The Road to Warenburg Interpreting a with Maps and Images

Created by Richard Kisling in collaboration with Ronald Brott Presented by Richard Kisling

American Historical Society of Germans from Virtual Conference, July 13, 2021 Acknowledgements Thanks to the following individuals for their specialized help and support in preparing this presentation. Ronald Brott, Ankeny, Iowa: Warenburg Village Coordinator (history), [email protected] Sharon White, Taylorsville, Utah: Warenburg Village Coordinator (genealogy), [email protected] Natalia Chumakova, Saratov, Russia: information on Warenburg and about her grandmother, Leocadia Yanovna Tokareva (“Leocadia Peterson” in this presentation)

Permissions for use of photographs: Aleksandr Bashkatov, Saratov, Russia; Denis Anikin, Saratov, Russia; Historischer Forschungsverein der Deutschen aus Russland, Nuremberg, ; Landsmannschaft der Deutschen aus Russland, Stuttgart, Germany; the online newspaper, “Общественное мнение” [public opinion], Saratov, Russia; Anton and Vitaly Koshkin, Saratov, Russia. Richard Kisling, Petaluma, California, [email protected]

This slide deck is available as a PDF on the conference website under the title “The Road to Warenburg Presentation, 2021 Conference.” It will be moved the Warenburg Village File on AHSGR’s new website when the site is launched the fall of 2021. Our Route | Unser Weg Presentation Resources Location Genealogy • On the Tarlyk River • Village Coordinators, Surname Charts, Surroundings Translated Records, Engels Archive • Between the and the Steppe Warenburg in Print Church Topographic Maps and Aerial Photographs Village • Tips for Acquisition/Usage (all regions)* • From the Air • Matrix of Topographic Maps () • From the Ground Supplement The End of Warenburg • Church, Government, and Commerce • Deportation, September 18, 1941 • Insurrection of 1919 • Privolnoye’s (Warenburg’s) Last Germans • 1:200,000 Topographic Map • Leocadia Peterson (1924– ) Endnotes

*Preliminary assessment of LOC’s map indices indicates extensive coverage of the Black Sea area, especially 1:50,000 scale maps.

This slide deck is available as a PDF on the conference website under the title “The Road to Warenburg Presentation, 2021 Conference.” It will be moved the Warenburg Village File on AHSGR’s new website when the site is launched the fall of 2021. 3 Points of Interest| Sehenswürdigkeiten Along the way … | unterwegs … Interim Destinations | Zwischenziele • Maps—especially 1930s topographic maps from • Learning by all audiences: Warenburgers, AHSGR the USSR: symbols, labels, elevations veterans, newcomers • Historical and contemporary village photos, • Understand something about Warenburg’s newspaper headlines, statistics history, setting, and way of life • German reconnaissance photo from 1942 • Be able to compare Warenburg to other colonies • A few words in the German language you may know • Warenburg Middle School “Class of 1941” • Gain some experience with topographic • Leocadia Peterson maps and aerial photos • Alexander Bier (extensive writing) • Increase your knowledge and empathy • Alexander Schmal (photos, writing based on his regarding the Russian Germans diary)

This slide deck is available as a PDF on the conference website under the title “The Road to Warenburg Presentation, 2021 Conference.” It will be moved the Warenburg Village File on AHSGR’s new website when the site is launched the fall of 2021. 4 The Location—on the Tarlyk Die Lage—am Tarlyk Tarlyk Colonies, Population, Land Holdings

5 MAP 1.0 Stumpp Map/Volga Colonies (excerpt) On the Tarlyk—am Tarlyk Warenburg was founded May 12, 1767, one of sixteen colonies established May–August by the recruiters LeRoy and Pictet. • These colonies were successively called LeRoy’s Second District, the Warenburg District, and then “on the Tarlyk” or am Tarlyk. • The Tarlyk River ran about 30 miles off the Steppe, flowed between Laub and Dinkel, joined the Volga River. Warenburg not named for its first Vorsteher, Johann Heiter (Geiter) • Example: the “colony of Vorsteher Straub” (Johann Heinrich Straub) became merely “Straub”—a widespread practice in the Volga colonies. • Warenburg was named by the recruiters, who warehoused goods— Waren—here for distribution, thus the name “Waren-burg.” • The colony was often called “Alt-Warenburg” (Old Warenburg) after it established daughter colonies called Neu-Warenburg (New Warenburg). • The Russian name was—and still is—Privolnoye. Warenburg was 50–50 Lutheran and Reform, unique in the colonies. Note: On this map, (e) indicates evangelisch, Evangelical or more generally, “Protestant”; (k) indicates katholisch, Catholic; (m) indicates mennonitisch, Mennonite; Kukkus and Seelmann are underscored twice, as they headed cantons in the Volga German Republic. This map, Stumpp’s 1:600,000 map from 1954, is available from AHSGR, “Map #06 Volga.”

