1986) Croat-Venezuela Araceae 3

The Araceae of Venezuela

by Thomas B. Croat1 and Nancy Lambert2

lMissouri Botanical Garden, P.O. Box 299, Sf. Louis, MO 63166 2154 Union Street, Manchester, N.H. 03104

Abstract: An illustrated treatment of 171 Venezuelan Araceae taxa is provided. Discussion of range, species characteristics and distinction from similar or closely related species is made for each taxon. Sixteen species, three subspecies and one variety are described as new, and three new combinations are made.

Until recently the Araceae of Vene­ trips in recent years have enabled me to zuela was very poorly known, but that photograph a good percentage of the has greatly changed with the publication species in the Flora. These trips included of "Sinopsis de las Araceaes de Venezu­ a month long trip (July-August) in 1982 ela" by G. S. Bunting (Rev. Fac. Agron. which took me more than 6,000 (Maracay) 10:139-290. 1979). This great kilometers by car and 2,000 kilometers contribution to our understanding of by air into many parts of the country. A the South American Araceae is the second 3 week long trip to Cerro result of about 20 years of work by Bunt­ Neblina (Nov-Dec, 1985) in the Ter­ ing in Venezuela. Since the work was ritorio Amazonas on the Brazilian published in Spanish, lacks illustrations border was followed by a trip to the and is likely to be unavailable to most Cordillera de la Costa and the Cordillera aroid enthusiasts, I will present here de Merida during two weeks in March some needed commentary on the Vene­ of 1986. In all, I was able to collect a zuelan species and will illustrate many high percentage of the 274 aroid taxa of them for the first time. occurring there. All described Venezuelan species are The aroid flora of Venezuela is inter­ listed in appendix 1. When species are esting in several ways. It is apparently new to science or recently described much richer in species than the Amazon elsewhere complete descriptions are basin to the south but less rich than the provided. The species discussed in the species-rich western Cordillera of text are generally only those for which Colombia to the west. The aroid flora illustrations were available. Where of Venezuela is similar to the flora of species were sufficiently known to the middle Amazon basin, howevPf, in provide commentary, but where no that it is substantially richer in species photographs of live material was avail­ of Philodendron than Anthurium. In able, photographs of typical herbarium countries throughout most of the material has sometimes been provided. Western Andes, Anthurium species While herbarium specimens are generally outnumber Philodendron generally unsuitable for easy recogni­ species. For example, in Panama there tion by horticulturists, they at least are 158 known species of Anthurium provide some assistance in indentifi­ and about 75 species of Philodendron. cation. In contrast, a typical locality in Many of the Venezuelan species, Amazonian Brazil may have many spe­ including many poorly known or rare cies of Philodendron and no represen­ species described for the first time by tation of Anthurium. Even when Bunting, are very attractive and will be Anthurium are present they are often in demand by horticulturists. Several rare, most being members of section 4 Aroideana (Vol. 9(1-4)

Pachyneurium (bird's nest Anthuriums). the species is known to occur are also The situation in Venezuela is not nearly listed in an abbreviated manner as severe, but even so, 66 species of according to the following: Philodendron are reported by Bunting Amazonas Am while only 44 species of Anthurium Anzoategui An were reported. Apure Ap Venezuela is quite diverse geo­ Aragua Ar graphically, with several distinct Barinas Ba geological components appearing to Bolwar Bo have arisen at different times, or at Carabobo Ca least to have been isolated for a con­ Cojedes Co siderable time, resulting in distinct Delta Amacuro DA floristic regions. Bunting (1979) divided Distrito Federal DF Venezuela into seven floristic zones Falcon Fa (Fig. 1) in regard to the distribution of G~rioo Gu aroids. These were: 1. The Atlantic Lara La coast (territory of Delta Amacuro and Merida Me the eastern extremes of Sucre and Miranda Mi Bolivar States). 2. The Cordillera de la Monagas Mo Costa of the Federal District and States Nueva Esparta NE of Miranda, Aragua and Carabobo with Portuguesa Po extentions or subzones in the eastern Sucre Su states of Sucre and Monagas, as well as Tachira Ta the western states of Varacuy and Trujillo Tr Falcon. 3. The Cordillera de Merida Varacuy Va and the Sierra de Perija, the two moun­ Zulia Zu tain chains lying on either side of Lake Maracaibo. 4. The forested slopes below The legend of those species chosen the Paramo de Tama in SW Tachira (with for illustration includes more specific a flora related to the western Andes of information. Colombia). 5. The Amazon lowland region. 6. The Guyana Highlands. 7. The Llanos (flat grasslands and savannas of the Orinoco drainage). Relatively few Araceae occur in the Llanos, which are partially flooded during the rainy season and very dry during the dry season. The zone probably richest in Araceae per unit area is the Cordillera de Merida, per­ haps owing to its much more diverse array of elevations and habitats. Appendix 1 lists the 275 taxa of Araceae trom Venezuela. Each species has been assigned to one or more of these floristic regions by number only. In a few cases, name changes have been made or have been suggested. Some taxa have been added to the flora. These are preceded by an asterisk. The states or territories of Venezuela where 1986) Croat-Venezuela Araceae S

Fig. 1. the floristic regions of Venezuela: 1." t~e Atlantic ~oast 2. t~~ Cordillera de la Costa 3. the Cordillera de Menda and the SIerra de PenJa 4. SW Tachira below Tama S. the Amazon region 6. the Guyana high­ lands 7. the Llanos (not shown).

Anthurium amoenum is apparently ANTHURIUM endemic to Venezuela, ranging from the Cordillera de la Costa lEI Avila in Anthurium acrobates Sodiro, Anales the Distrito Federal to Alto de Choron! Univ. Centro Ecuador 16: 276. 1902. in Aragua) to the Cordillera de Merida Anthurium acrobates ranges from (from Barinas and Merida (La Azulita) southern Colombia (Meta) along the to Sierra de San Luis in Falcon) at 1,420- eastern slopes of the Andes to 2,140 m, generally occurring inSMdy, Ecuador and Peru at elevations of wet undisturbed areas. Fig. 4 280-2,SOO m. A recent outlying The species is characterized by its collection from southern Amazonas at terrestrial habit, short internodes (6-20 Cerro Neblina indicates that at one time mm diam.), deciduous cataphylls, and a the species may have had a broader subterete petiole that is weakly and distribu~ion. Figs. 2-3 narrowly flattened toward the apex, The species is recognized by its more consciously so on the geniculum. appressed-climbing habit with elongate The blades are thin and veiny, elliptic to internodes, long-petiolate, narrow, broadly elliptic, with the principal veins ovate to ovate-triangular blades, and mostly sunken above and raised below. its long-pedunculate inflorescences with The secondary and tertiary veins are also a green, lanceolate spathe and usually raised on the lower surface and the purplish, long-tapered spadix. lower midrib is often tinged red. The erect inflorescence has a green spadix Anthurium amoenum Kunth & with medium green tepals, a green re­ Bouche, Ind. Sem. Hort. Berol. flexed spathe, and dark green, early 1848: 1. 1848. emergent pistils. 6 Aroideana (Vol. 9(1-4)

Figs. 2-5. 2-3. Anthurium acrobates Sod iro. Ecuador. Napo: Baeza, 2500 m, Croa t 49437. 2. Habit, x1/ 12. 3. Inflorescence, x3 / 10. ----4. A. amoenum Kunth & Bouche. Venezuela. Merida: Merida - La Azulita, 1590 m, Croat 54875. Habit, xl/ 5. ----5. A. betanianum Croat. Venezu­ ela. Tachira: Tama National Park, 2600 m , Croat 60687A. Inflores ­ cence, xl/ 6. 1986) Croat-Venezuela Araceae 7

Engler included A. humile Schott ficial ways from that of Central America, from Peru as a variety of this species. but considering the widespread nature Despite the fact that the Schott drawings of the species in Central America, it is of A. humile look very similar to not surprising to find it in eastern South A. amoenum, it is unlikely, consider­ America. ing known distributional patterns, that The species is distinguished by its the Peruvian plants are closely related short internodes, long- petiolate, ob­ to the Venezuelan species. long-oblanceolate blades with a distinc­ tive sunken collective vein, which is Anthurium apaporanum Schultes, Bot. more conspicuous than the primary Mus. Leafl. Harvard Univ. 18: 115, lateral veins. In this regard, the species pI. 19. 1958. is close to A. ange/orum Bunting, having Anthurium apaporanum ranges from similar blades. That species, however, southern Venezuela to southern Colom­ dries grayish green and is reported to bia (Vaup~s) and south along the foot­ have a greenish yellow spadix (Davidse hills of the Andes to Ecuador (Napo and et al. 18530), while A. bakeri has blades Pastaza) and Peru (Amazonas, Loreto, drying yellow-green and has a white Huanuco and Pasco) at 200-1,000 m. In spadix. Venezuela, it is known only from Cerro Perhaps the closest relative of A. Neblina, but it is expected to range bakeri in Venezuela is A. apaporanum throughout the remainder of southern Schultes. The latter species, repre­ Venezuela. Fig. 6 sented by an outlying population in The species is a member of section Venezuela at Cerro Neblina, ranges Porphyrochitoniuro and is distinguished from Colombia to Peru. It differs from by its usually epiphytic habit, short A. baker; in having typically more ellip­ internodes, subterete petioles (ca. two­ tic blades drying more yellow-green and thirds as long as blades), oblong-elliptic in having a spadix that is typically more blades, and whitish, slightly tapered spa­ long-tapered. dix with tepals that dry with a minutely warty surface. Particularly characteris­ Anthurium bernard;; Croat, Aroideana tic are the blades, which dry yellowish 8(4): 120. 1985 (1986). green (with an almost golden cast) and Anthur;um bernard;; is endemic to are glandular-punctate below, have a Venezuela, occurring in the Cordillera straight collective vein near the margin de Merida at 850-1,900 m in adjacent and have about 20 primary lateral veins, portions of the states of Barinas and which are scarcely or not at all more Trujillo. conspicuous than the numerous inter­ A member of the section Porphy­ primary veins. rochitonium, it is distinguished by its long-petiolate, thick, ovate leaf blades that are dark glandular-punctate on Anthurium bake'; Hook. f., Bot. Mag. t. both surfaces, by its slender stem with 6261. 1876. persistent cataphyll fibers and especially Anthurium bakeri ra nges from by its unusual flowers which, unlike any Guatemala to Colombia, Venezuela and other known species of Anthurium, Guyana from sea level to 1,000 m. The have opposing lateral tepals that are flat­ species is rare in Venezuela, having tened and erect with their respective been collected only in the forest around lateral margins very near one another in the base of Cerro Neblina. The species bud (much like a pair of folded hands was first collected in Guyana by A. C. held in prayer with the fingers extend­ Smith (3014) in 1938. Material from ed) as in a much flattened bud. At eastern South America differs in super- anthesis, the tepals are fully extended or <: Figs. 6-9. 6. Anthurium apaporanum Schultes. Peru . Barrie r s.n., Munich Bot. Card. 79-1100. Habit, xl / s . ----7-8. A. o betanianum Croat. Ven ezuela. Ta-chira : Tama National Park, 2600 m, Croat 60687A. 7. Habit, xl / 38. 8. Blade, xl/ 12. ----9. A. bonplandii Bunting ss p. bonplandii. Venezuela. Amazonas: San Carlos de R(o Negro, 100 m, Croat 59258. Inflorescence and leaves, xl / 6. 1986) Croat-Venezuela Araceae 9

nearly so, perhaps the full length, of sinus mitered to spathulate; upper sur­ both the pistil and style, much as in face semi-glossy, dark green, drying most ordinary flowers. The extended blackish; lower surface somewhat paler flower parts and epecially the tepals and almost matte to weakly glossy, dry­ (which are completely straightened and ing reddish brown; midrib convex look like round-ended spades), give the above, convex below with 2 sharp ribs entire spadix a very coarse, asperous on either side; basal veins 10-12 pairs, appearance. For photos see Aroideana first-third pairs free to the base, 8th and 8(4): 122. higher order pairs coalesced 7.5-12 cm; posterior rib naked 7.5-12 cm; primary Anthurium betanianum Croat, sp. nov. lateral veins 8-15 per side, departing Type: Venezuela. State of Tachira: from midrib at 50-55° angle, convex Tama National Park, along trail to above, reddish and pale below, promi­ summit beginning ca. 3 km from nently raised with an acute rib, curved center of population of Betania (7.6 to collective vein, drying weakly to km S of Villa Paez, 25.7 km S of Las moderately raised above, prominently Delicias, 66.7 km S of Rubio) ca, 7° raised below; interprimary veins drying 28'N, 72°27' W, 2,600 m, Croat moderately raised below, inconspicuous 60687A (MO 3234805-3234806, holo­ above; tertiary veins in part sunken type; B, CAS, K, NY, US, VEN, iso­ above, raised below, drying slightly raised below, inconspicuous above; col­ types). Figs. 5, 7-8, 10 lective vein arising from the primary Planta epiphytica aut terrestris; lateral veins near middle of blade, run­ internodia brevia, 3.5-7 cm diam.; ning 3-7 mm from the margin. INFLOR­ cataphyllum 3-30 cm longum, per­ ESCENCES erect, stout, slightly shorter sistens en fibris tenuibus; petiolus than leaves; peduncle erect, 70-86 cm teres aut subteres; lamina ovata, long, 3-13 mm diam. when dry, 1-1.5 basiliter cordata, 54-87 cm longa, times as long as petiole; spathe coria­ 36-66 cm lata; inflorescentia erecta; ceous, semi-glossy, medium green, pedunculus 70-86 cm longus, 3-13 outer surface tinged purple or pale mm latus; spath a ovatolanceolata, brick-red suffused yellowish green, dry­ vi rid us; spadix stipitatus, purpureus, ing reddish brown, ovate-elliptic, 17-25 13-27 cm longus, 1-1.5 cm diam; cm long, 3.5-6 cm broad, acuminate at baccae ignotae. apex, obtuse at base; stipe 1-2 cm long; spadix purplish, scarcely tapered, almost Epiphytic or terrestrial; stem ca. 3 m cylindrical, 13-27 cm long, 1-1.5 cm long; internodes short, 3.5-7 cm diam.; diam. at base, 4-9 mm diam. at apex, cataphylls coriaceous, 3-30 cm long, pendent, held at ca. 90° angle from acuminate, drying reddish brown, per­ peduncle. Flowers (dried) rhombic, 2.3-3 sisting as fibers, LEAVES erect; petiole terete to subterete, obtusely 1-ribbed mm long, 1.7-2 mm wide, ca. 17 flowers visible in the principle spiral (when midway, obtusely flattened toward apex, live), 11-14 flowers visible when dried; ca. 1 m long, 1-1.5 cm diam., medium tepals held semi-erect, lateral tepals ca. green tinged puplish; geniculum 4 cm 1.3 mm wide, the inner margin broadly long; blades moderately coriaceous, held perpendicular to petiole, ovate, rounded, straight or slightly concave on drying, the edge turned up, outer mar­ acuminate at apex, cordate at base, 54-87 cm long, 36-66 cm broad, broadest gin acute to obtusely rounded; pistils somewhat protrudant after anthesis (ca. at base, the margin broadly undulate; anterior lobe 38-60 cm long, the margin 1.5 mm long on dried plant), ca. 1 mm wide; stigma button like with an oblong convex; posterior lobes 16-24 cm long, directed inward to overlapping, the slit ca. 0.6 mm long; stamens ca. 0.7 mm long, the laterals preceding the alter- 10 Aroideana (Vol. 9(1-4)

Figs. 10-13. 10. Anthurium betanianum Croat. Venezuela. TSchira : TamS National Park , 2600 m , Croa t 606 87A. Apex of stem , x1/ 6. ----11-12. A. bonplandii Bunting ssp. bonplandii. Venezuela. Amazonas : Cerro Neblina, 140 m , Croat 59388. 11 . Leaves, x1/ 11 . 12. Ste m , x3 / 10. ----13 . A. bonplandii Bunting ssp. bonplandii. Venezuela. Amazonas: San Ca rl os de RIO Negro, 100 m , Croat 59260. Infructescence, x1/ 5. 1986) Croat-Venezuela Araceae 11

nates by ca. 5 spirals, the 3rd stamen ranging from southeastern Colombia to preceding the 4th by 1-2 spirals; anthers southeastern Venezuela and to the ca. 0.7 mm long, 0.2-0.5 mm wide, northwestern part of the Brazilian state oblong to triangular; thecae not at all of Para. In Venezuela, it inhabits the divergent. INFRUCTESCENCE with the middle and upper RIO Orinoco drain­ spathe present; spadix 26 cm long, 2.5 age. It is predominently terrestrial in cm wide; stipe 1.5 cm long, berries not sandy areas or, less frequently, is found seen. growing on rocks on in open savanna Anthurium betanianum is known areas, or in partial shade of the primary only from Venezuela, on the forested forest. Figs. 9, 11-13 slopes below the Paramo de Tama in the The typical subspecies is recognized southwestern corner of the state of by its elliptic or rarely oblanceolate, Tachira, south of San Crist6bal near the coriaceous blades with acute bases and Colombian border at 2,150-2,600 m. It is by its flowers with raised, caviform stig­ expected to also occur in Colombia. mas. It is highly variable and overlaps The species is characterized by its considerably with two other taxa, which large overall size, large coriaceous, red­ are probably only subspecifically dis­ dish brown cataphylls (30 cm long) tinct. One of these taxa, A. guayanum which weather to fibers, its ovate Bunting, occurs in the Guiana High­ blades with a cordate base and a col­ lands, usually at higher elevations lective vein originating from the primary (above 500 m) and has generally larger, lateral veins near the middle of the often thicker blades, which are con­ blade and especially by its stout inflores­ spicuously glandular, dotted with plate­ cence, with the broad spathe erect and shaped glands. The second taxon, long the purplish, scarcely tapered spadix confused with A. bonp/andii ssp. bon­ turned forward at nearly a 90° angle. p/andii, is here described as a new sub­ There are noteworthy differences species of A. bonp/andii. between the collection from near Betania (Croat 60687A), which reports Anthurium bonplandii ssp. cuatrecasii the spathe to be medium green ex­ Croat, ssp. nov. Figs. 14-17 ternally tinged purple and which has TYPE: Venezuela. Amazonas: Dept. stamens appearing to have fallen off (or Atabapo: vicinity of Puerto Aya­ scarcely exserted) and the collection cucho: along road from Puerto from Quebrada Agua Azul (Steyermark Ayacucho to Sanariapo, ca. 1 km S & Liesner 778387) with a younger inflor­ of airport road, near RIO Cataniapo, escence having a yellowish green spathe growing on huge granite boulders, suffused with pale brick-red and ex­ Aug. 14, 1982, Croat 55065 (MO serted stamens. 2934844, holotype; B, DUKE, GH, NY, RSA, US, VEN, isotypes). VENEZUElA. TACHIRA: Quebrada Aqua Azul, S of EI Reposa, 14 km SE of Delicias, 7°31'N, Discrepat cum specie typica habens 72°24'W, 2,150-2,300 m, Steyermark & Liesner folii basim truncatam vel gradatim 118387, 118620 (MO); Tama National Park, along rotundam, pedunculum longum et trail to summit beginning ca. 3 km from center of longum stipitem. population of Betania (7.6 km S of Villa Paez, 25.7 km S of Las Delicias, 66.7 km S of Rubio), ca. 7°28'N, Terrestrial or epipetric, occasionally 72°27'W, 2,600 m, Croat 60687A (B, CAS, K, MO, NY, epiphytic; stem often caespitose, leaf US, VEN). scars obscured by root mass and cata­ Anthurium bonplandii Bunting, Acta phylls; internodes shorter than broad, Bot. Venez. 10: 267-268. 1975. ssp. 1-4 cm diam.; roots dense, descending, bonplandii the uppermost ascending, grayish when Anthurium bonp/and;; is known dried, slender and elongate, to 25 cm throughout the northern Amazon basin, long, 2-5 mm diam.; cataphylls coria- 12 Aroidea na (Vol. 9(1-4)

Figs. 14-1 7. Anthurium b o nplandii. Bunting ss p. c uatrecasii Croat. Ve nezue la. Amaz onas : Pu erto Ayacuc h o, 100 m , Croat 55065. 14. Habit, xl / 12. 15. Habit, x l / B. 16. Ste m , x3 / 10. 17. Inflo rescence, x3/ 10. 1986) Croat-Yenezuela Araceae 13 ceo us, 4-14 cm long, acute to weakly wide, the sides smoothly sigmoid, (4)5-8 acuminate at apex, persisting more or flowers visible in either spiral; tepals less intact, eventually dilacerating into punctate, papillate, lateral tepals 1.2-1.8 fibers at base. LEA YES erect; petioles mm wide, inner margins convex, outer 4-30 (40) cm long, drying 3-11 mm diam., margins straight to 3-sided; pistils more erect, C-shaped or nearly D-shaped, or less squarish, barely emergent or not broadly and sharply sulcate to nearly flat at all emergent, stigma oblong, more or with prominently raised margins adaxial­ less rectangular, 0.6 mm long, densely Iy, smoothly rounded abaxially, sheath­ papillate, the exposed portion of sta­ ing 2-10 mm in the lowermost portion of mens to 1 mm long; anthers 0.4-1 mm petiole; geniculum terete, 0.5-2 cm long, 0.4-1.2 mm wide when dried, sur­ long; blades coriaceous, oblanceolate, rounding pistil; thecae drying more or often more or less elliptic to slightly less ellipsoid, 0.2-0.6 mm wide, divari­ ovate-elliptic, rarely oblong-elliptic, cate. INFRUCTESCENCE with spathe acute at apex to weakly acuminate, withered or absent; spadix (5)10-22 cm mostly rounded at base, sometimes long, 8-20 mm diam., bearing berries in bluntly acute, (16)25-55(70) cm long, the basal portion only, the apex often 4-25(32) cm wide, broadest mostly at or rotted away; stipe (2)20-35 cm long; ber­ above middle, the margins weakly un­ ries green, grayish green or greenish, dulate; upper surface semi-glossy to brown when young, obovoid, apex glossy; lower surface semiglossy, medi­ more or less truncate, 4-6 mm long, um to dark green above, light green, 3-5 mm diam.; pericarp thickened, with pustulate or glandular-punctate below; raphide cells; mesocarp dry; seeds 2, midrib scarcely raised at base, convexly with raphides, broadly ellipsoid, 4-5 mm raised toward the middle above, long, 1.8-3 mm thick, 1.2-1.4 mm diam. prominently, con~exly raised below, (rehydrated measurements), attached to departing midrib at (30)40-55(75)° apical end of carpel by strand of fibers. angle, usually weakly arcuate-ascend­ ing to the margin, loop-connect­ Anthur;um bonp/andii ssp. cuatre­ ing in the upper one-third of blades, casii ranges from southeastern Colombia convexly raised; interprimary veins oc­ (from the Mesa de Yamb( at ca. 1°25'N, casionally visible; lesser veins weakly 71°22'W) NE to the drainage of the mid­ etched above, slightly raised or flat be­ dle and upper R(o Orinoco and occurs low, darker than surface; collective vein at 75-380 m. Principally found on gran­ arising from near the apex, 2-10 mm itic boulders, it often has a caespitose from margin. INFLORESCENCES with habit, growing in humus tufts either on peduncle (19)30-100 cm long, drying granitic outcrops or terrestrially on soils 5-10 mm diam., 1.3-7 times as long as with a granite base. petioles, terete; spathe coiled, recurled, The subspecies cuatrecas;; differs pale yellowish green, sometimes suf­ from the other subspecies of A. bon­ fused with reddish purple, linear­ p/andii in having leaf bases that are lanceolate, 5-20 cm long, 0.5-2.5 cm rounded to narrowly truncate. It is also wide, broadest near base, the apex distinguished by its very long peduncles acuminate (the acumen ca. 5 mm long, and by its unusually long stipe. inrolled), the base decurrent; stipe The taxon is named in honor of Dr. (10)15-40 mm long; spadix pale green, Jose Cuatrecasas of the Smithsonian In­ becoming pink to maroon at maturity, stitution in Washington, D.C. He was tapered, erect, (6)10-25 cm long, 5-15 one of the first collectors of the species mm diam. near base, 3-6 mm diam. while working in Colombia. near apex, broadest at the base; Anthur;um bonp/and;; ssp. cuatre­ flowers rhombic to 4-lobed, drying casii is difficult to separate from ssp. 1.6-2.6(3) mm long, (1.2)1.5-2.6 mm bonp/andii in regions of geographical 14 Aroideana (Vol. 9(1-4) overlap such as the Mitu area of Vaupes Anthurium bredemeyeri Schott, Oestr. in eastern Colombia or the middle Bot. Wochenbl. 7: 269. 1857. Orinoco River Valley. Schultes & Cabre­ Anthurium bredemeyeri is endemic ra 19709, from the R(o Vaupes area near to Venezuela, known only from the Mitu in Colombia, exemplifies such vicinity of the type locality in Aragua taxonomic difficulty. Representing both and the Distrito Federal near Colonia long and short stipitate inflorescences in Tovar at 920-2,300 m. the same collection, this specimen has A member of the section Xialophyl­ been placed in ssp. cuatrecasii. It is pos­ lium, it is distinguished by its epunctate, sible that this collection, and others in more or less oblong, long-petiolate this range of geographical overlap, is blades, its long internodes, persistent hybridized with ssp. bonpland;;. cataphyll fibers, and long pedunculate The species is also closely related inflorescence. The species has long to A. guayanum Bunting (See that spe­ been confused with several members of cies for noted differences). Both of section Porphyrochitonium in Venezue­ these taxa will be dealt with in greater la. All of these can be distinguished by detail in an upcoming revision of being glandular-punctate on at least the Anthurium sect. Pachyneurium. lower blade surface. VENEZUELA. AMAZONAS: 10-15 km above For a complete treatment of this mouth of R(o Guayapo, tributary to R(o Sipapo, 160 species complex and for,illustrations see m, Morillo & Ishikawa 3432 (VEN); 3 km N of Puerto Aroideana 8(4): 125.1985. Ayacucho, 140-180 m, Morillo 6753 (MY, VEN); These include A. bernard;; Croat, A. Cano Mosquito, Cano Marieta, Lister 266 (K); R(o fernandezii Croat, A. gehrigeri Croat, A. Orinoco, between Sanariapo and San Pedro, Bunt­ ing 4239 (MO); Rro Orinoco between Santa Rosa gonzalezii Croat and A. smithii Croat. and mouth of R(o Vichada, Laja Picure, just below Raudal Picure, 100 m, Maguire et a/. 36194 (NY, Anthurium caraboboense Croat, sp. VEN), Maguire et a/. 36197 (NY, US, VEN); Rro Ori­ nov. noco, La Esmeralda, Medina 349 (VEN); middle and upper Orinoco, Pannier-Schwabe 1160 (VEN); vic. TYPE: Venezuela. Carabobo: Gua­ of Puerto Ayacucho between Puerto Ayacucho and remales, road from Puerto Cabel­ Sanariapo, ca. 1 km S of airport road near R(o Cata­ lo to San Felipe, 10-100 m, H. Pittier niapo, 100 m, Croat 55065 (MO); Dept. Atures, 23 8805 (GH, holotype; MO 3229684, km NE of Puerto Ayacucho, along the road to EI isotype). Fig. 18 Burro, 80-150 m, 5°51'N, 67°29'W, Davidse & Huber 15282 (MO, VEN); Puerto Ayacucho, R(o Cataniapo, Planta epiphytica; caulis brevis, ad 1 80 m from bridge to Samariapo, 37 m, 6°25'N, 67° cm diam.; cataphyllum persistens, 25W, Castillo 1237 (MO); vic. of Puerto Ayacucho, 8 intactum; petiolus sulcatus, 1.4-3 km S, EstaciOn de Piscicultura, 85 m, 5°36'N, 67° cm longus; lamina oblanceolata aut 37W, Davidse & Huber 14894 (MO); between Puerto Ayacucho and airport, 100 m, Gentry & Barry obovata, 10-13.5 cm longa, 3.8-4.7 14438 (MO); vic. Puerto Ayacucho on banks of Rio cm lata; pedunculus 7.5-8 cm Orinoco, 100 m, Plowman 7742 (F, K, MO, SEL), longus; spatha oblongo-Ianceolata, Williams 13446 (US, VEN); vic. Puerto Ayacucho, 3 cm longa; spadix luteus, 4-4.5 cm Samariapo Road, left bank of R(o Catania po, Trujillo & Pulido 14958 (MY); Sanariapo, 124 m, Williams longus, 2.5-3 mm diam. 16037 (F); 95 m, Williams 18379 (VEN); vic. Puerto Probably epiphytic (description Ayacucho, 5°44'N, 67° 38'W, Wessels-Boer 1904, based on dried plants only); stems to 6 (MO, U); 75 m, 5°37'N, 67°36'W, Huber 612 (MO, cm long, to 1 cm diam.; roots numer­ VEN); Dept. Atabapo, Cairo Cot!1a (Yapacana), 3-6 m, Huber 1778 (VEN): R(o Ventuari, 20 km E of R(o ous; cataphylls moderately thin, 3-3.8 Orinoco junction, 98 m. 4°3'N. 66°49'. Huber cm long, with pale raphides, acuminate 1853 (VEN); BOLIVAR: Laja del Zamuro, mouth of and curved at apex, persisting intact. the Parguaza, 150 m, Trujillo 10756 (MY); R(o LEAVES erect-spreading; petiole obtuse­ Orinoco, rocky outcrops on Isla Sta. Elena, 100- ly sulcate, 1.4-3 cm long, ca. 1.5-2 mm 150 m, Wurdack & Monachiflo 39874 (F, NY, US, VEN); R(o Parguaza, Badillo 1451 (VEN); Otto. diam., blades moderately coriaceous, Cede~o, 35 km SW of Caicara del Orinoco, 100-300 oblanceolate to obovate, rounded to m, 7°30'N, 66°']JfW, Sleyermark et a/. 131274 (MO). obtuse and apiculate or abruptly acumi- 1986) Croat-Venezuela Araceae 15

...... nl4 l,,'th_ ...... ~:.;.-.;;. oo ... _c.Ct..t ® I..',",U",- ~ "_' ''1.;

Figs. 18-21 . 18. Anthurium caraboboense Croat. Venezue la . Carabobo: Puerto Cabello - San Felipe, < 100 m, Pittier 8805. ----19-21. A. ca ri­ pense Bunting. Venezuela. Monagas : Guacharo, 970 m , Croat 54388. 19. Leaf blade and inflorescence, xl/8. 20. Inflorescence, xl/5. 21. Stem, xl/ 6. 16 Aroideana (Vol. 9(1-4)

nate at apex, narrowly acute at base, 10- The species is probably related to A. 13.5 cm long, 3.8-4.7 cm broad, broadest wedelianum Croat from Panama, which we" above the middle, 5-7 times longer has a similar inflorescence. That species than petiole, drying brown; both sur­ differs in having larger, pale green faces matte; midrib raised on both sides, leaves, and a longer, more slender probably convex; primary lateral veins spadix. 4-5 per side, moderately inconspicuous, Anthurium caripense Bunting, Acta Bot. weakly raised on both surfaces, depart­ Venez. 10: 271. 1975. ing the midrib at 35-40° angle, straight Anthurium caripense is endemic to to the collective vein; interprimary veins Venezuela, occurring in exposed areas almost as conspicuous as primary lateral on the hills around Caripe (N) Monag­ veins; collective vein arising from the as), Guacharo, and the Peninsula de lower one-third to one-half of the Paria (Sucre) at 800-1273 m. Figs. 19-22 blade, running 3-5 mm from the margin. The species is characterized by its INFLORESCENCE more or less as long as epiphytic habit, short internodes, per­ leaves; peduncle 7.5-8 cm long, 2.5-3.5 sistent cataphy" fibers, large, coria­ times longer than petioles; spathe mod­ ceous, ovate and cordate blades with erately thick, oblong-Ianceolate, weakly undulate margins, somewhat naked decurrent (7 mm), 3 cm long, acute at posterior ribs, and major veins, which base and apex, inserted at ca. 45° angle; are a deep rose color when young be­ stipe 13-15 mm long, 1 mm diam.; coming pale green with age. The petiole spadix yellow, slightly to scarcely tap­ is obtusely and narrowly sulcate, green ered to apex, 4-4.5 cm long, 2.5-3 mm tinged with red and speckled pale diam.; flowers rhombic, 2.5-3.5 mm green. The very long-tapered, maroon­ long, 2-3 mm wide, sides somewhat sig­ brown spadix deflexes at an angle to the moid, 2-3 flowers visible in the principle peduncle with the short green or white spiral; tepa Is with a few large, conspicu­ spathe being tinged with maroon. The ous raphides visible (at least when tepal~ are a pale violet, the pollen is young), lateral tepals 1.5-3 mm wide, orange, and the fruits are red. inner margin straight to broadly convex, the two outer margins somewhat un­ Anthurium cartilagineum (Desf.) Kunth, equal, usually convex; pistils weakly Enum. PI. 3: 79. 1841. emergent; stigma oblong-linear, 0.5 mm Anthurium cartilagineum is endemic long; stamens emerging in a prompt se­ to Venezuela, known from the cloud quence beginning at the base, the forest of the Cordillera de la Costa rang­ laterals preceding the alternates by ca. 6 ing from Cerro Naiguata (Distrito Fed­ spirals, closely arranged around the pis­ eral) to the Pittier National Park til (the space between them less than (Aragua) around 2,000 m. It has also their width); anthers broadly ovate, 0.4 been found in the Cerro de Huerro on mm long, 0.5 mm wide; thecae not at a" the Peninsula de Paria (Sucre) around divergent. FRUITS not known. 1,200 m. Figs. 23-25 Anthurium caraboboense is endemic It is characterized by its terrestrial to Venezuela, known only from the type habit, its erect stem usually to 1 m long, in the state of Carabobo, along the road its short internodes, its persistent cata­ between Puerto Cabello and San Felipe phy" fibers, its more or less coriaceous, at 10-100 m. It is a member of section ovate blade with a cordate-sagittate base Oxycarpium and is not confused with and a collective vein extending from the any other species in Venezuela. It can primary basal vein to the apex, running be distinguished by its sma" size and by 1-3 cm from the margin. Its inflor­ its more or less obovate, epunctate leaf escence has a green spathe with purple blades and its prominently stipitate, yel­ margins spreading approximately 90° lowish spadix. from the spadix, which is dark violet or (').... o 1'" <(!) :l (!) N C (!)

'"~ n '"(!) '"(!)

Figs . 22-25. 22. Anthurium caripense BUllting. Venezuela. Monagas: Gu ~c haro, 970 m, Croat 54388. Habit, x1/ 18. ----23-25. A. cartilagineum (Desf.) Kunth. Venezuela. Aragua : Colonia Tovar - Portachuelo, 2020 m, Croat 60510. 23. Habit, x1/ 9. 24 . Inflorescence, 9120. 25. Young infructescence, x1. 18 Aroideana (Vol. 9(1-4)

olive at anthesis and is bluntly tap­ Epiphytic, stem erect, 1.5-2.5 cm ered. It has large flowers (3.5-4 mm) and diam., leaf scars obscured by root mass; bright red berries. roots dense at the nodes, spreading­ Anthurium aripoense N. E. Brown, ascending at apex of stem, ca. 3-12 cm which is endemic to Trinidad, is closely long, ca. 3-4 mm diam.; cataphylls hook­ related to A. cartilagineum, but differs shaped, acuminate, to 6 cm long, drying by having a longer, more narrowly tap­ reddish brown, persisting as linear ered spadix, light green-drying leaves fibers. LEAVES erect-spreading; petioles (collections from the Cordillera de la 6-13 cm long, 11-14 mm diam., D­ Costa dry brown), and cataphylls re­ shaped, flattened when young, broad­ maining intact. Both species share ly sulcate with prominent medial rib similar leaves with remote collective adaxially, 1-3 ribbed or rounded abaxial­ veins. The collection of A. cartilagineum Iy; geniculum paler than petiole, thicker from the Peninsula de Paria in Sucre than petiole, 1-1.5 cm long; sheath to (Steyermark 94893) also dries light 5 cm long; blades subcoriaceous, broad­ green, however, and further differs from ly elliptic-oblanceolate, acute to obtuse the Cordillera de la Costa collections by at apex, (the acumen inrolled, 1 mm its whitish spadix. Other confusing fea­ long), narrowly acute to rounded at tures of A. cartilagineum include its base, 59-117 cm long, 20-50 cm wide, petiole shape, reported terete (Croat broadest above middle, the margins 60510), level on the adaxial face or angu­ broadly undulate; both surfaces semi­ lar-canaliculate and convex on the glossy, green (B & K yellow-green 6/5); abaxial face (Bunting, 1979) and its ber­ midrib acutely raised above, becoming ries, which have been described as higher than wide towards apex, same bright red (Bunting, loc. cit.) and purple color as surface above, acutely raised (Fendler 1334). below, paler than surface; primary lat­ eral veins 11-16 per side, departing mid­ Anthurium cataniapoense Croat, sp. rib at 40-60° angle, arcuate-ascending to nov. the margin, rounded-raised and same TYPE: Venezuela. Amazonas: Dept. color as surface above, obscurely raised Rio Negro, vicinity Cerro Neblina and paler than surface below; lesser base camp, RIO Mawrinuma, 40 m, veins flat below, darker than surface. 0050'N, 66°10'W, Croat 59319, (MO, INFLORESCENCES pendent; peduncle holotype; MY, VEN, isotypes). Figs. 26-29 32-53 cm long, 3-4 mm diam., (3)5-6(8) times as long as petioles; spathe spread­ Planta epiphytica; internodia brevia, ing, subcoriaceous, green, sometimes 1.5-2.5 cm diam.; cataphylla un­ tinged brownish or purplish adaxially, cinata; petioli 7-13 cm longi, 11-14 lanceolate, 9-26 cm long, 1-2.5 cm wide; mm diam., late sulcati adaxialiter spadix maroon to dark purplish violet (B cum costa mediana. uninervis-tri­ & K red purple 212.5), sessile, tapered­ nervis aut rotundati abaxialiter; cylindroid, slightly curved, 11.5-24.5 cm lamina subcoriacea, 59-63 cm long, 5-7 mm diam. midway, 3 mm diam. longa. 20-22 cm lata, elliptica­ near apex; flowers rhombic, 1.5-2.3 mm oblanceolata, acuta ad apicem; long, 1-1.6 mm wide, the sides sigmoid, rotundata usque ad acutam ad 8-12 flowers visible in principal spiral, 6- basim; 11-16 nervi laterales utrin­ 13 flowers visible in alternate spiral; que; pedunculi 40-53 cm longi; tepals matte, smooth, lateral tepa Is 0.5-1 spath a lanceolata, viridis suffusa mm wide, the outer margins 2-sided, the purpurea, 13.5-26 cm longa, 1.5-3 in'ler margins straight to rounded; stig­ cm lata; spadix atropurpureus-viola­ ma linear-elliptic, 0.4-0.5 mm long; ceus, longe protractus, 11.5-24.5 anthers 0.6-0.8 mm long, 0.6-0.8 mm cm longus. 5-7 mm medius diam., wide, thecae oblong-obovoid, slightly baccae ignotae. divaricate. 1986) Croat-Venezuela Araceae 19

Figs . 26-29. Anthurium ca taniapoense Croat. Venezuela. Amazonas: Cerro Neblina, 140 m, Croat 59319. 26. Habit with pendent inflo rescences, x2/ S. 27. Leaf blade, xl/ 8. 28. Lea f bases, x3 / 10. 29. Inflorescence, x9120. 20 Aroideana (Vol. 9(1-4)

Anthurium cataniapoense is endemic VENEZUELA. AMAZONAS: Dept. Atures, 12 km to the northern Amazon basin in Vene­ E of highway, between Puerto Ayacucho and Sanari­ zuela, in the basin of the RIo Negro apo, less than 100 m, Croat 55038IMO); 4S km SE of Puerto· Ayacrucho, 3 km downstream from damsite, and the RIo Orinoco in Amazonas and Rro Cataniapo, 200-300 m, S03S'N, G7°1S'W, Steyer­ Bolivar at less than 150 m. A specimen mark et a/. 122191 (VEN), 122268 (MO, VEN); Puerto from northern Para in Brazil, in the Ayacucho. comunidad de las Pavas, R(o Cataniapo, Tumucumaque Mountains, also appears 37 m, 6°2S'N, 67°2S'W, Castillo 1650 (MO); San Fer­ to belong here. The majority of col­ nando de Atabapo, (from a cultivated plant), Braun 5 (VEN); Dept. R(o Negro, Cerro Nelina base camp, lections were made either at Cerro 140 m, OOSO'N, 66°10'W, Croat 59319 (MO, MY, Neblina or in the vicinity of the RIO VEN); Gentry & -Stein 46520 (MO); 46862 (MO); Cataniapo near Puerto Ayacucho, where liesner 15660 (MO); Plowman & Thomas 13672 I first collected the species. The species (MO). BOLIVAR: Pica Caicara del Orinoco, San Juan de Manapiare, R(o Saupure. 202 km S of Cai­ is named for the latter area. cara, 100-200 m, De/ascio & Lopez 2797 (VEN); 7°N, It occurs as an epiphyte in the G7°W, De/ascio & Lopez 2812 (VEN). understory of mature, well shaded for­ ests on white sand soils and is charac­ Anthurium clavillerum Poepp. & Endl., terized by its broadly oblanceolate­ Nov. Gen. Sp. PI. 3: 84. 1845. elliptic, short-petiolate leaves, which dry Anthurium c1avigerum ranges from greenish brown to brown below and Nicaragua to the Guianas, Brazil and grayish brown to almost black above, Bolivia from sea level to 1,250 m (most­ and have 1-3 pairs of primary lateral ly below 500 mI. In Venezuela, it is veins arising from the lower 1 cm of the known from the slopes of the Cordillera base of the blades. Further charac­ de Merida in Zulia and Tikhira, as well terizing the species are the obtusely D­ as in Apure. In the southeastern part of shaped petioles, which are obtusely 1- the country it is known from Bolivar ribbed adaxially and 1-3 ribbed or (Sierra de lema) and Amazonas. rounded abaxially. The species is easily recognized by its The species was treated by Bunting compound leaves with deeply lobate (1979) as A. jenman;; Engl., a species margins on the leaflets. It can be con­ with which it is not closely related. That fused in some cases with larger plants of species differs in having blades that dry A. sinuatum, a species with similar mostly yellow-green and having a stout, blades (albeit sinuate rather than lo­ erect inflorescence (rather than blades bate). The latter, however, differs in which dry blackened and pendent in­ having shorter and narrower spadices, florescences for A. cataniapoense). peduncle length proportionately longer The species is closest to A. loretense, than petiole length and longer inter­ Croat, ined. from the western Amazon nodes with cataphylls remaining entire basin in northeastern Peru, with which it rather than decomposing into fibers. shares similar leaves, hook-shaped cata­ Figs. 30-31 phylls, and a similar pendent inflores­ Anthurium costa tum C. Koch & Bouche, cence. That species differs, however, in Ind. Sem. Hort. Berol. App. 6. 1853. having a much stouter spadix and a Anthurium costa rum is endemic to longer, stouter peduncle. the Cordillera de la Costa in Aragua and An aberrant specimen from BolIvar in the Distrito Federal, occurring in (De/asdo & Lopez 2812) is tentatively shaded, often steep slopes of cloud placed here: it is relatively quite small forest, at about 1,000 m. Figs. 32-35 (leaves ca. 44 cm long, 11-12 cm broad The species is recognized by its huge vs 59-117 cm x 20-50 cm) and resembles ovate-corate, bicolorous, matte blades A. ernest;; somewhat. That species, how­ and by its short inflorescence with ever, reaches its northern limits in an erect, pale green to cream spathe southwestern Colombia and southern and maroon spadix. It is a member of Amazonas in Brazil. section Cardio/onchium, and according 1986) Croat-Venezuela Araceae 21

Figs. 30-33. 30. Anthurium c1avigerum Poepp. & End!. Peru. Tocache Nuevo - Pulcache (not vouchered). Habit, x1l46. 31 . A. c1avigerum Poepp. & End!. Cultivated at Selby Gardens (SEL 78-831). leaf blade, xl/ s. ----32-22. A. coslalum C. Koch & Bouche. Venezuela. Aragua: Henri Pittier National Park, 970 m, Croal 60581. 32. leaf blade, xl / 9. 33. Inflorescences, x13120. 22 Aroideana (Vol. 9(1-4) to Bunting (1979), it may be the largest Anthurium cubense Engler, Bot. !ahrb entire-leaved species in the flora, with a Syst. 25: 364. 1898. blade 123 cm long, by 78 cm wide. Anthurium cubense ranges from The species is not easily confused Cuba to Central America and northern with any other species. South America in seasonally dry areas. In Venezuela, it is known only in Zulia, Anthuriuin crassinervium (Jacq.) Schott, (Distrito Mara, Distrito Perija and the Melet. 1: 22. 1832. headwaters of R(o Guasare) at 50-530 m. Anthurium crassinervium (Jacq.) The species is characterized by its Schott ranges from northeastern Colom­ bird's nest habit, short, densely rooted bia to Venezuela. In Venezuela, it stem (to 3 cm diam.), its moderately ranges through the Cordillera de la short petioles (more or less quadrangu­ Costa from Miranda to Yaracuy and the lar, usually sulcate above and rounded Cordillera de Merida (Lara, Trujillo, abaxially), its thick, rather oblanceolate­ Merida and Tachira), and the states of elliptic blades ending abruptly at base Falcon and Zulia (Mara) from sea level and having primary lateral veins ex­ to 1,600 m. Figs. 36-38 tending mostly to the margins (collec­ It is terrestrial or epiphytic and is tive in upper one-fourth to one-third). characterized by its bird's nest habit, the It is especially characterized by its short cataphylls persisting more or less intact pedunculate inflorescences (usually less and weathering to fibers and by its than one-fourth as long as the leaves) broadly and shallowly sulcate, quadran­ with the peduncles scarcely longer than gular petioles. The large, coriaceous the stubby spadix, which is ca. 10-12 blade is oblanceolate with undulate times longer than wide. The berries are margins and a collective vein arises in red. Fig. 42 the upper one-third to one-fourth of blade. Its inflorescence, which is much Anthurium davidsei Croat, sp. nov. shorter than the blade, has a long TYPE: Venezuela. Tachira: Dtto. peduncle, a tapered, olive green spadix !un(n, Cerro San Isidro, directly N and a reflexed, often curled, lanceolate, of EI Reposa, above Hacienda Bella green spathe. The berries are red. Vista, Quebrada Agua Caliente and tributaries, 7°34'N, 72°25'W, 2,200- It may be confused with A. wage­ 2,450 m, Davidse & Gonzalez 22093 nerianum (where they occur together in the Cordillera de la Costa and in Falcon (MO 3234842-44, holotype; VEN, isotype). Figs. 39-40 and with A. fendleri, which shares most of the same range as A. crassinervium. Planta epiphytica; internodia brevia, Anthurium wagenerianum is distin­ ad 3 cm diam.; petiolus 71-73 cm guished by its proportionately shorter, longus, adaxial iter complanatus; blunter spadix and its broad lanceolate lamina subcoriacea, ovate triangu­ spathe. In addition it usually ranges to lata, 39-69 cm longa, 22-32 cm lata, much lower elevations than does A. basis cordata; pedunculus 39-71 cm crassinervium. longus; spath a reflexa, subcoriacea, Anthurium fendleri can be distin­ viridis, oblonge-oblanceolata; guished by its usually thinner, veinier spadix viridis ante anthesin, sessilis, blades with impressed tertiary veins, by pendens, 10-22 cm longus, 5-8 mm the proportionately longer, more slen­ diam. der inflorescence, by its long-tapered, Epiphytic appressed-climber; stem dark violet-purple to maroon spadix and relatively thick, less than 30 cm long, especially by its thin, lanceolate spathe, leaf scars obscured by cataphyll fibers, usually withering promptly after an­ internodes shorter than broad, to 3 cm thesis. diam.; roots brown when dried, pubes- 1986) Croat-Venezuela Araceae 23

Fig s. 34-37. 34-35. Anlhurium cos lalum C. Koch & Bouche. Cultivated b y Lu is Bueno, Miami , FL . 34. Lea f blade, x1/ 9. 35. Stem w ith inflores ­ ce nce, x1/ 5. ----36. A. crassiner vium (J acq.) Schott. Venezuela. Merida : M erida - La Azulita , 1590 m, Croal 54856. Habit, x1/ 23. ----37. A. cras­ sinervium (Jacq .) Scho tt. Venezue la. Aragua: Maracay - Choro n(, Croal 54499. Plant in flower, x1/ 15. 24 Aroideana (Vol. 9(1-4) cent, thick, 3-4 mm diam.; cataphylls brown to brownish gray; spathe moder­ drying reddish brown, persisting as a ately subcoriaceous, green tinged with disorganized mass, occasionally with maroon on midrib, sometimes dark pink intact fragments toward the apex. to red, brown when dried, oblong­ LEA VES clustered at end of stem, lanceolate, 11.5-16 cm long, 1.2-2 cm spreading; petioles 71-73 cm long, 2-7 wide, the apex gradually acuminate, be­ mm diam. on drying, erect-spreading, coming reflexed with margins turned D-shaped, surface green tinged with under; spadix green pre-anthesis, maroon in parts, drying maroon-brown brownish post anthesis, sessile, tapered to brown, sulcate medially with the toward the apex, pendent, held at ca. margins almost acute at base, scarcely 70° angle from peduncle, 10-22 cm long, sulcate toward the apex; geniculum 5-8 mm diam. near base, 2-5 mm near thicker than petiole, 1.5-3 cm long; apex, broadest at the base. INFRUC­ sheath to 7 cm long; blades moderately TESCENCE with spathe persisting; spadix coriaceous, ovate-triangular to oblong­ 27 cm long, 1.3 cm diam. at the base, triangular, cordate, gradually acuminate 0.9 cm diam. at the apex, with berries at apex, 39-69 cm long, 22-32 cm wide, scattered throughout; berries with apex broadest at base, the margins broadly somewhat mammilliform, often sunk­ convex to slightly concave; anterior en in on drying, 1.5-2 mm diam. lobe 29-52 cm long, 18-20 cm wide, Anthurium davidsei is known only broadest at the base; posterior lobes 12- from the southwestern corner of the 18 cm long, 8-15 cm wide, directed state of Tcfchira at 2,200-2,600 m in a downward and inward, sometimes over­ montane forest life zone. lapping, rounded at apex; sinus hippo­ It is characterized by its epiphytic crepiform to closed and subcircular, 9.5- habit, short internodes, persistent red­ 16 cm deep; both surfaces semiglossy, dish brown cataphyll fibers (often with moderately bicolorous, drying brown; intact fragments), by its triangular-ovate midrib convexly raised above, darker to oblong-triangular blades drying than surface, round-raised below, dry­ brown, its long-pedunculate inflores­ ing higher than broad to strongly con­ cence with an oblong-Ianceolate spathe vexly raised; basal veins 5-9 pairs, 1st to and a tapering, sessile spadix with flow­ 2nd free to base, (5th)6th and 7th re­ ers having lateral tepals overlapping and maining coalesced up to 8 cm, weakly becoming prominently upturned against raised above, somewhat sharply raised the pistil on drying. below; posterior rib naked, straight or The description was based on only curved; primary lateral veins 5-6 per two collections (Davidse & Gonzalez side, departing midrib at 40-55° angle, 22093 and Croat 60687), differing from straight, ascending or arcuate-ascend­ each other in some notable details. One ing, raised and in valleys above, round­ of the main differences is the appear­ raised below, weakly raised when dried; ance of a posterior rib, which in Croat interprimary veins almost as conspicu­ 60687 is relatively smooth with basal ous as primary lateral veins, weakly veins coming off it gradually in more raised; lesser veins raised on drying, or less regular intervals. In the second tertiary veins in part sunken above, collection (Davidse & Gonzalez 22093), raised below; reticulate veins visible on the posterior rib appears to be com­ drying; collective vein arising from posed of a sharply raised cluster of not one of the uppermost basal veins or one completely fused veins splayed out at of the uppermost primary lateral veins, nearly the same place. The collections 2-4 mm from margin. INflORESCENCES differ also in the origin of the collective erect-spreading; peduncle 39-71 cm vein, arising from the lowermost pri­ long, 4-10 mm diam. when dried and mary lateral vein on Croat 60687 and 1986) Croat-Venezuela Araceae 25 from one of the uppermost primary cies is represented by Bunting 3675 and lateral veins on Davidse & Gonzalez 4440 from Siguita along the RIO Orinoco 22093. Another minor difference is that in the Department of Atures. the latter collection has an ovate-trian­ Madison (1978) treated A. digitatum gular blade, while the Croat collection as a variety of A. pentaphyllum in his has an oblong-triangular blade with palmate-Anthurium revIsion. Subse­ somewhat concave margins. quent studies at the University of Hawaii Anthurium davidsei is named in by Richard Scheffer (pers. comm.), indi­ honor of Dr. Gerrit Davidse of the Mis­ cate that Madison's A. digitatum var. souri Botanical Garden, who collected digitatum will not cross with the other 2 the type specimen. varieties (var. bombacifolium and var. VENEZUELA. TACH IRA: Tama National Park, pentaphyllum), suggesting that it does along trail to summit beginning ca. 3 km from deserve separate species recognition. center of Betania (7.6 km S of Villa Paez, 25.7 km S Anthurium digitatum is also con­ of Las Delicias, 66.7 km S of Rubio), 7°28'N, 72°27'W, 2,600 m, Croat 60687 (MO, VEN); Otto. Jun(n, south­ fused with A. eminens, which differs by ern slopes of Cerro San Isidro, directly N of EI having a proportionately much longer Reposa. 7°34'N, 72°25'W, 2,200-2,450 m. Davidse & spadix elsewhere throughout its range. Gonzalez 22093 (MO). Confusion still exists in the distinction of Venezuelan representatives of the Anthurium digitatum (Jacq.) Schott, two species. See A. eminens for a dis­ Wiener Zeitschr. Kunst 3: 828. 1829. cussion. Anthurium digitatum is known only Anthurium eminens Schott, Oestr. Bot. from Venezuela, principally in the Cor­ Wochenb!. 5: 273. 1855. dillera de la Costa from Falc6n, Aragua Anthurium em in ens (treated as A. and Miranda, but also in the hills in the wittianum Eng!. by Bunting, 1979) is northeastern corner of the country in found in the Amazon basin ranging Anzoategui and Sucre, with a disjunct from Colombia to Bolivia east to Brazil population south of the Orinoco basin and the Guianas at 100-900(1,400) m. In in the Serranla de Imataca, Altiplanicie Venezuela, it is found in lara, Portu­ de Nuria in the state of Bol(var. It ranges guesa, Miranda and Amazonas at from near sea level to 1,800 m. (200)1,000-1,650 m. Figs. 44, 46 . The species is characterized by The species is characterized by its having leaves divided palmately into palmately divided leaves with oblong 5-11 segments, a peduncle less than leaflets having long petiolules and one-half the petiole length, a spadix 10- regular parallel lateral veins. The in­ 15 cm long, and a thick, brittle, lanceo­ florescence has a long spathe and spadix late, reflexed and promptly deciduous (9)20-50 cm long and relatively short spathe that is white or green, suffused peduncles. with purple. Figs. 41,43 The collections from Venezuela dif­ It may be confused with A. penta­ fer in occurring outside of the Amazon phyllum, ranging from Trinidad and basin at higher elevations, having darker Tobago, NE Venezuela (Sucre) to the drying, generally narrower leaves and Guianas, Brazil and Amazonian Bolivia, shorter spadices (9-14 cm long in con­ Peru and Colombia. Anthurium penta­ trast to 25-45 cm long, as described in phyllum is distinguished by being a less Madison's 1978 revision of palmate An­ robust plant with usually 5 blade seg­ thurium). All but one collection have ments (usually thinner) and by having unusual punctations on their lower sur­ the spathe usually persistent in fruit. The face that do not appear glandular. only material definitely attributed to A. There appears to be considerable pentaphyllum by Bunting (1979) has variation in the Amazonian collections proven to be A. kunthii. The latter spe- of A. eminens. 26 Aroideana (Vol. 9(1-4)

