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Sodium Azide Induced Mutagenesis in Wheat Plant

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Sodium Azide Induced Mutagenesis in Wheat Plant WORLD JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES Misra et al. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences SJIF Impact Factor 6.647 Volume 6, Issue 10, 294-304 Review Article ISSN 2278 – 4357 SODIUM AZIDE INDUCED MUTAGENESIS IN WHEAT PLANT Shailja Dubey1, Renu Bist1 and Shrilekha Misra*2 1Dept. of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Banasthali University, Rajasthan, India. 2Department of Internal Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA. ABSTRACT Article Received on 04 August 2017, Sodium azide, a chemical mutagen has become important tool to Revised on 25 August 2017, enhance agronomic traits of crop plants. It is being used to produce Accepted on 15 Sept. 2017, DOI: 10.20959/wjpps201710-10199 resistance in various susceptible crops to improve their yield and quality traits against harmful pathogens. There are several mutagens available for crop improvement and each mutagen has its important *Corresponding Author Shrilekha Misra role as positive or negative effects on crops. Sodium azide creates Department of Internal point mutation in the genome of plants through metabolite and thus Medicine, Ohio State produced protein in mutant plants has different function compared to University, Columbus, OH, the normal plants. The mutant plants produced by the treatment of USA. sodium azide are capable to survive under various adverse conditions and have improved yields, increased stress tolerance, longer shelf life and reduced agronomic input in comparison to normal plants. KEYWORDS: Sodium azide, crop improvement, wheat, breeding, mutagenesis. INTRODUCTION Wheat (Triticum spp.) is the second-most produced crop on Earth and provides a large fraction of the dietary protein and total food supply. Wheat is one of the major cereals in the world and is one of the main sources of calories and protein. Approximately 85% and 82% of the global population depends on wheat for basic calories and protein, respectively.[1] It is grown all throughout the world in a wide variety of climates. It is a staple food for more than 35% of the world population. Moreover, this cereal is used in the production of a variety of wheat products, such as leavened bread, flat and steamed breads, cakes, pasta, biscuits, noodles, couscous and beer.[2] Beyond its use for human consumption, wheat is also used for the development of non-food products such as fuel. Wheat is grown on more land area than any other commercial crop and is the most important staple food for humans. World trade in www.wjpps.com Vol 6, Issue 10, 2017. 294 Misra et al. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences wheat is greater than for all other crops combined.[3] Globally, wheat is the leading source of vegetable protein in human food, having higher protein content than either maize (corn) or rice, the other major cereals. Taxonomic Hierarchy Kingdom : Plantae (Unranked) : Angiosperms (Unranked) : Monocots (Unranked) : Commelinids Order : Poales Family : Poaceae Subfamily : Pooideae Tribe : Triticeaes Genus : Triticum L. Description of plant Wheat is a widely grown winter crop. A wide range of varieties are available including dwarf, semi-dwarf and bearded varieties. Wheat has erect seedling. Leaves are 10-20 cm long and up to 15 mm wide. Seedlings begin to tiller soon after emergence, with multiple tillers forming from the plant base. Leaves are largely flat, up to 40 cm long and 20 mm wide. The ligule is membranous, 0.5-2 mm long and broadly rounded. The auricles are membranous. Form on the end of the stems. Heads are 5-10 cm in length, up to 2 cm in width and flattened with 2 rows of alternating seeds. They can be bearded, with stiff terminal awns up to 6 cm in length, or may be awn less. Seeds are typically around 4-5 mm in length. Cultivation Wheat is cultivated in tropical and sub-tropical regions and under both rainfed and irrigated cultivation. However, crop production is severely affected by adverse environmental stresses.[4] Land Preparation The wheat crop requires a well-pulverized but compact seed bed for good and uniform germination. Three or four ploughing in the summer, repeated harrowing in the rainy season, followed by three or four cultivations and planking immediately before sowing produce a good, firm seed bed for the dry crop on alluvial soils. For the irrigated crop, the land is given www.wjpps.com Vol 6, Issue 10, 2017. 295 Misra et al. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences a pre-sowing irrigation (palewa or raund) and the number of ploughings is reduced. Where white ants or other pests are a problem, Aldrin 5% or BHC 10% dust at the rate of 25 kg/ha should be applied to the soil after the last ploughing or before planking. Worldwide production of wheat Currently India is second largest producer of Wheat in the world after China with about 12% share in total world wheat production. In 2016 world production of wheat was 851 million tons, making it, the third most-produced cereal after maize (844 million tons) and rice (672 million tons). In 2017, world production of wheat was 982 million tons, making it the second most-produced cereal after maize (817 million tons) and with rice as close third (679 million tons). In terms of total production tonnages used for food, it is currently second to rice as the main human food crop and ahead of maize, after allowing for maize's more extensive use in animal feeds. Breeding Breeding is method generally used for crop improvement and genetic variations. Genetic variation is necessary to adapt the changing environmental conditions and promote the survival of species. The common method for improvement of economically important crop is mutation. Mostly conventional mutation methods were used for improvement of characters like disease and pest control, yield and quality in crop plants. The mutant varieties of some agronomically important crops like wheat, cotton and barley covers the majority of crop lands.[5] The utilization of induced mutations in crop improvement is called Mutation “Breeding”. Mutation is a sudden heritable change in an organism. The mutation produced by changes in the base sequence of gene, is called point mutation or gene mutation. Mutations are known to enhance the genetic variability of crop plants and result in large number of high yielding varieties of several crops.[6,7] Generally there are two types of mutations are occurred: Spontaneous and Induced mutations. Spontaneous mutations Mutation occur in nature are called spontaneous mutation. This type of mutation occurs in organism without any treatment at low rate in the nature. Different genes and organism shows different type of mutation rate. www.wjpps.com Vol 6, Issue 10, 2017. 296 Misra et al. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Induced mutations Mutation induced in an organism or plant by treatment with physical and chemical mutagens are called induced mutations. The agents which are used to induce mutation are called mutagens. Mutagens used for the induced mutations may be broadly classified into two groups. Physical mutagens Physical mutagens include various types of radiations, viz. gamma rays, x-rays, alpha particles, beta particles, ultra violet rays, fast and thermal neutrons. Change in pH value (acidity) or temperature shocks are also included in physical mutagens (Table 1). Table 1: Properties of various physical mutagens. Types of Radiations Properties X-Rays Penetrating and non particulate, sparsely ionizing. Gamma Rays Very penetrating and non particulate, sparsely ionizing. Alpha Particle Less penetrating, Particulate, positively charged, densely ionising. Beta Particle More penetrating than alpha particles, particulate, negatively charged and sparsely ionizing. Fast and thermal neutrons Highly penetrating, Particulate, neutral particles, densely ionising. UV Rays Low penetrating, non ionizing Chemical mutagens The first report of mutagenic action of a chemical was given by Charlotte Auerbach (1942), who showed that nitrogen mustard could cause mutation in cells. Chemical mutagen causes single base-pair (bp) mutation or single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) because they are more commonly called to, rather than translocations and deletions. In contrast to MNU and EMS (both are liquid), azide is a solid in its ground state and the step of the first dissolving and the acutely toxic and volatile substance. The target of mutation breeding is to create maximum genetic changes with a less decrease in viability. The chemical mutagens can be divided into four groups (Table 2). www.wjpps.com Vol 6, Issue 10, 2017. 297 Misra et al. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Table 2: Properties of various chemical mutagens. Mutagen group Chemicals Mode of action Ethyl Methane Sulphonate (EMS), Sodium Azide Alkalyting (Nan3), Methyl Methane Sulphonate (MMS), AT↔ GC Transition agents Diethyl Sulphate (DES), Dimethyl Sulphate (DMS) AT↔GC Transition, 5- Bromouracil, 2- Aminopurine, 6- Ami Base analogs deletion, addition, Nopurine frameshift Acridine dyes Acriflavin, Proflavin AT↔GC Transition Others Mustard gas, Caffeine, Azide, Phenol etc. Transition Sodium Azide Sodium azide (NaN3, Mol.Wt 65.02) is a colorless, odorless and crystalline solid.[8] It is relatively safe to handle, inexpensive, non-carcinogenic and is also the least dangerous and the most efficient chemical mutagen. Sodium azide is a common laboratory chemical and is widely used in industry, agriculture, medical practice, and organic synthesis research. It is a common bactericide, pesticide, and industrial nitrogen
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