6 MAP 1.1 Stumpp Map/Volga Colonies (excerpt edited) Tarlyk Neighborhood History Low point for the Tarlyk colonies in 1774 • August: the Pugachev rebels swept through these colonies from the north, stole horses, murdered colonists. • In Warenburg, they killed six, hanged Vorsteher Ihlner. Daughter • October: the Kirghiz-Kaizak attacked Hölzel, Leitsinger, Keller, and Colonies Seelmann; the number of those killed, abducted, missing was 438. • Leitsinger and Keller were destroyed; survivors re-built at Neu-Kolonie, downriver from Seelmann, in 1776. Mennonite colonies were settled 1854–1872 on the Lake Elton Salt Tract (“am Trakt”) mostly east of the Lake Elton Salt Road. Mennonite Colonies “am Trakt” • The extension of the salt road to Pokrovsk is not shown on the map.

Neu-Warenburg ● Warenburg’s daughter colonies

Ansiedlung Priwalnoje • Ansiedlung Priwalnoje and Neu-Warenburg on the Steppe ● • Neu-Warenburg, founded in 1902 just north of Seelmann, appears by its Russian name, Novoprivolnoye, on contemporary maps.

Daughter Colonies Note: Added daughter colony names and locations from A. Mergenthaler’s 1:420,000 map, AHSGR ● Leitsinger “Map #04 Volga” ● Keller Tip: Use Google Maps/satellite view or Google Earth to see remnants of the original street grids of the several Tarlyk colonies that have been abandoned or relocated from their inundated original sites to higher ground.

● Neu-Kolonie 7 Population and Land MAP 2 Straub, Warenburg, Preuss | Warenburg’s Land Warenburg’s land encompassed some 48,650 acres (19,688 hectares) and extended Ten Most Populous Volga Colonies in 1912 17.4 miles (28 km) from the Volga River. The average width was 4.4 miles (7 km). This Colony 1772 1912 was about 76 square miles (197 square kilometers). 1. Norka 957 14,236 The three sections of land holdings shown below, from the west: 2. Katharinenstadt 283 11,962 • Holdings identified in the 1798 Census, extending 10.9 mi (17.5 km) from the Volga 3. Grimm 769 11,778 River • Additional lands likely acquired between 1798 and 1840 4. Frank 525 11,557 • Land east of the Lake Elton Salt Road, likely acquired after 1840 5. Balzer 479 11,110 6. Huck 380 9,600 7. Jagodnaja Poljana 402 8,845

8. Dönnhof 470 8,830 Straub 9. Warenburg 579 8,312 10. Seelmann 257 8,089

Of the almost 200 mother and daughter after 1798 Census 1798-1840 colonies in the Volga region, only three of the 1840 Old-Warenburg ten largest colonies were on the Meadow Side: • Katharinenstadt, which became successful with small industry and shipping; • Seelmann, which became large and wealthy because of grain shipping from its docks; • Warenburg, which did not industrialize and Preuss whose docks were impeded by the large sand island, but still remained large and wealthy. Base Map: Soviet 1:100,000 map from 1934, excerpt from Sheet M–38–45 (National Archives)