Figs. 38-41. 38. Anthurium crassinervium (Jacq .) Schott. Venezuela. Tac hi ra : Las Dantas - Las Adjuntas, St eyermark 720773 (cu ltivated at MO). In­ florescence, x3/ 10. ----39-40. A. davidsei Croat. Venezuela. Ta'chira: Tama Na tional Park, 2600 m, Croat 60687. ----41 . A. digitatum (J acq .) G. Don. Cultivated , Misso uri Botanica l Garden, (accessio n no. U-7257). St ems and infructescence , xl/ 6. 1986) Croat-Venezuela Araceae 27

Anthurium expansum Gleason, Bull. Anfhurium Fernandez;; Croat, Aroide­ Torrey Bot. Club 56: 8. 1929. ana 8(4): 124. 1985(1986). Anthurium expansum is endemic to Anthurium fernandezii is endemic to the Guiana highlands in Venezuela, Venezuela, occurring in cloud forests at Surinam and Brazil at 150-1300 m. In 1,200-2,380 m in the western end of the Venezuela, it is known from the Gran Cordillera de la Costa and in the Cordil­ Sabana in Bol(var and from Cerro Sipapo lera de Merida in Trujillo. Most of the and Cerro Marahuaca and Cerro de la collections have been made in Aragua at Neblina in Amazonas. Fig. 50 Altos de Choron( or in the Henri Pettier The species is a member of section National Park. Schizoplacium, and is recognized by its A member of the section Porphyro­ deeply 7-9 pedatifid blades with the chitonium, it is distinguished by its elon­ outer segments basally connate and the gate stem (with internodes up to 4 cm inner segments connate or free, as well long on the lower portions of the stem) as by its purple cylindric spadix and pur­ bearing semi-intact, pale brown cata­ ple ovoid berries. In Venezuela, it might phylls, ovate to narrowly ovate blades be confused only with A. longissimum that are dark glandular-punctate on Pittier from the Cordillera de la Costa both surfaces and the long-pedunculate and the Cordillera de Merida, but that inflorescence with a narrowly lanceo­ species is distinguished by its longer in­ late, green to purplish spathe and a florescence having a spadix 40-60 cm long, slender, purplish spadix with only long (versus less than 25 cm long for 3-4 flowers per spiral. It is closest to A. A. expansum). gehrigeri from Merida, which differs in having longer internodes (up to 3.5 cm long or more near the apex), petioles shorter than (rarely as long as) the Anthur;um fendler; Schott, Prodr. Aroid. blades and only 2-3 flowers usually 468. 1860. visible per spiral. Anthurium fendleri ranges through­ The species has also been confused out the Cordillera de la Costa and Cor­ with both A. bredemeyeri and A. dillera de Merida in Venezuela, north smithii, which have similar long-petio­ along the eastern Andes of Colombia late leaves and elongate stems with and south to Apure in Venezuela, and persistent cataphylls. Anthurium bre­ Meta, Vaupes, and Vichada in Colombia. demeyeri differs in having blades entire­ Disjunct populations also occur in west­ ly epunctate, while A. smithii has blades ern Colombia (Chaco) and in Panama. punctate on the lower surface only. It occurs usually in moderately dry Both A. bredemeyeri and A. smithii also habitats at 60-1,000(1,450) m. It is char­ differ in having 4-6 flowers visible per acterized by its bird's nest habit, short, spiral, versus 3-4 flowers visible per densely rooted stem, persistent, semi­ spiral in A. fernandezii. intact cataphylls, sulcate, moderately Anthurium fernandezii has been elongate petioles and moderately thin confused with A. bernardii, which is dis­ blades that are sometimes somewhat tinguished by having 4-5 flowers visible rounded or even subcordate at the base, per spiral, tepals drying straightened and often have the smaller veins con- and fully erect at anthesis and in fruit, spicuously sunken. Figs. 45,47-48 and by having stamens and pistils mostly The inflorescence has a slender pur­ fully visible. ple spadix and a thin, green to purplish See the discussion for A. gehrigeri. spathe which soon withers and is often For illustrations and a treatment of A. deciduous. The berries are violet­ fernandezii and its relatives see Aroide­ purple. ana 8(4): 125. 1985(1986). N CXl

Fig s. 42-45. 42. Anthurium cubense Engler. Ve nezuela. Zulia: Bunting (vouchered?). Pl ant with inflorescences, xl / 9. o< Photo: Bunting. ----43. A. digitatum (Ja cq.) G. Don. Cu ltivated, M issouri Botanical Garden, (accession no. U- 1251). Leaf blade, xl/ 8. ----44. A. eminens Schott. Venezuela. Lara: Humoca ro Alto - La Palma , 1650 m, Croat 60634. Plant removed from tree, xl / 9. ----45. A. fendleri Schott. Venezuela. Barinas: Altamirara , 850 m, Croat 60761. Habit with immature infructesce nce , xl / 8. 1986) Croat-Venezuela Araceae 29

Fi gs . 46-49. 46 . Anthurium eminens Schott. Ecuador. Napo: Tena - Puyo, 500 m , Croat 49652. Stem , x3 / 10. ----47. A. Fendleri Sc ho tt. Colombia. Antioqu ia: Pu erto Triumfo - M edell (n , Croa t 56578. Inflorescences , ea rl y f ruiting spadices and leaves, x3 / 10. ----48. A. Fendleri Sc hott. Ve nezuela. Yarac uy: above Sa lom, Croa t 54612. Lea f blade, x1/ 8. ----49. A. Fo rmos um Schott. Venezuela. M erida: La A zulita - EI Vigia , 760 m , Croat 54871. Habit, x1/ 12. 30 Aroideana (Vol. 9(1-4)

Anthurium formosum Schott, Oesterr. climbing stem with long internodes (3.5- Bot. Z. 181. 1858. Figs. 49, 54-55 8.5 cm long), persistent cataphyll fibers, Anthurium formosum Schott ranges petioles that are shorter than the more from Nicaragua to Panama, Colombia, or less ovate blades (glandular-punctate Ecuador, Venezuela and Peru (Hwinuco) on both surfaces), by its long-peduncu­ from about sea level to 1,500 m. In late inflorescence with a purple spathe Venezuela, it has been found in SW and spadix and by its large flowers, Zulia (Distrito Colon) and in Merida. usually only 2-3 of which are visible per The species is characterized by its spiral. mostly terrestrial habit, large size, cata­ Anthurium gehrigeri is similar to A. phylls persisting intact at the upper Fernandez;; and A. bernard;;, which are nodes and as fibers at the base, partially distinguished by their shorter inter­ deciduous lower down, and by its peti­ nodes and by having petioles longer oles usually conspicuously marked with than (rarely equal to) the blades. An­ lenticels. Its large, ovate blades have thurium bernard;; is also distinguished prominently sunken secondary and ter­ by having 4-5 flowers visible per spiral. tiary veins, a collective vein usually For illustrations and a treatment of A. originating from one of the lowermost gehrigeri and its relatives see Aroideana basal veins and running along most of 8(4): 129. 1985(1986). the margin and a prominently naked posterior rib (4-11 cm). Its inflorescence Anthurium Binesii Croat, sp. nov. has a large spathe that is pink when TYPE: Venezuela. Tikhira: along juvenile becoming white or green as it highway between Tovar (Merida) matures, a slightly tapered, stipitate and Pregonero, 12 km below (S of) spadix and sharply and early emergent junction with road to La Grita, 8° pistils. The fruits are long-tapered to the 7'N, 71°55'W, 2,665 m, Aug. 9, 1982, apex, violet-purple to reddish violet, Croat 54927 (MO 3000491, holotype; often reddish orange at the base. B, K, RSA, US, VEN, isotypes). Anthurium formosum may be con­ Figs. 51-53, 56 fused with A. nymphaeifolium, which is Planta terrestris aut raro epiphy­ differentiated by its intact cataphylls tica; caulis ad 30 cm longus, 1-3.5 and by its collective vein originating at cm diam.; internodia brevia; peti­ the uppermost basal vein or primary olus basaliter teres, apicaliter sul­ lateral veins and running only along the catus, 25-79 cm longus; lamina bas­ upper half of the anterior lobe; it also i1iter cordata; inflorescentia erecta; has its tertiary veins not conspicuously pedunculus 25-56 cm longus; spatha sunken and a posterior rib that is naked ovato-Ianceolata, 3.5-8 cm longa; for less than 4 cm. The spathe of A. spadix viridis aut marroninus, 3.5-8 formosum is usually larger and thinner cm longus, 2-10 mm diam. than that of A. nymphaeifolium, and is Terrestrial or sometimes epiphytic. always erect, in contrast to the latter, Stems ca. 30 cm long, reddish; inter­ which is sometimes reflexed. nodes 5-20 mm long, 5-15 mm diam.; cataphylls moderately coriaceous, 4-9 Anthurium BehriBeri Croat, Aroideana cm long, gradually acuminate at apex, 8(4): 129. 1985(1986). drying reddish brown, persisting intact Anthurium gehrigeri is endemic to and weathering to fibers. LEAVES erect; Venezuela, occurring in the state of petiole terete midway, obtusely flat­ Merida at 500-2,800 m along the north­ tened and narrowly sulcate towards ern slope of the Sierra Nevada. apex, 25-79 cm long, 1.5-4.5 mm diam., A member of the section Porphy­ tinged with purple; geniculum 1-2.5 cm rochitonium, it is distinguished by its long; blades subcoriaceous, triangular, () (3 I''" (1)< ::l (1) N C (1) '"» ;; () (1) '"(1)

Figs. 50-53. 50 . A nthurium expansum Gl easo n. Ve nezuela. Bolivar: EI Dorado - Sta. Elena , Gran Sabana , 990 m, Croa t 53991. Leaves, x1/ 15 . ----51 -52. A. gines ii Croat. Venez uela. M erida : Pregonero - Tovar, 2770 m, Croat 60714. 51 . Habit, x1/ 6. 52 . Leaf blade and inflorescence, x1/ 6. ----53 . A. ginesii. Venezuela. Tachira: Tovar - Pregonero , 2665 m , Croa t 54927. Leaves and inflorescence x1/ 6...... w 32 Aroideana (Vol. 9(1-4) cordate at base, gradually to abruptly ed, the laterals preceding the alternates acuminate at apex, (14)20-44 cm long, by ca. 5 spirals; anthers white to pale (6)10-35 cm wide, broadest at the pos­ yellow, 0.6 mm long, 0.4-1 mm wide; terior lobes; anterior lobe (15)20-37 cm thecae weakly divergent; pollen white. long, margins concave; posterior lobes Anthurium ginesii is endemic to 4-15 cm long, 4-9.5 cm broad, longer Venezuela and ranges from Zulia (Ser­ than broad, spreading; sinus obovate to ran(a de Perija) to Trujillo in the Cor­ hippocrepiform to parabolic; upper sur­ dillera de Merida at 1,800-3,800 m. face glossy, dark green, lower surface A member of the section Be/olon­ moderately paler; midrib narrowly chium, it is distinguished by its narrowly raised in a shallow valley above, round­ triangular blade with broadly concave raised and paler below; basal veins 4-6 lateral margins and posterior lobes, pairs, first pair usually free to base, the which are longer than wide. Also char­ second pair free or coalesced 0.5-3 cm, acteristic are partly weathered, reddish the remaining pairs coalesced 1-5 cm; brown cataphylls, a generally broad posterior rib naked; primary lateral spathe, exserted stamens and its gener­ veins 3-6 per side, departing midrib at ally terrestrial habit. The species is (30)40-50° angle, slightly curved to the named in honor of Brother Gines, who collective vein, raised in valleys above, collected in Venezuela from 1948 sharply raised below, drying weakly through 1950. raised above, conspicuously raised be­ In Venezuela, A. ginesii is most sim­ low; interprimary veins drying raised ilar to A. tachiranum, which occurs in below, weakly raised above; tertiary similar regions of Tachira but at gen­ veins weakly sunken above, raised be­ erally lower elevations than A. ginesii. low, drying distinctly visible; collective That species differs in having propor­ vein usually arising from first basal vein, tionately longer, narrower, more con­ 2-6 mm from margin. INFLORESCENCE spicuously constricted posterior lobes, usually erect, shorter than leaves; in drying blackish green, in having peduncle 25-56 cm long, 1.5-3.8 cm major veins not drying acute, in having diam.; spathe moderately coriaceous, the stamens barely exserted at the edge erect-hooded, olive green, tinged with of the tepals (rather than prominently maroon on margins, ovate-Ianceolate, exserted as in A. ginesii), and especially 3.5-8 cm long, 0.7-3 cm wide, broadest in having flowers with the tepals drying at or below middle, acute to sharply cucullate at the apex (rather than erect, acuminate at apex, obtuse at base; as in A. ginesii). spadix sessile or stipitate 5-15 mm, green to maroon, scarcely to slightly VENEZUELA. LARA: Otto. Moran, trail from tapered, 3.5-8 cm long, 2.5-10 mm Humocaro to Caser(o Buenos Aires below Paramo diam.; flowers rhombic, (dried) 3-4 mm Las Rosas, 2,285-3,290 m, 9°40'N, 70 0 5'W, Liesner et long, 2.5-4 mm wide, sides straight to a/. 8156 (MO, VEN); LARA-TRUJILLO: P~ramo de Los Nepes, ridge above La Pena, ca. 2,700 m (not somewhat sigmoid, 5-8 visible in the paramo vegetation), Barclay & }uajibioy 10271 (MO). principal spiral; lateral tepals often MERIDA: trail from cabin at La Escalera to Puente shield-shaped, 1.7-2.7 mm wide, inner de la Escalera, 2,250-2,950 m, Luteyn et a/. 622 (MO, margins turned up and straight to con­ NY, VEN); Otto. Libertador, Sierra de Culata, 18 km NE of Merida, 2,000-3,800 m, Pipoly et al. 6501 (MO, cave (from above), outer margins with NY, VEN); Sierra Nevada, Trail to La Laguna Coro­ sides concave to convex (when convex moto, Barclay & }uajibioy 9938 (MO, NY, VEN). TA­ distal edges of each side concave); pis­ CHIRA: Otto. Junr~, Paramo Pata de Jud(o, tils green, early emergent; stigma 0.2-0.6 Fernandez 1945 (MY); Hwy. between Tovar mm long, broadly elliptic; stamens (Merida) and Pregonero, 12 km below (south of) jct. with road to La Grita, 8°7'N, 71°55'W, 2,665 emerging in a regular sequence, begin­ m, Croat 54927 (B, K, MO, RSA, US, VEN); 60714 ning from the base, completely exsert- (MO, VEN). TRUJILLO: Cerro Guaramacal, BoconCi, 1986) Croat-Venezuela Araceae 33 g015'N, 7Oo13'W, ca. 2,000 m, Stergios et a/. 6564 parts of the territory of Amazonas in (MO, PORT). ZULlA: Serran(a de Perij'" Gines 2017 Venezuela at (100)400-1,400 m. It occurs (US). on sandstone outcrops, sandstone boul­ ders or in pure white sand deposits in Anthulium lonzalezii Croat, Aroideana open areas or in partial shade. 8(4): 131. 1985(1986). The species is distinguished by its Anthurium gonza/ezii is endemic to coarse, oblanceolate to obovate, con­ Venezuela, probably occurring at about spicuously punctate leaves (the result of 1,000 m (exact range uncertain as only plate shaped gland-like structures on two collections exist and one has a the lower surface). It is easily con­ range of 1,200-1,800 m, while the other fused with A. bonplandii, which differs ranges from 750-1,000 m), in the Cordil­ in having typically elliptic and generally lera de la Costa in the states of Yaracuy less conspicuously punctate (or alto­ (Sierra de Aroa) and Carabobo. gether eglandular) blades. Further A member of the section Porphyro­ studies will probably prove the two taxa chitonium, it is distinguished by its to be only subspecifically distinct. moderately short, slender stem with Fig. 58 short internodes and long petiolate leaves with small, mostly ovate-elliptic Anthulium hoolceli Kunth, Enum. pI. 3: blades (9-16 cm long, 3.5-7.5 cm wide), 74.1840. which are inconspicuously subcordate at Anthurium hookeri ranges from the base, glandular-punctate on both Surinam and northeastern Venezuela to surfaces and have 6-7 moderately in­ Trinidad and the Lesser Antilles (St. conspicuous primary lateral veins. Kitts, Nevis, Monserrat, Guadeloupe, It is related to several other species Dominica, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and (all once considered A. bredemeyeri), Grenada), at 200-1,450 m. In Venezuela, including A. bredemeyeri and A. smithii, it ranges from Bolivar north to Sucre. which are easily distinguished by their The species is characterized by its epunctate upper surfaces. Also included bird's nest habit, supervolute vernation, in this complex is A. fernandezii, which scalariform venation (tertiary veins ex­ differs in having blades usually greater tending in a more or less parallel, lad­ than 20 cm long and 7 cm wide with 9 or der-like fashion between the primary more conspicuous primary lateral veins lateral veins) and by having glandular and A. bernardii, which differs in having a punctations on both surfaces. Though it much larger leaf blade (19-26 cm long, closely resembles other rosulate an­ 13-18 cm wide) with prominent primary thuriums in section Pachyneurium, the lateral veins and especially by its mark­ latter all have involute vernation (both edly projecting "spathe shaped" tepals margins of blade rolled in toward midrib on the infructescence giving the spadix a in bud), regular net-reticulate tertiary roughened appearance. veins and lack glandular punctations. For illustrations and a complete dis­ Fig. 57 cussion of species related to A. gonza­ Anthulium humboldtianum Kunth ssp. lezii see Aroideana 8(4): 131. 1985(1986). humboldtianum. Enum. PI. 3: 78. 1840. Figs. 59-60, 62-63 Anthurium humboldtianum ssp. Anthurium luayanum Bunting, Acta humboldtianum is endemic to the Cor­ Bot. Venez. 10: 268. 1975. dillera de la Costa in Venezuela, Anthurium guayanum ranges ranging from the Sierra de Aroa in Yara­ throughout the Guiana Highlands from cuy to Carabobo, Aragua and the Dis­ eastern Bol(var state of Venezuela and trito Federal from 700-2,380 m, generally the southern Guianas (Guyana, Surinam occurring in cloud forest. and French Guiana) to the northern The species is characterized by its 34 Aroideana (Vol. 9(1-4)

Fi gs. 54-57. 54-55. Anthurium formos um Scho tt. Venezuela. M erida: La Azulita - EI Vi gia, 760 m, Croa t 54871. 54. Lea f blade and inflo res ­ cences , infructesce nce at left, xl/ 6. 55. Lea f blade x1lB. ----56. A. gines ii Croat. Venezue la . Tachira: Tovar - Pr egonero , 2665 m , Croat 54927. Leaf blade, xl / 6. ----57. A. ho okeri Kunth. Trinidad . Vale ncia, 200 m , Croat 53916. Habit, xl /31. (") (3 OJ 1 (1)< :::l (1) N C (1)

'"...,>- OJ n (1) OJ (1)

Figs. 58-61. 58 . Anthurium guaya num Bunting. Venezuela. Bol(var: Sta. Elena - Icabaru, 750 m, Croat 54062. Habit. xl / 12 . ----59-60. A. humboldtianum Kunth ss p . humboldtianum. Venezuela. Aragua: vi. Colonia Tovar. Croat 60514. 59. Leaves and inflorescence, xl / 9. 60. Leaf and inflorescence, x6/ 25. ----61. A. humboldtianum Kunth ssp . viridispadix Croat. Venezuela. Lara: Sanare - Yacambu, 1790 m, Croat 54687. Leaf and inflorescence, x3/ 10 . w V1 36 Aroideana (Vol. 9(1-4)

large size, generally terrestrial habit with a hippocrepiform sinus, a naked (often reclining on trees), short inter­ posterior rib and sunken primary lateral nodes, persistent cataphyll fibers, its veins. Subspecies viridispadix differs, bluntly and narrowly sulcate petiole, its however, in having the spadix green at more or less ovate, cordate, weakly anthesis (versus purple to reddish quilted, glossy blades with a usually violet in ssp. humboldtianum) and typi­ hippocrepiform sinus and 10 or more cally erect, with a reflexed spathe (both primary lateral veins. The inflorescence spadix and spathe rather prominently generally has a purplish to reddish vio­ deflected at an angle to the peduncle let, pendent, slightly tapered spadix and usually more or less pendent in ssp. (both spathe and spadix generally de­ humboldtianum). It also has the collec­ flected at ca. 90° angle to peduncle), tive vein usually much more remote and a green, lanceolate spathe (often from the margin than the typical sub­ with purple margins) which is slightly species, and has 6-9 flowers visible per shorter than the spadix; the pistils are spiral versus usually 12-14 visible per reddish. The fruits, previously not seen, spiral in the ssp. humboldtianum. The are narrowly obovoid, 8-10 mm long, two subspecies inhabit different ranges, green, tinged with red-purple near base since the typical subspecies is re­ (fide Liesner 9902), beaked at the apex stricted to the Cordillera de la Costa. and display a dense layer of raphide cells. Seeds are 1-2 per berry, 3.5-4.0 mm long, 2.2-2.5 mm diam., with a sticky VENEZUELA. LARA: Parque Nacional Yacamb6, 9 km SE of Sanare, ca. 1 km inside of Park entrance, appendage on one end. 9°43'N, 69°37'W, 1,790 m, Croat 54687 (B, COL, F, K, MO, MY, NY, RSA, US, VEN); ridges of Fila Potre­ Kunth ssp. ritos, between Alto del Viento and EI Vol can, 9"41- Anthurium humboldtianum 42'N, 69°37-35W, 1,800-2,100 m, Davidse & Gon­ viridispadix Croat, ssp. nov. zalez 21264 (MO, VEN). MERIDA: Merida-La Azulita, TYPE: Venezuela. Lara: Parque Na­ Hwy 4, 9 km SE of La Azulita, 2,070 m, Croat 54858 cional Yacambu, ca. 9 km S of (MO, VEN); 15 km SE of La Azulita, 8°43'N, 71°25', Sanare,1 km inside entrance to Park; Croat 54828A (MO, VEN); Hwy 4, 1 km NW of La Carbonera, 8°37N, 71°21'W, 2,300 m, Croat 54807 primary cloud forest, ca. 9043'N, 69° (MO, VEN); La Carbonera, 2,300 m, Steyermark & 37'W, 1,790 m, Croat 54687 (MO Wiehler 106597 (MO, VEN). TACHIRA: vic. Betania, 2934936, holotype; B, COL, F, K, at base of P'ramo de Tama", ca. 7°28'N, 72°27'W, MY, NY, RSA, US, VEN, isotypes). 2,300 m, Croat 60681 (MO); along road from Santa Ana to R(o Negro, Cerro Las Minas, 15.3 km beyond plaza in Santa Ana, 7°37N, 72°13'W, 1,230-1,330 Differt a subspecie typica, in quan­ m, Croat 60657 (MO, VEN). tum spadicem longum, erectum, viridem habet. Anthurium humoense Croat, sp. nov. Anthurium humboldtianum ssp. viri­ TYPE: Venezuela. State of Sucre: dispadix is endemic to western Vene­ Peninsula de Paria, Cerro de Humo, zuela in the Cordillera de M~rida at virgin cloud forest at the summit, 1,300-2,300 m in cloud forests. It is cur­ NE of Irapa, between Roma and rently known only from the States of Santa Isabel, approximately 12 km N Lara and M~rida. Figs. 61, 64-66 of the town of R(o Grande, 1,273 m, The subspecies is similar to the typi­ Steyermark 94893 (US 2583836, holo- cal subspecies in its general habit, per­ type; VEN, isotype). Fig. 67 sistent cataphyll fibers, the size, shape and texture of its blade, its weakly sul­ Planta terrestris; internodia brevia; cate petiole and its long-pedunculate cataphyllum 9 cm longum, per­ inflorescence with a green, lanceolate sistens in fibris tenuibus; petiolus spathe. Both subspecies share blades 49 cm longus, 6 mm diam.; lamina 1986) Croat-Venezuela Araceae 37

Figs. 62-65. 62-63. Anthurium humboldtianum Kunth ssp . humbo ldtianum. Venezuela. Aragua: Colonia Tovar - Portachuelo, 2020 m, Croat 60514. 62. Habit, xl / 12. 63. Infructescence, xl / 5. ----64-65. A. humbo ldtianum Kunth ssp . viridispadix Croat. Venezuela. Lara : Sanare - Yacambu, 1790 m , Croat 54687. 64. Habit, xl / 18. 65. Leaf blade, xl /8. 38 Aroideana (Vol. 9(1-4)

basil iter cordata, 41.5 cm longa, 29 serted at ca. 45° angle; spadix subsessile, cm lata; pedunculus 43.5-50 cm long-tapered, olive green becoming longus; spatha pallide viridis, ob­ whitish, 11-16.5 cm long, drying 5.5-6 longo-triangulata; spadix olivaceus, mm diam. at base, 4.7-5.8 mm diam. 11-16.5 cm longus, 4.7-5.8 mm midway, 2 mm diam. near apex (8-15 diam.; baccae ignotae. mm diam. when fresh) held at 180° an­ Terrestrial; (description from dried gie from the peduncle; flowers rhom­ specimen); stem short; internodes short, bic, 2-3.5 mm long, 2.3-3 mm wide, 5(6) ca. 1.5 cm diam.; cataphylls 9 cm long, flowers per spiral; tepals drying matte, drying reddish brown, weathering to weakly granular, grayish, lateral tepals fibers (periderm semi-intact especially 1.3-2.6 mm wide, the inner margin toward middle). LEAVES with petiole 49 slightly convex, the outer margin ob­ cm long, 6 mm diam., obtusely sulcate tusely triangular; pistil not emergent; adaxially, rounded abaxially; blades stigma ellipsoid, 0.6-1.2 mm long; coriaceous, ovate, acute at apex with a stamens emerging in a regular sequence short apiculum, cordate at base, 41.5 cm from the base, the laterals preceding the long, 29 cm wide, widest above petiole alternates by at least 10 spirals; anthers attachment; anterior lobe 31 cm long, 0.4-0.6 mm long, (0.6)0.8-0.9 mm wide; the margins convex; posterior lobes 14.5 thecae not at all divergent. INFRUC­ cm long, directed straight back, ca. 12 TESCENCE not seen. cm wide; sinus hippocrepiform; upper Anthurium humoense is known only surface with faint short raphide cells and from the type specimen from the Penin­ brown punctations (punctations sur­ sula de Paria in the state of Sucre at rounded by a paler area), rich green; 1,273 m elevation. lower surface brown-punctate; both It is characterized by its persistent surfaces drying gray-green; midrib con­ reddish brown cataphyll fibers, by its vex on both surfaces; basal veins 6 pairs, long-tapered, white (drying gray) spadix first and second pair free to the base, and oblong-triangular spathe, but espe­ the third pair coalesced 5-10 mm, the cially its gray-drying blades with two remaining pairs coalesced to 2.5 cm; pairs of collective veins and brownish posterior rib naked 2.5 cm; primary gland-like punctations on both blade lateral veins 3-4.pairs per side, departing surfaces. midrib at 45-55° angle, curved to col­ It appears to be related to A. ari­ lective vein, drying raised on lower sur­ poense N. E. Brown of Trinidad, which face, slightly raised on upper surface; has a similar gray drying blade and long interprimary veins drying slightly raised tapered spadix, but which lacks puncta­ on lower surface, scarcely raised on up­ tions on both surfaces. Its sectional per surface; tertiary veins drying visible placement is uncertain. Perhaps it will on lower surface; primary collective be placed with a small cluster of prin­ vein arising from the first basal vein, cipally Mexican species including A. mostly 9-18 mm from the margin; sec­ chiapasense Matuda, A. verapazense En­ ondary collective vein arising from' the gler and A. lucens StandI. ex Yuncker, second basal vein, joining the margin which also have punctations; these very near the apex. INFLORESCENCES Mexican species have punctations of a with peduncle 43.5-50 cm long, 3-5 mm different type, however, appearing diam., more or less equal to the petiole; more typically gland-like. The puncta­ spathe subcoriaceous, pale green, ob­ tions of A. humoense are less gland-like, long-triangular, 10-10.5 cm long, 1-1.5 appearing to be only brownish, rounded cm wide, broadest near the base, re­ mounds. flexed, abruptly short-acuminate at Anthurium humoense also resembles apex, truncate to rounded at base, in- the gray-drying A. nymphaeifolium spe- 1986) Croat-Venezuela Araceae 39 cimens discussed with that species, obtusely sulcate petiole, which is greater which differ in having a short, stubby or equal to the blade length. The blades spadix and a broad, ovate coriaceous are sagittate and subcoriaceous with spathe. tertiary veins prominently sunken on The species is named for the type the upper surface and prominently locality of Cerro de Humo. raised on the lower surface; the primary veins are raised in valleys on the upper surface, forming a collective vein run­ Anthurium jenmanii Engler, pflanzen­ ning close to the margin (2-3 mm). The reich, Arac.-Poth. IV. 23B: 72. 1905. inflorescence is distinguishable by its Anthurium jenmanii ranges from broad, brick red, spreading spathe and northeastern Venezuela (Bol(var, Sucre its long, slightly tapered, green (at an­ and Monagas) and Trinidad to the Gui­ thesis) spadix. The spathe persists anas and Brazil (Amap~) principally in throughout the development of the pale the lowland coastal forests, and open green fruits, but may turn green. The woodlands. The species is found mostly pollen is white. at less than 100 m but ranges up to 970 m in the mountains in the south of A noteworthy collection trom its range. Fig. 68 Ta'chira at the base of the Paramo de The species, a typical member of sec­ Tama (Croat 60681) has internodes up to 12 cm long and has a relatively re­ tion Pachyneurium, is characterized by its bird's nest habit, its more or less cori­ mote collective vein. The dried speci­ aceous, usually oblanceolate blades with mens, however, match A. julianii rela­ mostly free-ending primary lateral veins tively well. Perhaps it represents a some­ what juvenile stage of growth of A. juli­ and impressed terti.!lry veins, as well as by its purple spadix, early deciduous anii (see photo). spathe and its lavender berries. The blades usually dry yello.wish green and are highly variable, ranging from acute Anthurium kunthii Poeppig in Poeppig to subcordate at the base. & Endl., Nov. Gen. Sp. PI. 3: 84. 1845. It is most easily confused with An­ Anthurium kunthii ranges from thurium guayanum Bunting, which dif­ Costa Rica and Panama to Amazonian fers in having conspicuously plate­ Bolivia, Brazil, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia shaped gland-like structures on the and Venezuela. Venezuelan specimens blade surfaces. differ from those in Brazil and Peru, but material collected in the territory of Amazonas (Bunting 4440 and Davidse et Anthurium julianii Bunting, Acta Bot. at. 17192) are believed to be this species. Venez. 10: 272. 1975. The principal difference in Venezuelan Anthurium julianii is endemic to specimens is a thinner cataphyll that Venezuela but should be expected in more quickly weathers to fibers. adjacent areas of Colombia. In Vene­ The species is distinguished by its zuela, it is known in the cloud forests compound leaf blades (with the lower­ of the Cordillera de M~rida (Tachira, most pair only slightly inequilateral at M~rida, Trujillo and lara) at 2,000-3,300 base) and long-pedunculate, long­ m. Figs. 69-72 tapered, purple to brown spadix (about The species is characterized by its three-fourths as long or longer than more or less large size, short internodes petiole). It might be confused with A. (2-5 cm diam.), persistent cataphyll fi­ pentaphyllum var. pentaphyllum if the bers, and by its terete or narrowly and ranges should overlap in the Guianas, 40 Aroideana (Vol. 9(1-4)

Fi gs. 66-69. 66. A nthurium humboldtian um Kunth ssp. viridispadix Croat. Ve nezuela. Lara: Sa nare - Yacambu , 1790 m, Croa t 54687. Habit, xl / S. ----67. A. humoense Croat. Venezuela. Sucre: Peninsula de Pari a, Cerro de Humo, 1273 m , Steyermark 94893. ----68. A. jenmanii Engler. Ve ne­ zuela. Monagas: above Guicharo, 970 m, Croat 54389. Habit, x1l1S. ----69. A. julianii Bunt. Ve nezuela. Lara: Humocaro Alto - La Palma, Croat 6040. Habit, xl / 1S. 1986) Croat- Venezuela Araceae 41

Figs. 70 -73. 70-71 . Anthurium julianii Bunt. Venezuela. Lara: Humoca ro A lto - La Palma , 2050 m, Croat 60640. 70. Young infructescence and in­ florescences, xl / 6. 71. Same, xl / 2. ----72. A. cf. julianii Bunting. Venezuela. lachira : Vo lcan lama, 2300-2400 m , Croat 60681. Habit, xl / 5. ----73. A. lies neri Croat. Venezuela. Amazonas: Atabapo, Plateau of Duida, 1250 m, Li es ner 18174. Cultivated plant (leaves smaller than normal, xl / 5. 42 Aroideana (Vol. 9(1-4)

Figs. 74-77. 74-76. Anthurium lies neri Croat. Venezuela . Amazonas: Atabapo, Plateau of Duida, 1250 m , Liesner 78774. ----77. A. lilacinum Bunting. Venezue la. Aragua: Henri Pittier National Park, 1060 m, Croat 60558. Habit, x1/ 31. 1986) Croat-Venezuela Araceae 43 but the latter has distinctly short, stout midrib slightly paler than surface, peduncles and a pale lavender, conical broadly convexly raised except when spadix. Fig. 78 weakly sunken near the apex above, convexly raised below; basal veins 3-5 Anthurium liesneri Croat, sp. nov. pairs, 1st (or rarely all when young) free TYPE: Venezuela. Amazonas: Dpto. to base, 2nd coalesced for 1.5-3.8 cm, Atabapo, Plateau of Duida above those remaining coalesced for 5 cm; Culebra, 3°37'N, 65°42'W, 1,250 posterior rib naked, (1) 2.5-5 cm long; m, March 2, 1985, Liesner 18174 primary lateral veins (5)6-7 per side de­ (MO 3236055-56-57, holotype; parting from midrib at 45-60° angle, VEN, isotype). Figs. 73-76 arcuate to the margin, convexly raised and in valleys on upper surface, con­ Planta terrestris; internodia brevia; spicuously raised below; interprimary cataphyllum tandem in fibras veins lacking; tertiary veins weakly lineares totum solutae; petiolus 50- etched, drying weakly raised on upper 128 cm longus, (5)7-11 mm diam., surface; collective vein usually arising sulcatus; lamina grandis, 33-61 cm from 3rd to 4th basal vein, a secondary longa, 22-38 cm lata, coriacea, pro­ collective vein arising from the next funde lobata, abaxialiter glandifere­ lower primary lateral vein, 4 mm from punctata, in sicco flavidus; spatha margin. INflORESCENCE with peduncle ca. 19 cm longa, lanceolata, ad an­ to 1.7 m long, 7-14 mm diam., 1-2 times gulum 90° ad pedunculum affixa; longer than petiole; spathe coriaceous, spadix stipitatus, ca. 18.5 cm longus. green, lanceolate, 19 cm long, 2.1 cm wide, broadest in lower third, gradually Terrestrial; stem 15-45 cm long; in­ acuminate at apex, acute at the base, in­ ternodes shorter than broad, to 7 cm serted at ca. 80-90° angle on peduncle; diam.; cataphylls drying reddish brown, stipe 4-5.6 cm long in front, 4-10 mm persisting as linear fibers. lEAVES erect; long in back; spadix brown post an­ petioles 50-128 cm long, (5)7-11 mm thesis, long-tapered, 18.5 cm long, 1-1.1 diam., surface weakly roughened with cm diam. near base, 7 mm diam. near somewhat raised areas, with raphide apex; flowers rhombic to square, 2.8-3.5 cells near base, obtusely and shallowly mm long, 2.3-3 mm wide, ca. 9 flowers sulcate; geniculum shaped like petiole, visible in principal spiral; tepals drying slightly paler, somewhat swollen, 2.2-3 matte, lateral tepals 1.1-2 mm wide, cm long; blades coriaceous, prominent­ turned up against pistil, the inner mar­ ly cordate, bluntly to gradually acumi­ gins concave, at times convex; stigma nate and down-turned at apex (the ellipsoid to almost rectangular, 0.5-1 acumen with margins turned up), 33-61 mm long, 0.7-1 mm wide; anthers con­ cm long, 22-38 cm wide, broadest just spicuously absent from post anthesis above point of petiole attachment; spadix. INFRUCTESCENCE inadequately anterior lobe 25-46 cm long, margins known, young berries green. convex, prominently revolute, some­ Anthurium liesneri is known only times broadly undulate; posterior lobes from the type specimen from Venezuela, (8)11-16.5 cm long, directed inward or Plateau of Duida in the territory of overlapping; sinus spathulate or closed Amazonas at 1,250 m. to rhombic, rarely oblong; upper sur­ It is characterized by its large size, face semiglossy, drying weakly glossy, its yellowish drying, coriaceous, deeply yellowish green, lower surface weakly lobed blades with glandular punctations glossy, drying conspicuously dark glan­ present on the lower sljrface and by its dular-punctate, glands inconspicuous stipitate spadix and lanceolate spathe on live plants, at least when young; inserted on the peduncle at an angle 44 Aroideana (Vol. 9(1-4)

close to 90 0 • throughout the Cordillera de la Costa Anthurium liesneri resembles A. (Miranda, Distrito Federal, Aragua, roraimense, which also has punctate, Carabobo and Yaracuy) as well as Falcon cordate blades, but that species differs and Merida (Bunting reports a dubious in having longer internodes, cataphylls collection from Anzoategui based on a persisting intact, blades usually drying specimen resembling A. expansum). The reddish brown, an ovate spathe and Colombian collection (Kalbreyer 853), subsessile spadix. Anthurium roraimense made somewhere between Ocana and is a member of section Ca/omystrium, Pamplona, is a new report for Colombia. whereas A. liesneri is tentatively placed The species is an appressed climber in section Be/o/onchium. characterized by its short internodes (1- The species is named in honor of 6 cm long, 2.5-3.5 cm thick), deciduous Ron liesner, who collected the type cataphylls and a narrowly and obtusely specimen and introduced living material sulcate petiole, but especially by the to the Missouri Botanical Garden. deeply pedatifid blade (with 7-11, nar­ row, obovate segments, each with a col­ lective vein running along its margins). Anthurium lilacinum Bunting, Acta Bot. Venez. 10: 273. 1975. ' Its inflorescence has a peduncle that is Anthurium lilacinum Bunting is en­ one-fourth to one-half the petiole demic to Venezuela and ranges from length and a lanceolate, reflexed green Sucre throughout the Cordillera de la spathe 40-60 cm long. The berries are Costa to Falcon at 20-1,400 m. Epiphytic purple. Figs. 79-81 or terrestrial, it is characterized by a A Croat collection (57919) from Peru bird's nest habit, cataphylls persisting as (Huanuco, Tingo Maria to Monzon) is fibers and a D-shaped, shallowly sul­ similar in most respects to A. longissi­ cate, short petiole. The coriaceous mum but differs in having a terete peti­ blades are usually oblanceolate, some­ ole and blades that are matte on the times elliptic, with a collective vein usu­ lower surface. It is probably a new ally originating at the middle or upper species. one-third of the blade, or at times from the base of the blade. Its delicate inflor­ Anthurium longissimum Pittier subsp. escence has a slender peduncle (often nirguense Bunting, Phytologia 60:295- mottled with purple), a weakly coria­ 296. 1986. ceous, green tinged with purple, re­ flexed-spreading, inrolled spathe and a Anthurium longissimum ssp. sessile, green to greenish brown spadix. nirguense is endemic to Venezuela, in The berries are lavender. Figs. 77, 82 Yaracuy, known only from the cloud Anthurium liIacinum can be con­ forest along the summit of the fused with A. crassinervium Schott, Cordillera de la Costa north of Nirgua at which is differentiated by its shallowly 1200 to 1360 m. It differs from the typical sulcate, quadrangular petiole, a more subspecies in having the peduncle coriaceous blade with undulate margins, longer than the petiole and in having a collective vein always arising in the proportionately broader leaf segments. upper one-third to one-fourth of the Also characteristic is the spathe which is blade and red berries. coppery-red purple on the abaxial Anthurium longissimum Pittier, Bol. Soc. surface and creamy, suffused on the Venez. Ci. Nat. 11: 13. 1947. adaxial surface. ssp. longissimum. Anthurium longissimum is known marinoanum Croat, sp. nov. from Colombia and Venezuela at 1,200- Anthurium 1,500 m. In Venezuela, it is known TYPE: Venezuela. Sucre: Dtto. ("') (3 T'" ro< :::J ro N C ro OJ ».... () '"ro ro'"

Figs. 78-81 . 78. Anthurium kunthii Poepp. Panama. Canal Area: Barro Colorado Island , Croat 7090. Habit, xl/8. ---- 79. A. lo ngissimum Pittier. Venezuela. Aragua: Henri Pittier National Park , 1060 m, Croat 60561. Habit, xl/ 23. ----80. A. longissimum Pittier. Venezuela. Aragua: Maracay - Choron!, 1280-1300 m , Croat 54492. Leaf, xl / 1S. ----81. A. longissimum Pittier. Venezuela. Yaracuy: Salom - Candelaria, 1200 m, Croat 54631. Lea f and inflores - cence, xl/ 6. 46 Aroideana (Vol. 9(1-4)

Marino, Cerro de Humo or Terr6n lanceolate, 10 cm long, 1.5 cm wide, de Azucar, NE of Irapa, Municipio broadest at or near middle, probably of Irapa, Fernandez 3128 (MY 50020, spreading, inserted at 45° angle on holotype). Fig. 83 peduncle; spadix white, subsessile, scarcely tapered, held at 180° angle Planta epiphytica; internodia brevia, from peduncle, 11 cm long, 7.4 mm 1.5 cm diam.; cataphyllum per­ diam. near base, 6.6 mm diam. near sistens in fibris tenuibus; petiolus apex; flowers rhombic, 2-2.5 mm long, 40-62 cm longus, 4-10 mm diam., 1.4-2.8 mm wide, 10-16 flowers visible sulcatus; lamina coriacea, ovata­ in principal spiral; tepals drying matte, triangulata, 39-42 cm longa, 19-30 lateral tepals 1.2-1.6 mm wide, the inner cm lata, basiliter cordata; peduncu­ margins concave, prominently turned lus 33-48 cm longus; spatha sub­ up against pistil, straight, spade-shaped coriacea, oblongo-Ianceolata, 10 cm in age (on drying), the outer margins 3- longa, 1.5 cm lata; spadix albus, sided; pistils not emergent; stigma subsessilis, 11 cm longus, 6.5-7.5 mm raised, oblong-elliptic, +/- bilabiate, 0.3 latus; baccae ignotae. mm long, in age becoming capitate to subglobular, 0.4-0.5 mm wide. INFRUC­ Epiphytic; internodes shorter than TESCENCE not seen. broad, 1.5 cm diam.; cataphylls at least Anthurium marinoanum is known 10 cm long, drying brown, persisting as only from the Venezuelan state of Sucre coarse linear fibers. LEAVES with peti­ at the type locality in the Distrito of oles 40-62 cm long, 4-10 mm diam., sul­ Marino, NE of Irapa, and at Cerro Azul, cate adaxially; blades coriaceous, ovate­ Distrito Valdez; no elevation was given triangular, acute at apex, cordate at on either collection. base, conspicuously lobed, 39-42 cm It is characterized by its short inter­ long, 19-30 cm wide, broadest above nodes, persistent cataphyll fibers, its point of petiole attachment, margins creamy white subcylindrical spadix and convex; anterior lobe 31-35 cm long; its acuminate blades which dry yellowish posterior lobes 11-15 cm long, directed green and have a collective vein rather slightly outward, bluntly acute to nar­ remote from the margin (1.5-2 cm). rowly rounded; sinus broadly parabolic, Anthurium marinoanum superficially 5-6 cm deep; both surfaces drying yel­ resembles A. cartilagineum, but has lowish green; midrib drying convexly pointed, outward directed posterior raised, sharply ridged above, raised be­ lobes and anterior lobe acute rather low; basal veins 4-5(6) pairs, 1st and than obtusely apiculate at the apex; fur­ sometimes 2nd pair free to base, 3rd and thermore, it has 10-16 flowers visible in 4th pairs remaining coalesced for 1-1.5 the principal spiral compared to ca. 6 in cm, 4th and 5th pairs remaining coa­ A. cartilagineum. lesced for 1.5-4 cm; posterior rib naked 1-4 cm; primary lateral veins 4-5 per VENEZUELA. SUCRE: Otto. Marino, Mun. Irapa, NE of Irapa on Cerro de Humo or Terron de Azu­ side, departing midrib at 45-50° angle, car, Fernandez 3128 (MY); Otto. Valdez, Cerro Azul, scarcely arcuate to the collective vein, Fernandez 3774 (MY). drying slightly raised; interprimary veins slightly raised below, semi-raised above; lesser veins drying visible; col­ Anthurium nymphaeifolium C. Koch & lective vein arising from 1st basal vein, Bouche, Ind. Sem. Hort. Berol. App. 15-20 mm from margin. INFlORES­ 6. 1853. Figs. 84-86 CENCE with peduncle 33-48 cm long, Anthurium nymphaeifolium, a mem- 5-7 mm diam., more or less equalling ber of the section Ca/omystrium, is petioles; spathe subcoriaceous, oblong- known only in the forests of Venezuela 1986) Croat-Venezuela Araceae 47

Figs. 82-85. 82. Anthurium lilacinum Bunting. Venezuela. Distrito Federal: Cu ltivated at Jardin Botanico, Croat 54414. Habit (inflorescence normal­ ly pendent), x1/ 1S. ----83. A. marinoanum Croat. Venezuela. Sucre: Distrito Mariilo, vic. Irapa, Fernandez 3128. ----84-85. A. nymphaei­ folium C. Koch & Bouche. Venezuela. Cu ltivated, Caracas, Croat 38341 and 38343, respectively. 84. Inflorescence, x4 / S. 85. Inflorescence, x13/ 20. < Figs. 86-89. 86. Anthurium nymphaeifolium C. Koch & Bouche. Venezuela. Yaracuy: Sa lam - Candelaria, 1260-1290 o m, Croat 60793. Habit, xl/8. ----87. A. puberulinervium Croat. Venezuela. Tachira: San Crist6bal - Delicias, 1300 m, Croat 55033. Habit xl / 8. ----88. A. signatum C. Koch & Mathieu. Venezuela. Tachira: Pregonero - La Fundacion, 1200 m, Croat 54953. Leaves, xl/12. ----89. A. signa tum C. Koch & Mathieu. Venezuela. Tachira: San Cristoba l - Delicias, 1300 m, Croat 55026. Inflorescence, xl/s. 1986) Croat-Venezuela Araceae 49 but probably also occurs in adjacent (also in section Calomystrium), which Colombia. In Venezuela, it ranges from has only been found in Bol(var and Anzoategui to the Cordillera de la Costa Amazonas and is differentiated by hav­ (Miranda, Distrito Federal and Aragua) ing a collective vein usually originating to the Cordillera de Merida (Yaracuy, at the third basal vein and running along lara, Trujillo, Portuguesa, Barinas, Meri­ most of the margin and by having dis­ da, Tachira and Zulia) at 600-2,650 m. tinct dark punctations on the lower sur­ It is characterized by its frequently face (visible with some magnification). colonial habit, long stem (0.5-2 m long), There. are 2 other species in section intact, reddish brown cataphylls, and by Calomystrium in Venezuela. Anthurium its long, more or less terete petiole nubicola, occurring at 2,400-3,000. m in ranging from green to reddish. The M~rida, differs in having an angular, sul­ blade is coriaceous, ovate and has a col­ cate petiole. See A. formosum, another lective vein running along the upper Calomystrium, for its distinguishing fea­ half of the anterior lobe, usually origi­ tures. nating at the uppermost basal vein or at a primary lateral vein along the midrib. Anfhurium penfaphyllum (Aubl.) G. The prominent posterior lobes are over­ Don var. penfaphyllum. Hort. Brit. lapping or separated by a sinus ranging 3: 633. 1834. from parabolic to hippocrepiform. The Anthurium pentaphyllum var. penta­ inflorescence has a short, stipitate, phyllum is known from Venezuela only slightly tapered spadix varying in color in the NEcorner of the country in Sucre from green or white to pink or purple near the Gulf of Paria (Trujillo 14288, and a spathe that is usually ovate to MY). lanceolate, usually varying from green It is distinguished by its palmately to white in the Cordillera de la Costa divided leaf blades (with long petiolu­ and usually from white tinged with red, late leaflets), by its short peduncle (ca. 7 to pink, to almost red in the Cordillera cm), and short spadix with a persistent de Merida. The fruits range from white spathe. to red or purple. The species has a second variety in Some noteworthy material tentative­ Central America. The variety bombaci­ ly determined as A. nymphaeifolium folium was reported by Madison (1978) ranges from Yaracuy and Zulia to the to range from Mexico to Panama. Cordillera de M6rida (lara, Trujillo, Madison (Ioc. cit.) also included A. digi­ Merida and Tachira) at 1,300-2,100 m. tatum in this species, but that taxon is These collections are distinguished by not so closely related. their large gray-drying ovate blades and See also discussions under A. kunthii large obovate spathes ranging in color and A. digitatum. from white to pink. Two specimens from the outer limits of the range, Yaracuy Anthurium pfarianum Steyermark, Field­ (Steyermark et al. 100321) and Zulia iana, Bot. 28(1): 94, fig. 12. 1951. (Steyermark et al. 105684), appear to be Anthurium ptarianum Steyermark is transitions to more typical material of endemic to Venezuela and is known the taxon. The specimen from Yaracuy only from the states of Bol(var and Ama- has a lanceolate, green spathe but large zonas at 500-2,200 m. Figs. 90-91 blades similar to this collection, while It is usually terrestrial and is char­ the specimen from Zulia has a narrowly acterized by its large triangular-ovate, ovate triangular blade and a damaged coriaceous blades which are conspicu­ spathe that is white with pink margins. ously punctate on the lower surface and Anthurium nymphaeifolium closely have a collective vein arising from the resembles A. roraimense N. E. Brown uppermost basal vein and running far 50 Aroideana (Vol. 9(1-4)

