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A Note on Spelling, Technical Terms, and Referencing A Note on Spelling, Technical Terms, and Referencing For the sake of consistency and coherency, we have endeavoured to standard- ize spellings, place-names, personal names, and referencing across the vol- ume. However, one particular problem with editing a book of this nature is that there are many different spellings of names. Not only does the timespan covered by this volume mean that linguistic changes altered the sound and consequently the spelling of many names, but the choice of spelling can some- times be affected by national scholarly traditions and politics, too. As far as geographical locations are concerned, we have chosen to use the appropriate historical place-name to avoid anachronism, but we include the modern native version in brackets the first time the name is used in the article. Thus, in the context of the Teutonic Order, we write for example, Danzig (Gdańsk), Thorn (Toruń), Bittau (Bytów), and Elbing (Elbląg), but Gdańsk, To- ruń, Bytów, and Elbląg to refer to the modern towns. In those cases where there is a widely recognized anglicized form found in academic publications, we have used it. For example: Prussia (not Preußen or Prusy), Copenhagen (not København), and Warsaw (not Warszawa). Personal names are similarly given in anglicized forms if such exist. For example: Casimir IV Jagiellon (not Kazimierz IV Jagiellończyk or Kazimieras IV Jogailaitis), Vytautas the Great (not Vytautas Didysis), and Peter the Venerable (not Petrus Venerabilis). In all other cases, we use what seems to use to be the most sensible, standardized form of the native name. For example: Hákon Hákonsson (not Hákon Hákonarson or Håkon Håkonsson), and Sven Estridsson (not Sweyn Estridsson, Sveinn Ástríðarson,orSvend Estridsen). Hebrew and Arabic names and terms have been transcribed as accurately and consistently as possible. For example, Muḥammad (not Mohammed), al- Ġazāl (not al-Ghazal), and ’Eliyahu (not Eliyahu). Transcriptions from Russian and Ukrainian have also been done as transparently as possible. German terms used to describe various phenomena and people in Prussia have been translated into English as far as possible – Grand Master (Hochmeis- ter), confederation (Bund), and servants (Knechte) – or supplied with an expla- nation – Hackelwerk (a quasi-suburbium) and Kämmerer (bailiffs). The term used in the volume to denote the phenomenon of modern biologi- cal-racial Jew-hatred is antisemitism, while anti-Judaism is used to refer to op- position to Jewish beliefs and practices. However, there is, of course, a degree of overlap between the two phenomena. The editors have chosen not to use the hyphenated anti-Semitism, considering it a non-term (it is not directed against xx A Note on Spelling, Technical Terms, and Referencing “Semitism” – there is no such race or people), and prefer therefore to use the unhyphenated version. However, the contributor Richard Cole considers “Sem- itism” to be a phenomenon of real substance in the minds of antisemites, and therefore prefers to use the hyphenated version in his article. References are provided throughout the volume in footnotes using the author-date system to locate the work in the associated bibliography. Please note that Icelanders are listed under their first name. For example, Heimir Páls- son is listed under “H” for Heimir, not “P” for his patronymic Pálsson. Note also that all Web addresses were correct at time of going to press..
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