8 The Surroundings Die Umgebung Between the Volga and the Steppe—Flooding, Meadow, Orchards, Gardens, “Derlick”

9 10 MAP 3.0 Soviet 1:100,000 Map Excerpt from Sheet M–38–45 Primarily Symbols Straub The Straub and Old Warenburg Großer Graben | • Mountain Side (Bergseite) hills “Big Gully” • Volga River, sand island, “saton” • Meadow (Wiese), grassland, deciduous trees, many lakes and ponds • Country highway (Landstraße) • new north-south highway farther east • Orchards and cabbages Alt-Warenburg | Old Warenburg • apples and cherries south of Warenburg • cherries northeast of Warenburg • cabbage patches east of Warenburg (described near standing water) Dubovka • The vast steppe (farmland) to the east pitomnik | (plant) nursery Soviet 1:100,000 map from 1934 from Library of Congress (LOC) and AHSGR Tip: Use online Russian keyboard, online translator for short translations. 11 MAP 4.0 Soviet 1:50,000 Map Excerpt from Sheet M–38–45–A 1 Symbols and Labels Straub Grasses, lakes, deciduous trees on meadow ADD LOCATION OF OPENING2 PHOTO • The Tarlyk River labeled by name • joined the Volga seven miles north between 3 Laub and Dinkel 7 • also meandered southward through the 4 meadow past Straub and Warenburg • called the “Derlick” in Warenburg • Footpaths across the Derlick and meadow 5 6 • Buildings and infrastructure 1 pig collective 2 pigs 3 rabbits 4 summer khutors 5 wind/mechanical mills 8 6 standing water (cabbages) 7 orchards 7 Old Warenburg 8 cemetery (кладбище, kladbishche) 9 sheds (сараи, sarai), (plant) nursery (питомник, pitnomnik) (former fairgrounds)

Soviet 1:50,000 map from 1932 available from LOC 9 Tip: Consult guides online for abbreviations and symbols. 12 Pre-1961 May–June Flood, Summer Meadow Before 1961, the Volga River at Late-May/early-June, the river The resulting meadow was used low water was an easy walk flooded as deep as 10 ft (3 m), for recreation, fishing, cattle from Warenburg. then receded. grazing; lush grasses for hay.

Note: There were also soggy conditions and localized flooding in these villages in March when the ground thawed, the snow melted, the gullies and creeks ran with water, and the ice on the Volga River broke up.

13 MAP 4.1 Soviet 1:50,000 Map Excerpt from Sheet M–38–45–A “Walking Distance” “An easy walk” from the Church • south to cemetery: 0.75 mi (1.2 km) • south to the fairgrounds: 2 mi (3.25 km) • east to the cabbages: 1.5 mi (2.5 km) Cherries • east to the base of Steppeberg: 2 mi (3 km) • northeast to cherry orchards: 2.3 mi (3.75 km) Cabbages • north to the Straub church as the crow flies:

3.4 mi (5.5 km) Steppeberg • west to the river: 1.7 mi (2.85 km) • north-northwest to the Volga: 4.6 mi (7.5 km) Cemetery Other Distances • up the Steppeberg Ramp: 0.16 mi (250 m) • width of Volga River: 0.75 mi (1.2 km) • Volga to east boundary: 17.4 mi (28 km) Fairgrounds

Note: The villagers would not have harnessed a team of horses for a light errand. These walks were favorite activities for Sunday afternoons when no one could work with a team and wagon. 14 MAP 4.2 Soviet 1:50,000 Map Excerpt from Sheet M–38–45–A Multiple Elevations Elevations • Bergseite hills (Wolgaberg): 475 ft (145 m) • Studjonkaer Kopp: 885 ft (270 m) • Volga River: 11.5 ft (3.5 m) • Meadow (die Wiese) • lower northern section: 36–39 ft (10–12 m) • higher southern section: 36–55 ft (10–17 m) • Village and area east: 66 ft (20 m) • Straub somewhat lower: ~49 ft (15 m) • Standing water east of the village • Steppeberg: 132–169 ft (40–51 m) • ascent to the Steppe was higher at Warenburg • hillside approximately 39% grade • old graded ramp approximately 11% grade • Steppe: as high as 216+ ft (66+ m) • farmland to the east Note: The Studjonkaer Kopp (not shown)—west of the now- abandoned Russian village Studyenka/Стчдеика (Studjonka in German)—was the tallest Bergseite peak visible from Warenburg. Read more about it in the endnotes. 15 MAP 4.3 Soviet 1:50,000 Map Excerpt from Sheet M–38–45–A Environment: 8 mi2 (21 km2) die Wiese (Meadow): low and flat S t e p p e • deep, long flooding: 10+ ft (3+ m) for weeks • no gardens or orchards: recreation, grazing, hay • large area of grasses, herbs, flowers, trees, wildlife der Grund (Bottoms): not as low and flat • shallower, briefer flooding: 0–10+ ft (0–3+ m), days–wks • orchards/nursery survived no/short flooding • gardens planted in June after the high water • Süßholz (licorice) roots dug in the Grund Kalmücker Grund (Kalmyck Bottoms): higher • no flooding, rich soil, shallow water table • soil temperature warm enough in May for gardens • May was slack time—mäßig Zeit—between wheat planting and rye harvest. • large, production gardens • tons of cabbages harvested near the standing water at base of Steppeberg Note: The environment is measured from the Volga River east to the Steppeberg, and from Warenburg’s southern to northern borders as shown on the 1:100,000 map earlier in this presentation. 16 The “Derlick” The Tarlyk, the “Derlick” (Dellig): • crossings to the meadow: a bridge at the channel (der Kanal) and a ford at the hollow (die Höhle) • source of domestic water • shallow places to wash the horses, water the cattle • an area of sandy beach for swimming in summer • places for ice skating and Hollow sledding in winter