Figs. 90-93. 90. Anthurium ptarianum Steyermark. Ve nezu ela. Amazonas: Cerro Neblina, 1900 m, Croat 59395. Habit, xl/ s . ----91. A. ptarianum. Venezuela. Bol(var : Sta . Elena - EI Dorado, 1070 m, Croat 54296. Infruc­ tescence, xl/ 2. ----92-93. A. puberulinervium Croat. Venezuela. Ta'chira: San Crist6bal - Delicias, 1300 m, Croat 55033. 92. Habit, xl / 6. 93. Habit, xl / s. 1986) Croat-Venezuela Araceae 51 from the margin to the obtuse to retuse probably subcoriaceous, faintly 1- apex. Its inflorescence has a long, pale ribbed, ca. 6.5-20 cm long, green, acu­ green to dull maroon, slightly tapered minate at apex, drying green to yellow­ spadix and a recurled, green tinged with ish green to brownish green, persisting purple or tawny-brown spathe. The semi-intact, mostly deciduous but some­ fruits are purplish. times persisting as fine linear fibers at the upper nodes. LEAVES with petioles Anthurium puberulinervium Croat, sp. (13)20-63 cm long, 3-10 mm diam. when nov. dried, stiff, C-shaped to V-shaped, TYPE: Venezuela. Tachira: along sometimes terete, sharply sulcate adaxi­ highway between San Crist6bal and ally with the margins narrowly winged, Delicias, 45 km SW of bus terminal rounded and weakly to strongly multi­ in San Cristobal, 21 km S of Delicias ribbed abaxially; geniculum subterete turn-off in Rubio, 19 km N of De­ with deep angular-concave channel, licias, 9°42'N, 72°25'W, 1,300 m, dis­ narrower than petiole when dried, 2-3 turbed primary forest on steep cm long; blades chartaceous to sub­ slopes along small intermittent coriaceous, oblong-obovate to oblong stream, 10 Aug 1982, Croat 55033 ovate-triangular, abruptly acuminate to (MO 3000470, holotype; B, COL, K, acuminate at apex, (the acumen 10-25 MY, NY, US, VEN, isotypes). mm long), cordate at base, (13)20-57 Figs. 87, 92-93 cm long, (7)26-39 cm wide, broadest Planta terrestris aut epiphytica; in­ at point of petiole attachment or at ternodia, 2-9 cm longa, 5-28 mm base; anterior lobe (26)31-42 cm long, diam.; cataphylla semi-intacta ad broadest at or near the base; posterior nodos superos, fibrosa ad nOQos lobes (3)14-20 cm long, (9)12.5-19 cm inferos; petioli (13)20-63 cm longi; wide, directed downward and inward (in laminae ovatae usque ad ovatas­ most of the young blades, downward triangulares, bullatae usque ad and somewhat outward), the apex rugatas, hebetatae, (13)20-57 cm rounded; sinus hippocrepiform to para­ longae, (7)26-39 cm latae; nervi bolic or spathulate, sometimes closed paginae inferioris saepe puberuli; with overlapping lobes, 8.5-16 cm deep; lobi posteriores (3)14-20 cm longi; upper surface weakly glossy, weakly to sinus hippocrepiformis usque ad prominently bullate, lower surface observe-ovatum; pedunculi 25-45 matte, medium green above, yellowish cm longi; spatha viridis, lanceolata, green to brownish green when dried. 11-17.5 cm longa, 8-16 mm lata, light green to olive below; midrib above spadix maroninus, 10-29 cm longus, more or less concolorous with the surface 3-7 mm diam. (siccatus). when dried, convexly raised below, dry­ ing prominently raised, paler than sur­ Appressed-climber or terrestrial; face when fresh and on drying; basal stem erect if terrestrial, slender and veins 7-8 pairs, 1st and 2nd, rarely 3rd, elongate, 50-200 cm long; internodes free to base, the remaining coalesced longer than broad, of varying lengths, for up to 4-6.5 cm, sunken above, prom­ (1)2-9(12) cm long, 5-28 mm diam., inently raised below, when dried flat to matte, light green to greenish gray when weakly raised above, raised below; pos­ fresh, drying yellowish green to brown­ terior rib naked, curved; primary lateral ish gray; roots moderately numerous, veins 9-12 per side, departing midrib at drying dark brown to brownish gray, 40-55° angle, more or less straight­ pubescent or smooth, slender and elon­ ascending to the collective vein, sunken gate, tapered at apex, 3.5-30 cm long, above, prominently raised below, paler 0.2-2 mm diam. when dried; cataphylls than surface with short puberulous pu- 52 Aroideana (Vol. 9(1-4)

bescence below and occasionally above; teristic is the frequent presence of a interprimary veins almost as conspicu­ short, puberulous pubescence on the ous as primary lateral veins, sunken veins of the lower surface (sometimes above, raised below; reticulate veins on the upper surface as well), for which prominulous, raised when dried below, the species is named. visible above; collective vein arising The species inhabits relatively shady from usually one of the uppermost basal areas of the understory on usually steep, veins, sometimes one of the lowermost rocky slopes and may occur as an erect, basal veins or the 1st of the primary free-standing plant or it may lean on or lateral veins, sunken above, drying flat to climb tree trunks. weakly raised above, raised below, less The species was questionably treat­ prominent than primary lateral veins to ed by Bunting (1979) as A. crassivenium, equally as prominent as primary lateral but that species, from the western veins, 1-15 mm from margin. INFLORES­ Andes of Colombia, differs in having a CENCES more or less erect; peduncle prominently stipitate spadix and thicker . 25-45 cm long, 2-7 mm diam., green to blades, lacking raphides. On the other greenish brown when dried, flattened hand, A. puberulinervium has a sessile adaxially; spathe erect becoming or subsessile spadix and stout, pare rap­ spreading and recurled, subcoria­ hides clearly visible on both surfaces. ceous, semiglossy, green to dull yellow­ The species is highly variable in the de­ ish, greenish to yellowish green gree to which the leaves are bullate and when dried, linear-Ianceolate, 11-17.5 the degree to which they are pubescent, cm long, 0.8-1.6 cm wide, broadest near with the pubescence varying from base, the apex acuminate; stipe 2-4 mm densely to sparsely puberulent on the long in front; spadix dark violet fading lower veins to puberulent or totally to dull brownish wine to dark maroon glabrous on the upper surface. Some (B & K red purple 2/2.5) sessile or sub­ specimens are particularly unusually in sessile, oblong-cylindroid, 10-29 cm being noticeably pubescent on the long, 3-7 mm diam.; flowers rhombic, upper surface, with the veins raised (see 2.4-2.6 mm long, 1.8-2.2 mm wide, 8-10 Bunting 4390) while most have the veins flowers visible in principal spiral, 5-7 on the upper surface flat and glabrous. flowers visible in alternate spiral; lat­ eral tepals 1.3-1.7 mm wide, the outer VENEZUELA. TACHIRA: between M~rida and La margins angled, 2-3-sided, the inner Azulita, Hwy. 4, 18 km SE of La Azulita, 8°37'N, 71° margins concave; pistils raised, ca. 0.4- 23W, 2,070 m, Croat 54819 (MO, VEN); between 0.5 mm long, the ovary with pale linear Rubio and Las Delicias, 20-30 km SW of Rubio, 1,850-2,000 m, Croat 38477, 38497 (MO, YEN); Que­ raphides embedded in its walls. brada Agua Blanca, Davidse & Gonzalez 22320 Anthurium puberulinervium is (MO); above Las Delicias, Steyermark et a/. 98303 known only from Venezuela in T~chira (NY); above Aldea de Tronj~l, Bunting 2323 (MY); in the area between San Cristobal and 15 km above Diamante, 2 km above Matamulas Bunting 2463 (MY); 8 km above Diamante, 23 km the Colombia border at 1,300-2,000 m. above Rubio, Bunting 4390 (MY); between It is to be expected in Colombia. San Crist6bal and Delicias, 11 km N of Delicias, The species, a member of sect. Poly­ 21 km S of Bram6n, 30.5 km S of ~ubio, 7°37'N, neurium, is characterized by its elongate n027'W, 1,850 m, Croat 55011 (MO); 21 km S internodes, thin cataphylls (which per­ of Delicias turnoff in Rubio, 19 km N of Delicias, 9°42'N, n025'W, 1,300 m, Croat 55033 (B, COL, K, sist semi-intact at upper nodes and as MO, MY, NY, US, YEN). sparse fibers lower down on the stem), by its thin, ovate-cordate to ovate-tri­ angular, bullate leaf blades, which dry Anthurium roraimense N. E. Brown ex green and by its more or less sessile, Oliver, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, Bot. dark maroon spadix. Especially charac- 2: 286. 1887. () (3 '"T ro< :l ro N C ro til ...,>-

() '"ro '"ro

Figs. 94-97. 94. Anthurium roraimense N. E. Br. Venezuela. Photo copied from St eyermark slide without collection number. Infloresce nce, xl / 2. Photo: Steyermark. ----95-96. A. smaragdinum Bunting. Venezuela. Lara: Humoca ro Alto - La Palm a, 530 m, Croat 60631 . 95 . Habit, xl / 8. 96. Inflo rescence, xl / 5. ----97. A. subsagit­

tatum Kunth. Venezuela. Tac hira : San Cristobal - Delicias, 1850 m, Croat 55012. Inflo resce nce and leaves, x1l6. V1 W 54 Aroideana (Vol. 9(1-4)

Anthurium roraimense is limited to times green) spadix, with an oblong­ the Guiana highlands at 700-1,500 m (at lanceolate, reflexed, green tinged with Sierra de lema known at 300-500 m). In red spathe. The pistils are sharp and Venezuela, it ranges from Cerro Neblina purplish; stamens and pollen are white. and Cerro Marahuaca in Amazonas to The species is not easily confused Bol(var. Figs. 94, 98 with any other in Venezuela. It is characterized by its coriaceous, cordate blade with usually free basal Anthurium smaragdinum Bunting, Acta veins and a collective vein originating at Bot. Venez. 10: 278. 1975. the second or third (sometimes first) Anthurium smaragdinum is endemic basal vein and running along almost the to Venezuela, known in the Cordillera entire margin. The lower surface is ob­ de Merida (Ta'chira, Merida, Trujillo and scurely glandular-punctate. (Some spe­ Portuguesa) at 1,300-2,500 m. cimens are punctate on both surfaces.) It is characterized by its epiphytic Its inflorescence has an erect white habit, long internodes (4-12 cm long, 4-6 spathe (reflexed in fruit) and a white cm diam.), persistent cataphyll fibers spadix (both becoming green). The and a petiole rangi ng from terete to fruits are purple. broadly sulcate. The rugose, ovate One specimen (Steyermark & Dun­ blades have a cordate-sagittate base stervi/le 104337) is unique in drying gray with a collective vein usually originating as opposed to the usual reddish brown. at the uppermost basal vein and running This specimen is also punctate on both about 5-10 mm from the margin to the surfaces and has a naked posterior rib apex; interprimary veins are usually not (i.e., lacking free basal veins). This must present, while reticulate veins are raised be more thoroughly studied to deter­ on the lower surface. Its inflorescence mine its true relationships. has a long, narrow, scarcely tapered, prominently stipitate (0.5-3 cm long), Anthurium signa tum C. Koch & green spadix and a lanceolate, spread­ Mathieu, Ind. Sem. Hort. Berol. App. ing, green spathe. The fruits are green. 8. 1855. Anthurium smaragdinum closely re­ Anthurium signa tum has been found sembles A. julianii but is differentiated only in Venezuela in the state of T~chira by its green spathe (as opposed to bright at 900-2,800 m, but probably ranges to red in A. julianii) and in having a collec­ Colombia. One specimen (Schunke tive vein running further from the 5942) from San Mart(n, Peru closely re­ margin. Figs. 95-96, 99, 100 sembles A. signa tum, but is placed there Anthurium smaragdinum can also be with reservation, since it is far beyond confused with A. puberu!inervium, the known range. Figs. 88-89 which is distinguished by its purple Anthurium signatum is epiphytic or spadix, ribbed petiole and peduncle, terrestrial and is characterized by its shorter stipe and by having primary short internodes, its cataphylls persisting veins considerably closer together with intact and weathering to fibers, and by distinct interprimary veins. One collec­ its delicate, terete to narrowly and ob­ tion of A. smaragdinum, Croat 38458, is tusely sulcate petiole. The chartaceous described as having a petiole that is blades are deeply 3-lobed and usually faintly and obscurely ribbed. dry brown (sometimes green), have col­ lective veins originating along the mid­ Anthurium smithii Croat, Aroideana rib or from a basal vein, and have pos­ 8(4): 134. 1985(1986). terior ribs that are conspicuously naked Anthurium smithii is known from (3-10 cm). Its inflorescence has a narrow, Colombia and Venezuela, occurring at slightly tapered, usually purple (some- (900)1,300-3,200 m. In Venezuela, it 1986) Croat-Venezuela Araceae 55

Fi gs. 98-101. 98. Anthurium roraim ense N. E. Br. Ve nezuela. Photo copied from Sr eyermark slide w ithout coll ection number. Habit, x1/ 15. Photo: St eyermark . ----99-100. A. smaragdinum Bunting. Venezu ela. Lara: Humocaro A lto -La Palm a, 530 m , Croat 60631. 99. Lea f, x1/ 5. 100. Stem showing weathered ca taphylls, x3 / 10 . ----101. A. subsagittatum Kunth. Venezuela. Yarac uy: Sa lom - Candelari a, 1260-1 290 m , Croa t 60780. Habit, showing in fructesce nce, x1/ 12. 56 Aroideana (Vol. 9(1-4) ranges from Tachira to Trujillo in the spadix and occurs at 2,400 m. It is prob­ Cordillera de M~rida as well as in the ably also A. subsagittatum. Serran(a de Perija (Zulia). Anthurium tachiranum Croat, sp. nov. A member of section Porphyrochi­ TYPE: Venezuela. State of T.khira: tonium, it is distinguished by having along road between San CristcSbal glandular punctations only on the lower and Delicias, 11 km N of Delicias, surface of the leaf. The only other 21 km S of Bram6n, 30.5 km S of member of the section Porphyrochi­ Rubio, disturbed forest on steep tonium with an epunctate upper surface rocky slopes, 7°31'N, 72°27'W, 1,850 in Venezuela is A. ange/orum, which is m, Croat 55007 (MO 2990730, holo­ distinguished by having short inter­ type; VEN, isotype). Type plant live nodes, comparatively few, persistent at MO). Figs. 102-103 cataphyll fibers, proportionately short­ Terrestris; internodia brevia, 7-25 er petioles and a collective vein that is mm diam., cataphyllum ca. 8 cm conspicuously more prominent than the longum, persistens fibris; petiolus primary veins. sulcatus, 59-65 cm longus, 3-5 mm For an illustration and a complete diam., lamina sub-3-lobata, 29-45 revision of this species and its relatives cm longa, 24-28 cm lata; peduncu­ see Aroideana 8(4): 134, 1985(1986). lus 37-50 cm longus, ca. 3-6 mm Anthurium subsagittatum (HBK) Kunth, diam.; spatha viridis, oblonga ad Enum. PI. 3:79. 1841. lanceolata; spadix viridis, ca. 8.5 cm longus, ca. 7 mm diam. Anthurium sub sagitta tum is endemic to Venezuela, ranging from the Cordil­ Terrestrial; internodes short, 0.7-2.5 lera .de la Costa (Distrito Federal, Aragua cm diam.; cataphylls ca. 8 cm long, dry­ and Yaracuy) to the Cordillera de M~ri­ ing reddish brown, persisting as fibers. da (Falcon, Merida and Tachira) at 650- LEAVES with petiole narrowly sulcate, 2,000 m. Figs. 97, 101, 106 59-65 cm long, 3-5 mm diam.; blades This usually epiphytic species rarely subcoriaceous, sub-3-lobed, acuminate reaching 1 m in height is characterized at apex (the acumen 3-4 cm long), cor­ by its long internodes (1-8 cm long, 5-8 date at base, 29-45 cm long, 24-28 cm mm diam.), its cataphylls persisting wide, broadest at base; anterior lobe 23- semi-intact at upper nodes and a thin 33 cm long, the margins convex; pos­ petiole more or less equal to the blade terior lobes 14-16 cm long, directed length and ranging from terete to nar­ outward; sinus hippocrepiform; upper rowly and obtusely sulcate. The blades surface semi-glossy with raphide cells are thin with rounded, divergent pos­ usually visible, drying green or brown; terior lobes, and an anterior lobe with midrib raised above (drying +/- acute), deeply concave margins and a collec­ convex below; basal veins 5-6 pairs, first tive vein originating at the uppermost pair free to base, the second pair co­ basal vein and running near the margin alesced to posterior rib for 1.5-4.5 cm, to the apex. Its inflorescence has a pe­ those remaining coalesced to 6 cm; pos­ duncle longer than the petiole, a long terior rib naked 4-6 cm; primary lateral narrow, scarcely tapered, prominently veins 5-6 pairs, departing midrib at 40- stipitate, green spadix (the stipe general­ 50° angle, raised above in valleys, ly greater than 0.5 cm) and a spreading, curved to collective vein, drying slightly green, lanceolate spathe. The green raised above, raised below; inter­ fruits become cream-colored. primary veins drying scarcely raised A noteworthy collection (Steyermark above and below; tertiary veins visible & Dunsterville 100601) from Tachira, beneath, drying visible below; collective below the Paramo de )udio, SE of Santa vein arising from the second pri­ Ana, is unusual in having a shorter mary lateral vein, mostly 3-6 mm 1986) Croat-Venezuela Araceae 57 from the margin. INFLORESCENCES posterior lobes (2.3)3.2-3.8 times longer with peduncle 37-50 cm long, ca. 2-3 than broad. mm diam.; spathe subcoriaceous, ob­ Anthurium signa tum, another decid­ long to lanceolate, green, spreading,S edly 3-lobed species in the region, dif­ cm long, 1.2 cm wide, broadest at base, fers in being more robust, in drying acuminate at apex, rounded at base, reddish brown, by having broadly spreading, inserted on peduncle at 45 0 spreading, less constricted lobes with angle; spadix subsessile, green toward an arcuate to hippocrepiform sinus and apex, yellowish green toward base, ca. by having stamens exserted at anthesis. 8.5 cm long, ca. 7 mm diam. midway, ca. 3 mm diam. near apex, held at 180 0 an­ VENEZUELA. TACHIRA: along highway between gie from peduncle, tapered toward Santo Domingo and las Delicias, 21 km S. of Rubio, apex; flowers (when dry) rhombic, ca. 9°42N, 72°2S'W, 1,300 m, Croat 55026A (MO, VEN); 30.5 km 5 of Rubio, 7°37'N, 72°27'W, 1,850 m, Croat 2.5-3.2 mm long in direction of axis of 55007 (MO, VEN); 27 km 5 of Rubio, ca. 2,000 m, spadix, ca. 2 mm wide perpendicular to Croat & Bunting 55007 (MO); 0110. /un(n, between axis of spadix, 6-7 flowers visible in the las Delicias and Bram6n, Fernandez 2139 (MY). principal spiral; tepals semi-glossy, lateral tepals 1.2-2 mm wide, the inner Anthurium tamaense Bunting, Acta Bot. margin straight to slightly convex, outer Venez. 10: 278. 1975. margins obtusely triangular; pistil weak­ Anthurium tamaense is known only ly emergent; stigma 0.3 mm long, from Venezuela in the State of Tachira, broadly elliptic; stamens emerging from on the forested slopes below the the base in a prompt regular sequence, Paramo de Tama at 2,400-3,200 m laterals preceding alternates by possibly (though infrequent above 2,500 m). 2-3 spirals; filaments emerging briefly, It is characterized by its long inter­ retracting to level of tepals; anthers 0.3- nodes (4-4.5 cm long), its terete petioles 0.5 mm long, ca. 0.6 mm wide; thecae about equalling the blades, and by its ellipsoid, weakly divergent; pollen ovate-triangular blades, which dry black white. and have elongate posterior lobes Anthurium tachiranum is endemic to directed usually toward the base and Venezuela, known only from Tachira collective veins arising from the first between Las Delicias and Bram6n at ca. basal vein. Also characteristic is its ob­ 1,850 m. long-Ianceolate green spathe, and dark It is a member of section Be/o/onchi­ purple, prominently stipitate spadix um and is characterized by its terrestrial (stipe 3-17 mm long). Fi~s. 104-105 habit, short internodes, persistent red­ It is not easily confused with any dish brown cataphyll fibers, its almost 3- other species in Venezuela, and though lobed blades with slender, spreading, it might be expected in adjacent Colom­ prominently constricted posterior lobes bia, little forest remains in the adjacent (3.3-3.8 times longer than the narrowest areas of that country. Bunting (1979) portion) and by its narrowly tapered compares it to A. lehmann;; Engl., which green spadix with the stamens disposed differs in having short internodes and a just above the tepa Is. much broader spathe, and with A. cun­ It is similar to A. gines;;, which dries dinamarcense Engl. from central Colom­ brown, has tepals drying erect with ex­ bia, to which A. tamaense is possibly serted stamens, and posterior lobes related. A comparison of the types of which are 1.2-2.2 times longer than the two plants with A. tamaense indi­ broad (length measured petiole apex to cates that the many general features the farthest point of lobe; width measured three share in common, i.e., habit, inter­ at narrowest point). In contrast, A. tachi­ node length, petiole and blade length, ranum dries blackish green and has blade shape, inflorescence size and 58 Aroideana (Vol. 9(1-4)

Fi gs. 102-105. 102. Anthurium ta chiranum Croat. Venezuela. Tachira : Las De li c ias - Braman, Fe rnandez 2139. ----103. A. tachiranum Croat. San C rist6bal - De li cias, 1850 m, Croat 55007. ----104-105. A. tamaense Bunting. Venezuela. Tachira: base of Tama, vic. Be tania, 2300-2400 m , Croat 60680. 104. Habit, xl/6. 105. Leaves, xl/4. 1986) Croat-Venezuela Araceae 59 shape, are upon close inspection coinci­ than the spathe. The tepals are 2 times dental. Anthurium lehmannii and A. as long as broad and the red fruits are cundinamarcense differ remarkably in obovoid. the thickness, texture, coloration and Anthurium wagenerianum is closely venation of their leaf blades. Also, A. related to A. crassinervium, but is distin­ cundinamarcense is known only from guished by its cylindrical, generally central Colombia in the Central Cordil­ much shorter spadix and generally lera in the Department of Cun­ much broader, shorter spathe, in con­ dinamarca. trast to the generally long-tapered spadix and lanceolate spathe of A. cras­ Anthurium triphyllum Brongn. ex sinervium. The leaves of A. wageneri­ Schott, Prodr. Aroid. 548. 1860. anum dry with raphides readily visible Anthurium triphy/lum occurs prin­ under low magnification, whereas in A. cipally on the eastern slopes of the crassinervium, raphides are hard to de­ Andes from Ecuador to Bolivia at (600) tect even under magnification. Further­ 1,000-2,000(2,980) m. more, the berries of A. wagenerianum, A member of section Dactylophyl­ though attached to the spadix by four lium, it is distinct in Venezuela in having tepalar threads as in A. crassinervium, 3 lobes dissected completely to the are much dryer upon rehydration of base. Figs. 107-108, 110 specimens; they not only lack the abun­ Maguire, Wurdack & Bunting 36993, dant mesocarp found in A. crassiner­ the type of A. neblinae according to vium, but their seeds are attached at Bunting (1975), is here recognized as a their apical ends to the inner carpel range extension for A. triphy/lum (Terr. wall by a thick strand of fibers running Amazonas: Cerro de la Neblina, R[o midway down the carpel toward the Yatua, Camp 4 at 1,250 m). The speci­ basal end of the fruit. This is in contrast men is well within the range of varia­ to the seeds of A. crassinervium, which tion of A. triphy/lum. attach themselves to the carpel wall by a mucilaginous appendage. Anthurium Anthurium wagenerianum C. Koch & wagenerianum also ranges to much Bouche, Ind. Sem. Hort. Berol. App. lower elevations than does A. crassi­ 7. 1853. nervium, which may range up to Anthurium wagenerianum is en­ 1,500 m. demic to Venezuela and Cura<;ao, and is mostly restricted to dry, northern slopes CALADIUM in the Cordillera de la Costa from Mi­ randa, Aragua and Carabobo states, as Caladium bico/or (Aiton) Vent., lard. well as in Zulia and the Sierra de San Cels. t 30. 1800. luis in the state of Falc6n, from sea Caladium bicolor occurs at eleva­ level to 600 m. Figs. 109, 111-112, 114 tions from near sea level to 830 m, rang­ It is characterized by having a peti­ ing from Panama south to Bolivia, east ole one-third as long as the blade, flat or to Brazil and Guyana. In Venezuela, it sulcate above, squared or sub 3-angled ranges from Amazonas to the Delta below, a ve-ry short-cuspidate blade with Amacuro and Sucre, from Carabobo a narrow base and a round to obtuse to Portuguesa, and is also found in apex and '4-7 primary lateral veins. The Aragua, Miranda, northern Guarico, inflorescence has a peduncle as long or Merida, Tachira and Zulia. Fig. 115 longer than the leaves, a decurrent, It is characterized by its terrestrial oblong-Ianceolate spathe persistent in habit, yellow corm, petiole 30-95 cm fruit, and a stipitate, cylindric spadix (6- long, and its peltate, ovate to elliptic 7 cm long), which is considerably longer blades (18-46 cm long, 12-25 cm broad) » (3 0... ro OJ ::J OJ

< Figs. 106-109. 106. Anthurium 5ubsagittacum Kunth. Venezuela. Ta chira: San Cristobal - Deli cias, 1850 m, Croat o 55012. Inflorescence and lea f, x1/ 12. ----107. A. triph yllu m Brongn. Ecuador. Pa staza: Puyo - Macas, Croa t 50549. Habit, x1/ 5. ----108. A. triph yllum Brongn. Ecuador. Morona-Santiago : Yang za t za, Croat 50781. Inflor­ escence, x9/ 20. ----109. A. wagenerianum C. Koch & Bouche. Venezu ela. Zulia: E of R(o Guasare, 660 m , Stey­ ermark 123258A. Inflorescence, x6 / 25 . 1986) Croat- Venezuela Araceae 61

Figs. 110-113. 110. Anthurium triph yllum Brongn. Ecuador. M o ro na- Sa nti­ ago : Yangzatza, Croa t 50781 . Habit, xl / 9. ----111 . A. wa generianum C. Koch & Bouche. Vene zu ela. Ca rabo bo, Las Trincheras - EI Cambur, 500 m , Croa t 545 43. Habit, showing infructesce nce, xl / 15. ----11 2. A. wag­ enerianum C. Koc h & Bouche. Ve nez uela. Zuli a: E o f RIO Guasa re, 660 m , St eyermark 123258A. Flowering plant, xl / 8. ----11 3. Ca ladium sm aragdinum C. Koch & Bo uche. Ve nez uela. Miranda : Ce rros del Bachillero s, 50 m , Croa t 53953. Lea f, xl / 5. 62 Aroideana (Vol. 9(1-4) with rounded, divergent posterior lobes, posterior lobes united for one-half or often with white, pink or purplish spots more of its length, and by its totally and a glaucous lower surface. Its inflor­ white spathe. escence has a green peduncle 16-60 cm It differs from C. bieolor, which long, a green spathe tube and a white often has multicolored leaves and a blade 4-8 cm long. green spathe tube with a white blade. Caladium bieolor is closely related Figs. 113, 118-119 to C. humboldtii, which differs by its small size, its freely suckering habit and DlEffENBACHIA its lack of inflorescences. See also C. smaragdinum for a com­ Dieftenbachia liesneri Croat, sp. nov. parison. TYPE: Venezuela. Amazonas: Dpto. R(o Negro, lower part of Callo Baria Caladium humboldtii Schott, Oestr. Bot. above R(o Baria, above point of Wochenbl. 4: 417. 1854. Tambores of Comision de Limite Caladium humboldtii has been col­ and Camp of Comision at Boca de lected in Brazil and in adjacent Vene­ Secha going to Brazil, ca. 1°00'N, zuela in the Casiquiare District (Ama­ 66°20'W, 130 m, Liesner 17073 (MO zonas). It is rare in the wild, but has 3248498, holotype; K, VEN, iso­ been extensively cultivated. It is known types). by its long petioles (10-24 cm long) and Fig. 122 by its ovate, small, mebranaceous Petiola usque ad 35 cm longa, 6 mm peltate blades (5-9 cm long, 2-4.5 c~ diam. ad apicem, laminae subcori­ broad), which are dull green with white aceae, late oblanceatae-ellipticae, blotches and spots above, and paler ad basim attenuatae usque ad 42 cm below. The inflorescences are unknown. longae, 18 cm latae; inflorescentia 4 See C. bieolor for a comparison. Fig. 116 (quatuor) unieuique axillae; pedun­ culus 6-8 em longus, 2-4 mm diam.; Caladium, picturatum C. Koch & spatha viridis, 8-14 cm longa, 3-5 cm Bouche, Ind. Sem. Hort. Berol. App. 6, 1854. lata, 7-8 mm diam., stigma subdis­ coidium, 1.5 mm longum. Caladium pieturatum is known in Amazonian Peru, Brazil and Venezuela. Terrestrial; stem elongate, light In Venezuela, it is found in Bol(var at brown when dried; roots brown when 600 m and in Amazonas at 100-150 m. It dried, short pubescent, elongate, more is characterized by its white corm and than 10 em long, 2-5 mm diam., on dry­ its peltate, generally oblong-triangular ing. LEAVES with petioles 35 ern long, 10 blades, which are 2-3 times longer than mm diam. near base, 6 mm diam. at broad (broadest at the base) with a tri­ apex, surface drying yellowish brown, angular sinus and posterior lobes that shiny, longitudinally fissured, sheathing are directed outward and fused (1)2.5-5 em. Fig. 117 through lower two-thirds, sheath crack­ ing on drying; blades (dried) subcori­ aceous, reportedly smelling of skunk Caladium smaragdinum C. Koch & when crushed. broadly oblanceolate­ Bouche, Ind. Sem. Hort. Berol. App. 13. 1853. elliptic, acute at apex, attenuate at base, to 48 em long, ca. 18 cm wide, broadest Caladium smaragdinum is endemic in the upper third; upper surface weak­ to Venezuela and known only from the ly glossy, lower surface matte. yellowish Cordillera de la Costa in Miranda. Dis­ brown; midrib weakly raised to flat trito Federal and Carabobo at low ele­ above. weakly, convexly raised below; vations. It is characterized by its ovate primary lateral veins ca. 11-13 per side, to broadly ovate. solid green blade with () (3 1'" ro< :::J ro N c ro OJ

Fig s. 114-117. 114. Anthurium wagenerianum C. Koch & Bouche. Venezuela. Carabobo, Las Trincheras - EI Cambur, 500 m , Croat 54543. Part of infructescence, x5/ 10. ----115. Ca la dium bicolor (AiL) Vent. Puerto Rico: RIo Abajo State Fores t, 360-390 m , Croat 60868. Habit, xl / B. ----116. Ca ladium humboldlii Schott. Cu ltivated . Hab it, xl/B. ----117. Caladium p icluralum C. Koch. Venezuela. Bo l(var: vic. Icabaru, 600 m, Croat 54080. Habit, xl/6. '"<..oJ <: Figs. 118-121. 118-119. Caladium smaragdinum C. Koch & Bouche. Venezuela . Miranda : Cerros del Bachilleros, 50 o m , Croat 53953. 118. Plant with infructescences, x1/ 6. 119. Habit showing inflorescence, x1 / 8. ----120-121. Dieffenbachia parvifolia Engler. Venezuela. Amazonas: Cerro Neblina, 140 m , Croat 59599. 120. Leaves, x3/10. 121. Young plants, x3 / 10. 1986) Croat-Venezuela Araceae 65 departing midrib at 40-50° angle, weakly vaginans ca. 3/410ngitudinis petioli; arcuate to the margin, flat above, raised lamina moderate coriacea, anguste below; interprimary veins flat above, obovata usque ad obovatum-ellipti­ weakly raised below. INFLORESCENCES cam, 50-61 cm longa, 14-17 cm lata. (dried) 4 per axil; peduncle ca. 6-8 cm Pedunculus usque ad 14.5 cm long­ long, 2-4 mm diam., dark brown to us,6-15 mm diam.; spath a viridis, black; spathe coriaceous, green, dark medius constrictus, tubus ob­ brown to black on drying, 8-14 cm long, longus, ca. 13 cm longus, 20-25 acuminate at apex, weakly constricted mm diam.; lamina naviculaformis; more or less midway; tube 3-5 cm long, spadix 15.5-18.5 cm longus, pars pis­ 7-8 mm diam.; spathe blade elliptic; tillata 12.5-15 cm longa, 5.7 mm stigma subdiscoid, 1.5 mm long; ovary diam.; pars staminalis 6.5 cm longa, ovoid, 2 mm diam. ca. 7 mm diam.; pars staminata ster­ Dieffenbachia liesneri is endemic to ilis 4-5 mm diam.; pistilla conspicue Venezuela, known only from Amazonas elevata; stigma circularis 2-2.3 mm at the type locality between Cerro de la diam. Neblina and San Carlos de R(o Negro, at 130 m. It is named in honor of Ronald Terrestrial; stem thick and stout, with liesner, who has made great contribu­ irritating sap; internodes shorter than tions to Venezuelan botany during his broad, ca. 1.5-3 cm long, 4.5-5 cm many collecting trips to that country. diam., drying yellowish brown to brown. The species is distinguished by its LEAVES with petioles 26-53 cm long, 1.5- oblanceolate-elliptic leaf blades dry­ 3.5 cm diam., more or less terete, sur­ ing yellow-green beneath and gray­ face drying dark brownish green; green above, with distinct primary lat­ sheathing for about three-fourths of the eral veins in the lower part of the blade petiole; blades (dried) moderately cori­ arising at ca. a 40° angle; its petioles dry aceous, narrowly obovate to obovate­ shiny yellowish brown and are sharply elliptic, acute at apex, 50-61 cm long, ridged. It shares with Dieffenbachia 14-17 cm wide, broadest above middle, bolivarana Bunting characteristics such both surfaces matte when dried with a as shiny petioles, somewhat elliptic bumpy epidermis, which has an almost blades, and clusters of small, long­ leather-like appearance, with more or pedunculate inflorescences. The latter less circular raphide cells on the surface; differs, however, in having petioles that midrib convexly raised at base, becom­ dry darker, a glossier upper blade sur­ ing flat toward the apex above, same as face (especially the midrib) and espe­ surface, convexly raised below, con­ cially by having primary lateral veins in colorous or slightly darker than surface; the lower half of the blade arising at primary lateral veins 5-6 per side, de­ ca. a 90° angle. parting midrib at 20-40° angle, straight­ ascending to the margin or arcuate, flat Dieffenbachia longipistila Croat, sp. nov. on both surfaces, very weakly visible on TYPE: Venezuela. Amazonas: Dpto. the upper surface, visible and darker RIo Negro, Cano Baria, "Swampy" than surface below; interprimary veins area between RIO Mawarinuma and flat on both surfaces, obscure above, headwaters of RIO Baria, 130 m., ca. visible below; lesser veins moderately 0053'N, 66°15'W, Liesner 17037 (MO obscure. INFLORESCENCES with pedun­ 3248464, holotype; K, US, VEN, cle to 14.5 cm long, 6-15 mm diam., isotype). Fig. 123 much shorter than petioles, drying greenish brown, presumably spongy; Internodia ca. 1.5-3 cm longa, 4.5-5 spathe moderately coriaceous, green cm diam.; petiolus 26-53 cm longus, when fresh, finely striate, drying brown- 66 Aro idea na (Vol. 9(1-4)

,.. ~~-;.::..­ ~:;;':":" :...::-

Figs . 122-125. 122. Dieffenbachia lies neri Croat. Ve nezuela . Amazonas: Dpto. RIo Negro, Ca no Baria , 130 m, Li esner 17073. ----123. D. longipis­ tila Croat. Ve nezuela . Amazonas: Dpto. RIo Negro , Rlos Mawarinuma -Baria, 130 m , Li es n er 17037. ----1 24. D. parvifo lia Engl. Venezue la . Amazonas : RIo Pa cimo ni , 100 m , Steyermark & Bunting 102475. ----125. D . seguine (Ja cq.) Sc hott. Ve nezue la. Yaracuy: Sie rra de Aroa, MarIn - Aroa, Croa t 60613 . Habit , xl / 6. 1986) Croat-Venezuela Araceae 67 ish green outside, yellowish brown in­ Dieffenbachia par/atorei Linden & side, 22.5-28 cm long, the spathe con­ Andr~, III. Hort. 24: 152 t. 291. 1877. stricted about midway, spathe tube ob­ Dieffenbachia par/atorei is known long, 13-13.5 cm long, 20-25 mm diam., from Colombia and Venezuela. In Vene­ spathe blade boat-shaped, lanceolate zuela, it ranges from Zulia and Barinas when flattened, drying slightly darker to Merida, Tachira and Apure, from inside; spadix 15.5-18.5 cm long, 5-7 mm 100-600 m. diam., staminate portion oblong, taper­ It is distinguished by its moderately ing at the base, more than 6.5 cm long, large size, short stem, compact leaves ca. 7 mm diam., the sterile staminate with short petioles sheathed to the portion narrower than the fertile stam­ middle or to near the apex. Its cori­ inate portion, 0.6-0.7 cm long, 4-5 mm aceous, elliptic to obovate blades char­ diam.; pistils conspicuously raised, acteristically dry bicolorous, usually light drying with dark stigma; stigma circular, green below; also characteristic are its 2.2-3 mm long, depressed medially; moderately large inflorescences (20-37 ovary ovoid, when soaked 4 mm diam. cm long) with bilocular ovaries and fertile staminate flowers irregularly 5-6 staminodia drying much broader than sided, becoming irregularly elongate long. toward the base, 4 per spiral, 1.5-3 mm long, in both directions; staminodia Dieffenbachia parvifo/ia Engler, Engl. truncate, discoid at apex, shorter than Pflanzenr. Pflanzenr. IV 23Dc (Heft pistils, surrounding pistil in clusters of 64) 59. 1915. 4-5, 1.5-2 mm long (dried). Dieffenbachia parvifo/ia ranges from Dieffenbachia longipistila is known southern Venezuela to Brazil in the RIO only from the territory of Amazonas Negro drainage, occurring at less than near the base of Cerro Neblina (close to 200 m. In Venezuela, it is known from the Brazilian border). It occurs at less the RIO Pacimoni, RIO Baria and RIO than 150 m. Only three collections are Mawarinuma near the base of Cerro known, all collected in a swampy area. de Ie Neblina in southern Amazonas, all The species is characterized by its tributaries of the RIO Negro. The species stout habit, a more or less terete petiole, forms large stands on sand deposits its narrowly obovate to obovate-elliptic along rivers. blades drying matte with the minor It is characterized by its small stature, veins moderately obscure, and by its usually less than 50 cm tall, as well as by long, medium green, finely striated its small elliptic blades (less than 25 cm spathe; especially characteristic is its long and 7.5 cm wide). It is not at all stalked or conspicuously raised stigma, confused with any other species in which is much broader than the main Venezuela. Figs. 120-121, 124 body of the pistil (at least on drying). The name of the species refers to the Dieffenbachia seguine (Jacq.) Schott, elongate pistil. Melet. i 20. 1832. Perhaps the closest species to D. Dieffenbachia seguine is a wide­ longipistila is D. pa/udico/a, which dif­ ranging polymorphic taxon, perhaps fers in having a blade 6-7 times longer consisting of several elements. As de­ than broad (versus 3.5-4.5 times longer fined by most taxonomists, it ranges than broad in D. longipistila). throughout the West Indies and Central VENEZUELA. AMAZONAS: Dept. Rro Negro, America to the Guianas, Brazil and Callo Baria, between R(o Mawarinuma and head­ Ecuador. In Venezuela, the species oc­ waters of R(o Baria, 130 m, 0053'N, 66°15'W, Liesner curs in a broad arc from Apure and 7037 (K, MO, US, VEN); 140 m, 0052'N, 66°15'W, Tachira in the southwest through Bari­ Gentry & Stein 47263 (B, MO, NY, VEN); R(o Baria, nas, Trujillo, Portuguesa, Lara, Yaracuy, 80 m, 0019'N, 66°23'W, Miller 1795 (MO, VEN). Figs. 126-129. 126. Dieffenbachia seguine (Jacq.) Schott. Venezuela . Miranda: Cerro del Bachiller, Croat 53956. o< Inflorescence and leaves, xl / 6. ----127-128. Dracontium changuango Bunting. Bunting s.n ., cultivated at Munich Bot. Card. 127. Leaf segment xl/ 4. 128. Apex of petiole, x3/10. ----129. Heteropsis flexuosa (H.B.K.) Bunting. Venezuela. Amazonas: San Carlos de RIO Negro, 100 m, Croat 59646. Sterile shoot, xl/ S. 1986) Croat-Venezu\~la Araceae 69

Falcon, Carabobo, Aragua, Miranda, have nearly identical seeds. However, D. Monagas and Sucre in the northeast changuango differs from D. dress/eri by of the country, usually at elevations having the inner surface of the spathe from near sea level to 1,200 m. blade matte, as a result of a covering of The species is distinguished by its minute excrescences, whereas D. dres­ moderately large size, ovate-elliptic s/eri has the inner surface of the blade blades, truncate to rounded or subcor­ glossy, smooth and glabrous. Both date at the base and by its unilocular species are variable in the production of pistils, subtended by several club­ free tepals at the tip of the spadix, in shaped white staminodia. that they may be present or absent (in The species is most easily confused the same populations apparently). For with the D. macu/ata (lodd.) G. Don a photograph of the spadix of Dracon­ complex, best represented by Maguire tium changuango, see the front cover of & Wurdack 36461 from Amazonas. like Aroideana 8(3). 1985(1986). D. seguine, that species also has blades Figs. 127-128, 131-132 broadest below the middle, but it differs HETEROPSIS in having bilocular pistils. It is apparent­ ly not contiguous with D. sequine, since Heteropsis flexuosa (H.B.K.) Bunting, in Venezuela it occurs only in Bolivar Revista Fac. Agron. (Maracay) 10: and Amazonas at 120-1,000 m. 201. 1979. Noteworthy is a collection (Croat Heteropsis flexuosa is known from 21412) from Aragua along the summit Brazil, Venezuela, Surinam and French of the divide in Parque Nacional Henri Guiana (and probably also occurs in Pittier, which lacks the typical clavate Guyana) at 100-1,000 m. In Venezuela, it staminodia, but instead has a ring-like is found in the states of Bolivar and disk of staminodal tissue surrounding Amazonas. Fig. 129 the pistils. The plant otherwise looks It is characterized by its usually like typical D. seguine, and thus is in­ spinelike axillary buds, short petioles cluded here, though the matter bears (up to 1.5 cm but usually less than 1 cm further investigation. long), coriaceous, narrowly obovate to Figs. 125-126, 130 oblong-elliptic blades (up to 27 cm long, 3-4 times longer than broad) and by its inflorescence, with a green to white DRACONTIUM or cream spadix and a green or cream spathe. The fruits are white, becoming Dracontium changuango Bunting. green. Dracontium changuango is endemic The species is most easily confused to northern Venezuela at 100-500 m in with H. tenuispadix Bunting, a spe­ seasonally dry forests. It is currently cies that may occur with H. flexuosa, known from Carabobo (5 of Valencia) but which is distinguished by its more and in Portuguesa (Otto. Guanare) as slender stems, thinner blades, smaller well as Bolivar (vic. RIO Parguaza) and inflorescences and lack of the promi­ Gu~rico. nent spine-like axillary buds. This species is closest to D. dress/eri At the Cerro Neblina base camp (Rio of Central America and is perhaps only Mawarinuma), H. flexuosa occurs with subspecifically distinct from that H. spruceana and H. melinonii, and all species. Based on study of herbarium three species are about equally abun­ specimens only, the two taxa have dant. See the description of H. spruce­ very similar leaves and a sessile to ana Schott for a comparison with H. short pedunculate inflorescence of flexuosa. similar shape and size. In addition, they 70 Aroideana (Vol. 9(1-4)

Figs. 130-133. 130. Dieffenbachia seguine (Jacq .) Schott. Venezuela. Aragua: Henri Pittier National Park , 1030-1060 m, Croat 60567. Infloresce nce and petioles, xl /6. ----131. Dracontium changuango Bunting. Venezuela. Zu li a: Bogner photo. Inflorescence, x3 / 10. ----132. Dracontium changuango Bunting. Bunting s.n. , cultivated at Munich Bot. Card. Pe tioles, x9/ 20. ----133. Heteropsis melinonii (Eng l. ) Jonker & Jo nker. Venezuela. Amazonas: Cerro Neblina, Croat 59335. Habit, xl / 6. 1986) Croat-Venezuela Araceae 71

Heteropsis me'inonii (Engl.) lonker & Similar to H. flexuosa (H.B.K.) Bunt­ lonker, Acta Bot. neerl. 2: 356. 1953. ing, which has longer (up to 27 cm Heteropsis melinonii is known only long), coriaceous blades that are gen­ from southeastern Venezuela and erally broader (3-4 times longer than French Guiana (surely to be found in broad), H. spruceana has blades gen­ Surinam). In Venezuela, it occurs at erally 4-5 times longer than broad, and 120-1,330 m in Bol(var (Cerro Uori) and are more abruptly acuminate. Amazonas (San Carlos de Rro Negro, Cerro Neblina, R(o Yatua at Cerro Arauicaua, and in the region of Cerro MONSTERA Yapacana). Fig. 133 It is characterized by its long petioles Monstera adansonii Schott var. klotz­ (3.5-8 cm long), and especially by its schiana (Schott) Madison, Contr. gray-drying blade which is glaucous on Gray Herb. 207: 40. 1977. the lower surface, up to 40 cm long, and Monstera adansonii var. klotzschiana 9 cm wide. Its inflorescence has slender ranges from southern Venezuela and peduncles 0.7-1.5 cm long, a light green the Guianas south to Peru, Bolivia and stipitate spadix (2.5-6.5 cm long) and a Brazil (to Parana) at 100-1,000 m. In spathe with a cream interior and green­ Venezuela, it occurs in Bol(var and ish yellow exterior. The stipe is 0.7-1.3 Amazonas. Figs. 135-137 cm long, more or less equalling the It differs from var. laniata in having peduncle. pistils acute at apex (rather than trun­ lonker-Verhoef & lonker (1953) in cate as in var. laniata) and petiole the 'Flora of Surinam', report a reddish sheaths with their margins persistent yellow spathe and a reddish spadix, but (versus deciduous in var. laniata). In all Venezuelan collections seen report addition, var. klotzschiana has the leaf red coloration in neither structure. blade less than twice as long as wide Since the species was not actually col­ with the base unequal, with one side lected in Surinam (only known from the truncate to subcordate and the other border along the Marowijne River) side cuneate to acute. Furthermore, the these references probably are from col­ primary lateral veins arise from the mid­ lections made in French Guiana. rib at an angle greater than 60°. In var. laniata, the blade is frequently more than twice as long as broad with the Heteropsis spruceana Schott, Aroid. 1: base subequal and the primary lateral 27. t 60. 1853. veins arising at less than a GOO angle Heteropsis spruceana Schott ranges (Madison, 1977). from Venezuela to southern Colombia, northern Brazil (Amazonas) and Guyana at 50-1,095 m. In Venezuela, it is known Monstera adansonii Schott var. 'aniata from Bol(var and Amazonas. (Schott) Madison, Contr. Gray Herb. The species is characterized by its 207: 38. 1977. Fig. 138 vining habit and delicate stem and espe­ Monstera adansonii var. laniata cially by its small, moderately thin, ranges from Nicaragua to the Guianas, narrowly lanceolate, gradually long­ Brazil (Amapa) and Peru at sea level to acuminate blades (15 cm long or less), 1,400 m, occurring principally in tropical which are almost sessile. Its inflores­ moist forest life zones. In Venezuela, it cence is also small, with a 2-5 cm long is widespread, occurring in most forest­ peduncle, a white to cream-colored ed parts of the country, usually at less spathe, and a yellow to cream-colored than 350 m, sometimes as high as 600 m spadix (to ca. 1.5 cm long). Its fruits and rarely to higher elevations. It occurs are bright orange. Fig. 134 in all political units of Venezuela except 72 Aroideana (Vol. 9(1-4)

