Réponse De La Flore, De La Faune Du Sol Et De Leur Substrat À L'introduction D'espèces Exotiques Envahissantes Végétales

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Réponse De La Flore, De La Faune Du Sol Et De Leur Substrat À L'introduction D'espèces Exotiques Envahissantes Végétales THÈSE Pour obtenir le diplôme de doctorat Spécialité SCIENCES DE LA VIE ET DE LA SANTE Préparée au sein de l’Université de Rouen Réponse de la flore, de la faune du sol et de leur substrat à l'introduction d'espèces exotiques envahissantes végétales Présentée et soutenue par Corentin ABGRALL Thèse soutenue publiquement le 17 septembre 2019 devant le jury composé de Professeur, M. Grégory MAHY Rapporteur Université de Liège Directrice de recherche, Mme Annabel PORTE Rapporteure INRA-UMR Biogeco Bordeaux Project Leader, M. Marco MORETTI Examinateur WSL, Suisse Chargée de recherche, Mme Tamara MÜNKEMÜLLER Examinatrice CNRS – LECA - Grenoble Professeur, M. Matthieu CHAUVAT Directeur de thèse Université de Rouen Normandie, Ecodiv Maître de Conférence – HDR, Mme Estelle FOREY Co-directrice de thèse Université de Rouen Normandie, Ecodiv Thèse dirigée par Matthieu CHAUVAT et Estelle FOREY, laboratoire Ecodiv THÈSE Pour obtenir le diplôme de doctorat Spécialité SCIENCES DE LA VIE ET DE LA SANTE Préparée au sein de l’Université de Rouen Response of native flora, soil fauna and their habitat to the introduction of invasive alien species Présentée et soutenue par Corentin ABGRALL Thèse soutenue publiquement le 17 septembre 2019 devant le jury composé de Professeur, M. Grégory MAHY Rapporteur Université de Liège Directrice de recherche, Mme Annabel PORTE Rapporteure INRA-UMR Biogeco Bordeaux Project Leader, M. Marco MORETTI Examinateur WSL, Suisse Chargée de recherche, Mme Tamara MÜNKEMÜLLER Examinatrice CNRS – LECA - Grenoble Professeur, M. Matthieu CHAUVAT Directeur de thèse Université de Rouen Normandie, Ecodiv Maître de Conférence – HDR, Mme Estelle FOREY Co-directrice de thèse Université de Rouen Normandie, Ecodiv Thèse dirigée par Matthieu CHAUVAT et Estelle FOREY, laboratoire Ecodiv « The most exciting phrase to hear in science, the one that heralds new discoveries, is not 'Eureka!' (I've found it!), but 'That's funny...' » -Isaac Asimov. Avant-propos Cette thèse a été réalisée au sein du laboratoire d’écologie de l’Université de Rouen Normandie – Normandie Université (URA IRSTEA ECODIV) sous la direction du Pr. Matthieu Chauvat et la co- direction du Dr. Estelle Forey-Leyssenne. Cette thèse a été financée par une allocation doctorale de la région Haute-Normandie (puis Normandie), le LabEx COTE (Université de Bordeaux), d’une bourse de recherche Jean et Marie-Louise Dufrenoy – Crédit Agricole d’Île-de-France Mécénat. Ce projet a également bénéficié d’un soutien de l’Ecole Doctorale Normande - Biologie Intégrétive, Santé, Environnement sous la forme d’une bourse de déplacement pour un colloque international. Ce manuscrit comprend une introduction générale, quatre chapitres de résultats rédigés sous forme d’articles scientifiques, une discussion générale, une conclusion et des appendices. Ces appendices incluent une publication distincte des travaux de thèse mais fournissant une base méthodologique. Un CV est également présenté en fin de manuscrit. Résumé Les espèces exotiques envahissantes végétales sont des plantes introduites et naturalisées hors de leur aire de répartition native et capables de maintenir et d’accroître leur population. Certaines sont considérées comme transformatrices de par leur effet sur les écosystèmes (structure, fonctionnement ainsi que les communautés végétales et animales). Ces transformations peuvent rendre certaines de ces espèces nuisibles de par leurs impacts écologiques et économiques importants. Les travaux réalisés dans le cadre de cette thèse et présentés ici ont pour objectif d’approfondir les connaissances sur l’impact des invasions biologiques. La faune du sol, la végétation native et leurs substrats ainsi que son fonctionnement ont été étudiés à différentes échelles spatiales. Deux espèces exotiques, envahissantes en Europe, ont été considérées comme modèles pour ces travaux : le robinier faux-acacia (Robinia pseudoacacia) et la renouée du japon (Reynoutria japonica). Premièrement, une méta-analyse globale a permis de démontrer l’effet positif des invasions biologiques végétales sur l’abondance de certains groupes de la faune du sol, notamment les consommateurs primaires, selon la structure de l’habitat (ouvert ou fermé). Ensuite, une étude à large échelle sur le robinier faux-acacia a permis d’illustrer les différences qui peuvent exister dans la réponse des écosystèmes forestiers aux invasions le long d’un gradient latitudinal. Ce gradient, composé de quatres régions distinctes en Europe de l’Ouest présente des différences de climat et de végétation dominante, ces différences modifiant l’impact du robinier faux- acacia. Une étude appronfondie sur le robinier faux-acacia