Photo above left: the Derlick at high water, end of May 1941, by Alexander Bridge Schmal. Boat occupants—all members of the “Class of 1941”—from the left: Alexander Roth, Georg Wagenleitner, Leocadia Peterson, Marta Wasmuth, Emma Stumpf, Beate Elsässer, Philip Doering, August Becker. Location of photographer is unknown; likely perspective is facing the village. Photo above right: the Derlick at low water by an unknown photographer. See map underlay for probable location and angle of camera shot.

17 The Church | Die Kirche Church Street, the Kontor Style, Interior, Pipe Organ, Tower and Dome, Soviet Era

18 Church Street in Warenburg “Kirchenstraße von Warenburg” This is the “classic” Warenburg photo circa 1908–1911. Church Street—the main street—was a part of the country highway (Landstraße) that connected all the Meadow Side (Wiesenseite) colonies. The Lower Village (Unterdorf) was the colony’s center of gravity, with the church, parsonage, three schools, colony and volost (Kreis) offices, numerous businesses, clinic (1870s), and small hospital (around 1910). The two-story building on the left was the Brott School (die Brotteschule) at this time. Notes: • Kirchenstraße was also called Kirchengasse. • In Warenburg the Lower Village included these blocks in front of the church and the whole area behind the church. Photograph by an unknown photographer. Often reversed, the orientation of the photo shown here is correct, according to witnesses and aerial photos. 19 Warenburg Church A large, neoclassic-style brick church building that seated 1,200 • The Kontor (office) for Foreign Settlers in Saratov mandated neo- classic church architecture until it closed in 1874. • the Kontor Style (Kontor-Stil) to the colonists • after 1874, churches built in a variety of styles • Most churches were wooden, larger churches were often brick. • The Warenburg church is a good example of this style: • colonnaded front portico and side porches with shallow, empty pediments • massive, fluted columns to support the porches • pilasters on the exterior walls • large-scale, three-story tower with cupola; needle spire with ball and cross • cross (small churches) or dome (large churches) over the sacristy • The iron fence with the stone columns was likely from 1911.

Note: A sacristy is a (usually small) room behind the altar where the pastor or priest Photo of the church circa 1908–1911 from the collection prepares for the church service. of the Krikau family, Elgin, Illinois; filtered and colorized by George Miller, Naperville, Illinois. 20 Inside the Church Photo: Pastor Eduard Seib, posed in front of the altar holding the elements of the Lord’s Supper • Raised and carpeted chancel surrounded by the communion rail • Lutherans knelt at the rail to receive communion; Reform members stood. • “Swallow’s nest balcony” pulpit over the altar • stairway up to the pulpit located in the sacristy behind the altar • unknown inscription on the arch over the pulpit • Balcony and side galleries • Prescribed seating: village dignitaries in front, men on left, women on right, young single men in the balcony and galleries • seating further sequenced by birth year with older people toward the front Photographer unknown. This photo has been reversed in some publications. The photo is shown here in its correct orientation, based on the Christogram “IHS” on the front of the altar cloth. 21 Drawings from E.F. Walcker Ogelbau: Right: the display pipes and the The Pipe Organ wooden casework crowned with • installed in the church decorative gothic towers balcony by E.F. Walcker Below: console, configuration of pipes, wind supply Orgelbau, from Ludwigsburg, Württemberg, Germany in 1898 • fifteen-rank organ with two manuals and pedalboard • neo-gothic wooden casework about fourteen feet across, nineteen feet tall at highest point (image, far right) • foot-operated levers as wind supply (required second person) • schoolmaster was organist and choir director