Figs. 134-137. 134. Hete ropsis sprucea na Schott. va r. sprucea na. Ve nezuela. Amazonas: Cerro Neblin a, 140 m, Croat 59323. Fruiting shoots, x3/ 10. ----135-137. Monstera adansonii Schott va r. klo tzschiana (Schott) Madison. French Gu iana. Cayenne, vic. O.R.S.T.O.M. Research Station , sea level, Croat 53808. 135. Habit , xl / 1S. 136. Preadult leaves, x1l1S . 137. Apex of flowe ring stem, xl / S. 1986) Croat-Venezuela Araceae 73 the states of Falc6n, Carabobo, Guarico, on the western side of the Cordillera Cojedes and Sucre. de M~rida, Zulia, west of lago Maracai­ It is distinguished by its entire to ir­ bo, from Yaracuy and Aragua in the regularly pinnatifid leaf blades, often Cordillera de la Costa, from northern with perforations in 1-3 rows on each Bol(var (Altiplanicie de Nuria in the Sier­ side of the midrib. Blades are generally ra de Imataca) and the Amazonas (Cerro somewhat thinner than for most species de la Neblina). Fig. 142 of Monstera. The species is in section The species is a member of section Monstera, with the juvenile leaves ex­ Marcgraviopsis with appressed "shin­ serted and conspicuously petiolate gle" leaves and is characterized by its (more than one-third as long as the regularly pinnate leaf blades. The blade). It is closest to M. lechleriana in blades are basally truncate with wide the same section, but that species is dis­ pinnae arising at a broad angle to the tinguished by having a much thicker, midrib and the petioles are one-third generally larger blade and a larger flow­ to two-thirds as long as the blade. In ering spadix (more than 15 cm long in addition, the peduncle is terete and flower and 20 cm long in fruit, versus shorter than the spadix. Especially char­ less than 13 cm long and less than 17 cm acteristic is the stout spadix, which is long in fruit for M. adansonii). 4-6 cm diam. and 16-36 cm long in fruit. It can be confused with M. dilacerata Monstera lechleriana Schott, Prod. (also occurring in Venezuela), which Aroid. 366. 1860. differs in having a peduncle 4 cm or Monstera lechleriana is known from more longer than the spadix (about Mexico and Costa Rica and ranges from equalling one another in M. spruceana). Costa Rica to Venezuela, Brazil (Amapa The only other Venezuelan species with and Para) Peru and Bolivia, mostly at appressed "shingle" leaves in Venezuela elevations of 800-1,200 m (rarely 250- is M. dubia (H.B.K.) Engl. & Krause, 1,800 mI. Figs. 139-141 which differs in having perforated as In Venezuela, it is known from well as pinnately lobed blades. Apure and Tachira in the southwest, but The species was treated as M. steyer­ principally in the Cordillera de la mark;; Bunting by Bunting (1979), and Costa from Yaracuy, Aragua, the Dis­ though Madison (1977) does not include trito Federal, Miranda, Anzoihegui, that name in his revision, it is clear Monagas and Sucre. It was collected that it is synonymous with M. spruceana. more recently in Amazonas on the As defined by Madison, M. spruceana Cerro de la Neblina at 1,250 m, and in certainly contains several distinct ele­ Bolivar in the Gran Sabana at 990 m. ments, with the Venezuelan material The species was treated as M. henri­ appearing to be more closely related to pittieri Bunting by Bunting (1979). It is that of Central America than that of similar to M. adansonii (see that species Amazonian Peru, where leaf blades dry for a discussion of their differences). a characteristic yellowish brown color (more typically grayish to somewhat Monstera spruceana (Schott) Engler, FI. blackened in Venezuela). Still, the type Bras. 3(2): 115. 1878. of M. spruceana, having been col­ Monstera spruceana ranges from lected in Amazonian Brazil, may be Honduras to Colombia and Ecuador on closer to Venezuelan material than it the Pacific slope and to Venezuela, is to Peruvian material. Certainly, more Guyana, Brazil and Peru on the Atlantic studies must be made of this complex slope, occurring at 20-600(1,400) m. In thoughout its range. Venezuela, the species is widespread but little collected, known from T~chira 74 Aroid e ana (Vo l. 9(1-4)

Figs. 138-141. 138. Mo nste ra adanso nii Scho tt var. laniata (Schott) Madi son. Ve nezue la . Barinas : Altamira - Ca lde ras, 975 m, Croat 60757. Ha bit, x1/ 62. ----139-141. Mo nstera lechle riana Sc ho tt. Ve ne zue la. Aragua: He nri Pitt ie r Nat io na l Pa rk , 1150-1 200 m , Croar 60594. 139. Ha bit, x1/ 12. 140. Leaf bl ade, xl/5. 141. Ste m, x1/ 5. 1986) Croat-Venezuela Araceae 75

MONTRICHARDIA la. Blades sagittate, generally con­ spicuously longer than broad; Montrichardia arborescens (L.) Schott, sinus frequently open; cusp of the Araceen Betreff. 1: 4. 1854. leaf sheath 0.5-1.5 cm; stems usu­ Montrichardia arborescens ranges ally moderately slender and from Guatemala and Belize to the Gui­ armed with sharp spines (at least anas and the Lesser Antilles, usually near the base) .... M. arborescens from sea level to 210 m. In Venezuela, (L.) Schott. the species is common in the northeast lb. Blades cordate, generally about from Monagas, Sucre and Delta" as broad as long; sinus frequently Amacuro, and it also occurs in Gu~rico, closed; cusp of the leaf sheath ranging into the Amazon Basin through 3-7 cm long; stems usually thick, the Orinoco River drainage to Bol(var, bamboo-like, smooth (or at most Amazonas and Apure. Fig. 145A with minute, blunt projections) ... It is confused with M. linifera Schott...... M. linifera (Arr.) Schott. See that species for details and for key In addition to the characters listed in separation. the key, there are other characters less easily quantified, such as the fact that M. linifera usually dries darker with Montrichardia linifera (Arruda) Schott, more pronounced reticulate venation, Araceen Betreff. ;: 5. 1854. that help distinguish the species. Montrichardia linifera ranges from Venezuela to Guyana, Colombia, Ecua­ PHILODENDRON dor, Peru and Brazil, occurring at 0-350 m, principally in the Amazon basin, but Philodendron acutatum Schott, Syn. also along the Bahian coast. In Vene­ Aroid. 94. 1986. Figs. 143-144, 146 zula, the species occurs in Apure and Philodendron acutatum ranges from Bolivar in the south, but ranges up the Trinidad and Venezuela to the Guianas, Orinoco basin to Gu~rico, Monagas northern Brazil and southeastern and Sucre. Colombia (possibly also Peru in Loreto). The species is distinguished from In Venezuela, it is widespread, extend­ other genera by its usually rooted ing from Amazonas, Bol(var and Delta aquatic habit with woody stems, con­ Amacuro in the east to Sucre, Monagas, spicuous leaf scars and large ovate­ Distrito Federal, Gu~rico, Miranda, sagittate blades, as well as by the con­ Lara, Trujillo, Zulia and Apure, at most­ volute spathe, which falls free after ly less than 500 m. anthesis. The staminate portion of the It is characterized by its scandent spadix also falls free. The fruit cluster habit, long internodes (drying light is large, green and subglobose. brown and coarsely fissured), long, sub­ The species is easily contused with terete petioles (about as long as M. arborescens, which also occurs in the blades), and by its narrowly-ovate Venezuela, principally on the north­ to ovate-triangular blades (drying mostly ern coast in the delta of the RIO Orino­ green) with 4-5 pairs of primary lateral co. The latter species does, however, veins broadly spreading from the midrib range well to the south in the Orinoco and with a posterior rib usually only basin and their ranges do overlap. It is briefly naked near the petiole (but the even possible that they hybridize, as naked part sometimes up to 4 cm). The some specimens are difficult to identify. species has one or two, generally long­ Generally, however, the two species are pedunculate, greenish inflorescences. very distinct. The following key is pro­ Brazilian specimens identified as P. vided for separation. Figs. 145B-145D acutatum (Para, Mato Grosso, Bahia, 76 Aroideana (Vol. 9(1-4)

Figs . 142-145. 142. M o nsl era spruceana (Schott) Engl. Venezuela. Amazonas: Ce rro Neblina, 140 rn, Croa l 59358. Habit, x1/ 69. ----143- 144. Philoden­ dro n aculalum Scho tt. Fren ch Gui ana. Cayen ne, 10-20 rn, Croat 53853 . 143. Hab it , x1/ 25. 144. Leaves, x1l6. ----145. P. ampullaceum Bunting. Venezuela. Tac hira: San C ristobal - Deli cias , 1850 m , Croat 5501 3. Habit, showing inflorescences, x1/ 12. 1986) Croat-Venezuela Araceae 77

Figs. 145A-D 145A. Montrichardia arbo resce ns (L.) Schott. Panama. Canal Area : Barro Colorado Island, Croat 6164. Whole p lant x6 / 25. ----145B. Montrichardia linifera Schott. Cultivated by R. Burle Marx, Brazil. Habit x1/ 31. 14SC. Stem s x1/ 12. 145D. Venezuela. Bolivar : Canaima, photo by A. Graf. Whole plant x1/ 12. » (3 Cl.. ro 0.> ::l 0.>

Fig s. 146-149. 146. Philodendron aculalum Schott. Trinidad : Matura - Va lencia, 150 m , Croa t 53910. Hab itat x1l12. <: ----147-149. P. aristeg uietae Bunting. Ve nez uela. A ragua: Henri Pittier National Park , 1030-1060 m , Croat o 60559. 147. Habit, xl / 9. 148. Hab it, xl / 6. 149. Leaves, xl / 5. 1986) Croat-Venezuela Araceae 79

Goias) have leaves drying unusually Philodendron atabapoense Bunting, brown and inflorescences drying red­ Acta Bot. Venez. 10: 291. 1975. dish brown, and have generally shorter Philodendron atabapoense is en­ peduncles. They probably represent a demic to Venezuela, known only from distinct species. the state of Amazonas at Yavita, along One collection from the state of the R(o Temi, at Siquita on the upper Guarico in Venezuela (Davidse 4245) is R(o Orinoco and at San Carlos de R(o unusual in having smaller leaves (ca. 20 Negro. Juvenile plants are often abun­ cm long) and stems with large pieces of dantly found over the sandy soil in dis­ the tan epidermis falling free on drying. turbed areas of the forest near San Philodendron acutatum can be con­ Carlos, having blades conspicuously fused with P. atabapoense, but the latter violet-purple. At later stages the plants has thinner leaf blades that are propor­ can be confused with P. acutatum. (See tionately longer and narrower and that species for comparisonl. which are violet-purple on the lower Figs. 154-155, 158 surface when young. According to Bunt­ Philodendron auyantepuiense Bunting, ing (1979) the species also differs in hav­ Acta Bot. Venez. 2: 142 fig 5. 1967. ing only four locules per ovary versus Philodendron auyantepuiense is en­ 6-10 locules per ovary in P. acutatum. demic to Venezuela, known until re­ cently only from the state of Bol(var on Philodendron ampullaceum Bunting, the Gran Sabana and from Cerro Jaua Acta Bot. Venez. 10: 289. 1975. and the Auyan-tepul at 1,100-1,850 m. Philodendron ampullaceum is en­ Recently it was collected on Cerro demic to Venezuela, known only from Neblina (at 1,850 m) in Amazonas near the state of T~chira at 1,800-2,000 m. the Brazilian border. The species is characterized by its 3-6 The species is characterized by its inflorescences per axil with short, green, more or less narrow, triangular blade ellipsoid spathes and with the pistil­ with narrow, spreading posterior lobes, late portion of the spadix equal to or by its generally terrestrial, creeping longer than the staminate portion. The habit, its internodes (1.5-2.8 cm diam. pistillate flowers have elongate styles. and 5.8 cm long), its sharply 2-ribbed Figs. 145, 150-152 cataphylls which persist semi-intact (or with fibers at the base) and its petioles, Philodendron aristeguietae Bunting, which are subterete at the base and ob­ Acta Bot. Venez. 10: 290. 1975. tusely flattened toward the apex. Philodendron aristeguietae is en­ Although the specimens from Bol(var demic to the Cordillera de la Costa in have decidedly triangular leaves even as Venezuela, occurring in Distrito Federal adults, the plants from Cerro Neblina (Cerro Naiguat~) and Aragua in the are more nearly ovate and much larger Parque Nacional Henri Pittier at 1,000- in age. It is possible that the type speci­ 1,200 m in cloud forest life zones. men represents an usually young flow­ It is distinguished by its ovate blade ering stage of the plant. and by petioles broadly winged to the Figs. 156-157 base of the blade. It is similar to P. veno­ Philodendron azulitense Croat, sp. nov. sum and P. inaequilalerum, both of TYPE: Venezuela. State of Merida: which have more elliptic blades. In ad­ along highway between La Azulita dition, the latter occurs only below 500 and junction with highway #1 (be­ m and has interprimary veins connect­ tween EI Vigia and Capaz6n), less ed by numerous cross-veins, while P. than 5 km below La Azulita (N of), venosum occurs mostly farther to on large boulder near edge of a the east in Monagas and Sucre. stream which empties onto high- Figs. 147-149, 153 80 Aroideana (Vol. 9(1-4)

way, just N of large waterfall in a surfaces. INFLORESCENCES 2 per axil; sharp curve, 8°41'N,71°25'W, 900 peduncle dark green, 4.5-7 cm long, 2.5- m, Croat 60728 (MO 3234845, holo­ 5.5 mm diam. spathe coriaceous, 8-12 type, B, CAS, COL, F, K, MY, NY, cm long (twice as long as tube), moder­ US, VEN, isotypes). ately glossy, medium green on outer Figs. 159-160, 162 tube, merging imperceptibly with cream Planta epilithica; internodia usque on blade, inner surface pale greenish 10 cm longa; cataphyllum de­ white throughout; spadix 8-10 cm long; ciduum; laminta ovata, 12-33 cm pistillate portion pale green, 3-4 cm longa, 7.5-19 cm lata; inflorescen­ long, 8 mm diam.; staminate portion tia 2 per axillae; pedunculus 4.5-7 scarcely constricted; 3.7-4 cm long, 9 cm longus, 2.5-5.2 mm diam.; tubus mm. diam. at base; flowers (dried, 13-14 spathae viridis; lamina spathae per spiral; pistil ellipsoid with fibrillate cremea; spadix 8-10 cm longus; pars skirt beneath the stigma, 0.6-1.2 mm pistillata pall ide viridis, 3-4 cm diam.; stigma round to ellipsoid, ca. 0.3 longa, 8 mm diam.; pars staminata mm wide ca. 1 mm long, drying black cremea, 3.7-4 cm longa, basi 9 mm with a depression at center. diam. Known only from the type locality of La Azulita in the state of Merida, at 900 Epipetric; internodes up to 10 cm m, Philodendron azulitense is character­ long, 1-1.5 cm diam., olive-green to ized by its long internodes, deciduous brownish, semiglossy, more or less cataphylls, its ovate, cordate blade dry­ terete; cataphylls green, unribbed, de­ ing brownish green and its paired in­ ciduous. LEAVES erect-spreading; peti­ florescences with the spathe light green­ oles 12-33.5 cm long, 11 mm diam. (dry), ish white within, and the outside medi­ moderately spongy, obtusely flattened um green on the tube and cream on the near base, terete midway, weakly flat­ blade. tened near apex, weakly short, dark­ The species is similar to P. linden;;, lineate, semiglossy; blades ovate, weak­ which differs in having a solitary inflor­ ly coriaceous, 12-33 cm long, 7.5-19 cm escence with a green tinged reddish broad, broadest at base, acute at apex, violet spathe tube which is dark red­ cordate at base; anterior lobe 16-28 cm violet on the inner surface. In addition, long, the margins convex; posterior P. linden;; has the pistillate portion of lobes 5.5-8.5 cm long, directed slightly the spadix creamy white while in P. azu­ outward to straight back; sinus para­ Iitense it is pale green. bolic; upper surface semi glossy, dark green, paler below; midrib flat and con­ Philodendron barrosoanum Bunting, colorous above, convex and concolor­ Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 50. (23) fig. 1. ous below, drying broadly raised above, 1964. Figs. 161, 163 convex below with minute ridges; basal Philodendron barrosoanum, de- veins 3 pairs, the first free to base, the scribed only recently from Venezuela, is second and third basal veins coalesced now known to be widespread through­ 8-20 mm; posterior rib naked 8-20 mm; out the northern Amazon Basin and primary lateral veins 3-4 per side, nar­ ranges from Venezuela to Colombia rowly sunken above, convex below, de­ (Meta, Huila, Vaupes and probably parting midrib at 60-70° angle, scarcely Vichada and Guiana as well), Ecuador curved to margin, drying slightly raised (Napo) and Peru (Loreto, Huanuco and below, flat but visible above; interpri­ Amazonas). It ranges from 100 to near­ mary veins drying barely visible above, ly 1,000 m. In Venezuela, it is known inconspicuously raised below; second­ from eastern Venezuela in Amazonas ary veins distinct, drying visible on both and in the west it ranges from Trujillo to 1986) Croa t-Venezuela Araceae 81

Figs. 150-153. 150-151 . Philodendron ampullaceum Bunting. Venezuela. Merida: Merida - La Azulita, 2030 m, Croat 60725. 150. Habit, xl/18. 151. Leaf, x1 / 8. ----152. P. ampullaceum Bunting. Venezuela. Tachira: San Cristobal - Delicias, 1850 m , Croat 55013. Leaf (view at acute angle) x1/ 8. ----153. P. arist eguietae Bunting. Venezuela. Aragua: Henri Pittier National Park, 1030-1060 m , Croat 60559. Leaf blade, x1/ 2. 82 Aroideana (Vol. 9(1-4)

Figs . 154-157. 154-155. Philode ndron atabapoe nse Bunting. Venezuela. Amazonas : San Carlos de RIO Negro, 100 m, Croat 59256. 154. Habit, xl / 12. 155. Leaf blade, xl/ 6. ----156-157. P. auyantepuiense Bunting. Venezuela. Bolivar: Santa Elena - EI Dorado, 1070 m , Croat 54301 . 156. Habit, xl / 6. 157. Leaf, x6/ 25. n (3 OJ 1 (1)< :::J (1) N C (1) OJ

:>...., OJ n (1) OJ (1)

Figs. 158-161 . 158. Philodendron atabapoense Bunting. Venezuela. Amazonas: San Carlos de RIO Negro, 100 m, Croat 59256. Stem and inflorescence, x3/ 8. ----159-160. P. azulitense Croat. Venezuela. Merida : Merida - La Azulita, 2030 m, Croat 60728. 159. Flowering shoot, xl/ 6. 160. Flowering shoot, xl/ 5. ----161 . P. barrosoanum Bunting. Venezuela. Merida: La Azulita - EI Vigia, 760 m, Croat 54870. Habit, xl/ 23. ex> w 84 Aroideana (Vol. 9(1-4)

Barinas, Merida, Tachira and Apure. weakly visible (drying weakly wrinkled); It is recognized by its scandent habit blade margins drying minutely revolute. with moderately long internodes, its INFLORESCENCE solitary, drying reddish large, deeply 3-lobed blades and more brown; peduncle to 2 cm long, less than or less terete petioles equallying or 5 mm diam.; spathe tube oblong-ellip­ longer than the blades. tic, to 1.7 cm diam. (dried); spathe blade The short-pedunculate inflores­ white; pistillate spadix ca. 3.5 cm long, cences are borne in clusters of up to 5 ca. 1.5 cm diam.; stigmas drying con­ per leaf axil. The spathe tube is green spicuously bowl-shaped, brown, 0.7-0.9 or greenish white, sometimes tinged mm. diam.; male spadix ca. 3.5 cm long reddish to purplish, and is purplish (the apex lost). FRUITS not seen. within. The blade is white at anthesis. Philodendron benitezii is apparently endemic to Venezuela, where it is Philodendron benitezii Croat, sp. nov. known only from the type collection in TYPE: Venezuela. Tachira: Dtto. Tachira at 800 m. It is named in honor )unln, Quebrada EI Libano, about of the collector Carman Emilia Benitez 800 m, Benitez de Rojas 1241 (MY, de Rojas from the Instituto de Botanica holotype; F, isotype). Fig. 164 Agricola in Maracay, Venezuela. The species is a member of section Planta epiphytica; caudex scandens, Pteromischum and is characterized by a internodia 1.5-6 cm longa, ad 5 mm slender, green striate stem, small, nar­ lata, modice laevia; petiolus 10-14.5 row, conspicuously acuminate leaves cm longa, vagina extensa ad 1 cm with an inconspicuous petiolar sheath petiolum apicis; lamina anguste, extending to within 1 cm of the base oblonga-elliptica vel oblonga­ of the blade, and by its small, solitary in­ oblanceolata, 11-19 cm longa, 3-5.5 florescence. It is closest to small-leaved cm lata; nervi primari 7-9, modice plants of P. inaequilaterum, which may obscuri; inflorescentia solitaria, pe­ have leaf blades of similar shape and a dunculus 2 cm longus; spatha 8 cm similar inconspicuous sheath, but that longa, tubus oblongus-ellipticus, 1.7 species has conspicuous primary lateral cm latus, lamina alba; baccae veins arising at 65-80° angle from the ignotae. midrib. In contrast, P. benitezii has in­ conspicuous primary lateral veins arising Scandent hemiepiphyte; internodes at a 45-50° angle from the midrib. 1.5-6 cm long, ca. 5 mm wide, moder­ ately smooth, drying green, striate, matte, bearing a few short roots on the Philodendron bipennifolium Schott, flowering branches; cataphylls absent; Oestr. Bot. Wochenbl. 5: 289. 1855. petioles sheathing stems, 10-14.5 cm Philodendron bipennifolium ranges long, sulcate and less than 2 cm diam. from southern Venezuela to southern at apex; sheath narrow and inconspicu­ Brazil. In Venezuela, the species is ous, extending to within 1 cm of the known only from Amazonas in the apex, the end narrowly rounded; blades vicinity of Yavita along the Rio Temi, but narrowly oblong-elliptic to oblong­ it is expected to be much more wide- oblanceolate, 11-19.5 cm long, 3-5.5 cm spread. Figs. 165-166 wide, narrowly acuminate at apex, acute The species is a hemiepiphytic vine at base, d ryi ng green; midrib sunken to 2 m long or more, with internodes above, raised beneath; primary lateral 8-15 cm long and 6-20 mm diam., more veins 7-9 pairs, obscure above, weakly or less terete petioles 25-37 cm long, a visible on lower surface on drying; in­ green spathe tube that is pale and short­ terprimary veins about as conspicuous lineate, and a spathe blade only slightly as the primary lateral veins; minor veins paler than the spathe tube. 1986) Croat-Venezuela Araceae 85

_.. ,- _...... - w" ,. ~, ~ ..

Fi gs. 162-165. 162. Philodendron azuliten se Croat. Venezuela. Merida: Merida - La Azulita, 2030 m, Croat 60728. Infl orescence, x9 / 20. ----163. P. barrosoanum Bunting. Peru. Junln : San Ramon - Oxapampa, 700 m , Croat 57719. Habit, x1 / 15. ----164. P. benitezii Croat. Venezuela. Tachira: Jun(n, Benitez de Rojas 1241. ----165. P. bipennifolium Sc hott. Culti vated at Kew. Habit, xl / 5. 86 Aroideana (Vol. 9(1-4)

The species was confused by Engler populations in South America, where it and Krause (1913) with P. panduriforme ranges from Venezuela to Colombia (see that species for discussion) but the (Vichada, Meta) Ecuador (Napo), Peru two are not very similar. The former is (Loreto) and Bolivia (Pando). It is distinguished by its more or less pan­ certainly to be expected in Brazil. It duriform blades with a hippocrepiform occurs at elevations of 60-230 m. In sinus, the anterior lobe having a single Venezuela, it occurs in Gu~rico, pair of lateral lobes that are more or less Anzo'tegui, Bol(var, Amazonas and truncate at the apex. Apure. Philodendron bipennifolium is also The species is a low hemiepiphyte or, similar to P. quinque/obum Krause, in drier areas, a terrestrial herb growing which sometimes has a similar leaf usually along stream and on river banks. blade. However, that species differs in Maguire et al. 3615 (F) is unusual in having a deep, narrow sinus in the being reported as a vine growing to 13 middle of the anterior lobe and in m in trees. having the anterior lobe divided almost The species was re-described by to the midrib near the base. In contrast, Bunting (1979) as P. ho/mquistii, but the -the anterior lobe of P. bipennifolium Venezuelan material differs in no has no narrow sinus midway and is only important way from that of Central weakly constricted near the base. America. It is recognized by its scandent habit, its thin ovate to ovate-triangular Philodendron brevispathum Schott, leaf blades with round to hastate Bonplandia 29. 1859. posterior lobes and a generally narrow Philodendron brevispathum var. (sometimes V-shaped) sinus, but brevispathum especially by the stems, which are TYPE: Panama, Canal Zone: at densely covered with trichome-like, Chagres River, Fendler 431 (K, often branched scales and which dry holotype; MO, isotype). with a flaky brown periderm (typically Philodendron arcuatum Krause, more reddish brown in Central pflanzenreich IV. 23 Db (Heft 60): America). While the posterior lobes are 72. 1913. commonly somewhat triangular (and TYPE: Bolivia. Pando: R(o Acre, at may even be narrowly triangular and Cobija (on Brazilian border SW of subacute at apex), they may be nearly R(o Branco, 1102'S, 68°44'W), Ule round as well on the same collection 8819 (B). (Davidse & Gonzalez 12973). P. ho/mquistii Bunting, Acta Bot. The species is closest to P. muricatum Venez. 10: 297. 1975. and may not be separable from that TYPE: Venezuela. Amazonas: earlier-described species. That species is Pueblo Viejo, open zone between distinguished by having densely the R(o Pacimoni and the forest, verrucose-warty petioles and usually 1°50'N, 66°30'W, 100 m, Steyermark smaller blades, with usually more & Bunting 102495 (VEN, holotype; rounded lobes. However, some collec­ MY, isotype). Figs. 167, 170 tions of P. muricatum with verrucose petioles, such as Steyermark et al. 115076 Philodendron brevispathum Schott, and Liesner 9056, from Delta Amacuro long known only from the Caribbean and Krukoff 7250 from southern coast of Panama, is now known to be a Amazonas State of Brazil (the type of P. locally rare but more widespread amp/ectens A. C. Smith, a synonym) species with special ecological have narrow, more or less triangular requirements. It is now known to range blades like P. brevispathum. On the from Nicaragua to Panama with disjunct other hand, the lobes of P. 1986) Croat-Venezue la Araceae 87

Figs. 166-169. 166. Philodendron bipennifolium Schott. Cultivated by Curt Pederson, San Diego, CA. ----167. P. brevispalhum Schott var. brevi­ spalhum. Colombia. Meta: Vill av icencio - Granada , 530 m, Croal 55516. Leaves, xl / 5. ----168-169. P. brevispa lhum Schott var. wurdackii Croat. Venezuela. Amazonas: R(os Pacimoni - Yatua, 100-140 m , Maguire et al. 36692. 88 Aroideana (Vol. 9(1-4) brevispathum are also somewhat base; blades ovate to ovate-elliptic, 24- variable throughout its range, Central 25.5 cm long, 15-17 cm wide, broadest at American, material commonly has more or above the middle, rounded to rounded lobes or elongate lobes which acuminate at apex, weakly subcordate at are turned somewhat inward, but some base, the posterior lobes rounded or sheets (Burger & Antonio 11236) have sometimes slightly longer than broad, blades identical to those of South weakly turned outward; midrib drying American plants, In addition, some weakly raised above, raised beneath; South American collections (Grant primary lateral veils 4-5 pairs, weakly 58586, Davidse 42940) have the posterior raised below, departing midrib at ca. 55° lobes noticeably rounded, scarcely angle, straight or weakly curved to the longer than broad. Despite this margin; minor veins prominulous on variation, the verrucose petiole drying. INFLORESCENCES 1-2 per axil, character is adequate to separate P. peduncles ca. 3.5 cm long, partly muricatum from P. brevispathum. enclosed in the sheath, sheath 5-7 cm Philodendron brevispathum has also long; spathe 8-9 cm long, moderately been confused with P. hederaceum, but coriaceous, scarcely constricted above that species has stems that are merely the tube, abruptly acuminate at apex, puberulent (the trichomes simple and white throughout on outside, red within unbranched), more broadly ovate leaves at base, fading to white on the blade, (often also puberulent on the petiole the tube drying with short linear and lower midrib) and a conspicuously raphide cells; spadix sessile to weakly bulging spathe tube with much stipitate, white, slightly shorter than the elongated styles on the pistils. spathe, the pistillate portion 3.5-4 cm long, 9-13 mm diam. (dried); pistils 2.5- Philodendron brevispafhum Schott var. 2.8 mm long; stigma 1-1.5 mm diam., wurdaclcii Croat, var. nov. drying with 3-5 shallow depressions TYPE: Venezuela. Amazonas: R(o around the middle; sterile staminate Pasimoni-Rro Yatua drainage, along portion ca. 7 mm long, conical, tapering igarape forest of upper R(o Yaciba, from ca. 6 mm diam. at base to 3 mm 160 m, Maguire et al. 36692 (NY. diam. just below fertile staminate holotype). Figs. 168-169 flowers; fertile staminate portion cylindrical, 3.5-4 cm long, to 1 cm diam. Discrepat cum varietate typica FRUITS not seen. habens: lamina subcordata, lobi Philodendron brevispathum va r. posteriori subrotundati, petiolus wurdackii is endemic to Venezuela, latus, furfuraceus, inflorescentia 2 known only from the type locality. It per axillae, brevior. differs from the var. brevispathum in having subcordate blades with almost Hemiepiphyte, climbing to 2 m; rounded posterior lobes, a much internodes drying yellowish brown (8 & broader petiole with a scurfy epidermis K yellow 6/5), to 8 cm long, 1 cm diam. (but not verrucose or warty as in P. on flowering branches, densely covered muricatum) which disappears in age, with conspicuous, branched scales 1-3 and in having smaller, paired mm long; roots moderately few at each inflorescences. The petioles of var. node; cataphylls not seen. LEAVES with brevispathum are slender, (drying less petioles 17-32 cm long, to 1 cm wide, than 5 mm diam. midway) and dry terete and sulcate adaxially, drying black minutely striate. Variety wurdackii might with elongated patches of epidermis be confused with P. muricatum, which (this apparently exfoliating altogether in has conspicuously and persistently time) with short raphide cells visible at muricate-warty petioles, not merely 1986) Croat-Venezuela Araceae 89 scurfy and exfoliating as in var. sharply 2-ribbed, soon deciduous. wurdaekii. LEAVES with petioles 12-22 em long, 1- The new variety is known only from 1.5 cm diam., spongy, terete to obtusely the type locality and is described in flattened ildaxially or sometimes with a honor of one of the collectors, Dr. John faint, medial sulcus (Liesner & Guariglia Wurdack, now on the staff of the u.s. 77526), drying blackened with an even National Herbarium. darker black ring around apex of One sheet of the type specimen is petiole; b,ades moderately thin, ovate­ unusual in having the blade divided on elliptic to elliptic-oblanceolate, 24-45 cm one side to the lower one-fourth of the long, 8-14 em wide, broadest at or above blade, with the lobe of nearly the same the. middle, drying usually blackened, shape and size as the principle lobe. It is long-acuminate at apex, gradually assumed that this represents an narrowed in the lower one-fourth and aberration and that it is not typical of subcordate at the base, the lobes the species. rounded, extending 1-3 cm below the apex of the sinus, the latter acutely to obtusely V-shaped; both surfaces semi­ Philodendron buntingianum Croat, sp. glossy, dark green above, slightly paler nov. Figs. 171-176 beneath; midrib broadly convex above, TYPE: Venezuela. Merida: aiong more prominently raised beneath; highway between La Azulita and jct. primary lateral veins 8-10 pairs, arising at with Highway 1 (between EI Vigia 55-65° angle, almost straight to the and Capaz6n), less than 5 km below margins, sunken above, raised beneath; La Azulita (N of La Azulita), on large minor veins distinct beneath, all major boulder near edge of a stream veins usually drying black, darker than which empties onto highway, the surface. INflORESCENCES 1-2 per 8°41'N, 71°25'W, 900 m, Croat 60727 axil; peduncles 7-13 cm long, slightly (MO, holotype); AAU, B, CAS, shorter than or longer than the spathe; COL, F, GH, K, MY, NY, PMA, spathe 12.5-14 cm long, greenish (all PORT, RB, RSA, US, VEN, isotypes). seen post-anthesis), not abruptly constricted, but narrowing gradually Internodia 2-6 cm longa, 1-1.8 cm about midway; spathe tube ca. 6 cm lata; cataphyllum 14-17 cm longum, long, oblong-ellipsoid, spathe blade deciduum; petiolus subteres, 12-22 abruptly acuminate; spadix 0.5 cm cm longus, 1-1.5 cm latus; lamina shorter than the spathe; pistillate ovato-elliptica ad elliptico­ portion ca. 6-7 cm long, 1.2 cm diam. at oblanceolata, 24-65 cm longa, 8-14 anthesis, to 7 cm long, 3.5 cm diam. in cm lata, ad basim subcordata; fruit; pistils (dried) 1.5 mm long, the inflorescentia 1-2; pedunculus 7-13 stigma button-shaped with small pit-like cm longus; spatha 12.5-14 cm longa, depressions in a small circle at the viridis, tubus ca. 6 cm longus; center, subtended by an irregularly spadix femininus ca. 6-7 cm longus, shaped, 4-5 lobed apron 0.7-1.4 mm 1.2 cm diam.; spadix masculinus diam.; sterile staminate section 4-5 mm (3)5-7 cm longus; baccae ignotae. long, ca. 5 mm wide; fertile staminate portion more or less cylindroid, Epipetric vine; internodes 2-6 cm gradually tapered to its broadest point long, 1-1.8 cm diam, green soon turning about midway on the spadix, (3)5-7 cm gray-green, somewhat flattened on one long, ca. 9 mm diam., bluntly tapered to side, drying light brown and deeply the apex. INFRUCTESCENCE not seen. fissured longitudinally with sharp ridges, Philodendron buntingianum is the epidermis thin, often cracking known only from Venezuela in the loose; cataphylls green, 14-17 cm long, Cordillera de M~rida ranging from 90 Aroidea na (Vol. 9( 1-4)

Fi gs. 170-173. 170. Phi lodendron brevispathum Schott var. brevispathum. Ecuador. Napo: Lago Agrio - Pu erto el Carmen d e Putumayo 230 m , Croa t 58586. Stem and infloresce nce, xl/s. ----171-173. P. buntingianum Croat. Venezuela. Merida : La Azu lita, 900 m, Croat 60727. 171. Leaves, xl / s. 172. Cataphylls and emerging inflorescence, 3/ 10. 173. Base of lea f b lad e, x13/ 20. (') (3 ClJ 1 < I1l :J I1l N C I1l OJ

Figs . 174-1 77. 174 -176. Philodendron buntingianum Croat. Venezuela. Merida: La Azulita, 900 m, Croat 60727. 174. Ha bit, x1/ 15. 175 . Flowering shoot, x1/ 6. 176. Inflorescence, x3/ 10. ----177. P. ca latheifolium Bunting. Vene­ zuela. Tachira: La Fundacion - Pregonero, 1350 m, Croat 60705. Leaves, x9/ 32 .

1.0 -' 92 Aroideana (Vol. 9(1-4)

M~rida to Tachira at 600-1,000 m. Philodendron calatheifolium is The species is a member of section endemic to Venezuela, known only Oligospermium, series Belocardium and from T~chira at 1,100-1,350 m. has been confused with P. Collections have been made between La macrog/ossum Schott from the Fundaci6n and Pregonero at Repressa Cordillera de la Costa but differs chiefly Dorado (Croat 60705) and between San in having more primary lateral veins Crist6bal and Chorro del Indio at La arising at a higher angle and in having Florida (Bunting 13404). Figs. 177-178 only 1-2 inflorescences per axil. The A member of section Pteromischum, species is perhaps most closely related it is characterized by its long internodes to several undescribed Panamanian drying sharply ridged and yellowish, and species, such as the one represented by by its petiole, sheathed about four-fifths Croat 38098. That species has a similar of the way to the apex and broadly circumferential ring at the apex of the sulcate on the free portion, and by its petiole, which is purple and ovate, matte blade which is velvety conspicuous on drying. While none of above. the Venezuelan collections recorded . In terms of habit and blade shape, this feature, it was apparent, at least on the species is similar to P. zulianum, but drying, on Croat 54872. that species occurs at a lower elevational Two collections of P. buntingianum range (less than 500 m); furthermore, (Liesner & Guariglia 11526 and Liesner & the minor veins of its lower blade Gonzalez 10747) from Tachira are surface dry prominulous, with unusual in having leaf blades that dry conspicuous cross-veins extending less blackened and in having longer between the minor veins (anastomosing inflorescences; these are presumably P. rather than perpendicular, as in P. buntingianum. inaequilaterum liebm., another relative). The species is named in honor of Philodendron calatheifolium Ifas distinct George S. Bunting, who has contributed minor veins lacking any sign of cross­ much to our knowledge of Mexican veins. Philodendron zulianum also and, in particular, Venezuelan Araccae, differs in having the surface minutely especially Philodendron. bumpy with occasional, short, pale VENEZUELA. MERIDA: between La Azulita and raphide cells interspersed between the EI Vigia. ea. 10 km N of La Azulita. 8°4S'N. 71°25'W, minor veins. Both features are lacking in 830 m, Croat 54872 (MO); between La Azulita and P. calatheifolium. jet. with highway #1 (EI Vigia - Capaz6n), less than 5 km below La Azulita, 8°41'N, 71°25'W, 900 m, Croat 60727 (AAU, B, CAS, COL, F. GH. K, MO, MY, NY, Philodendron callosum Krause, PMA, PORT, RB, RSA, US); between Tovar de Pflanzenreich IV. 23Db (Heft 60): 28. Ml!rida and Panamericana road, 2 km above Zea .• 1913. Figs. 179, 182-183 975 m, Bunting 2576 (MY); between Cal\'o Zaneudo Philodendron callosum, though and La Azulita. 4.km below.La. Azulita. Bunting 2803 described originally from British Guiana (MY). TACHIRA: road from San Crist6bal to Sto. Domingo del T~ehira to Barinas, near EI Pil'lal, 300- (Guyana), is locally common in the Gran 350 m. Bunting 2392 (MY); between La Fria and Las Sabana (Bol(var State) of Venezuela. It Pavas, near Ca'ito Agua Caliente, 200-2S0 m, Bunting ranges from Venezuela to the Guianas 2499 (MY); 125-200 m, Bunting 13378 (MO); around and northern Brazil (Amap~ and Repressa Dorada, 10 km E of La Fundaci6n. 600- 1,000 m, Liesner & Gonzalez 10440 (MO); 450-650 m. Amazonas) at 250-1,300 m. The type Liesner & Guariglia 11526 (MO); La Buena1'l'a, 6-12 specimen, as well as other material from km W of Quebrada Colorado, ea. 3S km SSE of San French Guiana, typically has leaves Cristl>bal, 7°28'N, 72°9'W, 600-1,000 m, Liesner & gradually acuminate at the apex, Gonzalez 10747 (MOl. whereas the Venezuelan material is Philodendron calatheifolium Bunting, typically obtuse to rounded and Phytologia 60(5): 311. 1986. abruptly acuminate at the apex. 1986) Croat-Venezuela Araceae 93

The species is characterized by its 05/05), smooth, with peeling epidermis, thick, more or less oblong blades which slender and elongate, tapered, 10-70 cm are finely rugose on the upper surface, long, 1-4 mm diam.; cataphylls with both the minor veins and "cross­ membranous, 2-ribbed, 5.5-6.5 cm long, veins" conspicuously sunken and drying brown (B & K yellow 412.5), smooth on the lower surface and with persisting intact, eventually deciduous. the primary lateral veins obscure, LEAVES with petioles 39-51 cm long, 4-8 scarcely apparent. The moderately long mm diam., surface light green, petioles are coarsely roughened and sheathing from 2.5-4 cm; blades often dry conspicuously warty. In subcoriaceous, deeply 3-lobed, the Venezuela and at high elevations in the median lobe equilateral, elliptic to Guianas, plants are typically terrestrial, broadly oblanceolate, 26-30 cm long, usually well rooted and often growing 10.5-13 cm wide, gradually acuminate at among rocks, with a prostrate stem apex, the lateral lobes inequilateral, bearing erect leaves. The inflorescences oblong-elliptic to broadly elliptic, 14-17 are much shorter than the petioles and cm long, 3-7.5 cm wide, bluntly acute at have a dark maroon to white spathe apex, directed prominently outward; tube. Where I collected the species in sinus broadly parabolic to arcuate with French Guiana at i50 m, the plants were blade decurrent on petiole; upper epiphytic in fairly dense forest. In the surface weakly semiglossy when dried, Gran Sabana, the species often grows in lower surface matte, drying dark greenish open areas among small shrubs in full brown to brownish, bicolorous; midrib sun. A collection from Brazil in Amap5 is flat above, same as surface, convexly especially unusual. In addition to being raised below, paler than surface; basal epiphytic, it has a blade which is veins 5-7 pairs, 5th and 6th coalesced for narrowly acuminate, dries somewhat 5-7 cm, flat above, raised below; posterior blackened and is proportionately longer rib not naked, straight, sometimes (six and one-half times longer than curved; primary lateral veins 4-6 per side, wide). Typically, highland material has departing midrib at 60-80 0 angle,arcuate, blades 4-5 times longer than broad flat above, raised below, paler than drying yellow-green, with a rounded, surface when dried; interprimary veins briefly acuminate tip. The lowland and almost as conspicuous as primary lateral highland plants may prove to be at least veins, raised below; lesser veins visible subspecifically distinct. above on drying, prominulous below. Philodendron callosum can be INFLORESCENCES up to 4 per axil; confused with P. ptarianum, which has a peduncle 6-11.5 cm long, 4-5 mm diam., similar habit and similar leaves. The drying black; spathe strongly latter differs in having glaucescent subcoriaceous, green, 9 to more than 13 blades which are smooth on the upper cm long, weakly constricted about surface, and petioles drying merely midway; spathe tube red inside, oblong weakly verrucose. ellipsoid to cylindroid, 4-7 cm long, 8-18 mm diam.; spathe blade oblong­ lanceolate; spadix slightly exserted after Philodendron cataniapoense Bunting anthesis, 8-13 cm long, the pistillate Phytologia 60(5): 314. 1986. portion oblong, narrower than base of Hemiepiphytic vine; stem slender staminate portion, 3-6 cm long, drying 4-7 and elongate; internodes with tan, mm diam., staminate portion oblong, cracked, peeling epidermis, longer than bluntly acute at apex, ca. 5.5 cm long (12 broad, 4.5-6 cm long, 0.6-1.5 cm diam., mm when fresh), drying 6-9 mm diam.; light brown when dried; roots few at female flowers 0.8-1.4 mm in both the nodes, tan when dried (B & K yellow directions, 9-10 per spiral; stigma (pre- or 94 A ro ideana (Vol. 9( 1-4)

Figs. 178-1 81. 178. Philodendron ca /atheifolium Bunti ng. Ve nezue la. T.fc hi ­ ra: La Fundacio n - Pr egonero, 1350 m, Croa t 60705. Lea f blades, xl / 5. ----1 79 . P. ca llos um Krause. Cultivated at Se lby Gardens. Leaves, xl / 4. ----1 80-181. P. chimantae Bunting. Venezuela. Bolivar: Icaba ru - Sta . Elena, 750 m , Croa t 54232. 180. Habit, xl / B . 181 . Same , xl / 6. 1986) Croat-Venezuela Araceae 95

at anthesis) flat, 0.4-0.6 mm diam., with VENEZUElA. TERR. FEDERAL AMAZONAS: thin, obscurely fimbriate apron, post Depto. Atures, along R(o Cataniapo, 48 km SE of anthesis 0.2-0.3 mm long, becoming Puerto Ayacucho, S03S'N, 67°1S'W, 200·300 m, Steyermark et a/. 122235 (holotype, VEN; isotype, donut-shaped, distinctly raised, ovary 5- MO); 30 km E of Puerto Ayacucho, road to locular, locules uniovulat; fertile Sanariapo, near La Culebra, caser(o before CavilSn, staminate flowers irregularly shaped, 11- 100 m, Truillo & Pulido 15029 (MO). 16 per spiral, 0.8-1.2 mm long. INFRUC­ TESCENCE not seen. Figs. 184-185 Philodendron cataniapoense is Philodend,.on chimantae Bunting, Acta. known for certain only from southern Bot. Venez. 10: 292. 1975. Venezuela in Amazonas, in the vicinity Philodendron chimantae, endemic to of Puerto Ayacucho at 100-300 m. Venezuela in southeast Bol(var and It is characterized by its deeply 3- Amazonas, is known in Bol(var only lobed blades drying blackened with from Perai-tepu( and Cerro Guaiquini­ lanceolate-elliptic to broadly elliptic ma at 400-1,130 m and in Amazonas on medial lobes, which are generally Cerro Arauicaua at 550 m. It has been markedly broader than the prominently collected as an epiphyte in dense woods spreading posterior lobes. A member of in both flat areas and on steep slopes section Tritomophyllum, it is perhaps but also in open, herb-covered slopes closest to P. effusilobum, which is bordering rocky banks. restricted to the Cordillera de la Costa The species is recognized by its of Venezuela at 800-1,200 m. The latter generally coriaceous, ovate to ovate­ differs in having the medial lobes triangular blades (especially on younger narrowly oblanceolate and not plants), which typically dry brown and appreciably broader than the lateral especially by its petioles, which are lobes. See that species for additional flattened adaxially with marginal wings, differences. and sometimes conspicuously triangular Philodendron cataniapoense is also with the adaxial surface sharply ridged closely related to an unidentified (especially on younger plants). The species from Amazonas, Brazil, along spathe tube is maroon-red while the the Rio Javar( (Gentry & Revilla 20545). spathe blade is pale creamy green. That species has similarly shaped blades The species is similar to P. fragran­ which dry blackened, but it differs in tissimum and would appear to be having weakly raised cross-veins closely related to that species. Both between the minor veins and in having species share a short stem with short pistils with a donut-shaped style internodes, large leaves with prominent subtended by a thin, subcircular apron. posterior lobes and petioles frequently In contrast, P. cataniapoense lacks such of similar D - shaped to obtusely cross-veins on drying, and has stigmas V-shaped cross-sections. Philodendron crowned with a smaller fimbriate apron fragrantissimum, a wide ranging which, in time, deliqueses, exposing the species, differs in occurring usually raised, donut-shaped body of the below 200 m in eastern VenezuelC!, or stigma. up to 900 m in western Venezuela (and A Peruvian collection from Loreto also in Panama), as well as in having near the mouth of the Rio Napo (Croat petioles with merely erect marginal ribs 20199) is perhaps P. cataniapoense. (not at all winged), cataphylls that Though not at a directly comparable promptly weather into a dense mass of stage, it differs in havi ng a pistillate reddish brown fibers and broadly ovate spadix longer than the staminate spadix, leaf blades. P. chimantae may have a whereas in Venezuelan collections the broad, open sinus when young (when pistillate spadix is only about one-third the blades are also broadly triangular) as long as the staminate spadix. but develop a narrow sinus in age, and Fi gs. 182-185. 182-183. Phi/dendron ca llos um Krause . Venezuela. Bol(va r : Gran Saba na, EI Dorado - Sta. Elena , 500- < 2... 1000 m , Croa t 54073. 182. Habit, xl / ll. 183. Flowering stem, xl / 5. ----184-1 85. P. ca taniapoense Bunting. Venezuela. Amazonas: RIo Sipapo, 120 m, Croat 60878. 184. Prea du lt leaves, xl / 6. 185 . Sam e, xl / 5. 1986) Croat-Venezuela Araceae 97 cataphylls which persist intact at least at Philodendron dunstervilleorum Bunting, the apex and are ultimately deciduous. Acta Bot. Venez. 10: 294. 1975. The cataphyll fibers, when visible, are Philodendron dunstervilleorum is pale, and not at all reddish brown. In endemic to the southeastern part of addition to the above differences, the Bolivar State of Venezuela at about inflorescences of P. chimantae are more 1,000 m. Figs. 190-191 long-pedunculate than those of P. The species, though still poorly fragrantissimum. Figs. 180-181, 186 known, is characterized by its thick, short internodes, unribbed green cataphylls which fall off intact, its Philodendron craspedodromum subcoriaceous, semiglossy, elliptic to Schultes, Rhodora 66: 118, figs. 1-9. ovate-elliptic blades wit~ conspicuous 1964. Figs. 187-188 primary lateral veins and its long­ Philodendron craspedodromum is pedunculate inflorescences with the known from southern Venezuela spathe green on the 'Outside and (Amazonas) and southern Colombia maroon throughout within. (Vaup~s) at 100-800 m. In Venezuela, it is The species is closely related to P. known only from the Department of pulchrum and perhaps not separable Atabapo at Cucurital de Caname and in from that species. See that species for the Serranla Yutaje on the RIO additional discussion. Manapiare. The species is recognized by its thick, long-petiolate, ovate-elliptic blades, Philodendron dyscarpium Schultes, having a prominent midrib with little or Lloydia 26: 69, tab. 2,3. 1963. no evidence of primary lateral veins. Philodendron dyscarpium ranges Also characteristic is the long­ from southern Venezuela, to southern pedunculate inflorescence (the Colombia, occurring on white sand peduncles equalling or exceeding the savannas at low elevations (95-700 m in spathe in length) and the long, thick Venezuela). In Venezuela, the species is cataphylls which persist intact at the known from the R(o Orinoco in the upper nodes. Department of Atabapo in northeastern Schultes (1964) states that the species Territorio Amazonas. Figs. 192-194 is always epiphytic in the type locality in The species is recognized by its Colombia (Vaupes: R(o Apaporis vicinity) terrestrial, erect habit, terete to weakly but Venezuelan plants, almost certainly sulcate petiole and moderately small, the same species, are terrestrial. They narrowly ovate-elliptic blades lacking may be erect, creeping or trailing. any obvious sign of primary lateral veins. The species is most similar to P. It is highly variable in size and habit. dyscarpium Schultes from Venezuela The species is no doubt related to P. and Colombia (Vaupes and Caqueta), craspedodromum, reported by Schultes which also has blades lacking any (1964) to be epiphytic and compared obvious primary lateral veins. That (Ioc. cit.) with the terrestrial P. species differs in having smaller, more remifolium (here synonymous with P. narrow blades, typically less than 15 cm pulchrum). Schultes neglected to wide (versus 18-26 cm wide for P. compare P. craspedodromum with P. craspedodromum). dyscarpium, which he had described a The species is also similar to P. year earlier. Both P. dyscarpium and P. pulchrum Barroso, but that species craspedodromum were described from differs in having primary lateral veins the Department of Vaup~s in Colombia conspicuously more prominent than and herbarium material of the two taxa minor veins. appears very similar, with both sharing 98 Aroideana (Vol. 9(1-4)

Fi gs. 186-189. 186. Philodendron chimantae Bunting. Ve nezuela. Boliva r : I c ab a rl~ - Sta. El ena, 750 m , Croa t 54232. Lea f, xl / 6. ----187. P. cras ­ p edodromum Schultes. Venezuela . Amazonas: Ca no Ca name, 100 m , Davidse et al. 16881. ----188. P. craspedodromum. Venezuela. Culti­ va ted, Ca racas , Li esner & Steyermark 11 49 1. ----189. P. deflexum Poepp. ex Sc ho tt. Peru. Poeppig 1281 . (See disc u ss io n o f this species under P. mega/ophyl/um). 1986) Croat-Venezuela Araceae 99 inconspicuous primary lateral veins. longa, ca. 1 cm diam.; inflorescentia While P. dyscarpium is described as feminina 1.7-2.4 cm longa, 4.5-5 mm terrestrial, growing on quartzite diam.; inflorescentia masculina 4.5- xerophytic savannas and P. 5.3 cm longa, 6-7 mm diam.; baccae craspedodromum is described as an ignotae. epiphyte, this difference may not be taxonomically significant. Further, P. Hemiepiphytic appressed climber; craspedodromum is described as having stems with internodes 4-7.5 cm long, 1- a button-like, elevated stigma, while P. 1.5 cm diam, green, soon turning light dyscarpium is reported to have an brown to tan, sometimes drying undifferentiated, pilose stigma; this irregularly cracked, longitudinally and character, seemingly so important, may deeply fissured or with minute, scurfy be merely a matter of age. Investigations ridges perpendicular to the axis, with a Venezuelan specimen (Davidse et sometimes flaking off the stem in large a/. 16881) from Territorio Amazonas in patches; roots usually 6-10 at each node, Venezuela and Schultes & Cabrera 14246 15-20 cm long, 2-3 mm diam., drying from Vaupes Department, Colombia. light brown; cataphylls slender, thin, to both closely matching P. craspedodro­ 17 cm long, promptly deciduous. mum, show evidence that the button­ LEAVES with petioles terete, 21-46 cm like stigma is at least initially densely long, 4-7 mm diam. midway; blades pilose. Thus, the differences illustrated deeply 3-lobed to within 2-4 cm of the by Schultes are perhaps only stages in base, 7-25 cm long, 22-35 cm wide at the the development process of the flowers lateral lobes, subcoriaceous, dark green before and after anthesis. and semi-glossy above, paler beneath Discovery of P. dyscarpium and P. (drying moderately thin, greenish brown craspedodromum growing sympatrically to olive-green); medial lobe narrowly (see, for example, Davidse et a/. 16881 oblanceolate to oblanceolate-elliptic, and Davidse et a/. 17042 collected at 17-25 cm long, 5-8 cm wide, broadest Cucurital de Caname, Department of well above the middle (usually drying Atabapo in the Territorio Amazonas of folded where joined to the lateral Venezuela) has lent little credibility to lobes); primary lateral veins 3-4 pairs, the separation of these two species on obscure above, weakly raised and the criterion of rounded versus moderately obscure beneath, arising at subcordate leaf bases. Further field 35-450 angle from the midrib and studies may prove the two taxa to be moderately straight to the margins; synonymous. minor veins obscurely visible on drying; lateral lobes moderately straight or Philodendron eHusilobum Croat, sp. weakly falcate, usually spreading at a 90 0 nov. Figs. 195, 198-200 angle from the midrib, sometimes TYPE: Venezuela. Aragua: Colonia slightly arcuate-ascending, 11-19 cm Tovar, Fendler 2573 (GH, holotype). long, 2.9-6.7 cm wide, broadest well beyond the middle, 1.2-2.6 cm wide Hemiepiphytica; internodia 4-7.5 near the base, narrowly rounded to cm longa, 1-1.5 cm diam.; bluntly acute at the apex, the posterior cataphyllum deciduum; petiolus rib almost straight to weakly curved, 6-9 teres, 21-46 cm longus, 4-7 mm cm long; lower edge of the lateral lobes diam.; lamina subcoriacea, lacking any obvious lobe; the first pair tripartita, pars media anguste of basal veins usually free to the base, 3- oblanceolata ad oblanceolate­ 5 additional basal veins coalesced to 4.5- elliptica, 17-25 cm longa, 5-8 cm 8.5 cm from the base, nearly all of these lata; pedunculus 2-3.5 cm longus, departing toward the upper (distal) half 3-4 mm diam.; spatha 6-7.2 cm 100 Aroideana (Vol. 9(1-4)

