divided into three 1ithostratigraphic units, consisting-of varying amounts of oosparite, oomicrite, biosparite, solution breccias, and shale. Rierdon sediments deposited adjacent to Belt Island, a paleotopographic high, and to the west were the products of tidal bars or beaches within a restricted lagoon environment. Post depositional flushing of the oosparite and biosparite by meteoric water in the phreatic zone caused dissolution of aragonite, and the precipitation of drusy calcite cement. Oosparites and oomicrites of the restricting shoal removed from these marginal sediments were not subject to meteoric water flushing and early cementation, resulting in grain deformation and microstyloi it izat ion. The proposed absence of meteoric water in these sediments is attributed to reduced poros ity and permeability in the oomicrites and the lack of available meteoric water, basinward, in the oosparites. The Swift sediments are divided into five units based upon varying proportions of sandstone, conglomerate, and detrital glauconite. Detailed study of Swift lithofacies reveal a pre viously undescribed perturbation in the Oxfordian sea level. Except for mud matrix sands. Swift diagenesis is similar through out the study area. Early, surface to shallow burial, events include dissolution of aragonite, calcite and silica precipita tion, hematite formation, and more calcite precipitation. Heating of adjacent Morrison Formation clays, upon burial, re leased magnesium and iron, which, when exported to Swift sands, formed dolomite, replacing both calcite grains and cement. Further thermal maturity of unidentified organic material re leased CO2 and organic acids, dissolving plagioclase grains and calcite cement in the Swift. An increase in pH due to the former reactions caused kaolinite precipitation in the dissolved voids. Finally, hydrocarbon migration in the microporosity of the kao linite left patches of oil stain in the clay. ii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. b 3 1, ^ ,'_y q-y TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Tables ......................................... iv List of II lustrât ioris.............. v Rierdon and Swift Stratigraphy I nt rod uct i on...................................... 1 Lithologie Description ....................... 9 Rierdon Lithofacies ......... il Facies I ............. 11 Faciès II ..................... 13 Faciès III .................... 16 Rierdon Lithofacies Interpretat io n ........... 17 Faciès I ...... 18 Facies II ................................... 19 Faciès III .................................. 21 Swift Lithofacies ....... 22 Faciès I ................ 23 Facies II ......... 24 Faciès III ........ 28 Facies I V ........... 29 Faciès V ........ 30 Swift Lithofacies Interprétât io n .......... 31 Faciès I ..................... 31 Faciès II .............................. 34 Facies III ........ 35 Faciès IV ........................ 36 Faciès V ............ 37 Transgressions/Regressions.............. 38 Stratigraphy Conclusion ........................ 42 Rierdon and Swift Diagenesis Int rod uct ion ............................... 44 Methods of Invest igat io n ........ 45 Burial History .............................. 46 Rierdon Di agenesis ................. 48 Faciès I ......................... 49 Facies II ................... 55 Facies III ....... 59 Swift Diagenesis ................................ 63 Detrital Mineralogy ....... 64 Authigenic Minerals .................. 66 Di agenesis ...................... 70 Di agenesis Summary ..... 99 Further Work ..................................... 100 Acknowledgments........... 101 References Cited ........ 102 Appendix A — Measured Sect ions ................... 107 Appendix B — Thin Section Descriptions ............129 ill Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. LIST OF TABLES Table 1 — Section Location ............ 8 Table 2 - Rierdon Lithofacies .............. 12 Table 3 — Swift Lithofacies .................... 24 Table 4 — Rierdon Cement Summary ....... 49 Table 5 — Rierdon Di agenesis Summary ....... 62 IV Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Fig. 1 - Rierdon Paleogeography........ 4 Fig. 2 - Swift Paleogoegraphy ................... 5 Fig. 3 - Stratigraphic Correlation Chart ........ 7 Fig. 4 - Location M a p ........ 8 Fig. 5 - Rierdon Facies M a p ........ 12 Fig. 6 — Rierdon Fence Diagram (South) ..... 14 Fig. 7 — Rierdon Fence Diagram (North) ...... 15 Fig. a — Swift Lithofacies M a p ..... 24 Fig. 3 — Swift Fence Diagram (South) ....... 25 Fig. 10 — Swift Fence Diagram (North) .............. 27 Fig. 11 — Pa1eocurrent Data for Flood Delta ...... 33 Fig. 12 — Pa1eocurrent Data for Upper Foreshore .... 36 Fig. 13 — Map of Rierdon Regression ........ 40 Fig. 14 — Map of Swift Transgression .......... 40 Fig. 15 — Map of Swift Regression ............... 41 Fig. 16 — Photo of Rierdon oosparite ..... 50 Fig. 17 — Photo of Rierdon oosparite ........... 50 Fig. 18 — Photo of Rierdon oomicirte ................. 53 Fig. 19 — Photo of stylolite in oomicrite ........... 54 Fig. 20 — Photo of Rierdon oosparite ...... 56 Fig. 21 — Photo of Rierdon oosparite ...... *......... 57 Fig. 22 — Photo of Rierdon biosparite .......... 60 Fig. 23 — Photo of Ooid Dissolution/Chalc. Precip. 61 Fig. 24 — Photo of Mollusk Replaced by Quartz ...... 67 Fig. 25 — Swift Diagenesis Summary ........ 71 Fig. 26 — Photo of Quartz Overgrowth on Quartz ..... 73 Fig. 27 — Photo of Mollusk Replaced by Quartz ...... 73 Fig. 28 — Photo of Quartz Overgrowth w/ Carb.......... 75 Fig. 29 — Photo of Quartz with quartz penetration .. 76 Fig. 30 — Photo of Chalcedony in Mollusk and Cement 77 Fig, 31 - Photo of Dolomite in Dissolved Mollusk ... 77 Fig. 32 — Photo of Calcite Pore Filling ............ 81 Fig. 33 — Eh—pH Diagram for Mn and Fe .......... 82 Fig. 34 — Photo of Replacement Dolomite ............ 86 Fig. 35 — Gas Yield of Organic M a t t e r ....... 91 Fig. 36 — Photo of Kaolinite in Secondary Pore ..... 94 Fig. 37 — Photo of Kaolinite with Hydrocarbon Stain 98 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. RIERDON AND SWIFT STRATIGRAPHY INTRODUCTION In 1393 Peale gave the name Ellis formation