22 The Tower and the Sacristy Dome, Construction Date Eighteen forty-three has been the accepted construction date In earlier photos, the round or octagonal third level of the tower is deeply set back for the church. Superintendent Pingoud’s 1909 report from from second level. There is a circular dome the general consistory in St. Petersburg, for example, over the sacristy. describes an 1843 brick church in Warenburg seating 1,200. In later photos and in the current ruin, the Other traditional references echo this date (see endnotes). Dr. tower’s third level is square and taller. The Sergey Terjochin describes an 1843 building to which columns at the corners and the new cupola improvements were made after 1908, including a new fence appear to have been built around the old and poplar trees, renovation of the tower, and fluting of the tower. There is no dome over the sacristy. columns, etc. Nature may have played a role: Alexander Bier says the tower was struck by lightning in Dr. Olga Litzenberger’s magisterial book on the Volga colonies 1912 and repaired before . presents a detailed and convincing narrative about a new Kontor-Style brick church in Warenburg, which was started in 1905 and consecrated in 1910. The interior had pews for 1,200 believers, balconies, pulpit, altar, and three crystal chandeliers. It was heated by three cast-iron ovens from Holland. This sounds like a splendid church! However, this description Photo above (circa 1908–1911): does not account for the differences in the tower and sacristy Warenburg church showing a smaller roof. (see left). tower and a circular dome over the sacristy. Note: A church seating 1,200 was too small for a village with a Photo right (Soviet Era): the population of 8,300; several contemporary churches were twice the Warenburg church with the new tower size or even larger: Norka, Hussenbach, Schäfer, etc. There is also speculation about why the community would install a new pipe organ and no dome over the sacristy. in 1898 then begin construction on a new church only seven years later. 23 The Church During the Soviet Era • The final three men who served as pastor were arrested, the last in 1931 while he was pastor in Warenburg. • May 1935, the cross was pulled down from the tower. • March 1937, the church was officially closed. • July 1937, a huge wheat harvest; the church used as a granary • The Communist Red Star was positioned on the top of the tower. • The bells were removed, the pipe organ was carried off. • The church was used as a club (theater performances) until 1939. • In 1943, a Machine-Tractor-Station was set up in the church building, operated by the prisoners of a corrective labor camp. • They bulldozed or hammered a large entrance in the sacristy wall to permit driving equipment in and out. • Village legend: Two of the three men who installed the red star on the top of the former church fell off the tower and sustained Photo by Denis Anikin, 2016: Warenburg church with hole in the fatal injuries. In another version: None of the men fell, but all sacristy wall. their families experienced some misfortune within a year.

24 The Village | Das Dorf From the Air: Aerial Photos and Village Plan From the Ground: Parsonage, Schools, Houses

25 Warenburg in German-Flown Aerial Photography Photo below left: Warenburg, visible in the lower right corner. Straub, a little less than four miles north, is barely discernable in the morning sunlight; compare this to maps earlier in this presentation for orientation. Photo below right: a corner of Warenburg with footpaths crossing the Derlick and meadow. October 8, 1942, Sortie 1862, Photo 220 Photo 220 (enlarged view)—Paths, Lakes, Trees, Haystacks

The German-Flown Aerial Photo were captured by the Allies at the end of World War II and became a part of the United States National Archives’ collection. 26 Warenburg, One Year After the Deportation Photo below left: enlargement of the Warenburg street grid, clearly showing larger buildings like houses, stores, and schools. Wholesale destruction of buildings for heating material came later at the height of WWII. This photo shows the village as we left it a year earlier. Sketch below right: street plan with buildings. Photo 220 (enlarged view)—Warenburg Street Grid Village Plan Sketched from the Photo

The National Archives’ collection of reconnaissance photos in the USSR includes shots of a number of German villages in the Volga and Black Sea regions. 27 MAP 5 Sketch of Village Plan Village Plan, Lower Village The village plan, left: Warenburg with about 150 identifications contributed by Heinrich Kisling, Leocadia Peterson, Alexander Bier, Marie Christine Doering Leisle, Anna Lofing Brott, Alexander Schmal, Wilhelm Funkner, and others. Excerpt below: part of the Lower Village

N 28 Upper Village School • Warenburg maintained two village schools, both with ~300 pupils and one teacher. • short school year: October–March • Teachers’ other responsibilities • maintained the church registers • rang the church bells • performed baptisms and funerals • led the church service when the pastor was away • played the organ and led the choir

Photo above right by an unknown photographer: a historical photo of a building with 10 windows often identified in print as the Warenburg “Upper Village School” Photo below right by Ronald Brott from 1995: the actual Upper Village School— a building with 9 windows just like Warenburg’s Lower Village School— which was built on a street corner

29 Brott Store/School and Home (1995) This building was the Brott Store and then the Brott School. We saw The Brott House is directly to the right of the Brott School. This is it in the “Church Street” photo in a prior slide. The building was a another shot from 1995. Note the hip roof, shutters over the store when this photo was taken in 1995: the sign says “products.” windows, the light blue paint around the windows, and the carved The building still stands on Church Street. flourishes over them.