Figs. 190-193. 190-191. Philodendron dunstervilleorum Bunting. Venezuela. Bolivar : Icabaru - Sta. Elena , 790 m, Croat 54250. 190. Habit, xl / 12. Inflorescence, xl / 6. ----192. P. dyscarpium Shultes var. dyscarpium. Colombia. Vaupes: vic. Mitu, Zarucchi e t a/. 1128. Flowering plant, xl/ S. ----193. P. dyscarpium Schu ltes va r. dyscarpium. Venezuela. Amazonas: Atabapo, 120 m , Davidse et a/. 17474. (") (3 OJ I'

(1)< :::l (1) N C (1) OJ

Fi gs . 194-197. 194. Ph ilodendron dysca rpiumSchultes var. dysca rp ium. Colo mbia. Va upes: vic. Mitu, Zarucchi et al. 11 28. Hab it, x1/ 20. Ph oto: Za rruchi. ----195. P. effusilobum Croat. Venezuela . Lara: E o f Duaca, 1200 m , Croat 606 15. Habit, xl / 11 . --- -1 96. P. eng /erianum Steyermark. Cultiva ted b y Juli an St eyermark . Leaves, x1/ 6. ----197. --> P. fend leri Krause. Tri nidad. Bl anchisse use Roa d. Cultiva ted b y Conrad Fl emming. Pl ant, x1/ 15. o --> 102 Aroideana IVol. 911-4)

GH II 200 - AC,." ..,J.-, ~01 ~

Figs. 198-201. 198. Philodendron effusilobum Croat. Venezuela. Lara : E of Duaca, 1200 m, Croat 60615. Leaves, x3/ 10. ----199. P. effusilobum. Venezuela. Aragua: Henri Pittier National Park , 350 m , Croat 60819. Juvenile leaves, x112. ----200. P. effusilobum. Venezuela. Aragua: Colonia Tovar, Fendler 2573. ----201 . P. eng/erianum Steyermark. Vene­ zuela. Bolivar: Sta. Elena - EI Dorado on Gran Sabana, 1040 m , Croat 543 19. Leaf, x3/ 10. 1986) Croat-Venezuela Araceae 103

of the lobe (which is usually somewhat falcate lateral lobes usually only one­ broader than the lower half). half to one-third as broad as the medial INFLORESCENCES paired, slender; lobe. Philodendron holtonianum also peduncles 2-3.5 cm long, 3-4 mm diam.; differs from P. effusilobum in having a spathe color not reported, presumably much larger spathe (to 12 cm long and 2 green, apparently not at all constricted cm wide) and has the pistillate and above the tube; pistillate portion of the staminate portions of th spadix of equal spadix 1.7-2.4 cm long, more or less length (versus the staminate twice as cylindrical, 4-5.5 mm diam.; pistils 0.7 long in P. effusilobum). In addition, P. mm long, closely packed (about 20 holtonianum has a distinct button­ spirals), the apex irregularly shaped stigma with a distinct medial hemispherical, 0.7-1 mm diam., the depression, whereas P. effusilobum has stigma generally bearing 3-6 pale, wart­ an indistinct stigma (merely a mound like structures, these irregularly spaced atop the pistil, with 3-6 irregularly but generally crowded together; spaced, subglobular whitish structures staminate portion 4.5-5.3 cm long, 6-7 over its surface). mm diam., cylindroid, weakly tapered to In Venezuela, P. effusilobum can be the apex in distal one-third; sterile confused only with P. cataniapoense staminate section not readily apparent, from Amazonas. That species differs in 5-6 mm broad; staminate flowers very blades that typically dry blackened and irregularly 4-5 sided, 0.4-1 mm diam., have a more developed sinus on mature truncate at apex. FRUITS not seen. leaves with the posterior lobe frequently Philodendron effusilobum is not at all naked. In addition, the stigma endemic to Venezuela in the Cordillera of P. cataniapoense is raised and donut­ de la Costa at 800-1,200 m in evergreen shaped, at least initially topped by a to deciduous humid to subhumid forest thin, deliquescent subrounded disk­ life zones. One collection from 50 m shaped apron. In contrast, the stigma of (Steyermark 124716), having leaves with P. effusilobum is irregularly proportionately shorter medial lobes, is hemispherical and warty. possibly this species. The name of the species The species is characterized by its "effusilobum" derives from the Latin deeply 3-lobed blades with broadly effusus (meaning "spread out") and spreading lateral lobes and by its small, lobus (lobes), referring to the broadly paired inflorescences. spreading lateral lobes of the blade. The species was treated by Bunting (1979) as P. holtonianum, a species from VENEZUELA. ARAGUA: Tovar, Fendler 2573 (GH). FALCON: Sierra de San Luis, near Puente de western Colombia (in Cauca lobo, between Curimagua and San Luis, 800-900 m, Department at Paila, along the R(o Steyermark 99259 (NY). LARA: Otto. Urdaneta, 2 km Cauca, 5°19'N, 76°04'W). Philodendron from Copayal on way to Churuguara, Rivera & holtonianum differs from P. effusilo­ Ortega 310 (MO); hills 17 km E of Duaca, 10017'N, bum in having leaves with an acuminate, 69°2'W, 1,200 m, Croat 60615 (MO, VEN). YARACUY: Sierra de Aroa, Cerro Tigre, 10 km E of oblong-elliptic, medial lobe, 3-3.5 times Aroa, Rro Carabobo and adjacent slope, 10026'N, longer than broad and arcuate­ 68°49'W, 800-1,000 m, Uesner & Gonzalez 9681 ascending lateral lobes which are two­ (MO); Otto. Urachiche, Quebrada Higueronal, Wof thirds as broad as the medial lobe and Urachiche near Sabana de Mendez, 10010'N, 69°2'W, SO m, Steyermark et a/. 124716 (MO). which are bluntly rounded at apex. In contrast, P. effusilobum has an abruptly acuminate, oblanceolate-elliptic to broadly elliptic medial lobe, usually 2- Philodendron eng/erianum Steyer mark, 2.5 times longer than broad, (rarely to Fieldiana, Bot. 28(1): 96. 1951. 3), and broadly spreading to weakly P. duidae Steyermark. 104 Aroideana (Vol. 9(1-4)

Philodendron engler;anum is green outside, often heavily tinged with endemic to the Guiana Highlands of purple, and are dark maroon-purple Venezuela and is known from central within at the base, paler violet-purple Bol(var (Carrao-tepu(, Cerro Guaiquini­ on the inner surface of the blade. Mayo mal, southern Bolivar in the Gran (Flora of Trinidad & Tobago, in press) Sabana near the Guyana frontier (Cerro reports that the species generally only Guanoco, Cerro Marutani) as well as in flowers on trees, but may be found the southern half of Amazonas (Cerro sprawling on the ground in its adult Duida) and as far south as the Serran(a form. Figs. 197, 202-205 del Vinilla and Cerro Aracamuni. The The species is similar to P. rad;atum, species is certainly to be expected in a species ranging from Mexico to adjacent Brazil and Guyana. It occurs at Ecuador, but that species has shorter 600-1,680 m elevation and may be either internodes and more highly divided leaf terrestrial, epipetric or epiphytic. In the blades with the larger segments lobed to Gran Sabana, it was found growing in a lobate. low, swampy forest moderately open to The species is closely related to both sunlight. Figs. 196, 201 P. p;nnatif;dum and P. lacerum (Jacq.) The species is characterized by its Schott. The former species occurs in the short, thick stems with persistent, Cordillera de la Costa of Venezuela and sharply 2-ribbed, intact, reddish-brown differs in having short stems, even cataphylls, by its terete, glaucous shorter internodes, a dense mass of petioles usually much longer than the cataphyll fibers around the base of the blades, and its glaucous, thick, ovate petioles (deciduous in P. fendler;), and a blades which are frequently peltate. The flattened-canaliculate petiole with primary lateral veins may be 3-5 pairs raised, angulate margins. Philodendron and broadly spreading from the midrib, lacerum, from Cuba and Jamaica differs but they are frequently not at all in having longer, more slender apparent or scarcely more visible than internodes, relatively longer peduncles the minor veins. The fleshy spathe is and a less deeply incised blade with sub­ rose-red to white on the outside and triangular lobes (Mayo, loc. cit.). deep red to maroon within. The fruits are described as scarlet and 6-angled Philodendron tragrantissimum (Hook.) (Steyermark & Nilsson 230). Kunth, Enum. PI. 3: 49. 1841. Philodendron fragrantiss;mum ranges throughout Central America Philodendron tendleri Krause, pflanzen­ along the Caribbean coast from Belize reich VI. 23 Db (Heft 60): 118. 1913. to Panama, and in South America to Philodendron fendler; ranges from Venezuela, the Guianas, northern Brazil Trinidad to northeastern Venezuela (Roraima and Amazonas), southern (Sucre), at 50-750 m. It is characterized Colombia (Meta) and Peru (Amazonas, by its thick, elongate stems with Loreto, Ucayali and Madre de Dios). It deciduous, green, unribbed cataphylls, also occurs in Trinidad and Cuba in the its somewhat spongy, more or less terete West Indies. It is to be expected in (somewhat flattened adaxially toward Ecuador and in western Brazil. In the apex) petioles, which are somewhat Central America and in the Andes of longer than the blade and its large, South America, the species ranges from deeply pinnatifid leaves (with 6-9 lobes), almost sea level to 900 m, but in eastern which are ovate to broadly ovate in Venezuela, the species ranges no higher outline and clustered at the apex of the than 300 m. In Venezuela, the species is stem. There are up to 4 inflorescences disjunct, occurring in BoliVar and per axil, having peduncles about Amazonas in the east as well as Zulia, equalling the spathe. The spathes are Apure, T~chira, and M~rida in the west. n (3 ", T ro< :l ro N C ro 0:;-

Figs . 202-205 . 202-203. 202. Philodendron Fendleri Krause. Trinidad: Matura - Va lencia, 150 m , Croat 53973. Habit, x1 / 15. 203. Leaf and inflorescence, x1/ B. ----204. P. Fendleri. Trinidad . Blanchisseuse Road . Cultivated by Conrad Fl emming. Stem, showing cataphyll s and inflorescences, x1/ 5. ----205. P. Fendleri. Trinidad: Matura - -' Va lencia, 150 m,Croat 53973. Inflorescence, x3/ 10. o V1 106 Aroideana (Vol. 9(1-4)

The species is a rosulate, short­ shaped) sinus (the posterior rib slightly stemmed epiphyte, characterized by naked or not), a subterete, often broadly ovate blades about 2/3 as broad somewhat sulcate petiole (about as long as long with broad, rounded posterior as the blade) and especially by the 2-3 lobes and a broad, arcuate sinus, a inflorescenses per axil which have a petiole prominently flattened adaxially maroon to purplish spathe tube with stout, erect margins, persistent coloration (outside), and a greenish to reddish brown cataphyll fibers, and a yellow-cream to faintly reddish spathe cluster of short-pedunculate blade. The spathe is wine-red within the inflorescences with bright red spathe tube and cream on the blade. tubes and whitish blades. In eastern Another unusual feature of the Venezuela it can be confused with P. species is that the pistillate portion of chimantae, but the two species never the spadix is often nearly as long (or occur together (see that species for even longer than) the staminate portion. separation). Figs. 206-207, 210-211 In this respect its spadix is similar to P. In Central America, the petiole of P. krugii and P. lindenii, both having a fragrantissimum is D-shaped, whereas it longer pistillate portion than staminate is often more narrowly rounded portion. In addition, all three species abaxially in South America (but never have leaves which have the posterior rib acute or winged abaxially). scarcely or not at all naked. These Philodendron fragrantissimum is species would thus appear to be related. unusual among species of Sterile material of P. fraternum is Philodendron, because in the adult especially difficult to determine, while rosulate growth stage, it frequently fertile specimens of P. fraternum can be produces a slender, elongate branch distinguished from either of the other which may extend out or down to reach two species by its purplish spathe tube. other trees. This is an uncommon For separation of P. fraternum and P. method of vegetative propagation. lindenii, see discussion following P. lindenii. A noteworthy collection to be Philodendron fraternum Schott, tentatively included is Croat 54946, from Bonplandia 7: 29. 1859. near Pregonero in Tachira State. It Philodendron fraternum is known differs from typical P. fraternum in only from Venezuela, where it occurs at having more elongate, ovate-triangular 900-2,300 m, ranging from the Distrito blades than is typical for P. fraternum. Federal to Aragua, Miranda, Yaracuy, In addition, its immature spathe tube is Lara and Falcon in the Cordillera de la green on the outside and tinged Costa and from Portuguesa, Trujillo, maroon within only near the base. Barinas, Merida and Tachira in the The collection has a strong Cordillera de Merida. It also occurs in resemblance to P. sagittifolium Liebm., a the Serranla de Perijci near the Colom­ species which ranges from Mexico to bian border and conceivably also occurs Colombia and may prove to be that in adjacent Colombia in the northern species. part of Norte de Santander and eastern Cesar. Figs. 208-209,214-216 It is characterized by its scandent, Philodendron giganteum Schott, Syn. slender stems with internodes generally Aroid. 89. 1856. elongate, even on flowering stems, its Philodendron giganteum ranges moderately coriaceous, ovate to from the Greater Antilles (Puerto Rico) narrowly ovate blades which are and throughout most of the Lesser prominently lobed at the base with an Antilles to Trinidad and Venezuela. It ovate to hippocrepiform (horseshoe occurs only in the northeastern part of 19B6) Croat-Venezuela Araceae 107

Figs. 206-209. 206. Philodendron fragrantissimum (Hook.) Kunth. Trinidad. Matura - Valencia, 150 m, Croat 53912. Ste m , showing cataphylls , xl/6. ----207. P. fragrantissimum. Peru. San Mart(n: Yurimaguas - Tarapoto, 460 m , Croat 58105. Infructescence, x3/10. ----20B. P. fraternum Schott. Venezuela. Merida: MEfrida - La Azu lita, 1590 m , Croat 54859. Habit, xl/ lB. ----209. P. frat ernum. Venezuela. Aragua: Maracay - Choron(, 12BO-1300 m, Croat 54491. Leaves, xl / B. -" o CD

-:( Fi gs. 210-213. 210. Philodendron fragra nliss imum (Hook.) Kunth. Trinidad. Matura - Valencia, 150 m, Croat 53912. o Habit, x1/ 12. ----211 . P. fra grantissimum. Panam a. Panama: Cerro Azul, Croat 11526. Stem with cataphylls and inflorescence, x1 / 6. ----212-213. P. giga nteum Sc hott (photo John Criswick) . Cultivated by John Criswick, Grenada. 212. Leaves , x1123. 213. In flo rescences, x1/ 4. 1986) Croat-Venezuela Araceae 109

Venezuela, in the states of Monagas and A. Petioles bearing conspicuous, Sucre. Figs. 212-213, 217, 222-223 green to whitish, trichome-like, terete It is characterized by its huge size, its scales on the geniculum or slightly terrestrial or epipetric habit, its thick below it, the geniculum noticeably stems (4-8 cm diam.) with moderately swollen; blades with the sinus short internodes and persistent cataphyll normally V-shaped, the edges not fibers, and its long petioles exceeding overlapping where they meet; the length of the blade, which are cataphylls not noticeably 2-ribbed; obtusely flattened laterally toward the Sierra de Juarez, Oaxaca State, apex. Also characteristic is its bright red Mexico ...... spathe tube. Bunting (1979) describes P. g/anduliferum Matuda ssp. g/andu­ the spathe as bright red outside on the Iiferum tube and white on the blade. live material seen from the lesser Antilles B. Petioles bearing conspicuous (St. Georges) had a spathe blade which trichome-like scales (or at least wart­ was more typically reddish green on the like projections) throughout most of outside. the petiole, the geniculum not The species is most easily confused conspicuous; blades with the sinus with P. henri-pittieri Bunting, which closed or nearly so, the margins of the shares similar habit, petioles, leaf blades blade often overlapping at least near and inflorescences. It differs in having the base where the edges meet; longer internodes and mostly deciduous cataphylls noticeably 2-ribbed; cataphylls. Cordillera de Me'rida in southwestern Mayo (Flora of Trinidad & Tobago, Venezuela ...... ined.) treats P. giganteum as a synonym P. g/anduliferum Matuda ssp. of P. simsii (Hook.) G. Don. Monroe eamiloanum Croat Birdsey (pers. comm.) believes the species on Trinidad differs from that in Puerto Rico. Perhaps there are two Philodendron glanduliferum Matuda distinct taxa involved. If so it is more ssp. camiloanum Croat, ssp. nov. likely that the Venezuelan material TYPE: Venezuela. Apure: Reserva represents P. sims;; because of its Forestal San Camilo, Cerro Nulita, proximity to Trinidad. W of the road, 4.5-5 km N of Caser(o San Camilo (EI Nula), along Philodendron glanduliferum Matuda, S side of R(o Nulita, evergreen Bol. Soc. Bot. Mexico 27: 47. 1962. forest, 280 m, Steyermark et a/. Philodendron g/anduliferum has a 101804 (MO 2673978, holotype; NY, disjunct distribution, with the typical VEN, isotypes). subspecies known only from Mexico in Figs. 218-220 the Sierra de Jucfrez, in the state of Philodendron g/anduliferum ssp. Oaxaca (all known collections having eamiloanum differt a ssp. been made along Highway 175 between g/andu/iferum glandibus petiolorum Valle Nacional and Oaxaca, between 6 omnino pro parte petioli. and 14 miles from Valle Nacional at 580- 1,165 m) and a new subspecies Terrestrial, usually creeping over eamiloanum occurring in western surface of ground; internodes 2.5-4 cm Venezuela. The two subspecies can be long, 1.7-2 cm diam., light grayish distinguished by the following key: brown, moderately smooth; cataphylls to 13 em long, sharply 2-ribbed (the ribs Key to subspecies of Philodendron low, ca. 1 mm high), promptly turning g/anduliferum brown (B & K yellow 515), weathering to 110 Aroideana (Vol. 9(1-4)

Figs. 214-21 7. 214. P. fraternum. Vene zuela. Lara: Humoca ro Alto - La Palma , 1650 m , Croat 60633. Leaves and ca taph yll , xl / 5. ----215-216. P. frater­ num. Ve nezuela. Tachira: La Fundacion - Pregonero, 1350 m , Croat 60702. 215 . Lea f, xl / B. 216. Inflo resce nce, x3 / 10. ----217. P. giga nteum Schott. Venezuela. Aragua: M ara cay - Ocumare de la Costa, 1150-1200 m , Croat 60582. Leaves, x1/ 6. (') (3 T'" I'D< :J I'D N C I'D '"

Fi gs . 218-22 1. 218-220. Philodendro n glanduliferum M atuda ss p. ca miloa num Croat. Cultivated , originall y col lected b y St eyermark. Cro at 550 73. 218. Leav es , x1/ 6. 219 . Peti ole and leaves, x2/ S. 220 . Inflorescence, x3/ 10. ---- 221. P. goeldii G. M . Barroso. Cultiva ted in Cos ta Ri ca: Las Cruces Botanical Garden, Habit, x1/ 38. .... 112 Aroideana (Vol. 9(1-4) straw-colored, reticulate fibers adaxially unvouchered Dodson & Blazer and a thin epidermis abaxially, persisting collection at Selby Gardens (SEL 90-75- semi-intact at upper nodes except at 20) was purportedly collected in their base, more weathered at the lower Amazonas, but there are no other nodes. LEAVES with petioles much indications that it occurs in Amazonas. longer than blades, erect or spreading, The species is characterized by its 50-60 cm long, 5-8 mm diam. midway, terrestrial habit, prostrate stems with terete, obscurely flattened near apex, short internodes, reddish brown medium green with punctiform to cataphylls, subcoriaceous, broadly ovate raised paler green striations throughout blades which are dark green and glossy and with pale green to white trichome­ to semiglossy above, silvery green below like projections throughout much of the with broadly rounded lobes and a length, especially in the apical half of narrow spathulate or closed sinus. the petiole; geniculum not at all Especially characteristic are the petioles, apparent (at least when fresh); blades which are densely covered in at least the ovate-cordate, 27-30.5 cm long, 19-22 upper half by short, pale, hair-like cm wide, broadest at lower third or processes and its inflorescence, which is slightly below the middle, semi-glossy, reddish on the tube and pale green on medium green above, moderately paler the blade. It differs from the typical beneath; midrib above broadly convex, subspecies by the characters listed in the pale green streaked; primary lateral key. veins 2-4 pairs, weakly sunken in valleys, CULTIVATED. Originally collected in Venezuela. arising at 45-55° angle, weakly curved to Apure: San Camilo. 250 m. Croat 55073 (MO). the margin, slightly paler than the VENEZUELA. APURE: Reserva Forestal San Camilo. Cerro Nulita. 4.5-5 km N of Caseri'O San surface above, matte and darker than Camilo (EI Nula). 260 m. Steyermark et al. 101804 surface beneath; minor veins in part (MO. NY. VEN). moderately distinct. INFLORESCENCES TACHIRA: road from San Cristobal-Santo erect; the following measurements are Domingo del Tachira-Barinas. near EI Pili'al. 300-350 m. 8unting 2383 (MY); 35 km SSE of San Cristobal. from dried material only: peduncles 5- La Buenana. 6-12 km W of Quebrada Colorado. 13 cm long, 5-7 mm diam.; spathe 7° 26·N. 72°9·W. 600-1,200 m. Liesner & Gonzalez coriaceous, 10-16 cm long, constricted 10868 (MO, NY, VEN); Cerro de Cuite. Quebrada La above the sterile staminate flowers; tube Colorado, 4-6 km S of Campamento La Colorado. (3.5)5-7 cm long, moderately inflated, 7° 29-30'N , 72°S'W, 450-630 m, Sreyermark et al. 119624 (MO, VEN); Sreyermark er al. 119769 (MO, light red (B & K red 717.5) to red-purple VEN). within and without, blade broadly lanceolate, pale green; pistillate portion Philodendron goeldi; G. M. Barroso, of spadix 2.5 cm long, 8 mm diam. (2 cm Arch. Jard. Bot. Rio de Janeiro 15: 95, diam. in fruit); stigma 0.6-0.7 mm diam. tab. 10. 1957. Fig. 221 (in fruit), disk-li~e, with a pale margin Philodendron goeldii ranges from and covered by a wafer-like disk which southern Venezuela and Colombia to gradually decomposes; ovary 4-6 Brazil (Amazonas) and Peru (Loreto). In locular; sterile staminate portion 1 cm Venezuela, it occurs only in Amazonas long, 8 mm diam.; fertile staminate along the R(os Negro, Casiquiare, portion 5 cm long, 10-12 mm diam. Pacimoni, Yatua, Guain(a and Temi, INFRUCTESCENCE with seeds ellipsoid, growing at less than 200 m, primarily in ribbed, 1 mm long, 0.5-0.6 mm diam., white sand soil areas. 40-50 per berry. It is a large terrestrial plant with Philodendron g/anduliferum ssp. stems to 5 m or more long and camiloanum is endemic to Venezuela palmately divided leaf blades with 7-15 and is known only from Tachira and oblong-elliptic to broadly obovate Apure at 250-1,200 m. A live but leaflets to 70 cm long, arranged on an 1986) Croat-Venezuela Araceae 113 arcuate to semi-circular rachis. stems (often with a papery-thin The species was treated by Bunting periderm which may peel off on drying), (1979) as Thaumatophyllum slender, terete petioles about as long as spruceanum, and is not confused with the blades, its thin, ovate blades and any other species. solitary inflorescences with a much­ inflated spathe tube enclosing much­ elongated styles. Perhaps the most Philodendron granditolium (Jacq.) important recognition feature is the Schott, Wiener l. Kunst 3: 780. 1829. short puberulence on stems, petioles Philodendron grandifolium ranges and lower midribs. The species may lose from northern and western Venezuela its leaves altogether during the dry to the Guianas, ranging from sea level in season, when plants are generally in the eastern part of its range to 1,260 m fruit. At that time one may see only the in the Andes. In Venezuela, the species fruiting spadix, now devoid of its spathe, is known from Tikhira, Merida and exposing the fleshy greenish-white Yaracuy in the western Andes, berries (see Croat, 1978, fig. 110). Figs. 229, 234 throughout most of the Cordillera de la Costa (Aragua and the Distrito Federal) Philodendron henri-piNieri Bunting, as well as in the Delta Amacuro. Acta. Bot. Venez. 10: 295. 1975. The species has leaves similar to P. Philodendron henri-pittieri is acutatum Schott, but differs in being a endemic to Venezuela, known only much more robust plant with shorter, from the Cordillera de la Costa in thicker internodes on flowering plants Aragua (pittier National Park) and in and by having stouter, more numerous Merida in the Cordillera de Merida in inflorescences (up to 6 per axil). The the vicinity of La Azulita at 750-1,500 m. generally large leaf blades are much It generally occurs creeping up rock longer than broad, typically somewhat outcrops in full shade. The much­ triangular with conspicuously naked elongated stems are 6-8 cm diam. when posterior ribs. Figs. 224-228 mature. Fig. 230 The species is also similar in many The species is characterized by its respects to P. barrosoanum Bunting, but often huge, moderately thin, ovate leaf in that species the leaf blade is more blades (which may be 125 cm long and 1 decidedly 3-lobed. meter wide), its bluntly 2-ribbed, green, deciduous cataphylls, and by its petioles, Philodendron hederaceum (Jacq.) which are longer than the blades (to 140 Schott, Wiener l. Kunst 3: 780. 1829. cm long) and terete midway (obtusely Philodendron hederaceum ranges flattened toward the apex). According from Mexico to Panama on both slopes to Bunting (1979), the inflorescences of the Continental Divide and to have red tubes and white blades. northern Colombia, Venezuela and the The species is very similar to P. Guianas, occurring in seasonally dry giganteum (especially West Indian forms habitats from sea level to 1,500 m. In of the species) in terms of leaf size and Venezuela, it is restricted to areas with shape, petiole shape and the deciduous forest, principally in the inflorescence color. That species differs, northern half of the country. It has been however, in having the cataphyll fibers collected in Bolivar as well as all states persisting in a dense mass at the apex of north of 90° latitude except Delta the stem (see fig. 220-223 for West Amacuro, Cojedes and lulia, where it is Indian form of P. giganteum). certainly to be expected as well. It is distinguished by its scandent, Philodendron hylaeae Bunting, Acta hemi-epiphytic habit, slender green Bot. Venez. 10: 298. 1975. 114 Aroideana (Vol. 9(1-4)

Figs. 222-225. 222-223. Philodendron giga nteum Schott (photo Joh n Cris­ wick). Cultivated by John Criswick, Grenada. 222. In flo resce nces, xl / 8. 223. Inflorescence, x3/ 10. ----224. P. grandifo lium (Ja cq.) Schott. Vene­ zuela. Yaracuy: Marin - Aroa, 180-270 m, Croat 60604. ----225. P. gran­ difolium. Venezuela. Yaracuy: Sa lom - Candelaria, 1260-1290 m , Croat 60800. Habit, xl / 28. ----225. Leaf, xl / 5. 1986) Croat-Venezu ela Araceae 115

Figs . 226 -229 . 226 . Philodendron grand ifolium (J acq.) Sc ho tt. Venezuela. M erida: La Azulita - EI Vigia , 830 m, Croat 54870. Leaf, xl / 5. ----227. P. grandifolium (J acq .) Sc hott. Ve nezuela. Yaracuy: Sa lo m - Ca ndelari a, 126 0-1 290 m , Croa t 60800. Stem, showing peti o les and ca taph yll, xl / 6. ----228. P. grandifo lium (J acq.) Sc hott. Ve nezuela. M eri da: La Azulita - EI Vigia, 830 m , Croa t 54870. Inflorescences, xl / 6. ----229. P. hedera­ ce um (J acq .) Sc hott. Panama. Cana l Area : Escoba l, Croa t 12458. Fl ower­ in g shoot, x3 / 10...... CTl

> 2. a... 11> OJ :J OJ

< Fig s. 230 -233. 230 . Philodendron h e nri-pittie ri Bunti ng. Ve nezue la . Merida: vic. La Azu li ta. Croa t 54866. Habit 0

x1/ 92. ----231-233. 231. P. h y/aeae Bunting. Venezuela. Amazonas: Cerro Neblina, 140 m, Croat 59360. Habit, \£) x1/ 11. 232. Leaves, x1/ 1S. 233. Inflorescence, x3 / 10...... ~ 1986) Croat-Venezuela Araceae 117

Figs. 234-237. 234. Philo d e ndro n hedera ceum (J acq.) Schott. Panama. Canal Area: Chiva Chiva, Croat 14911. Infructescences, x3/10. ----235. P. hy/aeae Bunting. Ve nezuela. Amazonas: Ce rro Neblina, 140 m, Croat 59360. Inflorescence, x3 / 10. ----236. P. inaequilate rum Li ebm. ssp. inaequilaterum Ve nezuela. Barinas: vic. A ltamira, 850 m , Croat 60763. Habit, xl / 9. ----237. P. insigne Sc ho tt. Colo mbia. Vaupes: vic. Mitu, 200 m , Croat 56802. Habit, xl l26. 118 Aroideana (Vol. 9(1-4)

This recently published species Distrito Federal, Carabobo, Yaracuy and (Bunting, 1975) is widespread in the Merida and along the Cordillera de northern and western Amazon Basin, Merida in Barinas, Tachira and Apure, at ranging from southern Bol(var State and less than 500 m. Fig. 236 Amazonas in Venezuela to Guyana A member of section Pteromischum, (Rupununi River), Brazil (Roraima; it is characterized by its ovate-elliptic Amapt Rio Oiapoque; Amazonas, leaf blades with the minor lateral veins Manaus, Sao Paulo de Olivenc;a); interconnected by numerous cross­ Colombia (Putumayo, Vaupes & veins. It is most clearly related to P. Amazonas), Ecuador (Napo) and Peru zulianum (formerly considered a (Loreto and San Martin) usually at less subspecies of P. inaequilaterum), which than 200 m, but reaching nearly 1,000 m differs in having very broadly ovate leaf in southern Bolivar State near the blades with the cross-veins between the Brazilian border. In Venezuela, the minor veins directed at an angle to the species is known from Bolivar (near minor veins, whereas in P. Santa Elena and the RIO Pacairao Basin), inaequilaterum they are more or less Delta Amacuro (Sierra Imataca) and in perpendicular to the minor veins. Amazonas (RIO Orinoco, RIo Yatua, San Philodendron zulianum is apparently Carlos de RIO Negro and around the restricted to the slopes on either side of base camp at Cerro Neblina near the Lake Maracaibo in Zulia, Merida and Brazilian frontier). Figs. 231-233, 235 Tachira. The species is a scandent, semi­ epiphytic vine in pre-adult stages, but Philodendron insIgne Schott, Synop. becomes an appressed climber by the Aroid. 73. 1856. time it flowers with short internodes up TYPE: Brazil. Para: Wullschlaegel to 6 cm diam. 865 (collected in 1851, now It is characterized by its deeply 3- destroyed; Schott's Aroid drawing lobed leaves divided almost to the base, 2369 serves as the type. See also its deciduous cataphylls, its moderately Field Museum photo 29850 for a spongy, long, subterete to convex, fertile sheet prepared by Schott). angular petioles (1 cm long on adults) = P. ca/ophyllum Brongn. ex Linden almost twice as long as the blades, and & Andre, III. Hort. 18: 172. t. 76. its 2-3 inflorescences, which are 1871. greenish white on the tube outside, TYPE: Brazil. Roraima: Rio Branco, cherry-red within and white on both Wallis (The illustration in III. Hort. surfaces of the blade. serves a the type). Peruvian collections differ from = P. haematinum R. E. Schultes, those of Venezuela and Colombia, the Rhodora 66: 120, figs. 1-10. 1964. leaves drying usually reddish brown on TYPE: Colombia. Amazonas: RIO the lower surface and ash-gray above (in Caqueta, La Pedrera and vic., Oct. contrast to more typically gray-brown to 12, 1952, Schultes & Cabrera 17804 green below and gray-green above). (ECON). Figs. 237-238, 246-247

Philodendron insigne is widespread Philodendron inaequilaterum Liebm., along the northern edge of the Amazon Vidensk. Meddel. Dansk Naturhist. Basin, ranging from Bolfvar (Gran Foren. Kjf/lbenhavn 16. 1849. Sabana) and Amazonas (Cerro Neblina Philodendron inaequilaterum ranges base camp), in Venezuela to Surinam from Mexico to Colombia and Ecuador (Brownsberg Park), French Guiana (St. and west to Venezuela, where it occurs Elie track, W of Sinnamary), to southern in the Cordillera de la Costa in the Colombia (Amazonas). It ranges from 1986) Croat-Venezuela Araceae 119 about 100-1,230 m and occurs in dense, base of the blade and often overlapping primary forest life zones. the base of the blade and in having a In Venezuela, the species is more narrowly tapered spadix. Fig. 239 distinguished by its short, densely­ rooted stem, its rosulate habit, its very Philodendron liesneri Bunting, Phyto­ short, bluntly D-shaped to sharply C­ logia 60(5): 320. 1986. shaped petioles (8.5 cm long and only a Appressed climbing hemiepiphyte; small fraction of the length of the internodes short, to 7 cm long, 0.8-3.5 blade), its long, oblanceolate, cm diam.; cataphyll green, moderately coriaceous leaf blades with the primary thin, sharply 2-ribbed, 16.5 cm long, lateral veins distinctly more apparent persisting semi-intact at upper nodes, than the minor veins and by its reddish weatheri ng to fibers below. LEAVES with to maroon spathe (also colored similarly petioles 20-24 cm long, thicker than within). The inflorescences are so long­ broad, to ca. 1 cm thick, deeply and nar­ pedunculate that at anthesis they are rowly sulcate adaxially, rounded abaxial­ arched outward and are later pendent. Iy, the margins rounded adaxially; The species is generally an epiphyte blades moderatly coriaceous, oblong­ though it has been seen growing elliptic to oblong-oblanceolate to ovate­ terrestrially in white sand around Iquitos elliptic, 29-32 cm long, 11-14.5 cm wide, and also on the Gran Sabana. acuminate, obtuse to rounded or sub­ It may be confused with P. linnaei, cordate at base, dark green and semi­ which shares a frequently similar glossy above, much paler and matte rosulate habit, short petioles and long beneath, drying green; midrib discolor­ oblanceolate blades. That species differs ous along its margin, narrowly sunken in being a generally much smaller plant above, raised beneath, drying paler than with leaves usually less than 80 cm long the surface; primary lateral veins 6-8, and less than 15 cm wide (versus often narrowly sunken above, raised below, to 1 m or more long and 17-26 cm wide arising at 70-75° angle, (the lowermost in P. insigne), and in having the primary often at a broader angle than those in lateral veins of the blade generally not the middle of the blade) weakly arcuate at all apparent. In addition, P. linnaei is to the margin, drying paler than the sur­ more frequently a scandent plant with face; interprimary veins present; minor both long and short internodes (see that veins moderately distinct, fine and close. species for further comparison). INFLORESCENCES paired; peduncle terete, 2 cm long; spathe (immature) to Philodendron krauseanum Steyer­ 9.5 cm long, wine colored outside on mark, Fieldiana, Bot. 28(1): 98. 1951. spathe tube, green on spathe blade; pis­ Philodendron krauseanum, currently tillate flower with 7-8-locular ovary. IN­ known for certain only from Venezuela, FRUCTESCENCE not seen. Figs. 240-242 in the state of Bolrvar and in Brazil Philodendron liesneri is known only (Amazonas, Rio Japura, vicinity of from the type, from Amazonas state in Maraa) but several collections from southern Venezuela, in the Rio Casi­ Ecuador and Peru are very similar. These quiare and the Rio Orinoco drainages in collections dry the same dark brown the vicinity of San Carlos de Rio Negro. color and have broadly winged petioles. The species is characterized by its These collections (Croat 49607 and appressed-creeping habit, (internodes Harling & Andersson 17048 - Ecuador; short or to 7 cm long, 0.8-3.5 cm diam.), Schunke 3743 - Peru) differ however in its slender, sharply 2-ribbed cataphylls having blades more markedly persisting semi-intact at upper nodes, inequilateral and abruptly-acuminate, (weathered to fibers at base), its long petioles usually winged closer to the petioles (ca. two-thirds as long as 120 Aroidea na (Vol. 9(1-4)

-~-

Figs . 238-241. 238. Philode ndron insigne Schott. Colombia. Va upes: vic. Mitu, 200 m, Croat 56802. Flowerin g p lant, xl/ s . -----239. P. krause­ anum Steyermark. Venezuela. Bo liva r : Gran Saba na, vic. M isio n de Santa Teresita de Kanavayen. Steyermark et al. 715539. ----240-241. P. liesne ri Bunting. Ven ezuela. Amazonas: vic. Sa n Ca rl os de RIO Negro, 100 m , Croa t 59629. 240. Plant , xl / 9. 241. Lea ves , xl / 8. 1986) Croat-Venezuela Araceae 121

blades) which are thicker than broad Venezuela as this country was a part of and obtusely, deeply and narrowly the country of "Gran Colombia". sulcate adaxially, and by its oblong, Herbarium specimens of cultivated basally subcordate blades with plants in European botanical gardens prominent, broadly spreading, primary closely match Venezuelan material con­ lateral veins. Also characteristic are the sidered P. linden;;). paired inflorescences with a purplish One collection made out of the violet spathe tube. known range may also belong in P. The species is closest to P. buntingi­ linden;;. A collection from Carabobo anum, but that species differs in having (Croat 54546) differs from other collec­ blades with 8-10 primary lateral veins tions in having oblong-ovate blades drying black. drying blackened and have one or both lateral margins concave. In this respect, Philodendron lindenii Schott non Wallis, they correspond to P. krug;; but the Synop. Aroid. 89. 1856. leaves of the other collections of that Philodendron linden;; is known for species dried brown. certain only from Venezuela. Schott Philodendron linden;; is remarkably (Synop. Aroid. 89, 1856) described the similar to P. erubescens C. Koch & species as from "Gran Colombia" which Augustin, which was attributed to Novo included at least western Venezuela, Granada by Koch and the two may where the species is common. later, in prove to be conspecific. (In this case, P. his Prodromus (Schott, 1860), he men­ linden;; would be synonymized under P. tions Venezuela specifically. In Vene­ erubescens, the earlier name by 2 years). zuela, the species ranges throughout the The two species are so similar in habit, Cordillera de Merida in most humid leaf and inflorescence shape that I areas from Yaracuy, lara, Trujillo and would assume they were synonymous, Portuguesa to Barinas, Merida and except for the fact Schott (1860) Tachira from 50-1,790 m (only the Yara­ reported P. erubescens to have a cuy collection, Steyermark et a/. 124680, reddish purple spathe whereas he is below 450 m). Figs. 243-244, 248 reported P. linden;; to have a spathe The species is a scandent, epiphytic with a greenish yellow tube outside with or epipetric vine with elongated flower­ the inside reddish purple. The latter best ing internodes. It is characterized by its fits Venezuelan material. long internodes (8-20 cm long), gen­ Philodendron lindenii has leaf blades erally sharply 2-ribbed deciduous and stems similar to P. fraternum. In cataphylls, its petioles, terete to slightly fertile condition, the former can be flattened near the apex, by its ovate to distinguished by having solitary narrowly ovate, subcoriaceous, semi­ inflorescences (vs. 2-3 per axil in P. glossy blades about as long as the peti­ fraternum) which have the spathe tube oles and by its solitary green inflores­ green on the outside. cences. The peduncle is green, some­ Philodendron modestum, attributed times with purple spots. The spathe is to Venezuela by Schott (1860) has leaves green with the tube tinged reddish remarkedly similar to those of P. violet outside and dark red-violet linden;; (especially Schott drawing within. The pistillate portion of the #2578), but that species differs in having spadix is creamy white and about as the pistillate portion of the spadix long as the staminate portion. In this scarcely more than one-third the length latter characteristic the species cor­ of the staminate spadix. In addition, it responds well to Schott's drawing has a spathe tube which is green outside (#2705). (As was mentioned earlier, this and greenish white within (versus wine­ plant could well have been collected in red within for P. linden;;). The species is 122 A ro idea na (Vol. 9(1-4)

Fi gs . 242-245. 242. Philodendro n li esn e ri Bunting. Ve nezue la. A m azonas: R(o Cas iq uiari , 100 m , Steyerm ark & Bunting 102673. ----243 . P. Iinde nii Sc hott. Venezue la. Merida : Mesa Bo liva r - Tova r, 450 m , Croat 54879. Habit, x1/ 31. ----244. P. Ii nden ii. Ve nezuela. Barinas: Meri da -Barina s, 1000 m , Croat 60747. Inflo resce nce , x9120. - ---245. P. m acrog/ossum Sc ho tt. Ve nezue la. Ya racuy: Sa lo m - Ca ndelari a, 1260-129 0 m , Croat 60794. Habit , x1/ 15. 1986) Croat-Venezuela Araceae 123 poorly known and was excluded by more produces a rosette of leaves. I Bunting (1979). have seen as many as five such rosettes on a single tree trunk, all less than 1 m apart and all connected. Philodendron linnaei kunth, Enum. PI. The Peruvian material may prove to 3: 47. 1841. be at least subspecifically distinct in Philodendron linnaei is widespread having a generally more massive in the northem Amazon Basin (albeit inflorescence with a broader peduncle poorly collected), ranging from and spathe (together 25-36 em long) and Venezuela to the Guianas (at least with an infructescence up to 6 em diam. Surinam & French Guiana), Brazil (Para, In addition, at least one collection Bahia, Amazonas) and Peru (vicinity of (Davidson & Jones 9628) is reported to Iquitos) usually occurring at less than have the petiole broadly concave 200 m, but ranging up to 800 m in the adaxially with weakly spreading, thick Guiana Highlands (found at 800 m near marginal ribs. Sta. Elena de Uairen near the Brazilian border in southern BolIvar State). In Philodendron macrog/ossum Schott, Venezuela, the species ranges from Oesterr. Bot Wochenbl. 7:197. 1857. Monagas and Delta Amacuro to BolIvar TYPE: Venezuela. Caracas: and Amazonas (Cerro Yapacana, San Reichenbach (destroyed); photo of Carlos de RIO Negro, Cerro Arauicaua Schott specimen prepared in and near Cerro Neblina). In the areas Vienna (Field Museum Neg. #29853) around San Carlos de RIO Negro and serves as the type. around Cerro Neblina, the species is = P. adhatodaefolium Schott, Synop. everywhere abundant as an epiphyte in Aroid. 81. 1856. the forest understory. Fig. 249 TYPE: ·Venezuela; photo of Reich­ The species is characterized by its enbach specimen prepared in rosulate leaves, very short, obtusely Vienna (Field Museum Neg. #29841) flattened to obtusely sulcate petioles (a serves as the type. small fraction of the blade length), its Philodendron macroglossum Schott thick, narrowly oblanceolate leaf blades is endemic to evergreen forests at 1,000- with a broadly convex, raised midrib 1,360 m in the Cordillera de la Costa of and no apparent primary lateral veins on northern Venezuela, ranging from either surface, and by its frequently Aragua (Altos de Choronl & Pittier long-pedunculate inflorescences National Park) to Carabobo and Yaracuy (peduncle often longer than the spathe), (Cerro la Chapa). Figs. 245, 250-251 which are red-maroon to purple on the It is characterized by its scandent tube outside (red within) and white on stems with elongate internodes, the blade. (somewhat flattened on one side), the It is most easily confused with P. moderately elongate leaf blades, which insigne, which has a similar habit, short are ustJally rounded to subcordate at the petioles and similar long-pedunculate base, the moderately long, subterete inflorescences with reddish spathe petioles, which are weakly flattened tubes. See that species for separation. adaxially, and especially by the cluster of Philodendron linnaei has a curious up to 4 inflorescences per leaf axil. growth habit in that the stem The species is either a highly variable intermittently produces a series of short, one or must be further divided. A thick internodes and a rosulate series collection from Carabobo (Steyermark of leaves, then reverts again to slender, 952130) best corresponds to a long internodes until it reaches a point Reichenbach collection seen by Schott higher up on the tree, where it once (Field Museum Neg. #29853), but has < Fig s. 246-249. 246. Philodendron insigne Sc hott. Venezuela. Bolivar: Gran Sabana, Santa El ena - EI Dorado, 1040 m, o Croat 543 78. Habi t, xl / 23 . ----247. P. insigne. Ve nezuela. Amazonas: vic. Cerro Neblina, RIo Mawarin uma, 140 m , Croat 59332. Pr ead ult p lant, xl / 9. ----248. P. lin d enii Schott. Venezuela. Barinas : M~r i da - Bar in as , 1000 m , Croat 60747. Fl owering shoot, xl / ll. ----249. P. linnaei Kunth. Ve nezuela. Amazona~ : Ce rro Neblina, Croat 59372. Habit, xl / 1S . 1986) Croat-Venezuela Araceae 125 leaves only 2.8 times longer than broad. with P. macrog/ossum. I believe this The Reichenbach collection, which lacks judgment is correct but the leaves a petiole, is 4.7 times longer than broad. appear to be juvenile ones (matching Another close match is Croat 21421 from perfectly, for example, the juvenile Aragua, but that collection has blades leaves of Croat 54497), despite the fact more subcordate and ranging from 1.5- that inflorescences are also affixed to 2.2 times longer than broad. The Croat the sheet. collection also has juvenile leaves that At the same time Bunting are almost rounded at the base, with synonymized P. inconcinnum Schott. petioles about three-fourths as long as Despite the fact that Schott (1855) the blades. Other collections of P. attributes P. inconcinnum to Venezuela. macrog/ossum (both in Aragua and in it does not closely match any Yaracuy) have juvenile blades more Venezuelan species and is, in fact. a narrowly oblong-linear or narrowly species from Central America. ranging oblong-oblanceolate and have petioles from Nicaragua to Panama. about one-fourth to one-third as long as the blades. The significance of these differences is not yet apparent, but it Philodendron maguirei Bunting, Acta suggests that more than one species may Bot. Venez. 10: 302. 1975. be involved. All the material has 5-6 Philodendron maguirei is currently pairs of primary lateral veins departing known only from Venezuela at 125- the midrib at 65-75° angle. 200(1,400) m in southwestern Amazonas, Philodendron macrog/ossum is but surely occurs in adjacent Brazil closely related to P. buntingianum from (Amazonas). It has been collected only the Cordillera de Merida in Merida and along the RIO Yatua at the foot of Cerro Tachira. That species also has stems with Arauicaua and around the Cerro elongate internodes (somewhat Neblina base camp. Figs. 252, 254-255 flattened on one side), elongate petioles It is characterized by its terrestrial and elongate blades narrowed toward habit (or in soil deposits on rocks), its the base and briefly connate. repent stem with short internodes (1-2 Philodendron buntingianum differs, cm and ca. 1 cm diam.), sharply 2-ribbed however, in having thinner blades more cataphylls persisting semi-intact at apex frequently drying blackened and have and weathered to fibers at b'ase, by its generally 8-10 pairs of primary lateral long. obtusely to prominently D-shaped veins arising at a higher angle (55-65°). petioles (terete and reddish at base) In addition, it has only 1 or 2 sometimes with an obtuse medial rib. inflorescences per axil and has a lower and by the oblong-triangular, deeply range (from 450-1.000 m.) cordate-sagittate blades. with a deep Bunting (1979), following Engler, sinus usually much longer than broad. states that the type of P. macrog/ossum The blades dry somewhat reddish brown is an Appun collection. Schott (1855) did on the lower surface. while the petioles not cite a specimen with his description dry straw-colored. The posterior rib and the only existing specimen that I extends along the upper edge of the know of is one by Reichenbach sinus of the blade for some distance. but (represented by a photograph taken by is never really naked. The long­ Macbride in the Schott Herbarium prior pedunculate inflorescences are much to its destruction). Thus. the photograph shorter than the petioles. which in turn of this collection (Field Museum Photo are much longer than the blades. The #29853) serves as the type. peduncles may be considerably longer Bunting (Ioc. cit.) also placed P. than the spathe and are tinged purplish adhatodaefolium Schott in synonymy violet. The spathe is light green on the 126 Aroideana (Vol. 9(1-4)

Figs. 250-253. 250. Philodendron macrog/ossum Schott. Aragua: Henri Pittier National Park, 1450 m, Croat 60545. Habit, xl / lB. ----251. P. macrog/os­ sum Scho tt. Same loca li ty as Croat 60545; 1030-1060 m , Croat 60568. Leaves, xl / B. ----252. P. maguirei Bunting. Venezue la. Amazonas: Cerro Neblina, 140 m , Croat 59624. Inflorescence, xl / 5. ----253. P. maroae Bunting. Venezuela. Amazonas : RIo Cas iquiare, 125-140 m, Bunting et al. 3980. 1986) Croat-Venezuela Araceae 127 tube, and creamy white on both sides of Bolivia. In Venezuela, the species occurs the blade. In Amazonas, Bolivar, Barinas and The species appears to be related to Apure. One specimen from Sucre P. tenue and greatly resembles it, (Benitez de Rojas 2933) may also be this especially owing to the narrow sinus, species but it is somewhat out of range, the somewhat flaring posterior lobes though the species is generally common and having a sinus which is not naked. at low elevations below 200 m, but The two species do not overlap, with the ranges up to 600-1,100 m in the foothills latter occurring only in the eastern and of the Andes in Peru and Bolivia. I have northern part of the country at 120-1,200 collected it at 600 m near Icaban~ in m. Philodendron tenue also differs in southern Bolivar State of Venezuela. having typically a more closed sinus and It is a thick-stemmed epiphytic vine more numerous, closely spaced, primary or, less frequently, it is found on steep lateral veins in the anterior lobe. rocky banks or terrestrially, as in the white sand areas around Iquitos, Peru. I Philodendron maroae Bunting, Acta Bot. have also seen the species growing Venez. 10: 303. 1975. terrestrially along road banks around Philodendron maroae is endemic to San Carlos de RIO Negro in Amazonas Venezuela, known only from the sandy State. savannas between Maroa and Pimichln The young plants are frequently in Amazonas, at 100-140 m. associated with ant nests and have The species is recognized by its unusually soft swollen petiole bases. epiphytic habit, its persistent weathered Even the adult plants characteristically cataphylls, its sharply D-shaped petiole have relatively spongy petioles. (slightly convex medially with sharp, Otherwise, the species is characteri'zed erect-spreading margins) and its large by its large, thin blades with sagittate blades with sunken veins. conspicuous posterior lobes, its long, The species is very similar to P. almost terete petioles, sharply 2-ribbed, chimantae Bunting, which differs in deciduous cataphylls and especially by having a winged-angled petiole (with its 5-6 long-pedunculate, slender green wings to 3 mm wide) which is undulate inflorescences in each axil (the spathe in the distal 3-4 cm. Figs. 253, 262 tube is violet-purple inside and Philodendron mega/ophyllum Schott sometimes tinged similarly on the Prodr. Aroid. 279. 1860. outside). TYPE: Peru. San Gav6n, Lechler 2493 The species has long been confused (K, lectotype). with P. deflexum Poeppig, a species with a much narrower, more elongate, = P. deflexum auctt. non Poeppig ex Schott oblong-triangular anterior lobe, = P. myrmecophyllum Engl., Bot. narrower, more spreading posterior Jahrb. 37: 127. 1905. lobes, a broadly open sinus and short TYPE: Brazil. Amazonas: RIo Negro, peduncles. The two taxa are separated Manaus, Ule 6003 (B, hololectotype; here, but because of the inexactitude in typification some discussion is G, isolectotype). Figs. 256-260 warranted. Schott's original description of P. deflexum, wherein he attributes Philodendron megalophyllum ranges from southern Venezuela to Guyana, the species to Poeppig (based on an Surinam, French Guiana and the undesignated herbarium specimen), Amazon Basin in Brazil, Colombia describes a plant with an oblong blade, (Putumayo and Vaupes), Ecuador a broad sinus and sagittate-hastate, tri­ (Napo), Peru (Amazonas, loreto, angular-oblong lobes. This description Ucayali, San Martin and Cuzco) and matches well the Berlin herbarium -' N CC