en Normandie a permis de mieux comprendre son effet sur les communautés animales et végétales ainsi que sur le fonctionnement des écosystèmes par comparaison avec deux essences natives dominantes. Finalement, une manipulation expérimentale en laboratoire a démontré l’impact des composés allélopathiques de la renouée du Japon sur une partie de la faune du sol. Cette étude a montré que certaines espèces exotiques envahissantes sont susceptibles d’influencer la faune et les réseaux trophiques du sol par leurs métabolites secondaires. Ces travaux illustrent l’intérêt, dans le contexte des invasions biologiques végétales, de l’étude simultanée des compartiments aériens et souterrains à différentes échelles spatiales. Mots-clés : invasions biologiques, interactions sol-plante, faune du sol, écologie des communautés, robinier faux-acacia, renouée du Japon i Abstract Invasive alien plants are species introduced and naturalized outside of their native distribution range and which have the capacity to maintain and expand their population. Some of these species are considered to be ecosystem transformers by altering their structure, functioning as well as resident animal and plant communities. These induced alterations make some of these species undesirable through their ecological and economical impacts. The work presented in this thesis aims at improving the understanding of the impact of biological invasions by alien plants. The soil fauna, native vegetation and their substrate, as well as ecosystem functioning, were studied at different spatial scales. Two exotic alien species, invasive in Europe, were considered as biological models for this work: the black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) and the Japanese knotweed (Reynoutria japonica). Firstly, a global meta-analysis demonstrated the positive impact that plant invasions exerts on the abundance of some groups within the soil fauna, notably primary consumers, within different types of habitats (open or closed). Then, a large-scale study on the black locust revealed the differences that occur in the response of forest ecosystems to invasions along a latitudinal gradient. Study sites along this gradient, distributed among four distinct regions in western Europe, exhibit differences in climate and dominant native vegetation which can alter the impact of the black locust. A detailed study on black locust impacts in Normandy demonstrated the impact of R. pseudoacacia on native plant and soil fauna communities, as well as on some ecosystem functions, in comparison to two native tree species. Finally, a laboraty experiment demonstrated the impact that allelopathic compounds extracted from Japanese knotweed rhizomes can have on some organisms within the soil fauna. This study showed that some invasive alient plants can influence the soil fauna, and soil food webs, through their secondary metabolism. This thesis illustrates that simultaneous study of both aboveground and belowground ecosystem compartments at different spatial scales is of interest in the context of biological invasions. Keywords : biological invasions, soil-plant interactions, soil fauna, community ecology, black locust, Japanese knotweed ii Remerciements V’là une bonne chose de faite, boudiou ! Une page se tourne… Ça n’a pas été facile tous les jours, et je n’en serais pas arrivé là sans l’aide, le soutien et l’attention d’une belle flopée de personnes. Un grand merci général, donc, à tous ceux qui liront ces quelques lignes et se sentiront concernés. Un grand merci à Matthieu et Estelle d’avoir encadré cette thèse, et pour le soutien apporté pendant tout ce parcours. D’avoir porté ce projet, tout d’abord. D’avoir pensé à moi et de m’avoir fait confiance pour l’accomplir, ensuite. Merci aussi de votre disponibilité, de vos conseils, de votre aide pratique comme technique et scientifique. Des longues réunions dont je sortais toujours avec plus de confiance et de clarté dans mon esprit et m’ayant permis d’accomplir ces travaux. Matthieu, merci pour ton humour, de m’avoir initié aux (petit) monde des collemboles et quelques découvertes musicales. Merci Estelle, pour ta bonne humeur permanente, ton aide en écologie végétale et quelques aventures culinaires. Après la confiture de renouée, il reste quand même les beignets de fleurs de robiniers ! Mes remerciements aux membres du comité de pilotage ayant orienté ces travaux à leurs débuts : Marta Carboni, Mickaël Hedde et Nicolas Massei. Merci à Annabelle Porté et Grégory Mahy d’avoir accepté la tâche de rapporteur, d’autant plus pendant la période estivale. Merci à Tamara Münkemüller et Marco Moretti d’avoir accepté de participer au jury qui va, j’espère, évaluer ces travaux. Merci aussi à toute ma famille. A ma maman, Béatrice : je n’en serais pas là sans toi. Constance, ma petite sœur, la grande artiste, la rêveuse mélancolique : plein de bisous. A Cécile, Brad, Norah, Eve
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