30 Parsonage One of Warenburg’s most-photographed houses From Dr. Olga Litzenberger: • built by the community in 1907 • walls eighteen inches thick • large gate with fancy brickwork • ceilings with delicate stucco decorations • the last pastor arrested in 1931 • After that, leaders of the collective farms lived here. • 1943 to 1953, the head of the corrective labor camp that was set up in Warenburg lived here. • private residence today • village legend: tunnel to church

Photo: Denis Anikin, 2016

31 Lower Village School • Church services were held here in winter, also weddings, baptisms, funerals (referred to as the Bethaus). • Month-long preparation for confirmation—approximately 275 confirmands in Warenburg Parish (the colonies Laub, Dinkel, Straub, Warenburg, and Neu-Warenburg). • procession from school to church on Pentecost Sunday • The Large Community Council met here to make major decisions. • a village governing body with a representative from each of the 800 households • Today • house of culture and community center, space for receptions, dances, movies, etc.

Photo above right by Alexander Schmal, 1941: store, school, health clinic (Polyklinik), village soviet (Dorfsowjet), houses Photo, below right: Denis Anikin, 2016

32 Miller (Müller) Villa Heinrich Müller, an early Vorsteher, made his fortune transporting Lake Elton salt to Pokrovsk (Engels). • Salt was a state monopoly; traders and agents were used for distribution and sales. • His son became one of the region’s most successful grain traders. • Later descendants bought the land of the Mennonite colony Hahnsau (c. 1881), resold it at a profit (c. 1900), and then started a successful trading company. • The Miller Villa (photos, right) was a showplace, with German finishes, furnishings, and artwork.

Photo above right: Alexander Schmal, 1941 Photo below right: Aleksandr Bashkatov, 2010

33 Miller (Müller) School The Miller family moved away; they had business ventures in other parts of the empire. They gave the family home to Warenburg for use as a school in the early 1900s. The villa was used for Warenburg’s “middle school” (secondary school) in the 1930s (photo above left). Alexander Bier: “A graceful arched gate and two built-in street doors connected the summer kitchen with house’s main entrance and with the two-story side building. Service buildings surrounded the Hof. The whole ensemble of buildings gave the impression of urban buildings.”

Photo above left by Alexander Schmal, 1941: the Warenburg Middle School Photo below left by Denis Anikin, 2016 (cropped): the new entrance and wing to the left

34 The “Little Miller House” • The Miller Villa is still the largest building in Privolnoye. • The connecting wall and large gate have been filled in with new construction to the left of the new entrance. • It is still a school today, and the only building in Privolnoye whose name— the “Little Miller House”— is carried over from the German colony Warenburg.

Photo: Denis Anikin, 2016 35 Warenburg’s German Houses Notched-corner log construction • many with hip roofs (“French roofs”) … but few with remaining gable/mansard windows • shuttered windows • any front entrances are additions • houses simultaneously bigger than they appear (tall off the ground) and smaller than they needed to be when you realize how many people lived in them • typically, an entrance hallway and small kitchen plus two or three large rooms • 1,200 square feet the norm; some smaller or larger • multigenerational households included the married sons and their families, often exceeded thirty family members.

Photo top right by an unknown photographer: Warenburg Church Street in 1906 looking toward the church; two houses on the left with hip roofs and mansard windows. Image below right: diagrams showing two examples of notched corner joints from Joseph Schnurr’s piece, “Die Siedlung, der Hof und das Haus der Russlanddeutschen,” in Heimatbuch, 1967–1968, p. 27.

36 Crowded Inside Spaces

Observations from Eduard Seib, pastor in Warenburg 1909–1918: In winter, worship services and ministerial acts were conducted in the chapel [the Bethaus, the Lower Village School building], which became extremely crowded. The air became so stuffy it sometimes caused the lamps and candles to flicker out during evening worship services. The room also became very hot. “This [did] not bother the … because the same thing [happened] in their homes.”