Figs. 254-257. 254 -255. Philodendron ma guirei Bunting. Venezuela. Amazonas: Cerro Neblina, Croat 59386. 254. < Leaves, xl/ B. 255. Leaves, xl / B. ----256. P. m ega /ophyll um Schott. Cultivated at Munich; o riginally collected in o Pe ru. San Martin: Moyobamba. Habit, xl / 15. ----257. P. m ega /ophyllum. Venezuela. Amazonas: San Ca rl os de Rio Negro - Solano, Croat 59630. Habit, showing infloresce nces, xl/6. no I'" ro< ::::J ro N C ro OJ

Fi14 S. 258-261. 258-259. Phi/ouem/ron m ega /oph yllum Schott. (Bra zil: Mato Grosso: Correga do Gata.) Harl ey et al. Vene zuela. Amazonas: San Carlos d e RIO Negro - Sola no, Croat 59630. 258. Leaves, x1/ 8. ----259. Inflor­ esce nce . x1/ 2. ----260. P. m ega /ophyllum. Venezu ela. Amazonas: Cerro Neblina, Croat 59371 . Leaf, xl/B. ---- 261. P. m elinonii Brongn. ex Regel. Plowm a n 1263. Photo: Plowma n . Inflorescences, x1/ 5. 130 Aroideana (Vol. 9(1-4) specimen of Poeppig 1281 from Duida in Central Amazonas. It dif­ Pompayaco, Peru (not located on map). fers from P. tatei (Bunting, loc. cit.) in An illustration of both the Poeppig the size of its spathe, but also in having collection and typical P. megalophyllum its ovules restricted to the lower one­ from Peru are included here for third of the locule (versus throughout comparison (See figs. 193 & 264-268). the locule for P. tatei). Fig. 263 Curiously, Schott later produced a The species is characterized by short drawing (#2571) which differs from the internodes (to ca. 3 cm diam.) with Poeppig collection cited above, but thick, reddish cataphylls which later even this illustration could still fit his persist in a rotting mass, by its stiff, original written description. That obtusely V-sulcate petioles longer than drawing is presumably based on the the blades, by its coriaceous, oblong­ same plant, but shows the anterior lobe elliptic blades, with 7-10 pairs of sunken to be more triangular and the posterior primary lateral veins only slightly lobes to be broader and less apparent below on drying and by its prominently spreading. It has not been inflorescence, with a spathe only about determined if this represents stages of 9 cm long (versus to 15 for P. tatei). development or if real differences exist and the Schott drawing #2571 (I.D.C. Philodendron me/inonii Brongn. ex Fiche 55) represents a different species. Regel, Gartenflora 23:67. t.789. 1874. Certainly I have not seen adult foliage of Philodendron melinonii is known the common, widespread species pre­ from Venezuela, Guyana, French Guiana viously identified as P. deflexum with and Brazil, but the nature of the leaves having such a narrow and elon­ distribution is poorly known. In gate anterior lobe as is found on Poep­ Venezuela, it is apparently common in pig 1281. The most critical feature, for the lowland forests of Delta Amacuro in separation of P. deflexum and P. the northeast and it occurs also in the mega/ophyllum, however, is the lowland forests of southern Venezuela inflorescence, which on P. deflexum has in Amazonas at San Carlos de R(o a peduncle which is shorter than the Negro; it is also reported from the Gran spathe, whereas on P. megalophyllum Sabana at perhaps 1,000 m or more. In the peduncle is generally much longer French Guiana, it occurs in lowland than the spat!le. While the type forest at about 250 m, where it is description of P. megalophyllum does common. Around Manaus in Brazil, I not mention an inflorescence, the type found the species may be one of the of the species, a Lechler collection from dominant epiphytes (though not Peru, perfectly matches this widespread previously reported from there). I suspect species. that the species ranges much more broadly, no doubt extending along the Philodendron me/anochlorum Bunting, entire Guiana coast from the mouth of Acta Bot. Venez. 10: 304. 1975. the Orinoco to Amapa in Brazil, then Philodendron melanochlorum is across the northern Amazon and into endemic to the Gran Sabana in Bolivar southern Venezuela and southern State along the northern escarpment Colombia. The collection from the Gran between km 114 and 134, growing at Sabana suggests it may be even more about 1,000 m elevation in a very humid, widespread in the Guiana Highlands. low forest life zone. The plant may Because of its persistent cataphyll occur epiphytically or terrestrially. fibers, its broad basal sinus, its sharply According to Bunting (1979) the D-shaped, broadly sulcate petioles, the species is closely related to P. tatei red spathe tube and white blade, the Krau~e. which is known only from Cerro species has been confused with P. 1986) Croat-Venezuela Araceae 131

Figs. 262-265. 262. Philodendron maroae Bunting. Venezuela. Amazonas: RIo Cas iquiare, 125-140 m , Bunting e t at. 3980. ----263. P. m e /anoch /or­ um Bunting. Venez uela. Bo liva r: Sta. El ena - EI Co rado o n the Cran Saba na, 1040 m , Croat 54320. Habit, xl / 11 . ----264. P. meli nonii Bro ngn. ex Regel. Cu ltivated at Maracay Bo t. Ca rd. Leaves, x1/ 15. ----265. P. me/inonii. Venezuela. Ama zonas: San Ca rl os de RIO Negro, no vo uch er. Infructescence, x3 / 10 . 132 Aroideana (Vol. 9(1-4) fragrantissimum. That species is probably deciduous. LEAVES with distinguished by its broadly ovate blades petioles 56 cm long, 7-12 mm diam. and in having reddish brown, persistent when dried, probably terete or cataphyll fibers. It also has a much more subterete, surface spongy when fresh, slender petiole. Figs. 261, 264-265 drying brown, minutely striate. The species is characterized by its sheathing in the lower one-seventh of persistent cataphylls (the fibers of which the blade, the sheath 7 cm long; blades are pale, not reddish), its usually subcoriaceous, prominently 3-lobed, the elongate, thick, somewhat spongy D­ median lobe more or less oblong­ shaped petioles (1.5-3 cm diam.), which ellitpic, with the margins appearing are broadly sulcate adaxially with erect concave in the lower one-third, 35 cm margins, by the usually narrowly ovate­ long, 13.5 cm wide, shortly acuminate at oblong or sometimes oblong-elliptic apex (the acumen somewhat apiculate), blades, which are subcordate basally broadly confluent with the lateral lobes, and by the inflorescences having a the lateral lobes inequilateral-oblong, bright red tube and a white to reddish 23-25 cm long, ca. 7.5 cm wide; sinus blade (white within). The plant may broadly parabolic. 4.5 cm deep; upper reach immense size and the leaves may surface semiglossy when dried, lower form a rosette more than a meter across. surface drying matte, greenish brown Blades may be equally as long as the above, paler below, midrib flat to petioles to almost 5 times longer than weakly raised above, slightly darker than the petioles but average about 2 times surface when dried, prominently raised longer than the petioles. They range below, paler than surface on drying; from 31-68 cm long and 12-50 cm wide, basal veins in the lateral lobes 6-7 per averaging 49 cm long and 27 cm wide. lobe, mostly in the lower portion of the lobe, flat above, raised below; posterior Philodendron miller; Croat, sp. nov. rib not naked or naked to 1.5 cm, TYPE: Venezuela. Amazonas: turned up on outer margin; primary Depto. RIo Negro, Neblina Massif, lateral veins 5-6 per side, departing Canon Grande, along RIO midrib at an acute angle, spreading at Mawarinuma between the mouth of 55-65° angle, straight in the lower one­ the canyon and the first major fork half, ascending toward the apex, drying of the river, ca. 7 airline km ENE of flat above, raised, paler than surface Puerto Chimo, 0050-51'N, 66°2-6'W, below; interprimary veins lacking, Davidse & Miller 27278 (MO, holo­ minor veins drying prominulous below. type; VEN, isotype). moderately obscure above, interspaced with long to sometimes short latex Planta epipetrica; caulis ca. 2 cm canals which dry darker than surface. diam.; petiolus 56 cm longus, 7-12 cm INFLORESCENCES (dried) at least 4 per latus, subteres; lamina subcoriacea, 3- axil; peduncle 7-8.5 cm long, ca. 5-10 lobata; lobus medius oblonga­ mm diam.; spathe coriaceous, wine­ ellipticus. 35 cm longus, 13.5 cm latus; purple. 12-14 cm long, constricted just lobus lateralis inequilaterus-oblongus, above the middle, spathe tube ellipsoid 23-25 cm longus, ca. 7.5 cm latus; to ovoid, 4-8 cm long. 20-30 mm diam.; inflorescentia 4; pedunculus 7-8.5 cm spathe blade elliptic to lanceolate; longus. 5-10 mm diam.; spatha coriacea. spadix ca. 9-12 cm long. the pistillate purpurea, 12-14 cm longa. tubus portion ellipsoid to subclavate. broader ellipticus. 4-8 em longus; spadix 9-12 cm than base of staminate portion. 3.5-5(7) longus. em long. 7-15(23) mm diam .. staminate Epipetric; internodes ca. 2 cm diam .. portion oblong. tapering toward the brownish when dried; cataphylls apex. 4.5-5.5 cm long, 6-8 mm diam .. 1986) Croat-Venezuela Araceae 133 drying slightly broader than the sterile elliptic medial lobe and smaller, more portion, the latter 0.6-0.8 cm long, 4-8 slender inflorescences with green mm diam.; female flowers more or less spathes. ovoid, ca. 1.3-2.2 mm in both directions, Both of the above species also differ more or less arranged in spirals, ca. 14- in lacking the dark-drying laticiferous 16 per spiral; pistils with thickish, un­ vessels that are visible on the lower evenly drying apron subtending stigma, surface of P. milleri. pistil walls with pale glanular raphides embedded in them; stigma circular, raised, 0.5-0.8 mm long, shallowly depressed medially, occasionally with 6 Philodendron muricatum Willd. ex small pits visible (arranged in a circle), Schott, Oestr. Bot. Wochenbl. 4: 418. pistil probably 5-locular; fertile 1854. Figs. 266-267 staminate flowers with the margins Philodendron muricatum is somewhat angled, 8-11 per spiral, drying widespread throughout much of the 0.6-1.5 mm long; sterile staminate Amazon Basin, ranging from Venezuela flowers irregularly shaped, drying black. to the Guianas and western Brazil (Rio INFRUCTESCENCE with berries Branco, Rio Madeira) from 50-415 m. It (immature) pale green. is to be expected in the Loreto Depart­ Philodendron milleri is endemic to ment of Peru. Bunting (1979) states that Venezuela, known only from the type the species often forms large stands over collection on Cerro Nebtina in vegetation along streams or in wet Amazonas of Venezuela. It was found savannas. In Venezuela, it is restricted to growing at 350-400 m in a canyon on Amazonas (drainage of the Guainla, boulders along the forest edge, Casiquiare, Pacimoni, Yatua and Temi) probably in tropical wet forest life zone. and BolIvar State (Chimanta) .. The species is recognized by its long­ The species is characterized by its petiolate leaves with deeply 3-lobed scandent habit, stems which are blades, its subterete petioles, and generally verrucose (or otherwise clusters of at least four inflorescences covered with hair-like or spine-like per axil with wine-purple spathes, and projections) and drying conspicuously ped uncles shorter than the spathe. yellowish brown (B & K yellow 6 or Especially characteristic are the dried 7/2.5), by its moderately small leaves yellowish brown leaves, which have with verrucose petioles, which are conspicuous dark intermittent latex obtusely flattened or sulcate adaxially vessels visible between the minor veins. and shorter than the blades. The blades It is named in honor of Dr. James are narrowly ovate to ovate-triangular; Miller of the Missouri Botanical Garden they are variable, with the sinus very who, along with Gerrit Davidse, narrow, much longer than broad, or collected the type and also played the moderately open. The basal veins are major role in the Garden's commonly free, or nearly so, from one expeditionary efforts to Cerro Neblina another or if they are ever united, the during 1985 and 1986. posterior rib formed by their junction is Philodendron milleri might be rarely ever naked. The species is closely confused with two other species in related to P. brevispathum (see that Territorio Amazonas having deeply 3- species for further comparison). lobed leaf blades, e.g., P. cataniapoense Some Venezuelan collections in and P. barrosoanum. Phildendron Amazonas are unusual in being only cataniapoense differs in having blades sparsely warty (Liesner 17193 - which dry blackened with more broadly Mamurividi) or completely smooth spreading posterior lobes, a more (Davidse 27615 - RIo Baria). 134 Aroideana (Vol, 9(1-4)

" -- ... ---.. _.. ... _._--.. -...- ... ___...... 1iIIO"4OOt< _ ....u...... OtYlHt1lAL\_.

Figs. 266-269. 266 . Philodendron muricarum Willd. ex Schott. Venezuela. Amazonas: vic. San Carlos de RIo Negro, 120 m, Li esner 8727. ----267. P. murica tum. Ven ez uela. Amazonas: RIo Yatua, Cerro Araui - Piedra Catipan, 100 m , Steyermark & Bunting 102057. ----268-269. P. ornatum Sc hott. Venezuela. Aragua: Henri Pittier National Park , Croat 60595. 268. Habit, xl / ll. 269. Leaf, xl / 8. 1986) Croat-Venezuela Araceae 135

Philodendron ornatum Schott, Oestr. the pistillate portion equally as broad as Bot. Wochenbl. 3: 51. 1841. the staminate. Perhaps P. rubens Philodendron ornatum ranges from represents a distinct, but as yet Venezuela to the Guianas, Brazil, unknown, species. On the other hand, Ecuador (Napo), Peru (San Martin) and there can be no doubt that the common Bolivia at 120-1,600m, mostly above 1,000 Venezuelan species which has gone by m. In Venezuela, it occurs throughout the name P. rubens best fits P. ornatum. the Cordillera de la Costa from Zulia to In Venezuela, P. ornatum is most Miranda in the western part of the easily confused with P. trujil/oi, which Cordillera de la Costa then south from also has persistent cataphyll fibers and Yaracuy to Tachira in the Cordillera de dries black (like many collections of P. Merida and also south from Sucre to ornatum); but that species has an Delta Amacuro, Bolivar and Amazonas. oblong-ovate blade with 9-10 primary The species is characterized by its lateral veins, a longer peduncle (usually moderately large, relatively thin, exceeding the length of the spathe) and bicolorous, heavily-veined, broadly a petiole that is smooth at the apex. ovate, deeply-cordate leaf blades which The single Ecuadorian collection, dry black or brown, by the petiole, though out of the known range of the which is longer than the blade, sharply species, seems clearly to belong in P. D-shaped (sometimes sulcate) and ornatum. The collection (Holm-Nielsen warty-verrucose, at least near the apex et a/. 20148) was made on the Rio (sometimes also with a medial rib) and Aguarico at Tangoy, 75°27'W, 0°34'5. In by its unribbed to bluntly 1-ribbed addition, Plowman 11640f from Peru cataphylls, whose fibers persist in a (San Martin: Mariscal Caceres: Dtto. disorganized mass. The inflorescences Campanilla, 7.4 km N of Pulcache, 900- are borne usually two or more at each 950 m.), though sterile, is almost node, with the spathe greenish on the certainly this species. A Bolivian outside and purplish to maroon within, collection (Krukoff 11367) from the and is especially dark in the tube. Department of La Paz, Province of Philodendron ornatum was treated Larecaja at Copacabana, 850-950 m, was by Bunting (1979) as P. rubens, but that annotated as P. muschlerianum by species is synonymized by Mayo in the Bunting. The collection agrees well with Flora of Trinidad and Tobago (in press). P. ornatum but has no stem so the It is noteworthy that Schott's illustrations persistent cataphylls could not be seen. show P. rubens to be a species with no The type P. muschlerianum has not sign of persistent cataphylls (which in been studied, so it is not certain addition to the verrucose petioles, is the whether it is synonymous with P. most characteristic feature of P. ornatum. Figs. 268-269, 274-275 ornatum), so there is still doubt in my mind that P. rubens is synonymous. It is Philodendron panduriforme (H.B.K.) also interesting to note that though Kunth, Enum. PI. 3:51. 1844. Schott's illustrations of P. rubens show 1. P. panduriforme var. panduriforme no persistent cataphylls, a plant = Pothos panduraeforme H.B.K., illustrated and distributed by Engler Nov. Gen 1: 78. 1815. (Drawing #122) clearly shows persistent TYPE: Venezuela. Amazonas: along (but not weathered) cataphylls. It also RIo Orinoco between R(o Guapo differs from Schott's illustrations in and Tamatama, Humboldt & having a spadix with the pistillate Bonpland 1189 (Herb. Willd. 3103). portion appreciably narrower than the = P. latilobum Schott, Synop. Aroid. staminate, whereas Schott's illustration 104-105. 1856. (#2458 - Fiche 53c) shows a spadix with TYPE: Peru. Loreto: Maynas, Fig s. 270-273. 270-272 . Philodendron pandurifo rme (H.B.K.) Kunth var. panduriforme. Venezu ela. Ama zonas: vic. o< San Ca rl os de RIO eg ro, 100 m , Croa t 59645. 270. Habit, xl / B. 27 1. Lea f, xl / s. 272. St em x6/ 2s. ----273. P. pamiuriforme va r. reich enbachianum (Schott) Croat. Venezu e la. Amazona s: vic. San Carl os d e R(o Neg ro, 100 m , Croa t 59647. Leaf , x6/ 2s. 1986) Croat-Venezuela Araceae 137

Figs . 274-277. 274. Philodendron ornatum Schott. Venezue la. Pregonero - La Fundacion, Croat 54958. Petiole x6/ 2s. ----275. P. ornatum. Colombia. Meta: vic. San Luis de Cubarral, Croat 55537, Stem x6/2s. ----276-277. P. panduriforme var. reichenbachianum (Schott) Croat. Venezuela. Amazonas: vic. San Carlos de RIO Negro, 100 m, Croat 59647. 276. Leaf, xl /8. 277 . Stem, xl/s. 138 Aroideana (Vol. 9(1-4)

Poeppig s.n. (destroyed); Schott the tube and pale green on the blade Drawing 2582, NYBG Neg. #4167 within. The peduncle may be 5.5-10.5 serves as the type. See also VIe 6933 cm long and ca. 1 cm diam.; the spathe (HBG). 8-11.5 cm long, 2.4-3 cm diam. on the Philodendron panduriforme ranges tube with the spadix exserted 8-10 mm throughout the northern and western above the spathe. perimeters of the Amazon basin from Philodendron panduriforme is southern Venezuela (Amazonas) to readily distinguishable from the two Colombia (Meta & Putumayo), Ecuador other deeply 3-lobed species with which (Napo) and western Brazil (Rio Juruti in it may occur. Both P. hylaeae and P. Amazonas). Croat 51209, with juvenile cataniapoense also occur in Amazonas, leaves collected near Iquitos, Peru, also although as yet the three taxa have appears to be this species. Most not been collected in the same areas. collections were made between 120 and Both P. hylaeae and P. cataniapoense 150 m except at Macoa in Putumayo, differ from P. panduriforme in being which is at 500 m. The species consists of more deeply lobed, with the sinus two varieties, the typical variety between the lobes being only 1-4.5 cm whose range was given above and the from the apex of the petiole (versus 7.5- variety reichenbachianum, newly 19 cm in P. panduriforme). Both also combined with P. panduriforme in this have relatively thinner blades and paper. See that variety for a key to proportionately longer, narrower lateral separation of the two varieties. In lobes. Venezuela, var. panduriforme was first The typical variety of panduriforme is collected at Cerro Yapacana on the R(o distinguished from the var. Orinoco drainage in west central reichenbachianum by being Amazonas, but was later collected proportionately much broader (ranging around San Carlos de RIO Negro and 1.1-1.9 times longer than broad), around the Cerro Neblina base camp on averaging 1.3 times longer than broad, R(o Mawarinuma. It is abundant around versus being 2.3-3.2 times longer than San Carlos de RIO Negro, growing as a broad in var. reichenbachianum low hemiepiphytic vine (always reported (averaging 2.6 times longer than broad). with this habit). Figs. 270-272 In addition, the lateral lobes are The species is characterized by its proportionately much shorter in variety scandent habit, moderately light brown reichenbachianum, with the medial lobe stems with long internodes 1.5-3 cm being about 4 times longer than the 'diam., which usually dry deeply sulcate, lateral lobes (versus 1.4-2.8 times longer often with peeling epidermis, by its than the lateral lobes for var. subterete petioles (obtusely flattened on panduriforme and averaging only 2 younger plants) which are about 2/3 as times longer). Figs. 273, 276-278 long as the blades and especially by its It is interesting to note that the deeply 3-lobed, generally coriaceous Humboldt and Bonpland type collection blades. The paired inflorescences have a represents a rarely represented preadult peduncle almost as long as the spathe, leaf form. In this collection, the lateral with the spathe variously described as lobes together a re not as wide as the green or white or with an almost white medial and thus are much shorter than tube. Steyermark & Bunting 103066 the medial lobe, a feature more describes the spathe tube as creamy commonly associated with var. within, while Steyermark et al. 122407 reichenbachianum. Nevertheless, the describes the spathe as pale green specimen also exhibits the elliptic tinged with madder (a form of red) on medial lobe associated with the typical the tube outside, dark madder within on variety (see the var. reichenbachianum n (3 ~ I' ro< ro::J N Cro ~ » 0; ()ro ro~

Figs. 278-281 . 278. Philod e ndron pandurifo rme va r. re ich enbachianum Sc ho tt. Venezuela. Amazonas : vic. San Ca rlos de RIO Neg ro, 100 m , Croat 59647. Lea f, xl / s . -- --279. P pedatum (Hook.) Kunth. French Gu iana. vic. SI. Eli e, W of O.R .S. T.O.M. Project, 250 m , Croat 53829. Habit, xl / l s. ----280. P. p edatum (Hook.) Kunth . Culti­ va ted , Caracas. Lea f, xl / 8. 28 1. P. pinnatifidum (Ja cq.) Sch ott. cultivated, Andromeda Gardens. Lea f. x6/ 2s. 140 Aroideana (Vol. 9(1-4) for additional details). collections have confirmed its presence It is noteworthy that both Engler and there. However, the type collection Krause misinterpreted P. panduriforme could not have been made at or near and confused it with specimens of P. Caracas (possibly the specimens were bipennifolium, a species which ranges shipped from Caracas) but rather, from from southern Venezuela to southern Amazonas. Plants agreeing perfectly Brazil in the vicinity of Rio de Janeiro. with the type photo (Field Museum Engler, in his 1878 treatment of the Photo 29861) have been collected near Araceae for Martius' Flora Brasiliensis, San Carlos de RIO Negro. Field work at confused P. bipennifolium Schott with San Carlos de RIO Negro has proved that P. panduriforme (illustrating and P. reichenbachianum is only synonymizing the former with the subspecifically distinct from P. panduri­ latter). In his 1913 revIsion of forme. Consequently, it will be treated Philodendron in Das Pflanzenreich, he as a variety here and will be redescribed cites only the type specimen of P. in detail, for as up to now it has been panduriforme from Venezuela, but it is very poorly known. A key for the apparent from the widely distributed separation of the two varieties is specimens (see, for example, Engler provided. Figs. 273, 276-278. Arac. 238) that he was considering misidentified plants of P. bipennifolium. Key to varieties of Philodendron The latter, which is in section panduriforme (H.B.K.) Kunth Schizophyllum Schott, is not closely A. Blades 1.1-1.9 times longer than related to P. panduriforme, a member of broad (averaging 1.3 times longer section Baursia Reichb. than broad); medial lobes 1.4-2.8 Philodendron bipennifolium differs times longer than lateral lobes... from P. panduriforme in having a ...... var. panduriforme distinct, usually hippocrepiform sinus B. Blades 2.3-3.2 times longer than and lateral lobes which are roughly broad (averaging 2.6 times longer square in outline (commonly almost than broad); medial lobe about 4 truncate on the upper edge and cordate times longer than the lateral lobes; at the base.) known only from vicinity of San It should be noted, in conclusion, Carlos de R(o Negro. " ...... var. that the original spelling of the species, . reichenbachianum (Schott) Croat i.e .. P. panduraeforme, has been changed in accordance with Article 73.8 Hemiepiphyte, loosely climbing to of the International Code of Botanical 1.5-3 m on trees. Nomenclature (1983). Juvenile plants with internodes 3-9 cm long, to 1 cm diam., the dried 2. P. panduriforrne var. reichenbachia- epidermis light brown, ridged nurn (Schott) Croat, comb. nov. longitudinally and cracked = Philodendron reichenbachianum perpendicular to axis. LEAVES with Schott, Oesterr. Bot. Wochenbl. petioles 8-12 cm long, ca. 5 mm diam.; 7:197. 1857. blades oblong-oblanceolate, 22-27.5 cm TYPE: Venezuela. Caracas: long, 7-7.7 cm wide, broadest well Reichenbach (Destroyed; Field above the middle, narrowest about 5 cm Museum Neg. #29861 serves as the above the base (3.9-5.1 cm wide) just type). above the slightly flaring "lateral lobes" (these together 4.9-6.1 cm wide), Bunting (1979) excluded P. narrowly long-acuminate at apex, reichenbachianum from consideration broadly acute to weakly attentuate at for the Venezuelan flora, but recent base. 1986) Croat-Venezuela Araceae 141

Adult plant with stems elongate to 3 with a thick button-like center, m or more long, sometimes branching; depressed medially and with a broad, roots 1- several at each node, mostly less irregularly rounded skirt around it to 8-9 than 15 cm long, 3-4 mm diam.; mm diam., its margin erose; spadix with internodes 3-10 cm long, 1-2.5 cm diam, staminate portion 5 cm long; sterile dark green, turning light brown, staminate portion with flowers in 2 semiglossy, somewhat flattened on one spirals, slightly thicker than the fertile side, drying tan and deeply fissured staminate portion, the flowers irregular, longitudinally with large segements ca. 2 mm long and 1.6 mm wide at apex, loosening on drying; cataphylls green, weakly sulcate medially; fertile thin, sharply 2-ribbed, the ribs not staminate portion cylindroid, tapered to prominently raised, promptly a blunt tip, the flowers flattened at apex, deciduous. LEAVES with petioles slightly very irregularly 4-5 sided, 0.3-1 mm spongy, obtusely D-shaped in cross­ diam. INFRUCTESCENCE with immature section, with an obtuse medial rib fruits white, 3.5-4.0 mm long (dried); adaxially near the base, broadly convex mature fruits not known. abaxially near the apex, to 28.5 cm long, Variety reichenbachianum is known ca. 6 mm diam.; blades moderately only from mature virgin lowland forests coriaceous, to 47 cm long, ca. 20 cm near San Carlos de RIO Negro in wide, broadest across the lateral lobes. southern Amazonas of Venezuela at more or less panduriform, the medial about 120 m. It occurs with the variety lobe ca. 38 cm long, ca 14.3 cm wide, panduriforme, but is much rarer. After broadest well above the middle, briefly considerable search, only a single large acuminate at apex, gradually tapered individual was located. The thought has toward the base and ca. 6 cm wide at its occurred to me that, being so rare, it narrowest point (ca. 10.5 cm above the could be a hybrid, probably between base); lateral lobes bluntly hastate to· the typical variety of P. panduriforme almost rounded, slightly directed toward and another species with an elongate the base or spreading outward at a 90° leaf blade, perhaps Croat 59629. angle to the midrib, ca. 13 cm long; Variety panduriforme is blade surface dark green and semi­ distinguished by its proportionally glossy above, much paler and matte on longer medial lobe and proportionally lower surface; midrib broadly convex shorter lateral lobes. See the discussion above, prominent, scarcely paler than following the typical variety. Aside from the surface, more or less concolorous leaf shape, the two varieties agree in and convex below; primary lateral veins most characteristics. arising at a 50-60° angle from the midrib, slightly and obtusely sunken Philodendron pedatum (Hook.) Kunth, above, raised and convex below (only Enum. Pi. 3: 49. 1841. slightly more prominent than laterals on Philodendron pedatum is a highly drying); minor veins obscurely visible variable species ranging throughout below. INFLORESCENCE solitary, much northeastern South America, from shorter than the petioles; peduncles Venezuela to the Guianas and Brazil slender, to 10.5 cm long, terete, ca. 5 (Amapa and Para to Ceara). In mm diam.; spathe green (post anthesis) Venezuela, it occurs in Delta Amacuro, drying reddish brown, 9.7 cm long, Bolivar and Amazonas in the east and weakly constricted ca. 4.5 cm above the Apure in the west. It should be base, weakly coriaceous; spadix 9.5 cm expected all across the northern long, the pistillate portion ca. 4.5 cm Amazon region since it is common long, the upper 5 spirals of flowers not along the RIO Orinoco and RIO Negro pollinated, pistils ca. 5 mm long; stigma drainage, as well as in the forests around 142 A roideana (Vol. 9(1-4)

·"'''U· ", ••• I". e.. ..-.u..-.. •...... """,_ ...... _--.. - -_.. ",-~-"._ .. - .. -­ ttolloj __'f(~'"O ..\ _-.... "AOOt+~~ ~ VtoIUUlI.A ~ 28h t.o"• • :w...... ,."., ...... ", ...... , "'_ ./ ~~~~~¥t~~~

Fi gs. 282-285. 282-283. Philodendron phlebodes Bunting. Venezue la. Amazonas: Cerro Yureba, 350 m , Li es ne r 18690. ----284. P. ph lebo des . Ve ne zuela. Amazonas: RIo Yatua , 125 m. 5teyermark & Bunting 102605. ----285 . P. p innatifidum (Ja cq .) Sc ho tt. Cultiva ted, Ca racas. Habit, xl / 23. 1986) Croat-Venezuela Araceae 143

Cerro Neblina near the Brazilian border known only from the Henri Pittier in southern Amazonas. Figs. 279-280 National Park in Aragua east to Cerro It is characterized by its deeply 3- Naiguata in the Distrito Federal and to lobed leaves, which are irregularly and Guatopo Park and Cerros del Bachiller narrowly or broadly lobed, often almost in Miranda State. Figs 281, 285 to the base. It is a member of section The species, a member of sect. Schizophyllum and its confused with no Macro/onchium, is distinguished by its other species in Venezuela. Its closest epiphytic habit, its short, thick stems relatives, P. bipennifolium Schott and P. with short internodes hidden by dense, quinque/obum Krause, are species from persistent, cataphyll fibers, its sharply southern Brazil or the western Amazon sulcate petioles, its more or less rosulate basin in Peru, respectively. leaves with blades deeply and pinnately lobed, with some of the lower lobes Philodendron phlebodes Bunting, Acta sinuate or lobed. Bot. Venez. 10: 306. 1975. The species is most easily confused Philodendron phlebodes is with P. fendleri in Venezuela, but that apparently endemic to southern species is a vine with long internodes, Venezuela and adjacent Colombia from deciduous cataphylls, subcylindric 125 to 900 m. Figs. 282-284 petioles and less deeply lobed blades. The species is characterized by its Philodendron pinnatifidum could epiphytic habit, thick stems with long, also be confused with P. hou/etianum persistent cataphylls, sulcate petioles from Guyana which Engler placed in and ovate, more or less coriaceous section Po/ytomium along with P. blades with primary lateral veins fendleri. Engler states that P. conspicuous. hou/etianum has leaves sub-bipinnately The species is poorly understood. parted with up to 12 lobes, a terete Bunti ng (1979) describes the petiole as petiole, a "short" peduncle, and the narrowly and deeply sulcate adaxially, female portion of the spadix is only but Liesner 18690, otherwise matching slightly shorter than the male portion. In the species, reports shallowly and all these aspects it differs from P. obtusely sulcate petioles. In addition, pinnatifidum. while some collections have spathes which are pale green or whitish within, Philodendron prarianum Steyermark, others have the interior of the spathe Fieldiana, Bot. 28(1): 99. 1951. tube scarlet red. While there is Philodendron ptarianum is known considerable vanatlon in the dried from Guyana and Venezuela at 460-1,690 condition of specimens from various m. In Venezuela, it is known only from parts of Bolivar and Amazonas, it would Bolivar and Amazonas. Sites not appear to be no more variable than P. reported by Bunting (1979) include pulchrum; perhaps P. phlebodes will Bolivar - Cerro Guaiquinima as well as prove inseparable from that species. The Icabaru - Santa Elena and R(o Chicanan two species would appear to differ in no on the Gran Sabana and Amazonas - major character and P. phlebodes in Cerro Marah uaca and RIO Casiquiare. Venezuela is distinguished only by The species is recognized by its growing on rocks or epiphytically. coriaceous, waxy, oblong, long-petiolate blades with usually rounded or obtuse Philodendron pinnarifidum (Jacq.) bases and a smooth upper surface with Schott, Wiener Z. Kunst 3: 780. 1829. all of the veins more or less equal. It also Philodendron pinnatifidum is has persistent, intact cataphyll fibers. currently believed to be endemic to The species is most easily confused Venezuela in the Cordillera de la Costa, with P. callosum, which has a similar 144 Aroideana (Vol. 9(1-4) habit and similar leaves, but that species terrestrial, erect herb; aside from blade differs in having veins which are closely shape and less conspicuous primary and deeply sunken on the upper lateral veins, it differs little from P. surface. Figs. 286-288 pulchrum. Philodendron ph/ebodes is also similar to and perhaps inseparable from Philodendron pulchrum G. M. Barroso, P. pulchrum. See that species for Arch. Jard. Bot. Rio de Janeiro 15: differences. 92. 1957. Another closely related species from = Philodendron remifolium Bolivar is P. dunstervilleorum. Bunting Schultes, Rhodora 66: 124. 1964. (1979) indicates that this species differs TYPE: Colombia: Vaupes, RIO Paca, by having moderately smooth blades Schultes & Cabrera 19553 (ECON, with interprimary veins lying between holotype). each pair of primary lateral veins (also Figs. 289-290, 294-295 true of P. phlebodes). Though Bunting Philodendron pulchrum ranges from (1979) did not mention the inner spathe southern Venezuela to Brazil (Roraima surface, one collection, believed to be and Amazonas), Colombia (Vaupes and P. dunstervilleorum (Croat 54250), has Putumayo) and Peru (Amazonas, Loreto the inner surface of the spathe maroon and San Martin), at 115-1,250 m. (see that species for additional The species is recognized by its comments). coriaceous, ovate-elliptic to oblong­ Less closely related, though perhaps elliptic blades which are obtuse to confused with P. pulchrum, is P. rounded or weakly subcordate at base, dyscarpium Schultes. It differs in having its sharply to obtusely sulcate petioles much smaller leaves and a spathe tube and its long pedunculate inflorescence that is maroon within. (See photo under (1 per axil) with the spathe usually green that species). on the outer surface and described variously as white, green or pinkish within. Sometimes the outer surface is spotted reddish, especially toward the base. The plant's habit is variable. In Philodendron rhodoaxis Bunting, Acta. Venezuela, where it is common in Bot. Venez. 10: 308. 1975. Amazonas in the Department of RIO Philodendron rhodoaxis is endemic Negro, the species is usually terrestrial. to ~he Cordillera de la Costa in cloud Elsewhere, it is usually a hemiepiphyte, forests at 1,150-1,500 m. It is currently clambering to considerable heights in known from only Aragua, Yaracuy and trees. (See photos of population at San Trujillo. Carlos de RIO Negro, Amazonas, It is a typical member of section Venezuela and at Macoa in Putumayo, Pteromischum and is abundant in the Colombia). forests at the summit in Pittier National The species is closely related to a Park along the road between Maracay group of Venezuelan species, especially and Ocumare. Figs. 291-293 P. dunstervilleorum, P. phlebodes and P. The species is characterized by pimichinense and is perhaps not having the petiole sheath end well separable from the latter. Philodendron below the leaf base, by its oblong­ pimichinense, known only from the area elliptic to ovate blades with 10-14 north of the RIO Guainla between prominently arcuate primary lateral Maroa and Yavita, differs in having more veins and by having the axis of the slender, typically almost oblong, blades. spadix pinkish when fresh. (Bunting, like P. pulchrum in Venezuela, it is a 1979). 1986) Croat-Venezuela Araceae 145

~T'~~~s:~;~~~:~2~ 'h.H•• r...... ,

u-_~'-"- __.:....

..

288

Fig s. 286-289. 286-288. Philo dendron ptarianum Steyerma rk . 286. Ve nezuela. Boliva r: Ch imanta Mass if, 850-1100 m, St eyermark 75099. 287. Venezuela. Bolivar: Auyan-Tepul, St eyermark 93254. 288. Venezuela. Bo liva r : Pt ari-TepuI, Steyermark 59682. ----289. P. pulchrum G. M . Barroso. Venezuela. Amazonas : San Carlos de RIO Neg ro . 100 m , Croat 59257. Hab it, xl / 9. 146 Aroideana (Vol. 9(1-4)

Philodendron roraimae Krause, Pflan­ The species is a typical member of zenreich, IV 23Db (Heft 60): 123. section Pteromischum, and is charac­ 1913. Figs. 296-298, 302. terized by the petiole being winged­ Philodendron roraimae is endemic to vaginate all the way to the base of the the Guiana Highlands from Venezuela, blade and often with the apex of the Brazil and, without doubt, Guyana, sheath overlapping the base of the ranging from the northern escarpment blade. The blades are small (less than forest south of EI Dorado to Cerro 22 cm long and 7.5 cm wide) drying Roraima in the south, at 700 to 1,660 m. somewhat brownish below and some­ The species is a large, rosulate what ashen gray on the upper surface. epiphyte characterized by the thick, Blade shape is relatively variable, from persistent, sharply 2-ribbed cataphylls ovate-elliptic to oblong-elliptic or (remaining more or less intact apically, somewhat oblanceolate. Figs. 299-300 coarsely fibrous at base), the subterete In most respects it is similar to P. petioles (somewhat flattened adaxially krauseanum, but that species has thick­ with an obtuse medial rib), which are er, less narrowly acuminate leaves somewhat asperous near the apex, the drying more brown or blackened above coriaceous, broadly ovate, deeply and petioles which are not sheathed all cordate, semiglossy blades (with midrib the way to the apex. In addition, the and posterior rib paler green) and by stems of P. krauseanum are more con­ the paired inflorescences, which are spicuously ribbed on drying. bright red on the tube outside and greenish white within, while the blade is Philodendron d. sagitti{olium Liebm., greenish white on both surfaces. Vidensk. Medde!. Dansk Naturhist. The species is not easily confused Foren Kj~benhavn 17. 1849. with any other, though it has leaf blades A collection from the Cordillera de and cataphylls somewhat like larger la Costa in Yaracuy in the cloud forest plants of P. chimantae. However, that above Salom (Croat 60804) does not key species differs in having a petiole which out well in Bunting's 1979 treatment for is usually conspicuously winged-angled, Philodendron of Venezuela. It is, at least on the adaxial surface. perhaps, P. sagittifolium Liebm. from Central America, differing only slightly Philodendron rudgeanum Schott, from typical material of that highly vari­ Synop. Aroid. 78. 1856. able, widespread species. More studies Philodendron rudgeanum ranges are needed to determine if Philoden­ from Trinidad and the Guianas to Brazil dron sagittifolium does occur in Vene­ (Amap~) and Venezuela. In Venezuela, zuela. Figs. 301, 303-304, 306 it ranges from Bol(var and Delta Amacuro in the east to Yaracuy, Portu­ Philodendron scandens C. Koch & Sello, guesa, M~rida and Trujillo. Most Ind. Sem. Hort. Bero!' App. 14. 1853. specimens were collected at 1,200-2,000 Philodendron scandens ranges from m. Although the material from the three Mexico to Panama (on both slopes of more western states mentioned above the Continental Divide), Colombia and matches the type reasonably well, Stey­ Ecuador (at least as far south as Los ermark & Dunsterville 112358, from R(os Province) on the Pacific slope and Bolivar State, differs in having the from Venezuela to the Guianas, Brazil, primary lateral veins obscure above and Peru and Bolivia in the Amazon basin. In only faintly visible below. Davidse & Venezuela, it is widespread though Gonzalez 16269, from Delta Amacuro, seldom collected, known at sea level to also differs in having larger leaves (to 22 900(1,200) m, from the Cordillera de la cm long) and occurs at only 0-200 m. Costa in Aragua, and in Yaracuy, along n (3 1'" rp< :J rp N C rp

'"....>- n '"rp '"rp

Fig s. 290-293. 290. Philodendron pulchrum G. M . Barroso. Venezuela. Ama zo nas: San Ca rl os de RIO Negro, 100 m , Croa t 59257. In flo resce nce , x6l2s. ----291 -293. P. rh odoaxis Bunting. Venezuela. Aragua: Henri Pitti er National Park , 1150-1200 m, Croat 60597. 291. Stem and leaves , xl / S. 292. Leaves, x1/s. 293 . Lea ves, xl / s . 148 Aroideana (Vol. 9(1-4)

Fi gs. 294-297. 29 4-295. Philodendron p ulchrum G. M . Barroso. 294. Vene­ zuela . Amazonas: Sa n Ca rl os de Klo Negro, 100 m , Croa t 59257. 294. Leaf, xl / 8. 295. Colombia. Putumayo: Macoa, Croa t 51761. Fl owering shoot, xl / 9. ----296-297. P. roraimae Krause. Venezuela. Bolivar: Gran Saba na, Sta. Elena - EI Dorado, 1070 m , Croa t 54300. 296. Stem w ith wea thered ca taph yll fibers xl / 4. 297 . Stem w ith infloresce nce, xl / 6. 1986) Croa t-Venezuela Araceae 149

Figs . 298-301. 298. Ph ilodendron ro raimae Krause. Venezuela. Bolivar: St a. Elena - EI Corado on the Gran Sabana, 1070 m, Croat 53400. Leaf, xl / 6. ----299-300. P. rudgea num Schott. 299. Venezuela. Trujillo: ESE o f Bocono, 1600 m , Liesner et a/. 12849. ----300. Venezuela . Delta Amacuro: Tu cupita, 50-200 m, Davidse & Gonza lez 16269. ----301. P. cf. sagittifolium Liebm. Venezuela. Yaracuy : Sa lom - Ca ndelari a, 1260- 1290 m , Croat 60804. Leaf, xl/ 6...... VIo

>- 2. 0... (1) '"::J '"

Figs . 302-305. 302. Philodendron roraimae Krause. Ve nezuela. Boliva r : Gran Sa bana , Sta. El ena - EI Do rad o, 1070 o< m, Croat 54300. Hab it, xl / 31. ----303-304. P. d. sagi (( ifo lium Li ebm. Ve nezuela. Ya rac uy: Sa lom - Ca ndelari a, 1260-1290 m, Croat 60804. 303. Habit, xl / 15. 304. Stem with inflorescences, xl / 5. ----305. P. sma ragdinum Bunting. Venezuela. Amazonas : Pu erto Ayacucho - Sanariapo, 100 m, Croat 55 063. Hab it xl / 6. 1986) Croat-Venezuela Araceae 151 the base of the Cordillera de Merida in dinum), in having prominent primary T~chira and Apure as well as in eastern lateral veins (versus moderately obscure Venezuela in Delta Amacuro and Bolivar on the lower surface, at least on drying, (RIo Paragua; Icaban~, near the Brazilian for P. smaragdinum) and 6-11 locules border). Fig. 307 per pistil (versus usually 3, rarely 4, in The species is one of the com­ P. smaragdinum). monest, most widespread species in the genus. It is distinguished by its scandent Philodendron solimoesense A. C. Smith, habit, long internodes somewhat flat­ J. Arnold Arbor. 20: 289. 1939. tened on one side, the terete petiole, the moderately coriaceous, broadly Philodendron solimoesense ranges ovate blades with an obovate sinus and from northern Venezuela to the a posterior rib that is not at all naked. Guianas, Brazil (Amapa, Amazonas), It is similar to both P. acutatum and P. Colombia (Vaup~s) and Peru (Loreto) at smaragdinum. Both differ in having elevations of less than 250 m. In Vene­ terete stems; both P. acutatum and P. zuela, the species occurs in Miranda smaragdinum also differ in having fewer near the Caribbean coast, in seasonally numbers of ovules per locule (Bunting, dry forests between Carnearo and Chiri­ 1979). In addition, P. acutatum differs in mena as well as in the Cerros del having a more triangular blade, which is Bachiller. It is also known from north of considerably longer than broad (more the Guiana Highlands in Bolivar (Tu­ broadly ovate in P. scandens). meremo-Bochinche road) with exten­ sions along the Guiana coast to Amapa Philodendron smaragdinum Bunting, in Brazil, as well as in southern Vene­ Acta Bot. Venez. 10: 311. 1975. zuela in Amazonas (RIO Yatua at base Philodendron smaragdinum is en­ of Cerro Arauicaua) and Apure (wide- demic to Venezuela, known only from spread). Figs. 308-309 Amazonas at less than 200 m, from the This species, one of the few truly type locality at the base of Cerro Duida high-growing canopy epiphytes in the (central part of the state) and near Amazon basin, often occurs high on the Puerto Ayacucho. At Puerto Ayacucho, tree branches well above the crown. the plant was found growing atop huge The species seems to manage this diffi­ granite boulders in partial shade. cult feat by obtaining nutrients from The species is characterized by its its huge roots that extend all the way scandent habit, elongate, smooth in­ to the ground. The roots are heavily ternodes, deciduous, unribbed cata­ armed with spine-like protuberances. phylls, its long, obtusely flattened It is similar to P. venezue/ense, which petioles and by its broadly ovate, mod­ also may be a crown epiphyte, but the erately thin, semiglossy, moderately latter species seems to thrive better as a small blades. Fig. 305 terrestrial plant in sandy areas such as It is at least superficially similar to around San Carlos de RIO Negro (where P. scandens, which differs in having the individuals may attain immense size). internodes flattened on one side and in See the discussion following that species having many more ovules per locule. In for separation of these two taxa. Bunting's key (1979) the species keys out with P. acutatum, since both species have 1-4 ovules per locule. Philoden­ Philodendron sphalerum Schott, Prodr. dron acutatum differs from P. sma rag­ Syst. Aroid. 235. 1860. dinum in having blades usually much = P. longepetio/atum Engl., Bot. larger than 20 cm long (versus usually Jahrb. 1:483. 1881. French Guyana, smaller than 20 cm long for P. sma rag- Melinon (P). 152 Aroideana (Vol. 9(1-4 )

Fig s. 306 -309. 306 . Philo rJ e m /ro ll d . sagitl ifo lium Lieb m . Vene zuela. Yara cuy : Sa lo m - Ca ndelari a, 1260-1 290 m, Cro at 60804. Inflo res ce nces , x1/ 6. ---- 307. P. sca m /ens C. Koch & Sell o. Venezuela. Yara cu y: Salo m - Ca nde ­ lari a, Croat 60808. Habit , x1/ 15. ---- 308-309. P. so limo esense A. C. Smith . Brazil. Harley et al. 10705. 308. Leaf. 309. Inflo r escen c es . 1986) Croat-Venezuela Araceae 153

Philodendron spha/erum ranges the latter differs in having short inter­ from Venezuela to Guyana, Surinam and nodes, a creeping habit, sulcate peti­ French Guiana from 100-500 m. In Vene­ oles and waxy blades. zuela, the species is known only from Amazonas along the RIO Casiquiare Philodendron strictum Bunting, Phy­ (Steyermark 102673). It is the first tologia 60 (5) :328. 1986. report for Venezuela. Philodendron strictum is endemic to The species is recognized by its Venezuela, known only from the vicinity appressed-climbing habit, moderately of the Tam~ massif on Cerro Las Minas long internodes, its long-petiolate, SSW of San Crist6bal near Santa Ana at elliptic to elliptic-Ianceolate blades 110-1330 m. which dry green, are acuminate at the The species is characterized by its apex and truncate to obtuse at the base, thick stems, short internodes, thick, somewhat decurrent on the oetiole. sharply 2-ribbed cataphyll which per­ Also characteristic are the paired, sists semi-intact at upper nodes (even­ slender, long-pedunculate inflores­ tually deciduous), by its subterete cences with a green spathe, which is not petiole (weakly flattened at apex and constricted above the base. obtusely sulcate at base) and by its Philodendron longepetio/atum, syn­ broadly ovate blades with a hippocrepi­ onymized here for the first time, has form sinus and 3-5 broadly spreading been reported from Guyana and French primary lateral veins. Especially charac­ Guiana. It had been separated by having teristic is the dried petiole which has a longer petioles and blades and by conspicuous yellow epidermis. having terete petioles. However, these The species is a member of Sect. characters have broken down on closer Po/yspermium (Bunting, 1986) and is inspection and the two taxa are there­ similar to P. cundinamarcense Croat, fore united. sp. nov. ined. from Colombia, which differs in having a matte blade with Philodendron steyermarkii Bu nti ng, closer primary lateral veins and a nar­ Acta Bot. Venez. 10: 312. 1975. rower sinus. Also an apparent relative Philodendron steyermarkii, known is P. hebetatum Croat & Grayum sp. nov. until recently only from Venezuela, is ined. from Costa Rica, Panama and known from Brazil (Roraima), Colombia Colombia. That species differs in having (Vaupes) and Peru (Loreto) at 125- triangular-ovate blades and a spathe 800 m. In Venezuela, it is known from tube which is purple on the outside. southern Bolivar (vicinity of Santa Elena and Icaban~ as well as Cano Pablo, a tributary of RIO Caura) and in Amazonas Philodendron surinamense (Miq. ex (Cerro Arauicaua, vicinity of Pimichln Schott) Engler, DC. Monogr. Phan. 2: and along the RIO Cataniapo). 361. 1879. Fig. 311 The species is dislinguished by its Philodendron surinamense ranges high climbing habit, long, slender inter­ from Venezuela (Amazonas and Bolivar) nodes, terete petioles, the ovate-oblong through the Guianas to Brazil and Peru blades with scarcely any development of (vicinity of iquitos) from near sea level primary lateral veins and with a sub­ to 1,300 m. cordate base. The inflorescence is it is a member of section Pteromis­ creamy, suffused with lilac outside on chum and is characterized by petioles the tube and purple-magenta inside sheathed to or nearly to the base of the on the tube. Fig. 310 blade and by its rather small, oblong­ Herbarium material is perhaps most elliptic (sometimes somewhat oblanceo­ easily confused with P. ptarianum, but late or lanceolate) blades lacking 154 Aroidea na (Vo l. 9(1-4)

Figs . 310-313 . 310. Philodendro n steyermark ii Bunting. Ve nezuela. Bo livar : vic. R(o Cuara. Morillo & Liesner 8924. ----311 . P. surinamense (Miq. ex Sc ho tt) Engler. Guya na. j enman 7008. ----312-313 . P. tenue C. Koch. Ve nezuela. Meri da : La Azulita - EI Vigia, 760 m , Croa t 54875. Hab it, xl / 8. 313. Venezuela. Tachira: Sa n Cri sto bal -La Fun daci6 n, 810 m , Croa t 60693. Lea f b lade, xl / S. 1986) Croat-Venezuela Araceae 155 primary lateral veins. It appears to be Merida to Apure. It is strange that the closely related to P. rudgeanum, which species is found on both sides of the differs in having blades with distinct Andes (an unusual pattern except for primary lateral veins and which usually the most weedy of species) but still does dry brown (versus greenish in P. surina­ not extend to the western Amazon mense). basin. It should certainly be expected there. Philodendron lachirense Bunting, Phy­ The species is characterized by its tologia 60 (5):330. 1986. epiphytic habit, short internodes, per­ Philodendron tachirense is endemic sistent cataphyll fibers, its more or less to Venezuela, known at present only terete petioles (equal to or longer than from Tachira (but to be expected in the blades) and especially by the ovate adjacent Merida), occurring at 1100- to ovate-triangular blades with promi­ 1200 m in premontane wet forest life nent posterior lobes, which are often zones. All known collections were made directed outward. Also characteristic is east of San Crist6bal, between San Cris­ the narrow to almost closed, V-shaped tobal and La Florida as well as in the sinus, with the posterior ribs not at all area between La Fundacion and Prego­ naked. The anterior lobe has numerous, nero. Figs. 314, 318-319 close primary lateral veins. The species is recognized by its The species is similar to, and perhaps scandent habit, caducous, unribbed related to P. maguirei, but that species cataphylJ, moderately spongy, more or is terrestrial, has fewer, typically 3-6, less terete petioles, its ovate, inequi­ primary lateral veins (versus 8 to 20 for laterally ovate, subcordate to cordate P. tenue) and has petioles drying straw blades with a triangular sinus which is yellow (versus green to brown for P. broader than deep and with the tenue). posterior rib not naked. Also character­ istic are the inflorescences which occur Philodendron Irujilloi Bunting, Acta in clusters of 4-5 per axil, have uncon­ Bot. Venez. 10: 313. 1975. stricted spathes with the tubes green Philodendron trujil/oi is known only outside, maroon within and with the from Venezuela, occurring at 100-1,350 blades white on both surfaces. m in the foothills of the Serranla de Perij~ The species is placed in Section in Zulia (and also E of Lago Maracaibo in Oligospermium (Bunting, 1986) and the foothills of the Cordillera de somewhat resembles P. azulitense, but Merida) an in the Cordillera de Merida the latter differs in having no more than from Yaracuy south to Tachira and 2 inflorescences per axil, and in having Apure. Though not yet known from a more triangular leaf blade with the Barinas or Merida, it is to be expected posterior rib naked for up to 2 cm. there. Figs. 315-317 The species is characterized by its Philodendron lenue C. Koch & Augus­ short internodes, persistent cataphyll tin, Ind. Sem. Hort. Berol. App. 7. fibers, more or less D-shaped petioles 1854. Figs. 312-313 about equalling the blades, obtuse Philodendron tenue ranges from medial ribs, large oblong-ovate blades Nicaragua to southern Ecuador (EI Oro) (which dry blackened) with 8-10 sunken on the Pacific slope. In Venezuela. it veins and by its long-pedunculate in­ ranges along the foothills of the Serranla florescences. de Perija (Zulia), through the Cordillera It is confused with P. ornatum, which de la Costa (Yaracuy to the Distrito Fed­ has similarly black-drying blades, a D­ eral at Cerro Naiguata') and in foothills shaped petiole and persistent, pale of the Cordillera de la Costa from cataphyll fibers. That species differs in <: Figs. 314-317. 314. Philodendron tachirense Bunt. Venezuela. Tachira: Fundacion - Pregonero, 1200 m, Croat 60700. o Inflorescences x 3/ 10. ----315-317. P. trujil/oi Bunting. 315. Venezuela. Bo l(var: Gran Sabana , EI Dorado - Sta. Elena , 990 m, Croat 53995. Hab it x 1/ 31. 316. Ve nezuela. Tac hira: San Cri stobal - La Funda ci6n, 810 m, Croat 60692. Leaf, xl / 8. 317. Leaf, xl/ 5. 1986) Croat-Venezuela Araceae 157 having a more broadly ovate blade, veins extending between the minor petioles which are verrucose (at least veins) than does P. venezue/ense. Speci­ near the apex) and proportionately mens of P. solimoesense also show the shorter peduncles. The spathe of P. frequent presence of thick, spiny roots ornatum also differs in having the which appear to be characteristic of this spathe tube purplish to maroon within, species. I do not know how consistently versus creamy-white within for P. spiny they are, but plants I saw of P. trujil/oi. venezuelense were thick but not spiny.

Philodendron venezue/ense Bunting, Philodendron venosum (Willd.) Croat, Acta Bot. Venez. 10: 315. 1975. comb. nov. Figs. 323-324 Philodendron venezuelense is cur­ = Pothos venosa Willd. in Roemer & rently known only from Colombia and Schultes, Syst. Veg 3. (Mant.): 300. Venezuela (where it occurs in the drain­ 1827. age system of the RIO Guainla and RIO TYPE: Venezuela. Sucre: Cumana, Negro, as well as the Casiquiare, Paci­ Humboldt & Bonpland 3097 (B). moni and Yatua rivers). In Venezuela, it = Philodendron nervosum Kunth, is common in the forest around the . - . Enum. PI. 3: 51. 1841, nom. illegit. Cerro Neblina base camp and near San TYPE: Same as Pothos venosa (see Carlos de RIO Negro. In Colombia, it has above). been collected as far west as the plains = P. broadwayi N. E. Brown, Kew along the Cordillera Oriental southwest Bull. 1912: 343. of Florencia (presumably it ranges TYPE: Trinidad. Near Caledonia. throughout southern Colombia to Broadway 3880 (K, holotype; G, Venezuela). Figs. 320-322, 342 GH, isotypes). The species is a member of subgenus = P. karstenianum auctt. non Schott Meconostigma, and is characterized by (1856): N. W. Simmonds, J. Ecol. having stamens about 10 times longer 38:290. 1950; N. W. Simmonds, Kew than broad (Bunting 1979), as well as Bull. 1950:405. 1951; Bunting, Rev. huge stems with conspicuous leaf scars Fac. Agron. (Maracay) 10:233. 1979. and stout roots. It is also characterized by its generally huge size, its coriaceous, Philodendron venosum ranges from deeply cordate-sagittate blades, which northeastern Venezuela to Trinidad. are borne pendent on the semi-erect Specimens collected in Sucre (e.g., Stey­ to spreading, obtusely D-shaped peti­ ermark & Agostini 91159 and Steyermark oles having an obtuse medial rib. The & Liesner 120637) are virtually identical large posterior lobes may be overlap­ to material from Trinidad (e.g., Broad­ ping on larger blades, with an obovate way 3889, 6913). to rhombic or mitered sinus and with Mayo (Flora of Trinidad and Tobago, the posterior rib naked for 5 to 7 cm or in press) reported it also as P. lingu/a­ more. Its very long, coriaceous, brown tum (l.) C. Koch, for Colombia and cataphylls are characteristically per­ Ecuador, but it probably ranges no sistent. farther west than Sucre and Monagas in The species is similar to P. solimoe­ the eastern end of the Cordillera de la sense (also a member of subgenus Costa of Venezuela. Meconostigma), but that species differs The species is characterized by its in having deciduous cataphylls, more ovate to oblong-ovate or oblong­ narrowly triangular blades, and leafaxils elliptic, slightly inequilateral blades with bearing numerous, small, stiff brownish obtuse to truncate or sometimes weakly scales. In addition, that species has subcordate bases which dry green, and less conspicuous "cross-veins" (minute by its petioles, broadly winged usually 158 Aroidea na (Vol. 9(1-4)

Figs. 318-321. 318. Philod e ndro n tachirense Bunt. Venezuela. Fundaci6 n - Pr egonero , 1200 m, Croa t 54951. Habit, xl / 6. 319. P. tachire nse. Venezuela. Tac hira : Fundaci6 n - Pregonero , 1200 m , Croa t 60700. Leaf, xl / 5. ----320-321. P. venezue/ense Bunting. 320. Ve nezuela. Sa n Carl os de RIO Negro, 100 m, Croat 59259. Habit, xl / 15. 321. Venezu ela. A maz o nas : vic. Ce rro Neblina, 140 m , Croat 59324. Habit, xl / 9. 1986) Croat-Venezuela A raceae , 159

...... ,. ..;\OtQH ~c .. . , .... (.... , ' 'Yo. C ~IJ>O,

..'" .. 'I • ~ ••... · ...... '11 ".,."..'. _lin ,..\-, .... - '0 "' . ';;f:

32u

Figs. 322-325. 322. Philodendro n venez ue/ense Bunt. Ve nezuela. Amazonas: vic. Cerro Neblina, 140 m , Croat 59324. St em x1/ 9. ----323-324. P. veno ­ sum (Willd.) Croa t. 323. Venezuela. Sucre: Peninsula o f Paria, Mana­ ca l - Pauje, 750 -8 30 m , Steyermark & Rabe 96073. ----324. Venezuela. Sucre: Peninsula of Paria , 850 -860 m , Steyermark & Agostini 91159. ---- 325. P. ve nustum Bunting. Venezuela. Amazonas : Ce rro Neblina, 140 m , Croat 59346. Habit, xl / 11. 160 Aroideana (Vol. 9(1-4) to within 1-2 cm of the base of the blade based on a Karsten collection from (Mayo, (Ioc. cit.) reports them to be Colombia). That species, though having sometimes fully winged in Trinidad) and similar leaves, has a decidedly different by having 2-3 inflorescences per axil. inflorescence, with the tube and blade The peduncles are nearly as long as the portions clearly demarcated by a notice­ relatively short, broad spathes. able constriction above the spathe tube The spe.cies has been confused with (see Schott drawing 2701, 2393). With P. inaequilaterum, which has more nar­ Engler and Krause's circumscription, the rowly winged petioles, blades with more species included clearly unrelated numerous, broadly spreading lateral material from western South America veins and a longer, more slender inflor­ and Panama. escence. It is also similar to P. lingu/a­ It is also interesting to note that tum, which occurs farther north in the although the only collections I have lesser Antilles and on Puerto Rico seen of P. venosum were made in north­ and Hispaiiola. That species differs in eastern Venezuela or in Trinidad, one having a much longer, more gradually Schott drawing (2392) was purportedly tapered spadix, and more typically ovate made from a Fendler collection from to narrowly ovate blades. Colonia Tovar in Aragua. That drawing The current, easy access to the entire shows an inflorescence very similar to set of Schott drawings made possible material from eastern Venezuela, but a with the publication of the IDC micro­ photo of the actual specimen at Kew fiche edition of Schott's "Icones shows the spathe to be somewhat more Aroideae et reliquiae" (1984) makes a constricted above the tube. Perhaps it is reinterpretation of this species possible. not P. venosum. The species was originally published as Pothos venosa Willd. by J. A. & J. H. Philodendron venustum Bunting, Acta Schultes in Roemer & Schultes, Syst. Bot. Venez. 10: 316. 1975. Veg. 3 (Mant.) in 1827, based on a Hum­ Philodendron venustum is known boldt and Bonpland collection report­ only from Venezuela in Territorio edly from Novo Andulasia (Venezuela). Amazonas (Cerro Neblina, Cerro Araui­ One drawing of a specimen in the caua, Cerro Yapacana, RIo Guainla, RIo Willdenow Herbarium #3097 (collection Orinoco and RIO Negro), but it is un­ #295) is labeled "Cumana". Schott ap­ doubtedly in adjacent Colombia, at least parently attributed this collection to in Guainla and Vichada. It occurs in having been made at Cumana in Sucre evergreen forests at low elevations, State of Venezuela. Modern collections mostly less than 250 m. The range of from this part of Venezuela and from P. venustum will probably be found to Trinidad have short inflorescences be much wider than currently known. A which are scarcely or not at all con­ collection from Colombia (Meta) (Croat str i cted above the tube. 55539), and several from loreto, Peru, Kunth (1841) apparently misinter­ (Gentry et al. 29156,29913; Vasquez 495) preted the spelling of the name of this are remarkably similar to P. venustum. species and validly but illegitimately The species is an appressed-epipyte renamed it as Philodendron nervosum. characterized by its relatively long stem Schott (1856, 1860) and Engler and with moderately short internodes and Krause (1913) followed this error, as did persistent cataphyll fibers. Its petioles others, e.g., Simmonds (1950, 1951) and are less than one-half to two-thirds as Bunting (1979). Moreover, Engler and long as the blades, thicker than broad Krause further confused things by syn­ and obtusely sulcate, and the more or onymizing P. venosum (as P. nervosum) less oblong blades (3.2-4.2 times longer with P. karstenianum Schott (a species than wide) have an obtuse, rounded or 1986) Croat-Venezuela Araceae 161 subcordate base. The midrib beneath is mentioned above. In terms of blade thicker than broad. The inflorescence shape, it matches P. melinonii well, is solitary, with a pale green spathe and it may prove to be that species. Also which is white-lineate at the base. noteworthy is Bunting 2857, identified as The species could be confused with P. vinaceum and marked "paratype" P. lemae, but that species has blades and which is possibly A. fragrantis­ only about twice as long as broad and is simum. apparently not related to P. venustum, but rather to a series of other seemingly Philodendron wurdackii Bunting, Phy­ closely related species, including P. tologia 60 (5): 333. 1986. dyscarpium Schultes, P. dunsterville­ Hemiepiphytic vine, the stems some­ orum Bunting, P. remifolium Schultes, times loosely attached to host on P. phlebodes Bunting and others. flowering plants, flowering at 1.5-4 m Philodendron venustum seems to be high on trunk; internodes 2-10 cm long, a member of section Polyspermium 1-1.5 cm diam., at least sometimes some­ Engler, series Caniphyllum Schott, along what flattened on one side with distinct with P. cuneatum Engler and P. fibril­ marginal ribs on the flattened portion, losum Poeppig (being closer to the green turning brown in age, drying former). Philodendron cuneatum differs irregularly sulcate and fissured, the epi­ in having several inflorescences per dermis light yellowish or reddish brown, node. Fig. 325 often cracking free in large pieces, sometimes with scurfy cracks perpen­ Philodendron vinaceum Bunting, Acta dicular to the axis; cataphylls sharply Bot. Venez. 10: 317. 1975. two-ribbed, deciduous. LEAVES scat­ Philodendron vinaceum is endemic tered along stem, spreading in the same to Venezuela, occurring at 700-1,300 m direction as the petioles; petiole firm to in the Gran Sabana of Bol(var State. spongy; 8-24 cm long, 1-1.5 cm diam., The species is a rosulate epIphytic cross-sectional shape variable, obtusely herb characterized by its short inter­ D-shaped to somewhat triangular or ob­ nodes, a rotten mass of cataphylls (un­ tusely flattened laterally, mostly broadly ribbed when fresh with the outer convex adaxially, the margins obtuse to epidermis persisting for a time), its acute, sheathed 2-5 cm at base, the apex broadly ovate, usually moderately thick at least sometimes with a dark green blades, which are rounded to subcor­ construction or a raised ring around the date at the base and brownish maroon petiole; blades oblanceolate to oblong­ when young on the lower surface. The oblanceolate, subcoriaceous, semi­ petioles are generally somewhat short­ glossy, (35)30-40(48) cm long, 4.3-12.2 er than the blades and are obtusely D­ cm wide, broadest well above the shaped to broadly sulcate adaxially, with middle, acuminate to abruptly acumi­ usually prominent margins. The inflores­ nate, narrowed to base and rounded to cences are solitary, with the peduncle weakly subcordate at base, weakly somewhat shorter than the spathe. arched along the midrib, medium to Another unusual feature of this species dark green above, slightly paler and is the presence of well developed yellow-green beneath; midrib convex to "cross-veins" extending between adja­ flattened and concolorous above, raised cent minor veins on the lower surface beneath; primary lateral veins at most (see Croat 54316). Fig. 326 weakly sunken above, slightly raised be­ Noteworthy is Steyermark & Vun­ neath, drying obscure (usually scarcely sterville 92760 from 1,220 m on Cerro or not at all distinguishable on either Venamo. This sheet has a blade which surface), minor veins moderately dries very thin and lacks the cross-veins obscure both before and after drying, 162 Aroideana (Vol. 9(1-4)

Figs. 326-329. 326. Phi/o(/enciron vinaceum Bunting. Venez uela. Boliva r : Sta. Elena - EI Dorado, 1040 m. Croat 543 16. Habit xl / 6. ----327. P. wurciackii Bunt. Venezuela. Amazonas: vic. Cerro Neblina, 140 m , Croat 59385. Leaves. xl / 8. ----328-329. P. wurdackii Bunt. Colo mbia. Meta: Vi lla Vi nce ncio - Granada , Croat 55538. Infloresce nces. xl l2. 1986) Croat-Venezuela Araceae 163 arlSmg at 45-60° angle, extending occurs at 120-1,130 m. In Venezuela, it is straight to the midrib. INFLORESCENCES known only from Amazonas (R(o Yatua, erect, usually paired, less frequently 3 San Carlos de R(o Negro and base of per axil; peduncle terete, darker green Cerro Neblina). Figs. 327-329 than the spathe, 4-10(14) cm long, 5-7 It is probably a member of section mm diam. (about one-third as long as, Oligospermium series Be/ocardium and to somewhat longer than the spathe); is apparently related to a sel'ies of scan­ spathe 7-13 cm long, subcoriaceous, dent, hemiepiphytic species with more outside glossy, tube ca. 4-5 cm long, 2 or less elongate leaves with frequently cm diam., light green on tube, cream on soft petioles and rounded to subcordate blade, inside creamy white, weakly con­ leaf bases. It is perhaps closest to P. stricted about midway; spadix almost heterophyllum Poeppig, P. uleanum sessile or with stipe to 1.3 cm long, Engler and P. wittianum Engler, but dif­ white at anthesis (or shortly after anthe­ fers from all of these in having only sis), straight and extending 1-3 cm inconspicuous primary lateral veins beyond the end of the spathe (persisting which are not at all apparent on drying, protruding through the end of the re­ whereas the above species have com­ closed spathe), the pistillate portion 2.3- paratively prominent primary lateral 5.7 cm long, up to one-third or to veins even on drying. almost one-half as long as the staminate Bunting (1979) treated this species as portion of the spadix, 6-11 mm diam.; P. paxianum Krause (although he re­ the pistils (dried) 1-1.2 mm long, 0.5-0.6 ported that the inflorescences extended mm wide; stigma brown, button­ up to the middle of the subtending shaped, 4-5 mm diam., depressed blade, whereas they are more frequently medially, the center often raised (the shorter, sometimes scarcely as long as stigma thus looking like a small wheel the petiole or even shorter than the with a central hub, often also with a petiole), but that species, like the others series of small cavities around the hub), mentioned above, has prominent with a thin, whitish, more or less trans­ primary lateral veins. In my opinion, P. lucent, broad skirt around the base of paxianum is probably closely related to the stigma (these overlapping with one the others mentioned in section Oligo­ another in juvenile stage, making the spermium, series Be/ocardium and I sides of the pistil not visible and dis­ believe Engler erred in placing it in appearing altogether after enthesis), section Baursia with P. linnaei, P. insigne ovary 6-locular, locules uniovulate; and others. staminate portion 5-8.2 cm long, 6-11 mm diam., bluntly tapered to apex, BRAZIL. AMAZONAS: basin of Rio Demeni. vir broadest at upper one-third, narrowest Tototobi. Prance ('I a/. 10234. 10312 (NY): Mpio. 2-2.5 cm from base, the staminate MMaa. Rio 'apura. environs of town of Maraj. Lago flowers irregularly 4-5 sided, truncate Maraa. 1°51'S. 65°36' W. Plowman el a/. 12204 (NY). and smooth at apex, 1-1.5 mm wide in COLOMBIA. AMAZONAs-VAUPEs: RIO Apa­ one direction, frequently flattened and poris. soratama (above mouth of RIO Kananar". much narrower in the other dimension. OOS'N, 70 0 40'W. 300 m, Schu/les & Cabrera 15106 INFRUCTESCENCE not seen. (US). META: along road to San Luis de Cubarral, 0.5 Philodendron wurdackii ranges km W of North-South hwy. between Villavicencio and Granada, 3°45'N. 73°4S'W, SSO m, Croal 55538 throughout the northern Amazon re­ iJAUM. MOl. gion, extending from southern Vene­ ECUADOR. NAPO: 3 km N of Lago Agrio, zuela, northern Brazil (Amazonas, Rio bl'tween Lago Agrio and RIO San Miguel. OOS'N, )apura, Rio Demeny) to southern 76°S0·W. 450 rn. Cro.!' 50305 (MO): 17 krn W of Lurnbaqul' (70 km W of Lago Agrio), 1.130 rn, Colombia (Vaupes, Meta), Ecuador C,'llIry 12575 (MOl: Canyon Putumayo, RIO Agua­ (Napo and Pastaza) to Peru (Loreto) and riro. Dureno, SOO m. Plowman p( a/. 4045 (GH): RIO 164 Aroideana (Vol. 9(1-4)

Wai si aya, tributary of RIO Aguarico, 1.5 km upriver, rooted at the nodes, sometimes branch­ 0°15'5, 76°21'W, 300 m, Brandbyge et a/. 32676 ing; internodes 6-10 cm long, 1-1.5 cm (AAU); Parque Nacional Yasunr, A"'angu, 0°31'5, 76°23'W, 270 m, Luteyn et a/. 9023 (MO); RIo Cuya­ diam., green drying yellowish brown beno, near Puerto Montufar, 0°6'5, 76°1'W, 230 m, (B & K yellow ca. 717.5) with longitudinal Holm-Nielsen et a/. 21311 (AAU); Nuevo Roca­ sulcae and narrow, sharp ridges. LEAVES fuerte, Harling et a/. 7273 (MO). PASTAZA: RIO with petioles 27-32 cm long, broadly Bobonaza, oil exploration camp Chichirota, 2°22'S, spreading, broadly sheathed to within 76°40'W, 300 m, O/lgaard et a/. 35293 (MO); road from Puyo to Banos, 5.7 km W of Shell, 1°26'S, 1-1.5 cm of the apex, broadly sulcate 78°

Fi gs. 330-333. 330 -332. Philodendron yaracuyense Croat. Venezuela. Yara­ cuy: N of Salom, 1200 m , Croat 54652A. 330. Habit, x1 / 6. 331. Inflor­ escence, x1/ 12. 332. Leaves. ----333. P. zulianum (Bunting) Bunting. Venezuela. Zulia: RIo Guasare, 280 m, Gentry 41155. 166 Aroideana (Vol. 9(1-4) tion ca. 5 mm long, the fertile spadix ca. of Zulia, along the slopes of the Ser­ 1.5 cm diam., tapered toward the apex, rania de Perija at 250-475 m. abruptly narrowed in the lower 1 cm Although Bunting (1979) reported portion of spadix and ca. 9 mm diam. the species (as P. inequilaterum ssp. INFRUCTESCENCE not seen. zulianum) for Tachira as well, that Philodendron yaracuyense is known material (Bunting 2501) is probably P. only from the type locality growing in calatheifolium Bunting, sp. nov. ined. A the understory of primary forest at 1,200 recent collection of P. calatheifolium m. It is a member of section Pterom­ was found in Tachira (Croat 60705), ischum, recognized by its yellowish made in the vicinity of Repressa Dorada brown, sharply ridged dried stem, the between Pregonero and La Fundacion. broadly winged petiole with the sheath It is superficially very similar to P. zuli­ extending almost to the apex and the anum, having stems which dry similarly long, thin, more or less oblong-elliptic, (though more yellow than brown) with long-acuminate blades drying with the deep furrows and acute ridges and .it primary lateral veins only visible on the has blades of similar shape and size (less lower surface. than 1.5 times longer than broad). It also Because of its broadly sheathed occurs at a much higher elevation (1,350 petiole and elongate blades, it is most m) and has a blade that is velvety above similar to P. lingulatum and P. rhodoaxis. with the minor veins on the lower sur­ With the former, it also shares a yellow­ face distinct and darker than surface brown, coarsely ribbed dried stem, but when fresh, but drying scarcely raised P. lingu/atum differs in having propor­ and lacking any cross-veins between the tionately much broader blades (usually minors. P. zulianum, on the other hand, less than 2.5 times longer than broad is not described as velvety above and and rounded at the base) and in having has the minor veins below very promi­ the primary lateral veins clearly visible nent with a conspicuous, mostly anasto­ on the dried upper surface. mosing network of cross-veins. It is in Pilodendron rhodoaxis differs from this latter regard, also, that P. zulianum P. yaracuyense in having a relatively is distinguished from P. inequilaterum smooth, green dried stem, and blades Liebm. The latter species, which is more which generally dry gray to gray-green, widespread in Venezuela, is distin­ with up to 14 moderately prominent guished by having more elongate blades primary lateral veins (versus 5-7 and (generally more than twice as long as moderately obscure in P. yaracuyense). broad) which have distinct cross-veins arranged perpendicular to the minor Philodendron zulianum (Bunting) veins in a regular, scalariform fashion Bunting, ined. (not irregular and anastomosing as in P. (= P. inequilaterum Lieb. ssp. zu­ wlianum). Another feature separating lianum Bunting Acta Bot. Ven. 10: these two species is spathe tube color 299. 1975) (outside), being green in P. inequilat­ TYPE: Venezuela. Zulia, SW of erum and tinged red-purple for P. Mision de Los Angelos de Tokuku zulianum. (Tocucu) SW of Machiques, along Quebrada Perayra, tributary of Rio Tokuku (Tocucu), 450-475 m, Stey­ RHODOSPATHA ermark 99865 (VEN, holotype; US, isotype). Fig. 333 Rhodospatha badilloi Bunting, Acta Bot. Venez. 10: 318. 1975. This species is apparently restricted Rhodospatha badi/loi is endemic to to northwestern Venezuela in the State Venezuela, occurring at about 1,600 m 1986) Croat-Venezuela Araceae 167

in cloud forests of the Cordillera de la 1,300 m. In Venezuela, it is found in the Costa and perhaps also in lara (Parque Cordillera de la Costa (Yaracuy, Aragua, Nacional Yacambu) according to Bunt- Miranda) and in the Cordillera de Merida ing (1979). Fig. 334 (T~chira). Fig. 336 It is characterized by its high­ It reaches 3 meters in height, and is climbing epiphytic habit, generally characterized by its short internodes, its elongate internodes, winged petioles sheathed, sharply sulcate petioles, which which extend to the base of the genicu­ are longer than the _blades, and its papy­ lum and coriaceous, somewhat brittle raceous, elliptic-ovate blades. Its inflor­ elliptic blades (Bunting, 1979). escence has a coral, yellowish or The species is similar to R. moritz;ana creamy, slightly tapered spadix, and a (Schott) Croat, but the latter differs in boat-shaped, white spathe. Rhodospa­ having shorter internodes, in being ter­ tha mor;tz;ana is especially distinguished restrial and generally occurring in dense by its terrestrial habit. It can only be colonies along the steep banks of confused by R. d. pieta Nichols, which streams below 1,400 m. has a petiole shorter than its blade. Until only a few years ago, the Oesterreichisches Botanisches Wochen­ Rhodospatha bolivarana Bunting, Acta. blatt was unavailable in the U.S., which Bot. Venez. 10: 319. 1975. accounts for the above combinations Rhodospatha bolivarana is endemic to made in Rhodospath;. The publication Venezuela, known for certain at an ele­ is apparently very rare even in Europe, vation of more than 500 m in Bolivar and the copy at the Vienna Natural His­ (R(o Canaracuni) but is surely also in tory Museum may be the only existing Amazonas at Cerro de la Neblina at 140 copy. m (Liesner 15978). Fig. 335 The species is distinguished by its Rhodospatha oblongata Poeppig in scandent habit, its oblong-elliptic, Poepp. & Endl, Nov. Gen. Sp. 3: somewhat inequilateral blades and 91. 1845. especially by the margins of the sheath, Rhodospatha oblongata ranges from which extend along the full length of Venezuela to Surinam, Brazil and Peru. the geniculum (at which point the In Venezuela, it is known from Bol(var margins are crisped) and are continuous and Amazonas at 125-1,200 m. with the margins of the blade. The species is recognized by its ap­ pressed, epiphytic habit, distichous Rhodospatha moritziana Schott, Oester. leaves with long-petiolate, moderately Bot. Wochenbl. 7(14): 109. 1857. small, acuminate, narrowly oblong-ellip­ tic blades (generally less than 11 cm Aneps;as mor;tz;anus (Schott) Schott, wide). The species is not confused with Gen. Aroid. pI. 73. 1858. any other species in the part of Vene­ Monstera mor;tz;ana (Schott) Stey­ zuela where it occurs. Figs. 337, 343 erm., Fieldiana Bot. 28: 819. 1957. Two other species occur in the re­ Rhodospatha mor;tz;ana (Schott) gion, and both differ by having longer Croat, Flora of Barro Colorado internodes (being scandent rather than Island, Stanford Univ. Press. 1978, p. appressed epiphytic creepers). Rhodo­ 219. spatha bolivarana has much larger leaves Rhodospatha mor;tz;ana (Schott) (to 19 cm wide), which have sheath mar­ Bunting, Rev. Fac. Agron. (Maracay) gins continuous with the base of the 10(1-4): 256. 1979. blade (ending well below the base of Rhodospatha mor;tz;ana ranges from the blade in R. oblongata). Rhodospatha Costa Rica south to Peru and east to venosa differs in having a propor- Venezuela at elevations from sea level to 16B Aroideana (Vol. 9(1-4)

Figs . 334-337. 334. Rhodospatha badillo Bunting. Venezuela. Lara: Yacambu Park, St eyermark & Espinoza 108841. ----335. R. bolivarana Bunting. Venezuela. Bolivar: Rio Kanarakuni, 400 m, Steyermark 97798. ----336. R. moritziana (Schott) Croat. Venezuela. Aragua : Henri Pittier Park, 970 m, Croat 60579. Habit, x1 / 6. ----337. R. oblongata Poepp. Vene­ zuela. Amazonas: vic. Cerro Neblina, 140 m, Croat 59387. Habit, x1 / B. 1986) Croat-Venezuela Araceae 169 tionately much broader blade, which is Schismatog/ottis spruceana var. rounded rather than attenuate at the spruceana ranges throughout the low­ base. lands of the northern Amazon basin from Vaup~s in Colombia to Territorio Amazonas in Venezuela, south to Rhodospatha venosa Gleason, Bull. Tor. Amazonas in Brazil, occurring at less Bot. Club 56: 12. 1929. than 150 m, usually in sandy soil, in full Rhodospatha venosa ranges from sun or partial shade. Guyana to northeastern Brazil (Amapa) It is distinguished by its clumping, from 120-400 m. In Venezuela, it occurs terrestrial habit, small size (less than only in Amazonas at Cerro Yapacana, 40 cm), lanceolate, acuminate leaf RIO Cataniapo, south of Pto. Ayacucho, blades, and more or less Philodendron­ RIO Yatua below Cerro Arauicaua, San like inflorescence. The only other taxa Carlos de RIO Negro, RIO Temi near of Schismatog/ottis in Venezuela are s. Yavita and in the vicinity of Maroa along bolivarana, from Bolivar, which has leaf the RIO Guainla. Figs. 376-379. blades cordate and more than 8 em It is distinguished by its climbing wide (versus 2.5-6 cm wide), and s. habit, its long, smooth, brown-drying spruceana var. williams;;, with blades no internodes and its inequilateral, ovate­ more than 1.8 cm wide. Figs. 340-341 elliptic to oblong-elliptic blades, which dry brown with the primary lateral veins moderately conspicuous and somewhat paler than the surface when dried. SPATHIPHYLLUM The species is very similar to Het­ eropsis steyermark;; Bunting, but that Spathiphyllum cannaefolium (Dryand.) species has somewhat smaller leaves Schott, Gen. Aroid. 1: 1, t. 1. 1853. which dry blackened and have the Spathiphyllum cannaefolium ranges primary lateral veins less conspicuous. throughout the moist forest life zones of In addition, the latter species lacks tri­ northern South America. It is found chosclereids in the leaf blades (present from the Amazon basin of Peru, Ecua­ but sparse in Rhodospatha venosa). dor, SE Colombia and Venezuela to the Guianas, Trinidad, and northern Vene­ zuela at elevations ranging from sea SCHISMATOGLOTTIS level to 1,200 m. Figs. 344, 346-347 In Venezuela, it ranges from Zulia (W Schismatoglottis bolivarana Bunting & of lake Maracaibo) on both sides of the Steyermark, Brittonia 21: 187, fig. 1,2. Cordillera de Merida (Tachira, Merida, 1969. Barinas, Trujillo), southeast through Schismatog/ottis bolivarana is en­ Apure, Amazonas and Bolivar and north demic to Venezuela, where it is known to Monagas and Sucre, and the Delta from Bolivar (Gran Sabana - Meseta Amacuro. de Jaua on RIO Kanarakuni and Cerro It is characterized by its white (ma­ Piton on RIO Chicanan) and from Ama­ turing green), scarcely tapered, stipitate zonas on the Calio Caname at 95-400 m. spadix and ovate to lanceolate, white The species may grow on steep muddy (sometimes with a green exterior) banks or in white sand savannas, often spathe, and especially by its tepals, in wet areas. It is distinguished from s. which are completely fused. spruceana by its ovate blades. Figs. 338-339 Schismatoglottis spruceana (Schott) Bunting var. spruceana, Ann. Mis­ Spathiphyllum humboldtii Schott, Gen. souri Bot. Gard. 47: 70-71. 1960. Aroid. 1 c. t. 2. 1853. 170 Aroideana (Vol. 9(1-4)

Figs. 338-341. 338-339. Schismatog/ottis bolivarana Bunting & Steyermark. 338. Venezuela. Bol(var: RIo Kanarakuni, 400 m, Steyermark 97811. Isotype. 339. Venezuela. Atabapo, 95 m, Davidse et al. 17044. ---- 340-341. S. spruceana (Schott) Bunting. Venezuela. Amazonas: San Carlos de Rfo Negro, 100 m, Croat 59255. 340. Flowering and ea rl y fruiting plant, x3/ 10. 34 1. Inflo rescence, x13 / 20. 1986) Croat-Venezuela Araceae 171

Spathiphyllum humboldt;; ranges alba, oblonga-elliptica, 19.5 cm from southern Venezuela to Guyana, longa, 6 cm lata; spadix albus, 8 cm Surinam, French Guiana, Brazil (Para longus, 8 mm diam. and Roraima) and Peru (Loreto) at less than 1,000 m, occurring in sandy soil Terrestrial; stem probably erect, at along water courses. Figs. 345, 362 least 6 cm long; internodes shorter than The species is recognized by its broad, less than 1 cm long, ca. 1.3 cm moderately small stature (less than 1 m diam., brown when dried; roots grayish tall), petioles longer than the blades, brown when dried, velutinous, slender more or less oblong-Ianceolate blades and elongate, somewhat tapered at with veins arising at 45-60° angle, its apex, at least 7 cm long, 0.5-3 mm diam. lanceolate, non-decurrent, green, re­ LEA VES more or less erect; petioles 71 flexed spathe and especially by its stipi­ cm long, on drying 4-5 mm diam.; tate, more or less oblong, green spadix geniculum drying darker than petiole, with bluntly exserted styles (drying 3.5 cm long, sheathing up to one-half of acutely pointed and black and contrast­ petiole, the sheath inequilaterally ing sharply against the much paler ending with one side rounded and the ovary). other narrowly rounded; blades sub­ The species is most easily confused coriaceous, oblong-Ianceolate, gradual­ with S. liesneri Croat, known from the ly acuminate (the acumen probably general area of southern Venezuela. The inrolled) inequilaterally acute at base, latter species, known only from the 49 cm long, 12.5 cm wide, broadest in vicinity of San Carlos de R(o Negro. the lower one-third of the blade; both occurs in similar habitats in white sand surfaces matte when dried, dark brown soils along the edge of streams. It differs above, paler, yellowish brown below; from S. humboldtii in having a white midrib flat above when dried, raised, spathe and spadix, (both drying brown), probably higher than broad below, styles barely acute on drying (merely slightly darker than surface; primary mammiliform) and by leaves equally as lateral veins ca. 15 per side, departing long as the petioles, drying dark brown midrib at 35-50° angle, straight or above and yellow-brown below. arcuate ascending to the margin, weakly In contrast, S. humboldt;; has blades raised above, more prominently raised drying gray-green above, yellow-green below; interprimary veins raised on below and has petioles 1.3-1.6 times both sides, almost as conspicuous as longer than the blades. primary lateral veins above, slightly less conspicuous than primary lateral veins Spathiphyllum liesneri Croat, sp. nov. below; lesser veins weakly visible when TYPE: Venezuela. Amazonas: CarlO dried. INFLORESCENCES with peduncle de Tremblador, 10 km NE of San 70 cm long, 5-7 mm diam., more or Carlos de RIO Negro, 1°57'N, 67°3' less equalling petioles, brownish when W, 120 m, Liesner 3607 (MO dried; spathe subcoriaceous, white,; 2639296, holotype; VEN, isotype). oblong-elliptic, 19.5 cm long, 6 cm wide, broadest at or near middle, the apex long acuminate, the acumen 25 mm Planta rupicola; internodia minus long, the base somewhat decurrent; quam 1 cm longa, ca. 1.3 cm diam.; stipe 2.7 cm long in front; spadix white petioli 71 cm longi, vagina usque when fresh, brown on drying, more or ad dimidium longitudinis petioli; less cylindroid, slightly curved, held at laminae subcoriaceae, oblongae­ 170° angle from peduncle, 8 cm long, 8 lanceolatae, acutae inaequilaterliter mm diam.; pistils poorly preserved, ad basim, 49 cm longae, 12.5 cm mammilate at apex, with numerous tri­ latae; pedunculi 70 cm longi; spatha chosclereids in their walls, dark brown 172 Aroideana (Vol. 9(1-4)

when dried, the ovary 3(1) locular, the Spathiphyllum neblinae is endemic ovules ca. 12(1), 4(1) per locule; anthers to Venezuela, known from Amazonas at drying yellowish brown, 0.6-0.8 mm Cerro Neblina and Cerro Yureba on the long, 0.7-0.9 mm wide, seemingly ses­ lower RIO Ventuari and from BolIvar at sile, withdrawn beneath staminodia; Cerro Marutani on the Paramichi River thecae oblong, 0.3-0.4 mm wide, not and on the Pano River at 140-400 m, divcaricate or very slightly divaricate, occurring on rocks or mossy banks of the staminodia shorter than pistils, streams. Fig. 350 somewhat clavate, 1-1.2 mm long. Two collections from BolIvar are Spathiphyllum liesneri is known only probably also this species: Liesner & from the type locality in Territorio Brewer 12498, collected at 400 m along Amazonas of Venezuela near San Carlos the RIO Paramichi east of Cerro Maru­ de RIO Negro at 120 m. Fig. 348 tani (3°N, 62°W) and Cardona 2965, The species is characterized by collected along the RIO Pano, a tributary occurring along stream banks in white of the RIO Caura at 390 m. sand soils, by having petioles about as The species is closest to S. schom­ long as blades, oblong-Ianceolate blades burgk;;, but is distinguished by having a which dry dark brown above and thinner blade 4.5-5.5 times longer than yellow-brown below and especially by broad, which dries with the primary its large, oblong-elliptic, white spathe, lateral veins more prominent (Bunting, which is somewhat decurrent at the 1979). base, long acuminate at the apex and dries brown and by the somewhat knobby, white, more or less oblong Spathiphyl'um perezii Bunting, Acta Bot. spadix, which dries brown with mammi­ Venez. 10: 321. 1975. late pistils. Spathiphyllum perez;; is endemic to The species is named in honor of Venezuela, known from both slopes of Mr. Ronald Liesner of the Missouri the Cordillera de M~rida at 125-1,000 m Botanical Garden. It is most easily con­ (localities include EI Vigia and EI Quince fused with S. humboldtii. See that species in M~rida and the vicinity of Repressa for differences. Dorada in T~chira). Figs. 351-352 It is distinguished by its long petio­ late, more or less elliptic, somewhat in­ Spathiphyllum monachinoi Bunting, equilateral, caudate-acuminate blades Mem. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 10(3): 19, fig. 5. which dry brownish with many close 1960. primary lateral veins (1.3-2.4 cm apart) Spathiphyllum monachinoi ranges and drying scarcely more prominent from southern Venezuela to northern than the interprimary veins. It has a Brazil (Par~) at 100-200 m. In Venezuela, white, ovate-Ianceolate, caudate-acumi­ it is known from Bolivar (RIO Parguaza) nate spathe and a white spadix. and Amazonas (Department of Atabapo, The species is perhaps related to S. near Cerro Cururito). Fig. 349 fulvovirens according to Bunting (1979), Plants grow to 50-70 cm tall. The but it differs from that species in having species is distinguished from other, a longer, more slender petiole, a thinner similar species in Venezuela (e.g., S. blade and by its caudate-acuminate jejunum Bunting, S. schomburf!kii spathe. Schott and S. neblinae Bunting, by its much longer blades. Spathiphyllum schomburglcii Schott, Oestr. Bot. Wochenbl. 7: 158. 1857. Spathiphyllum neb'inae Bunting, Mem. Spathiphyllum schomburgk;; ranges N.Y. Bot. Gard. 10(3): 25, fig. 5. 1960. from Venezuela to Guyana at 150-900 m. n i3 I» 1 (1)< ::J (1) N C (1) iiT

Figs. 342-345. 342. Philodendron venezue/ense Bunt. Venezuela. San Carlos de R(o Negro, 100 m, Croat 59259. Habit, xl/ lOB. ----343. Rhodospatha oblongata Poepp. Venezuela. Amazonas: vic. Cerro Neblina, 140 m, Croat 59387. Leaves , xl/ B. ----344. Spathiphyllum cannaeifolium (Dryand.) Schott. Cultivated, Lyon Arboretum. Flowering plant, xl / 6. ----345. S. humboldtii Schott. Venezuela. Amazonas: Cerro Neblina, 140 m, Croat 59568. Habit, xl / lB. 174 Aroideana (Vol. 9(1-4)

Figs. 346-349. 346-347. Spathiphyllum ca nnaeifo lium (Dryand.) Schott. Venezuela. Amazonas: Cerro Neblina, 140 m, Croat 59302. 345. Habit, xl /S. 347. Infloresce nce, x6/2S. ----348. S. liesneri Croat. Venezuela. Amazonas: vi c. San Carlos de RIO Neg ro, 120 m, Liesner 3607. Type. ---- 349. S. m o na chinoi Bunting. Venezuela. Boliva r : R(o Parguaza, 115 m, Wurdack & Monachino 41056. Ho lotype. 1986) Croat-Venezuela Araceae 175

J

... " ,.~ '"'...... -,- "-.. ,...... "",...... ' ......

\

35 3 ~ I :' ~~"... ;~=~ •. 1- ,,,,,,,,,,,,,~

Figs. 350-353. 350. Spathiphyllum n eblinae Bunting. Venezuela . Amazonas: Maguire et a/. 36797. Holotype. ----351-352. S. p e rezii Bunting. 351 . Venezuela. Tac hira: SW of La Fundaci6n, 920 m, Steyermark & Manara . 125471. 352. Venezuela. Merida : EI Vigia - La Fria, Bunting 3136. ---- 353. S. sch omburgkii Schott. Venezuela. Bolivar : Ica baru. Collector unknown. 176 Aroideana (Vol. 9(1-4)

It is generally less than 50 cm tall SYNGONIUM with long-petiolate blades 5-7 times longer than broad. It is closest to 5. Syngonium podophyllum Schott, Bot. neblinae, which shares a blade of similar Zeitung (Berlin) 9: 85. 1851. size and shape. It differs from that '" 5. vellozianum Schott species in having blades that dry usually figs. 357-358 yellowish brown, with the primary 5yngonium podophyllum ranges from lateral veins moderately obscure. Mexico to the Guianas, Brazil and fig. 353 Bolivia, occurring on both sides of the STENOSPERMA nON Andes at least as far south as Los R(os Province in Ecuador. It ranges from sea Stenospermation mu'tiovulatum (Engler) level to usually less than 1,000 m, being N. E. Brown, Gard. Chron. 1: 684. more abundant below 750 m, and espe­ 1894. cially between 100 and 500 m. In Vene­ =5. steyermarkii Bunting zuela, the species ranges along both 5tenospermation multiovu/atum sides of the Cordillera de Merida, ranges from Panama to Venezuela, the occurring in Apure, Zulia, Tachira, Guianas, Brazil and Peru at elevations Barinas and also in the Cordillera de from sea level to 2,100 m. In Venezuela, la Costa (Yaracuy and Aragua), as well it occurs in Bol(var (Chimanta) and Delta as in northern lowland Bol(var. Amacuro (R(o Cuyubinil. figs. 354, 364 The species is distinguished by its The species is distinguished by its pedatisect blades having 3-5 divisions, oblong-oblanceolate blades (24-56 cm with the outermost segments prom­ long, 7.5-10 cm wide) and fully sheathed inently auriculate on the outer margin. petioles, usually much shorter than the Other distinguishing features include blades (8.5-30 cm long). Also charac­ the somewhat elongate internodes, teristic is the acute angle formed by the milky sap and especially the clusters lateral veins which form an angle of ofA-11 inflorescences per axil. 15-200 with the midrib (versus usually much more in other species) as well as UROSPATHA the long peduncle (33-52 cm long) and the hexagonal flowers. Urospatha sagittifo'ia (Rodsch.) Schott, The species is not easily confused Aroid. 1: 4. 1853. with any other species. It is expected to Urospatha sagittifolia is widespread prove to be much more widespread in throughout northern South America, Venezuela. and ranges from Peru and Ecuador east to Brazil and the Guianas at 50-750 m. Stenospermation u'ei Krause, Notizbl. In Venezuela, it ranges from Amazonas Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 6: 113. 1914. north to Monagas and Delta Amacuro. 5tenospermation u/ei ranges from It is characterized by having a rhi­ Venezuela to Guyana and Brazil occur­ zome up to 6 cm diam., and by its sagit­ ring in the Guiana Highlands at 1,100- tate blades, with posterior lobes often 2,300 m. as large as the anterior lobes (both of The species is characterized by its which are always acuminate). The thick, elliptic to oblong-elliptic, moderately succulent spathe is slightly convolute at thick blades, more or less equalling the the base, and the petioles and pedun­ petioles; especially characteristic is its cles have a mottled appearance. cernuous spathe and spadix, and the figs. 359-360 fact that the spathe generally is long persistent, even into fruiting the stage XANTHOSOMA (rather than caducous as is the general Xanthosoma alclcermansii (Bunting) case in this genus). fig. 356 Croat, comb. nov. figs. 361, 366-367 1986) Croat-Venezuela Araceae 177

Figs. 354-357. 354. Sc enospermation multiovulatum (Engler) N. E. Brown. Panama. Panama: EI Llan o - Cart(Road, Croat 33686B. Flowering plant, xl / 5. ----355. Scenospermation piuieri Steyerm. Venezuela. Tachira : Bram on - La Delicias, 1800-2245 m, Sceyermark 57455. ----356. Steno­ spermation ulei Krause. Venezuela. Amazonas : Cerro Sipapo, 1500 m , Maguire eC al. 28692. ----357. Syngonium podophyllum Schott. Vene­ zuela. Yaracuy: Marin - Aroa, 180-270 m, Croat 60603. Adult lea ves, xl / 9. 17B Aroideana (Vol. 9(1-4)

Figs . 35B-361. 35B. Syngonium podophyllum Schott. Venezuela. Yaracuy: Marin - Aroa, 1BO-270 m, Croat 60603. Pread ult leaves, xl / B. ----359-360. Urospatha sagittifolia (Rudge) Schott. Colombia. Va upes: vic. Mitu, 200 m , Croat 56828. 359. Habit, x1/ B. 360. Inflorescence, x3/10. ----361 . Xanthosoma akkermansii (Bunting) Madison. Venezue la. Amazonas: Pta. Ayacucho - Sanariapo, Bunting et al. 3539. Type. (j (3 ~ I <(1) :J (1) N c: (1) ~

Figs. 362-365. 362. Spathiphyllum humboldtii Schott. Venezuela. Amazonas: Cerro Neblina, 140 m, Croat 59568. In­ florescence, x9120. ----363. Stenospermation ammiticum Bunting. Venezuela. Amazonas: Cerro Neblina, Croat 59325. Habit, xl / 6. ----364. Stenospermation multiovulatum (Engl.) N.E. Br. Panama . Panam&: EI Ll ano-Card Road , 300-350 m, Croat 33686B. Inflorescence, x3/ 10. ----365. Xanthosoma bayo Bunting. Venezuela. Barinas: Altamira - Calderas, 975 m, Croat 60757A. Habit, xl/ 1S. 180 Aroideana (Vol. 9(1 -4)

Figs . 366-369. 366-367. Xanthosoma akkermansii (Bunting) Croat. Venezuela. Amazonas: Pto. Ayacucho - Sanariapo, Bunting & Van Rooden 3539. Leaf, xl / 6. ----368. X. aristeguietae (Bunting) Madison. Venezuela. Guarico: 2 km N of Ortiz, Bunting 4495. Type, flowering p lant, xl / 12. Photo: Steyermark. ----369. X.bayo Bunting. Ven ezuela. Barinas: A lta­ mira - Ca lderas, 975 m , Croa t 60757A. Habit, xl / l8. 1986) Croat-Venezuela Araceae 181

= Caladium akkermansii Bunting, Xanthosoma nitidum Bunting, Acta Bot. Acta bot. Venez. 10: 281. 1975. Venez. 10: 329. 1975. TYPE: Venezuela. Amazonas: Dept. Xanthosoma nitidum is endemic to Atures: Puerto Ayacucho-Sanariapo Venezuela on the south side of the Cor­ km 35, 100 m, Bunting, Akker­ dillera de la Costa in Miranda and mans & van Rooden 3539 (MY, Aragua, at 500-1,500 m. holotype). It is characterized by its simple, moderately thick blade, with an ovate­ Madison (1981), in his paper on the elliptic medial lobe and prominently Caladieae, did not treat Caladium ak­ hastate posterior lobes. The plants are kermansii. Since the taxon has pollen less than a meter tall and have a corm in tetrads and clearly belongs in the colored brilliant orange within genus Xanthosoma along with others (Bunting, 1979). Fig. 370 transferred there by Madison, the trans­ fer is made here. Xanthosoma pariense Bunting, Acta Bot. Venez. 10: 330. 1975. Xanthosoma pariense is endemic to Xanthosoma aristeguietae (Bunting) Venezuela, and is known only from the Madison, Selbyana 5(3-4): 364. 1981. states of Sucre and Monagas at ca. 540 (= Caladium aristeguietae (Bunting).) m. It is characterized by its blade, which Xanthosoma aristeguietae is known has a hastate base and obtuse posteri­ from Venezuela and northern Brazil. In or lobes that are directed outward, and Venezuela, the species is known from by its green spathe tube. Figs. 371-372 Portuguesa, Carabobo, Gu~rico and Cojedes at elevations of less than 250 m. Xanthosoma peltatum Bunting, Acta Bot. The species is recognized by its Venez. 10: 332. 1975. large, hastate, spotted leaves with the Xanthosoma peltatum Bunting is posterior lobes held more or less erect endemic to Venezuela, and is known and also by its elongate inflorescences. from southwestern Tachira between San The species is closely related to X. stria­ Cristobal and Delicias at 1,230-2,000 m. tipes, differing from it by being larger, A similar collection has been found having broadly hastate rather than southeast of La Azulita in Merida (Croat lanceolate to somewhat sagittate blades 54861). and by having a longer inflorescence Xanthosoma peltatum is character­ (Madison, 1981). Fig. 368 ized by its thick (12 cm diam.), erect stem (up to 2 m long) and by its peltate blade, with posterior lobes fused (up to Xanthosoma bayo Bunting, Acta Bot. 12 cm). Its inflorescence has a creamy Venez. 10: 325. 1975. white spadix, and a green spathe tube Xanthosoma bayo is endemic to tinged purplish on the interior. Venezuela, known only from the Figs. 373, 374 western Andes on slopes of the Cor­ dillera de M~rida (Portuguesa, Tru­ jillo, M~rida and Tachira) at moderately Xanthosoma trilobum Bunting, Acta Bot. low elevations. Bunting (1979) reports it Venez. 10: 334. 1975. to be especially common along roads Xanthosoma trilobum is endemic to and in open areas, where it may form Venezuela, where it is known from Ter­ extensive colonies. The accompanying ritorio Amazonas near the mouth of the photographs were taken of a plant in a Carlo Yapacana, the R(o Pacimoni (Uan­ dense colony along a small stream in cami), Yutaje and the R(o Ventuari, at moderate shade in secondary forest. 100-250 m in tropical moist forest life Figs. 365, 369 zones. Fig. 375 182 Aroideana (Vol. 9(1-4)

Figs. 370-373. 370. Xanthosoma nitidum Bunting. Cultivated, Steyermark. Leaves, xl/ 4. ----371-372. X. pariense Bunting. Venezuela. Monagas: Matur(n - Cumun,f, 520 m, Croat 54354. 371 . Leaf, xl/ 5. 372. Plant in early fruit, xl/5. ----373. X. peltatum Bunting. Venezuela. Tachira : Sta. Ana - R(o Negros, 1230-1330 m, Croat 60660. Flowering plant, x1l12. 1986) Croat-Venezuela Araceae 183

Fig. 374. Xanthosoma peltatum Bunt. Venezuela. Tachira: San Cristobal - Delicias, 1850 m, Croat 54971. Leaves, xl/9.

-@

... h ..... 'I ...... 4 ...... ~ -----...... ==-~ -4

Fig. 375. X. trilobum Bunting. Vene­ zuela. Amazonas: Yacami, RIo Casiquiare, 100 m, Steyermark & Bunting 102670. Type specimen. 184 Aroideana (Vol. 9(1-4)

The species is characterized by its ____, 1978. The species of An­ small size (30-60 cm tall) and by its thurium with palmately divided membranaceous blade, often being leaves. Selbyana 2: 239-282. completely divided into 3 distinct seg­ ments (sometimes the blades are merely ____, 1981. Notes on Caladium deeply three-lobed when young). Also (Araceae) and its allies. Selbyana characteristic is the long-pedunculate 5(3-4): 342-377. inflorescence, with the peduncle longer than the petioles and the spathe merely weakly constricted and cucullate at Mayo, S. J., (in press). Araceae, in Flora the apex. of Trinidad and Tobago.

Schott, H. W., 1984. leones Aroid­ eae et Reliquiae. Inter Documentation Company. A G Poststrasse 14, 6300, Zug, Switzerland. LITERATURE CITED ____, 1856. Synopsis aroidearum Bunting, G. S., 1975. Nuevas especies complectens. Vindobonae, 140 pp. para la revision de las Araceas Vene­ zolanas. Acta Bot. Ven. 10: 263-335. ____, 1860. Prodromus Systema­ tis Aroidearum. Vindobonae, 602 pp. ____,1979. Sinopsis de las Araceae de Venezuela. Rev. Fac. Agron. (Maracay) 10: 139-290. Schultes, R. E., 1964. Plantae Colombi­ ___-., 1986. New taxa of Venezuela anae. XVII. Rhodora 66: 118-120. Araceae, Phytologia 60 (5): 293-290. Simmonds, N. W., 1950. Notes on the biology of Araceae in Trinidad. J. Ecol. Croat, T. B., 1978. Flora of Barro Colo­ 38: 290. 1950. rado Island (Panama Canal Zone). Stanford Univ. Press, Stanford, Calif. --__, 1951. The Araceae of Trini­ 943 pp. dad and Tobago. B. W. I. Kew Bull. 1950: 405. Engler, A., 1878. Araceae. In Martius, Flora Brasiliensis, Vol. III. pt. 2. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS:

____, (partly with K. Krause), 1905- Support for this study was provided by 1920. Araceae. Das Pflanzenreich. IV. the Washington University Student In­ 23A-F, Heft 21, 37, 48, 55, 60, 64, 71, ternship Program in Biology. The 73, 74. authors would like to thank Dylan Hannon and Honora Murphy for help in Jonker - Verhoef, A. M. E. and F. P. the preparation of this manuscript, and Jonker, 1953. Araceae, in A. Pulle Kay Rossman for her dedicated assist­ (ed.), Flora of Suriname I: 1-80. ance with typing the manuscript.

Kunth, c., 1841. Enum. PI. 3: 51. 1841. Appendix 1. The Araceae of Venezuela. All names preceded by asterisks repre­ Madison, M. T., 1977. A revision of sent names which did not appear in Monstera (Araceae). Contr. Gray Bunting's 1979 synopsis. They may rep­ Herb. Harvard Univ. 207: 3-100. resent synonyms or new taxa. 1986) Croat-Venezuela Araceae 185

Figs . 376-379. Rhodospalha venosa Gleason. Venezuela. Amazonas : vic. Cerro Neblina, Rio Mawarinuma, 140 m, Croat 59390. 376. Habit, xl / 1S. 377. Flowering plant, xl / 8. 378. Leaves, xl / S. 379. Inflores­ ce nce, x3/10. FLORISTIC SPECIES ZONES STATES ELEVATION COMMENTS

A/ocasia macrorrhiza 2,3 Me,Mi Introduced from old world tropics and naturalized in places (L.) G. Don

*Anthurium acrobates 5 Am below 200 m S. Colombia (Meta) to Ecuador and Peru. First report for Venezuela (or Sodiro anywhere west of the Andes). Sect. Be/o/onchium?

A. amoenum 2,3 Ar,Ba,DF,Fa, 1,420-2,140 m Endemic; Sect. Xia/ophyllium; moderately rare in undisturbed wet sites Kunth & Bouch~ La,Me

A. angelo rum Bunting 3 Me,Zu 250-460 m Endemic; Sect. Porphyrochitonium (not related to A. gracile)

A. apaporanum 5 Am 200-1,000 m Also in S. Colombia, Amazonian Ecuador and Peru; Sect. R. E. Schultes Porph yrochitonium

*A. aroense Bunting 2 Ya 1,200-1,800 m Endemic; perhaps Sect. Porphyrochitonium but there is no mention of glandular punctations (Bunting, 1986)

*A. bakeri Hook. f. 5 Am below 200 m Also ranges from Guatemala to Colombia; also in Guyana. New to Venezuela (Croat 59591, Cerro Neblina base camp). The earliest collection for eastern South America is A. C. Smith 3014, collected in 1938, in British Guiana (it remained unidentified until recently); Sect. Porphyrochitonium

*A. bernardii Croat 3 Ba,Tr 850-1,900 m Endemic; Sect. Porphyrochitonium

*A. berryi Bunting 3 Zu 2,700-3,300 m Endemic (Bunting, 1986); similar to A. ginesii Croat; Sect. Be/o/onchium "

* ssp. cualrecasii 5 Am 75-380 m Also in Colombia; Sect. Pachyneurium Croat

A. bredemeyeri 2,3 Ar,DF 920-2,300 m Endemic; Sect. Xia/ophyllium Schott

*A. caraboboense 2 Ca 10-100 m Endemic; Sect. Oxycarpium Croat

A. caripense Bunting 1 Mo,Su 800-1,273 m Endemic; known for certain only around Caripe; Sect. Be/%nchium

A. carlilagineum 2,1 Ar,DF,Su 1,273-2,240 m Endemic; Sect. Be/%nchium (Desf.) Kunth

*A. calaniapoense Croat 5 Am,Bo below 150 m Endemic; Sect. Pachyneurium > Dl A. clavigerum P.&E. 3,5,6 Am,Ap,Ba,Bo, 0-1,250 m Widespread in Central & South America; Sect. Dacty/ophyllium n t1) Ta,Zu mostly below D> 500 m t1)

A. coslalum 2 Ar,DF 1,000 m Endemic; Sect. Cardi%nchium C. Koch & Bouche

A. crassinervium 2,3 Ar,Ca,DF,Fa, to 1,600 m Also in the western cordillera of Colombia; Sect. Pachyneurium (Jacq.) Schott La,Me,Mi,Ta, Tr,Ya,Zu

A. crassivenium Known only from Colombia; material placed here by Bunting (1979) is Engler treated under A. puberulinervium Croat flORISTIC SPECIES ZONES STATES ELEVATION COMMENTS

*A. cubense Engler 3 Zu 50-530 m Also in Colombia, West Indies & Central America; Sect. Pachyneurium

*A. davidsei Croat 4 Ta 2,200-2,600 m Endemic; Sect. Be/o/onchium

A. digitatum 1,2 Am,An,Bo,Ca, up to 1,800 m Endemic; Sect. Dactylophyllium (Jacq.) Schott DA,DF,Fa,La, Mi,Su,Ya

*A. eminens Schott 5 Am,La,Mi,Po (200)1,000- Widespread in South America; Sect. Dactylophyllium, treated as A. 1,650 m wittianum by Bunting

A. eng/erianum =A. jenmanii Engler Bunting

A. expansum Gleason 6 Am,Bo 150-1,350 m Also in the Guianas; Sect. Dactylophyllium

A. Fendleri Schott 2,3 Ap,Ar,Ba,Co, 60-1,000(1,450) Also in Colombia and Panama; Sect. Pachyneurium Fa,La,Me,Po. m Ta,Tr,Ya,Zu

*A. Fernandezii Croat 2,3 Ar,DF,Me,Tr 1,200-2,380 m Endemic; Sect. Porphyrochitonium

*A. Formosum Schott 3 Me,Ta,Zu up to 1,300 m Also Colombia to Costa Rica and Peru (Ambrose et a/. 2,401): Huanuco: valley of Rro Chinchao, below Chinchao; Sect. Ca/omystrium

*A. gehrigeri Croat 3 Me,Ta,Zu 500-2,800 m Endemic; Sect. Porphyrochitonium

*A. ginesii Croat 3 Me,Zu 1,800-3,800 m Endemic; Sect. Be/o/onchium *A. gonzalezii Croat 3 Ca,Ta 750-1,800 m Endemic; Sect. Porphyrochitonium

A. gracile 1,2,3 Am,Ap,Ba,Bo, 200-250 m Widespread in the neotropics; Sect. Leptanthurium (Rudge) lindl. 5,6 DA,Me,Mi,Mo, SU,Ta,Ya,Zu

* A. guanchezii 5 Am 110-120 m Endemic; Known only from vicinity of R(o Autana SE of Pto. Ayacucho; Bunting 4°52'N, 67°27'W (Bunting, 1986); Section unknown

A. guayanum Bunting 6 Bo usually above Also known from other countries of the Guianas; Sect. Pachyneurium 500 m

A. hookeri Kunth 1,6 An,Bo,Mo,Su 450-1,450 m Also from the Lesser Antilles; Section unknown, related to Sect. Pachyneurium only in habit

A. huegelii Schott =A. hookeri Kunth

*A. huequeense 2 Fa below 300 m Endemic; Sect. Pachyneurium; compares with A. crassinervium (Bunting, Bunting 1986) » A. humboldtianum C>l n Kunth Cl> ssp. humboldtianum 2 Ar,Ca,DF,Ya 700-2,380 m Endemic; Sect. Belolonchium '"Cl>

• ssp. viridispadix Croat 3 La,Me 1,300-2,300 m Endemic

*A. humoell5e Croat 2 Su 1,273 m Endemic; Sectional placement uncertain

A. igarapeum Bunting 5 Am 130-160 m Endemic to Cerro Neblina; Sect. Ca/omystrium; related to A. roraimell5e

A. jenmanii Engler 1,5 Bo,Mo,Su 100-250 m Also in Trinidad & Tobago, the Guianas and Brazil (Amap~); Sect. Pachyneurium

A. julianii Bunting 3 Ar,La,Me,Ta, 2,000-3,290 m Endemic; Sect. Belo/onchium -' Tr ex> \D FLORISTIC SPECIES ZONES STATES ELEVATION COMMENTS

A. kutllhii Poeppig 3 Am below 300 m Also known from Costa Rica to Peru; Sect. Daclylophyllium

• A. lieslH'ri Croat 6 Am ca. 1,250 m Endemic; tentatively placed in Sect. Belo/onchium

A. Iilacitlulll Bunting 2 Ca,DF,Fa,Mi 20-1,400 m Endemic; Sect. Pachyneurium

A. 10tlgissiullluIll Pittier ssp. lotlgissilllulll 2,3 An?,Ar,Ca, 1,150-1,590 m Also apparently in Peru; Sect. Schizoplacium DF,Fa,Me,Mi, Ta,Ya

·ssp. tlirguetlse 2 Ya 1,200-1,360 m Endemic to the Cerro La Chapa, N of Nirgua Bunting

• A. Illaritloatlum Croat 2 Su not available Endemic; section uncertain

A. neblinae Bunting =A. triphyllum Brongn.

A. tlubico/a Bunting 3 Me 2,400-3,000 m Endemic; Sect. Be/o/onchium; probably not related to A. signa tum

A. nYlllphaeifolium 2,3 An,Ar,DF,Fa, 600-2,650 m Probably also in the western Cordillera of Colombia; Sect. Ca/omystrium C. Koch & Bouche La, Me, Mi, Po, Ta,Tr,Ya,Zu

A. paradisicum 2 Ar 1,200-1,300 m Endemic; Sect. Be/o/onchium Bunting

A. pariense Bunting 1,2 SU,Ya 700-1,800 m Endemic; Section unknown, probably Be/o/onchium <:: 2- A. pentaphyllum (Aubl.) G. Don var. pentaphyllum Su low Widespread in South America; Sect. Dactylophyllium

.A. perijanum Bunting 3 Zu 1,440-1,460 m Endemic, Sierra de Perij~; Sect. unknown; compares with A. subsagittatum (Bunting, 1986)

A. praemontanum =A. formosum Schott Bunting

A. ptarianum 6 Am,Bo 500-2,200 m Endemic; to be expected in the Guianas; Sect. Oigi!inervium n ...o Steyermark I»

.A. puberulinervium 3 Ta 1,300-2,000 m Endemic; to be expected in Colombia; Sect. Polyneurium i ~ Croat ~ tD N c:: A. roraimense 6 Am,Bo 300-1,500 m Endemic; to be expected in the Guianas; Sect. Ca/omystrium tD N. E. Br. iii ...> • A. scandens (Aub!.) I» @ Eng!. ssp. pusillum 6 Am,Va 800-1,800 m Also from Colombia to Honduras ranging from 600-2,500 m; Sect. I» Sheffer Tetraspermium tD

ssp. scan dens all except: up to 2,450 m Widespread throughout the neotropics; Sect. Tetraspermium Co,Gu

A. signatum 3 Ta (900)1,300- Endemic; Sect. Belolonchium, but somewhat more 3-lobed than most; C. Koch & Mathieu 2,800 m possibly Sect. Semaeophyllium

A. smaragdinum 3 Me,Po,Ta,Tr above 1,300 m Endemic; Sect. Belolonchium? Bunting

.A. smithii Croat 3 Me,Ta,Tr,Zu (900)1,300- Also in Colombia in Norte de Santander and Santander; Sect. 3,200 m Porphyrochitonium FLORISTIC SPECIES ZONES STATES ELEVATION COMMENTS

A. subsagillalum 2,3 Ar,DF,Fa,la 650-2,000 Endemic; Sect. Xia/ophyllium? (HBK) Kunth Me,Mol,Ta,Ya (2,400) m

'A. subscriplUm 5 Am 110-120 m Endemic, known only from vic. of R(o Autana, 4.o51'N, 67°27'W; Sect. Bunting Porphyrochilonium; compared with A. friedrichslhalii Schott (Bunting, 1986)

A. sublrilobum 2 Ar,Ya 1,200-1,360 m Endemic; Sect. unknown: possibly a natural hybrid with A. longissimum Schott Pittier and a cordate species

"A. lachiranum Croat 3 Ta ca. 1,850 m Endemic; Sect. Be/o/onchium

A. lamaense Bunting 3 Ta 2,400-3,200 m Endemic; Sect. Be/o/onchium > o... a: A. lalei Bunting 6 Am 1,340 m Endemic; Sect. Calomystrium, related to A. nymphaeifolium ID 110 :l "A. rrinerve Miq. 3,5,6 Am,Ap,Ar,Bo, up to 1,250 m Ranges from Guatemala to Brazil; Sect. Telraspermium; apparently 110 Ya,Zu considered a part of A. scandens by Bunting (1979)"

"A. Iriphyllum 5;6 Am,Bo 600-2,980 m Widespread in South America; Sect. Semaeophyllium Brongn.

A. wagenerianum 2 Ar,Ca,DF,Fa, 0-600 m Narrow endemic; Sect. Pachyneurium; closely related to A. crassinervium C. Koch & Bouch~ Mi,Ta

A. wi!1ianum (Engl. =A. eminens Schott ex Macbride

A. wurdackii Bunting 6 Am 780-900 m Endemic (Cerro Yapacana; Cerro Neblina); Sect. Pachyneurium

"A. xanthoneurum 6 Am 990-1,670 m Endemic; known only from Cerro Aratitiyope, 2°10'N,65°34'W; Sect. Bunting Pachyneurium (Bunting, 1986) A. yutajense Bunting 6 Am 1300-1500 m Endemic; Sect. Urospadix?

Caladium akkermansii =Xanthosoma akkermansii (Bunting) Croat Bunting

C. aristequietae =Xanthosoma aristequietae (Bunting) Madison Bunting

*c. aturense Bunting 5 Am 100-140 m Endemic; vicinity of Pto. Ayacucho (Bunting, 1986)

C. bicolor (Ait.) 2,3,5 Am,Ap?,Ar,Ba, to 830 m Widespread in South America along roads, edge of deciduous forests Vent. Bo,Ca,Gu,Mi, Ta,Ya,Zu

C. coeru/escens 2,3 Ba,Po,Ta,Tr 200-1,300 m Endemic; southwest slopes of the Cordillera de Merida; open, more or Bunting less weedy areas

C. humboldti; Schott 5 Am low Also in Brazil; in shady areas in sandy soil in Amazonas near Yavita

C. macrotites Schott 5 Am,Ap 75-150 m Also in Colombia and Brazil; frequent in Amazonas: Dept. Atabapo: open, sandy areas

C. picturatum 5 Am,Bo 100-600 m Also in Brazil and Peru; Madison (1981) included this species with C. C. Koch & Bouche bicolor

C. smaragdinum 2 Ca,DF,Mi below 500 m Endemic; Madison (1981) included this species with C. bicolor C. Koch & Bouch~

"'c. steyermarkii 5 Ap,Ta 175-280 m Endemic; vic. of San Camilo (Apure); San Crist6bal-Barinas (Tachira) Bunting (Bunting, 1986)

C. striatipes =Xanthosoma striatipes (Kunth) Madison C. Koch & Bouche FLORISTIC SPECIES ZONES STATES ELEVATION COMMENTS

Colocasia esculenta Da,Ta 50-1,380 m Introduced from Asia and widely cultivated (l.) Schott

Cyrtosperma wurdackii Bunting =Urospatha wurdackii (Bunting) A. Hay, comb. nov. ined.

Dieffenbachia bolivarana Bunting 6 Am,Bo 650-1,700 m Was endemic to Guiana highlands, Venezuela (slopes of Chimanta-tepu() and in Guyana; now known also from Amazonas: Dept. R(o Negro, Cerro Neblina, camp 5, 1,250 m, (Liesner & Stannard 16857; Gentry & Stein 46551)

"D. liesneri Croat 5 Am 150 m Endemic; vicinity of Cerro Neblina, Calio Baria

"D. longipistila 5 Am 150 m Endemic; vicinity of Cerro Neblina Croat

D. paludicola 5 Am ca. 120-175 m Also in Guyana and Surinam; in Venezuela known only between Vavita N. E. Br. ex Gleason (R(o Temi) and Maroa (Rio Guain(a)

D. pa rIa torei 2,3 Ap,Ba,Me,Ta, 30-620 m Also in Colombia Lind. & Andre Tr,Zu

D. parvifolia 5 Am ca. 100-140 m Also in Amazonian Brazil; in Venezuela, known only from R(o Pacimoni Engler and base of Cerro Neblina

D. sequine 1,2,3, Am,Ap,Ar,Ba, 50-1,200 m Widespread in Central & South America as well as the West Indies (Jacq.) Schott 5 Bo, Ca,DA,DF, Fa,la,Me,Mi, <:o Mo,Po,Ta,Tr, Va 'Dracontium aricuaisanum 3 Zu 100-250 m Endemic; Distrito Perija, 9°35'N, 72°53'W (Bunting, 1986) Bunting

D. asperum 6 Bo ca. 98 m In Venezuela collected only near Santa Elena; reportedly also from C. Koch Surinam, Brazil (Para) and Puerto Rico! Venezuelan material reported as this species by Bunting (1979) may not differ from D. changuango; the species may not occur in Venezuela

·D. changuango 2,3,6 Bo,Ca,Gu,Po 100-500 m Endemic Bunting

D. po/yphyllum l. 2,5 Am,Ca,Gu,Po, 150-600 m Also reported for Guyana, Surinam & French Guiana as well as Puerto Zu Rico and Haiti

Heteropsis flexuosa 6 Am,Bo up to 1,000 m Also known from Brazil and the Guianas (HBK) Bunting

H. melinonii (Engl.) 5,6 Am,Bo up to 1,330 m Also in Surinam & French Guiana Jonk. & Jonk.

H. spruceana Schott var. spruceana 5,6 Am,Bo up to 300 Also in Guyana, Brazil (Para) & Colombia (Vaupes) (1,095) m

• var. robusta 5 Am 90-110 m Endemic, vic. of Pto. Ayacucho (Bunting, 1986) Bunting

·H. steyermarkii 5 Am 125-400 m Endemic, Cerro Yapacana, 3°45'N, 66°45'W (Bunting, 1986) Bunting

·H. tenuispadix 5,6 Am, Bo 125-800 m Southern Venezuela to N Brazil, mostly known from Orinoco drainage and Bunting N. R(o Negro; possibly also in Peru; previously confused with H. flexuosa FLORISTIC SPECIES ZONES STATES ELEVATION COMMENTS

*Jasarum steyermarkii 5,6 Bo 500-1,400 m Also in Guyana, upper Mazaruni River; in Veneuela restricted to the Bunting Gran Sabana; wholly submerged aquatic in streams

Monstera adansonii

Schott N * var. laniata 1,2,3 Am,An,Ap,Ar, 0-600(1,170) m Ranges from Nicaragua to Curac;ao, Tobago; also Trinidad, the Guianas, (Schott) Madison 5,6 Ba,Bo,Ca,DA, Brazil (Amap~ and Parh Peru and Bolivia DF,Fa,La,Me, Mi,Mo,Po,Su, Ya,Zu

* var. klotzschiana 5,6 Am,Bo 100-1,000 m Ranges from S Venezuela to the Guianas to Amazonian Peru and Bolivia (Schott) Madison and Brazil south to Paran~; reported by Madison (1977)

M. dilacerata 3 Am,Mi,Zu below 1,180 m Ranges from Guatemala & Belize to Peru and southern Brazil (c. Koch & Sello) C. Koch

M. dubia (HBK) 1,2,3 Am?,An,Ap,Ar, 0-1,500 m Ranges from Costa Rica to Bolivia, western Brazil, Venezuela and Engler & Krause Ba,Bo,DF,Fa, Trinidad Me,Mi,Mo,Su, Ta,Ya,Zu

M. henripittieri =M. lechleriana Schott (not reported from Venezuela in Madison's 1977 Bunting revision

M. lechleriana 2,3,5, An,Ap,Ar,Ba, (250)800-1,200 Ranges from Costa Rica to Panama, Venezuela, the Guianas, Brazil (Par~ Schott 6 Bo,DF,Mi,Su, (1,800) m and Amapa), Peru and Bolivia Ta,Ya

M. obliqua Miq. 1,2,3, Am,An,Ap,Bo, up to 1,000 m Ranges from Panama to Bolivia, Amazonian Brazil, Venezuela and Trinidad 5 DA,Mo,Su,Ta, Ya *M. spruceana 2,3,5, Am,Ar,Bo,Ta, 20-600(1,400)m Ranges from Honduras to Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Brazil and Peru (Schott) Engler 6 Ya,Zu

M. steyermarkii =M. spruceana (Schott) Engler Bunting

Montrichardia arborescens 1,2,5 AmAp,Bo,DA, up to 210 m Ranges from Guatemala to northern Brazil and the Guianas; also in the (l.) Schott GU,Mo,Su Lesser Antilles

*M. Iinifera (Arr.) Schott 5 Ap,Bo,Gu,Mo, 0-350 m Also in Brazil and Colombia Su

Philodendron acutarum Schott 1,2,3 Am,Ap,Ba,Bo, up to 1,000 m Also in the Guianas and northern Brazil; Sect. Polyspermium 5 DA,DF,Gu,Mi, Mo,Su,Tr,Zu ..,>- II> n C1) *P. amplisinum 3 Zu 400-500 m Endemic; Dtto. Mara: R(o Guasare; Sect. Polyspermium (Bunting, 1986) II> Bunting C1)

P. ampullaceum 3 Me,Ta above 1,800 m Endemic; known only from between Bramon & Las Delicias; Sect. Bunting Oligospermium

*P. anaadu Bunting 5 Am 120-220 m Endemic; known only from Depto. Atabapo (Bunting, 1986)

*P. appunii Bunting 3 Ar?,DF ca. 1,000 m Endemic; vic. Colonia Tovar; Sect. Oligospermium (Bunting, 1986) FLORISTIC SPECIES ZONES STA YES ELEVATION COMMENTS

P. aristeguietdc 2 Ar,DF 1,000-1,200 m Endemic to the Cordillera de la Costa Bunting Sect. Pteromischum

P. atabapoense 5 Am ca. 100-140 Endemic; Sect. Oligospermium Bunting

P. auyantepuiense 6 Am, Bo 1,100-1,850 m Endemic Bunting

·P. azulitense Croat 3 Me ca. 900 m Endemic

P. barrosoanum 3,5 Am,Ap,Ba,Me, up to 1,000 m Also in Colombia, Peru, Brazil and Ecuador; Sect. Oligospermium? Bunting Ta,Tr,Zu

·P. benitezii Croat 3 Ta 800m Endemic; Sect. Pteromischum

·P. bipenni(olium 5 Am below 100 m Ranging to S. Brazil; Sect. Schizophyllium Schott

·P. borges;; Bunting 3 Ta ca. 1,100 m Endemic; Sect. Oligospermium; similar to P. grandifolium (Bunting, 1986)

·P. brevispathum Schott var. brevispathum 1,2,5 Am,An,Ap,Bo, 60-230 m Also Nicaragua to Panama; Sect. Po/yspermium Gu

• var. wurdackii 5 Am 160 m Endemic Croat

·P. buntingianum 3 Me,Ta 600-1,000 m Endemic; Sect. Oligospermium, series Be/ocardium Croat ·P. ca/atheifolium 3 Ta 1,100-1,350 m Endemic; east of San Crist6bal; vic. Repressa Dorado; Sect. Bunting Pteromischum (Bunting, 1986)

P. callosum Krause 6 Bo 250-1,300 m Also in Guyana and French Guiana, no doubt Surinam as well lower elev. in as Brazil; Sect. Philopsammos (Bunting, 1986) French Guiana

·P. canaimae Bunting 6 Bo 450 m Endemic; vic. Canaima, 6°14'N, 62°45'W; Sect. Philopsammos (Bunting 1986)

·P. cataniapoense 5 Am 100-300 m Endemic; Sect. Oligospermium, series Doratophyllum Bunting

P. chimantae Bunting 6 Bo 400-1,130 m Endemic; Sect. Oligospermium

·P. consobrinum 3 Ta 2,050-2,350 Endemic; Distrito ]un(n, between Villa P~ez and Betania; Sect. Bunting Oligospermium (Bunting, 1986)

·P. craspedodromum 5,6 Am 100-800 m Also in Colombia; Sect. Philopsammos Schultes

P. danteanum Bunting 2 OF 2,000 m or Endemic; Sect. Oligospermium? above

·P. davidsei Bunting 3 Zu 100-250 m Endemic to the R(o de Oro, 9°8'N, 72°52'W; probably Sect. Baursia (Bunting, 1986)

P. deflexum Poepp. Material included here is treated under P. mega/ophyllum ex Schott

·P. de/ascioi Bunting DA below 300 m Endemic; Dpto. Pedernales, 9°45'N, 61°53'W (Bunting, 1986)

P. dunstervilleorum 6 Am,Bo ca. 1,000 m Endemic; Sect. Philopsammos (Bunting, 1986) Bunting FLORISTIC SPECIES ZONES STATES ELEVATION COMMENTS

P. dyscarpium R. E. Schultes var. dyscarpium 5 Am 95-700 m Also in Colombia; Sect. Philopsammos (Bunting, 1986)

var. ventuarianum 5 Am 100 m Endemic; R(o Ventuari, 3 hrs. below Las Carmelitas (Bunting, 1986) Bunting

·P. effusilobum Croat 2 Ar,Fa,La,Ya 800-1,200 m Endemic

P. eng/erianum Steyerm. 6 Am,Bo 600-1,200 m Endemic; Sect. Philopsammos

·P. exile Bunting 6 Am 795-830 m Endemic; R(o Matacuni, vic. Simarawochi, 3°49'N, 64039'W; Sect. Pteromischum (Bunting, 1986)

. P. fendleri Krause 1,2 DF,Mi,Su,Zu 50-750 m Also in Trinidad; Sect. Polytomium

P. fragrantissimum 1,2,5 Am,Ap,Bo,Me, up to 1,000 m Ranges from Guatemala and Belize to Amazonian Peru, Brazil and to the (Hook.) Kunth Ta, Zu Guianas, Trinidad and Cuba; Sect. Macrolonchium

P. fraternum Schott 2,3 Ar,DF ,Fa,La, 920-2,300 m Probably also in the western Cordillera of Colombia; Sect. Me,Mi,Po,Ta, Polyspermium Tr,Ya,Zu

P. giganteum Schott 1 Mo,Su 700-800 m Also in the West Indies from Puerto Rico to Trinidad; Sect. Polyspermium

·P. g/anduliferum Matuda ·ssp. camiloanum 5 Ap,Ta 250-1,200 m Endemic Croat

·P. goeldii 5 Am below 200 m Also in Amazonian Colombia, Brazil and Peru; subgenus Meconostigma G. M. Barroso P. grandifolium 1,2 Ar,Bo,Ca,DA, up to 1,260 m Also French Guiana, Guyana; Sect. Polyspermium (Jacq.) Schott DF,Fa,Me,Ta, Ya,Zu

*P. guaiquinimae 6 Bo 750-840 m Endemic; Cerro Guaiquinima, S044'N, 63°41'W (Bunting, 1986) Bunting

P. hederaceum 1,2,3 An,Ap,Ar,Bo, 0-1,500 m Mexico to northern South America in deciduous forests in the northern (Jacq.) Schott Ca,Fa,Gu,Mo, half of Venezuela and south along the Cordillera de los Andes to Apure; Po,Ta,Tr,Zu Sect. Macrogynium n.., o P. henripittieri 2,3 Ar,Me 750-1,500 m Endemic; probably the largest Philodendron in Venezuela; Sect. D> Bunting Po/yspermium T - D> n CD P. hy/aeae Bunting 5,6 Am,Bo 115-920 m Also in Colombia, Peru, Brazil, Ecuador and Guyana; Sect. D> CD Oligospermium

P. inaequilaterum Liebm. . ssp. inaequilaterum 2,3 Am,Ap,Ba,Ca, 100-1,270 m Ranges from Mexico to Venezuela, Colombia and Ecuador; Sect. DF,Ta,Ya Preromischum

• ssp. anthoblastum 5 Am 90 m Endemic; Depto. Atures, R(o Orinoco, Siquita, 4°13'N, 67°47'W Bunting (Bunting, 1986) ssp. zulianum =P. zulianum Bunting Bunting FLORISTIC SPECIES ZONES STATES ELEVATION COMMENTS

P. insigne Schott 5,6 Am,Bo 100-1,040 m Northern Amazon basin; in the Guianas, Brazil, Colombia and Peru; Sect. Baurs;a

P. karstenianum Not in Venezuela; Colombia only! Material treated here by Bunting (1979) Schott is P. venosum

P. krauseanum 6 Bo 700-1,230 In Venezuela known only from the Gran Sabana and Chimantt also from Steyerm. (1,660) m Guyana, Peru (San Mart(n), Ecuador (Napo) and Brazil (Amazonas and Rio Japura); Sect. Pteromischum

P. krugii Engler 1,2 Northern 750-900 m Also known from Trinidad and Tobago; close to P linden;; Schott and P. coastal erubescens e. Koch & Augustin; Sect. Oligosperm;um ranges ..,>- Su to Fa Q. a. ID Co> P. lemae Bunting 6 Bo 300-910 m Endemic; known only from Sierra de Lema; Sect. Po/yspermium? :J Co> P. levelii Bunting 5,6 Am 10-140 m Endemic; similar to P. barrosoanum; Sect. Oligospermium?

*P. liemeri Bu nting 5 Am 125 m Endemic to the R(o Casiquiare, 1°57'N, 66°50'W; (Bunting, 186); Sect. Oligosperm;um series Be/ocardium

P. lindenii Schott 3 Ap,Ba,La,Me, up to 1,600 m Also no doubt in Colombia; Sect. Oligospermium Po,Ta,Ya,Zu

P. linnaei Kunth 1,5 Am,Bo,DA,Mo 50-800 m Also in the Guianas, Amazonian Brazil and Peru; Sect. Baursia P. macrog/ossum 2,3,5 Am,Ap,Ar,Ca?, 125-1,360 m Endemic; Sect. Baursia <: Schott DF,Me,Ta,Ya Q..

P. maguirei Bunting 5,6 Am 125-200(1,140) Endemic; known only from southern Amazonas (e. Neblina and e. m Arauicaua); Sect. Po/ysperm;um *P. marahuacae 6 Am 1,560 m Endemic; Macizo de Marahuaca, headwaters of R(o Iguapo, 3°36'N, Bunting 65°23'W (Bunting, 1986)

P. maroae Bunting 5 Am 100-140 m Endemic; similar to P. chimantae; Sect. Oligospermium

P. mega/ophyl/um 1,5,6 Am,Ap,Ba,Bo, up to 1,100 m Also in Colombia, Peru and Brazil; no doubt in Amaznian Ecuador as well Schott DA,Su as French Guiana and Bolivia; Sect. Oligospermium

P. me/anochlorum =P. tatei ssp. me/anochlorum (Bunting) Bunting Bunting

P. melinonii 1,6 Am,Bo,DA up to 1,200 m Also known from French Guiana, Guyana and Amazonian Brazil; Sect. Brongn. ex Regel Macro/onchium

P. meridense Bunting 3 Me,Ta 600-1,460 m Endemic; known only from the La Azulita-Merida Road and lea-Laguna Blanca Road; Sect. OJigospermium

P. mesae Bunting 3 Me ca. 760 m Endemic; known only from around Mesa Bol(var; Sect. OJigospermium

*P. milleri Croat 5 Am 350-400 m Endemic

*P. multinervium 6 Am 795-830 m Endemic; R(o Matacuni, vic. Simarawochi; 3°49'N, 64°36'W; Sect. Bunting OJigospermium (Bunting, 1986)

P. muricatum Wi lid. 1,5,6 Am,Bo,DA 50-415 m Also known from Guyana and Brazil; Sect. OJigospermium ex Schott

P. nervosum (Schult. =P. venosum (WiJld.) Croat & Schult.) Kunth

*P. orionis Bunting 3 La,lu 120-1,600 m Endemic to Venezuela; Lara: Dtto. Torres: P;ramo Agua Linda, N of Palmarito (on Lara-lulia road, 35 km E of EI Venado) Bunting and Fucci 13470; Sect. Po/yspermium (Bunting, 1986) FLORISTIC SPECIES ZONES STATES ELEVATION COMMENTS

P. ornalum Schott 1,2,5, Ap,Ar,Bo,DA, 250-2,000 m Also known in Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana and Bolivia; Sect. 6 DF,Fa,La,Me, Po/yspermium Mi,Mo,Su,Ya

P. panduriforme (HBK) Kunth var. panduriforme 5 Am 100-700 m In Venezuela, known only from near Cerro Yapacana and along the Yavita­ Pimich(n road; also from Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru; Sect. Baursia

* var. reichenbachianum 5 Am 119-270 m Endemic to Venezuela, vicinity of type locality (Schott) Croat

P. d. paxianum Not in Venezuela! Was confused with P. wurdackii Krause

P. pedalum 1,5,6 Am,Bo,DA 50-950 m Also known from Guyana, Surinam, French Guiana and Brazil. Doubtfully (Hook.) Kunth in Colombia; Sect. Schizophyllium

·P. peraiense Bunting 6 Bo 900m Endemic; Perai-tepu(, ca. 4°30'N, 61°30'W; Sect. Phi/opsammos (Bunting, 1986)

·P. perplexum Bunting 3 Ta 125-200 m Endemic; La Grita-La Fria (N of San Cristobal); Sect. Oligospermium (Bunting, 1986)

P. phlebodes Bunting 5 Am 125-900 m Endemic; known only from near Cerro Arauicaua and at the base of Cerro Neblina; Sect. PhiloDsammos (Bunting, 1986)

P. pimichinense 5 Am ca. 140 m Endemic; known only from the area between Yavita (R(o Temi) and Bunting Maroa (R(o Guian(a) in humid savannas in sandy soil; Sect. Philopsammos (Bunting, 1986) P. pinnatifidum 2 Ar,DF,Mi up to 1,300 m Endemic to Cordillera de la Costa; Sect. Macrolonchium (Jacq.) Schott

P. ptarianum 5,6 Am,Bo 460-1,690 m Also known from Guyana; Sect. Philopsammos Steyermark

P. pulchrum G. M. 5 Am 115-1,250 m Also known from Brazil, Colombia and Peru; Sect. Philopsammos Barroso P. reichenbachianum =P. panduriforme var. reichenbachianum (Schott) Croat (placed in Schott "species excluded" by Bunting, 1979) (j..., P. remifolium =P. pulchrum G. M. Barroso o Schultes IU T P. rhodoaxis Bunting (I)< ::J var. rhodoaxis 2 Ar,Ya 1,150-1,500 m Endemic to the Cordillera de la Costa; Sect. Pteromischum (I) N c: var. angustifolium 2 Ya 1,200-1,400 m Endemic; N of Salom; Cerro de la Chapa (Bunting, 1986) (I) iii" Bunting >..., IU P. roraimae Krause 6 Bo 700-1,660 m Endemic; should be expected in adjacent Guyana n (I) IU (I) P. rubens Schott =P. ornatum Schott

P. rudgeanum Schott Bo,DA,La,Mo, (200)520-1,600 Known also from Trinidad, the Guianas and Brazil; Sect. Pteromischum Po,Ta,Ya m

*P. sabulosum Bunting 5 Am 125-140 m Endemic; vic. Yavita; vic. Pimich(n; Sect. Philopsammos (Bunting, 1986)

P. d. sagittifo/ium 2 Ya 1,260-1,290 m If really this species, also in Colombia and Panama to Mexico liebm.

P. santodominguense 3 Ba,Me 1,000 m Endemic; known only from La Soledad in Barinas and Mitisus in M~rida; Bunting Sect. O/igospermium oN V1 FLORISTIC SPECIES ZONES STATES ELEVATION COMMENTS

P. scandens C. Koch 2,3 Ap,Ar,Bo,Ta, 0-1,360 m Ranges from Mexico to the West Indies, Trinidad, Venezuela, the Guianas, & H. Sello Ya,Zu Brazil, Peru and Bolivia; Sect. Polyspermium

P. smaragdinum 5 Am below 200 m Endemic; Sect. Polyspermium Bunting

P. solimoesense 5 Am,Ap,Bo 250 m Also known from Guyana, Brazil and Peru; subgen. Meconostigma A. C. Smith

P. spha/erum Schott 5 Am below 500 m Also in Surinam; Sect. Oligospermium

P. spruceanum 5 Am 100 m Endemic; known only from R(o Yatua; close to P. roraimae; subgen. Bunting Meconostigma

P. sleyermarkii 5,6 Am,Bo 125-800 m Also in Brazil, Colombia and Peru; Sect. Philopsammos (Bunting, 1986) Bunting

·P. strictum Bunting 4 Ta 1,100-1,330 m Endemic; Cerro las Minas, 7°36'N, 72°13'W; Sect. Polyspermium (Bunting, 1986)

·P. sucrense Bunting 2 Su 225 m Endemic; Caripito-CarJpano, 10 0 30'N, 63°35'W (Bunting, 1986)

P. surinamense (Miq. 5,6 Am,Bo up to 1,300 m Also known from Guyana, Surinam, Brazil (Amap5) and Peru ex Schott) Engler

·P. tachirense 3 Ta 1,100-1,150 m Endemic; 19-25 km E of San Cristobal; Sect. Oligospermium (Bunting, Bunting 1986)

P. tatei Krause "

P. tenue C. Koch & 2,3 Ap,DF,La,Me, 810-1,600 m Ranging from Nicaragua to Ecuador and Venezuela Augustin Ta,Ya,Zu

·P. tessmanii Krause 3,5 Ap,Ta 100-1,000 m Also in Surinam, French Guiana and Peru; Sect. Pteromischum

·P. triangulare 3 Tr 1,300-1,650 m Endemic; vic. Escuque, ca. 9°25'N, 70 0 45'W; Sect. O/igospermium Bunting (Bunting, 1986)

P. trujil/oi Bunting 2,3 Ap,Ar,Me,Ta, 100-1,350 m Endemic; Sect. Po/yspermium Ya,Zu

P. venezuelense 5 Am 125-140 m Known only from Venezuela but to be expected in eastern Colombia and Bunting perhaps also in northern Brazil; subgen. Meconostigma

·P. venosum (Willd.) 1,2 Ar,DF,Fa,Mo, below 1,000 m Also in Trinidad & possibly Lesser Antilles; treated as P. karstenianum >-.., Croat Su by Bunting (1979); Sect. Pteromischum ~ @ ~ P. venustum Bunting 5 Am 120-400 m No doubt in adjacent Colombia as well; Sect. Po/yspermium ~

·P. victoriae Bunting 3 Ta ca. 800 m Endemic; vic. of EI Corozo, S of San Crist6bal, related to P. barrosoanum; Sect. O/igospermium (Bunting, 1986)

P. vinaceum Bunting 6 Bo 700-1,300 m Endemic; Sect. Po/yspermium

·P. wurdackii Bunting 5,6 Am 120-1,130 m Also in Brazil, Colombia; Ecuador and Peru; Sect. O/igospermium (Bunting, 1986)

·P. yaracuyense Croat 2 Ya 1,200 m Endemic FLORISTIC SPECIES ZONES STATES ELEVATION COMMENTS

'P. yavitense Bunting 5 Am 125-140 m Endemic; Depto. Casiquiare, vic. Pimich(n; section unknown (Bunting, 1986)

P. zulianum 3 Zu 250-475 m Endemic; known only from the plains of Lake Maracaibo and foothills of (Bunting) Bunting the Serran(a de Perij.r; Sect. Pteromischum ined.

Pistia stratiotes 1,2,3 Ap,Ar,DA,Fa, low elev. Widespread in tropics L. Po,Su,Zu

Rhodospatha badilloi 2,3 Ar,La above 1,660 m Endemic Bunting R. bolivarana 6 Bo below 600 m Endemic; known only from along R(o Canaracuni, S of Cerro ]aua in SE Bunting Bol(var

'R. falconensis 2 Fa 1,360 m Endemic; Sierra de San Luis, above Uria (Bunting, 1986) Bunting

*R. guasareensis 3 Zu 1,450-1,600 m Endemic; Otto. Mara, vic. Puerto "EI Bosque" de la Guardia Nacional, Bunting 10047'N; n040'W (Bunting, 1986)

R. cf. heliconifolia 3 Me,la 200-2,300 m 10 be expected in adjacent Colombia Schott

R. moritziana Schott 2,3 Ap,Ar,Mi,Ta, 0-1,300 m Also known from Colombia, Ecuador and Peru Va

*R. steyermarkii 2 Su 700-750 m Endemic; Peninsula de Paria, E of Cerro de Humo; aff. R. moritziana Bunting (Bunting, 1986) <: Q.. R. oblongata Poeppig 5,6 Am,Bo 125-1,200 m Also occurs in Guyana, Surinam and Brazil

R. perezii Bunting 3 Me,la 250 m Endemic R. ct. pieta 3 Ap,Me,Po, 200-1,500 m Endemic Nichols. Ta?,Tr

R. venosa Gleason 5,6 Am 120-400 (1,000) Also occurs in Guyana m

Schismatog/ottis bolivarana Bunting 5,6 Am,Bo 95-400 m Endemic; differs from S. spruceana by its ovate-cordate leaf base & Steyerm.

S. spruceana (Schott) Bunting var. spruceana 5 Am,Bo to 150 m Also known from Brazil

var. williamsi 5 Am to 150 m Endemic (Steyerm.) Bunting

Spa thiph yllum cannaefolium 1,2,3 Am,Ap,Bo,DA, below 1,200 m Ranges from Amazon basin in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Brazil and > (Dryand.) Schott 5,6 Me,Mo,Su,Ta, Venezuela to Trinidad and the Guianas iil Zu @ III /1) S. humboldtii Schott 5 Am,Ta below 1,000 m Also in Guyana, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru

S. jejunum Bunting 5 Am ca. 250 m Possibly same as S. schomburgkii Schott; in Venezuela known only from Jacar~, RIO Cunucunuma

S. lanceaefolium 2,3 Ar,Ca,Fa,Me, up to 1,300 m Endemic; along streams and in cloud forests (Jacq.) Schott Mi,Po,Zu

'Os. liesneri Croat 5 Am below 120 m Endemic

S. monachinoi 5 Am,Bo 100-200 m Endemic; known only from along Rro Parguaza; probably also from Brazil Bunting (Cid & Ramos 1070) FLORISTIC N..... o SPECIES ZONES STATES ELEVATION COMMENTS

~ nebUnae Bunting 5 Am,Bo 140-400 m Endemic

S. perezii Bunting 3 Me,Ta ca. 125-1,000 Endemic; known only from EI Vigia-EI Quince Road and Repressa Dorado; m apparently related to S. fulvovirens

S. schomburgkii 5,6 Am,Bo 150-900 m Endemic?; growing near the base of the tepu(s; possibly also in Schott Colombia: Bolfvar: 150 km N of Barrancabermeja, 900 m (Bruijn 1110, VEN) matches the species well

Stenospermation ammiticum Bunting ssp. ammiticum 5,6 Am,Bo 140-1,575 m Also known from adjacent Guyana; in Venezuela usually growing along the base of the tepu(s; possibly also from Peru (Schunke 5867)

* ssp. neblinae 6 Am 1,700-2,000 m Endemic; Cerro de la Neblina (Bunting, 1986) Bunting

S. multiovu/atum 1,6 Bo,DA 0-2,100 m Ranges from Panama to Venezuela, the Guianas, Brazil and Peru (Engl.) N. E. Br.

S. pittieri 3 Ta above 1,800 m Endemic; known only from between Bram6n and Las Delicias Steyermark

S. spruceanum 5 Am,Bo up to 1,800 m Also ranges from Guyana to Brazil, Peru, Colombia and Ecuador Schott

S. steyermarkii =S. multiovu/atum (Engl.) N. E. Brown Bunting

S. u/ei Kra use 5,6 Am,Bo,DA mostly above Also known from Brazil 1,000-2,300 m

Syngonium apurense =5. atrovirens Bunting Bunting 5. atrovirens 3 Ap,Me,Ta,Zu below 500 m Known also from Colombia (Andre 419 bis) in Magdalena Provo (Naranjo­ Bunting Carare); most closely related to 5. yurimaguense from Brazil, Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia

5. crassifolium 3 Me 125 m Also in Colombia and Ecuador; in Venezuela known only from EI Vigia-EI (Engl.) Croat Quince (Bunting 2403, MY)

5. atf. hastifolium Material treated by Bunting (1979) is here included in 5. crassifolium Engler (Engler) Croat

5. meridense Bunting 3 Me ca. 125 m Endemic; known only along the Carto Zancudo-La Azulita road and between EI Vigia and EI Quince

*5. podophyllum 1,2,3 Am,Ap,Ar?,Ba, below 1,000(1,510) Ranges from Mexico to Guianas, Brazil and Bolivia Schott 5,6 Bo,DA,Me,Ta, m Tr,Ya,Zu

5. vellozianum =5. podophyllum Schott Schott > Tha umatophyllum iil n spruceanum Schott =P. goeldii G. M. Barroso ID D> ID Typhonium divaricatum (l.) DF Introduced and escaped around Caracas Decne. lJrospatha sagittifolia (Rodsch.) 1,5 Am,An,Bo,DA, 50-750 m Also known from the Guianas, Peru, Colombia, Ecuador and Brazil Schott Mo

*1I. wurdackii 5 Am 100 m Endemic; known only from Cerro Yapacana near R(o Orinoco (Bunting) A. Hay comb. nov., ined...... N FLORISTIC N SPECIES ZONES STATES ELEVATION COMMENTS

Xanthosoma akkermansii 5 Am 100-125 m Endemic; known only from granitic outcrops between Puerto Ayacucho (Bunting) Croat and Sanariapo

X. aristequietae 2,7 Am,Ca,Co,Gu, below 250 m Endemic (Bunting) Madison Po

X. bayo Bunting 3 Me,Po,Ta,Tr 200-500 m Endemic; in open areas, especially along roads

*X. bolivaranum 6 Bo 200-400 m Endemic; Gran Sabana, km 87 from EI Dorado (Bunting, 1986) Bunting

X. caulotuberculatum 6 Bo 50-500 m Endemic; known only from EI Dorado-Santa Elena de Uair~n Road; Bunting Steyermark et al. at 50 m from Delta Amacuro may be this species

X. conspurcatum 5 Am below 250 m Also from Surinam, in Venezuela known only from Yavita Schott

X.. helleborifolium 2,6 Ar,Bo,Ca,DF, up to 900 m Ranges from EI Salvador to the Guianas and Amazonian Peru, Brazil-, (Jacq.) Schott Fa,Gu,La,Po Colombia and Ecuador

X. jacquinii Schott 1,2 Am,Ar,Mi,Mo, 750-2,000 m Widespread in neotropics SU,Ya

X. longilobum 3 Ba,Me,Tr below 1,000 m Endemic to Cordillera de M~rida Bunting

*X. maroae Bunting 5 Am 120-400 m Endemic; Maroa (R(o Guain(a); Gran Sabana, km 87 from EI Dorado (Bunting, 1986)

X. mexicanum Liebm. 3,5 Am,Ba,Me,Po, 400-500 m Ranges from Mexico to Venezuela; in Venezuela, from the western slopes Tr,Zu of the Cordillera de MEfrida and SE Zulia X. orinocense 5 Am 125 m Endemic; along R(o Orinoco near the mouth of the Calio Yapacana Bunting

X. pariense Bunting Mo,Su to 540 m Endemic; similar to X. pentaphyllum (VeiL) Engler (see photo)

X. peltalUm Bunting 3 Ap,Me,Ta 1,230-2,000 m Endemic

X. pentaphyllum 2 Ar,Ca,Mi 0-1,000 m Ranging from Mexico to Venezuela (Veil.) Engler

X. pilosum C. Koch =X. mexicanum Liebm. & Augustin

X. sagitrifolium 3,5 Am,Ba,Mi,Ta, up to 1,900 m Known also in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and perhaps elsewhere; in (L.) Schott Ya Venezuela known only from Barinas-Santo Domingo Road

X. saguasense 3 Po, Tr ca. 1,400 m Endemic; in Venezuela known only from near the R(o Saguas Bunting

X. striaripes 5 Am,Bo,Gu 75-450 m Also in Colombia, the Guianas, Brazil and Paraguay (Kunth) Madison

X. trilobum Bunting 5 Am 100-250 m Endemic; known from along the Rro Orinoco near the mouth of the R(o Pacimoni (Llacami), in the vic. of Canariapo and in the vic. of Yutaje

All names preceded by asterisks represent names which did not appear in Bunting's 1979 synopsis. They may represent synonyms or new taxa.

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