Photos: Denis Anikin, 2016

37 The End of Warenburg Das Ende Warenburgs Deportation on September 18, 1941 | Privolnoye’s Last Germans

38 Resettlement Decree, August 28, 1941

• June 22: The Germans invade the Soviet Union; all radio receivers in Warenburg are confiscated. • August 28: The Presidium of the Supreme Soviet issues the decree, “Regarding the Resettlement of the Germans Who Live in the Volga District.” • It describes “thousands and tens of thousands of saboteurs and spies” in the Volga district waiting for a signal from Germany to set off explosions. • Inasmuch as the Volga Germans had known about this but concealed it, the government is compelled to take punitive action. • “To prevent bloodshed,” Volga Germans will be “relocated” to , and to the Novosibirsk, Omsk, and Altai regions, where rich agricultural lands already had been set aside for them. • August 30: The decree was printed in the final edition of the Volga German Republic’s newspaper, “Nachrichten” (see left) and posted in the villages. • Armed soldiers surrounded the villages and patrolled the streets; curfew imposed • Complete isolation—no communication in or out of the villages

39 MAP 6 Stumpp Map/Volga Colonies (excerpt) Deporting the Tarlyk Villages

• Rumor and fear in Warenburg • Preparation: food, clothing for ten weeks • 33 lbs (15 kg) per person • flour, hard bread, salted pork, whatever smoked sausage was left from the previous year, lard, dried fruits, salt, tea, other staples September 5 • In the Tarlyk villages, the deportation started at the north: September 7 Bangert on September 5, Stahl on September 7, Kukkus on September 11 September 11, etc. • men from each village enlisted to help the neighboring villages to the north

September 16–18 • Anyone who resisted in any way was taken away and never heard from again.

Note: The individual evacuation dates are from personal narratives. See endnotes.

40 Deportation from Warenburg, September 16–18, 1941

• September 16–18: Warenburgers driven across the meadow in wagons and motor vehicles, after first crossing the Derlick at the “hollow” • Assembled/staged on the bank of the Volga River (see likely route, above, a distance of about 1.9 mi or 3 km) • September 18: loaded onto barges for transportation upriver to Engels • Straubers were still waiting on the riverbank for transportation when Warenburgers sailed past Straub on September 18. • Overnight September 18–19: huddled in the rain on open-deck barges • September 19: transferred to trains (cattle cars) in Engels for unknown destinations 41 Bearing Witness “My grandmother … cries bitter tears the whole morning [of September 18]. Her parents lie here in the cemetery. My Grandfather Simon is buried here. She watered the earth here with her sweat and survived the famine years of 1921 and 1933.” “We arrive at the sandy bank of the Volga where the possessions of those being expelled from their homes and farmyards had been organized. [Some] people had already been waiting for two days for the cargo ship that would take them to Engels.” Alexander Bier, “Abschied” [farewell]

“The residents were taken in vehicles and on foot to a wooded area on the Volga. People … spent a miserable night in the woods. A large barge arrived in the morning. An order was given, then the children, the sick, the severely handicapped, and all the baggage were dragged onto it. After several hours we set out on our journey up the Volga.” Alexander Schmal, “Von der Schulbank bis zur Todeszelle” [from the school desk to death row]

“The tugboat pulls the barge slowly against the current. We men stand at the railing and watch the waves. The towrope of the tug lifts out of the water, then sinks back under. An eerie silence settles over the barge. No one utters a single word. We are traveling into the unknown.” Bier, “Abschied”

“[That night] was cold, wet, and rainy. The next day we arrived at a mooring near Engels. In light rain, we organized and loaded everything into a waiting freight train. The people helped each other because they all shared the same fate, and this united them.” Schmal, “Von der Schulbank bis zur Todeszelle”

42 Bearing Witness (continued) “Old-Warenburg, September 17, 1941. This was one of the most difficult days in my life. There was no way to protest or resist our banishment, as it was already determined. Our baggage and clothing, bedding, and all necessities including some foodstuffs were loaded onto a wagon and drawn across the Wiese by a team of horses to the bank of the Volga, then transferred onto a large barge that took me and my family members to Engels, which at that time was the capital city of the Volga German Republic. Railroad cars that had previously carried cattle were already waiting to haul us away. We and our baggage were taken away in these filthy cars to an unknown destination in . We could take fifteen kilos [about thirty- three pounds] per person. Not a single car had a window, so you can imagine how difficult it was for the children, for the old, and for the sick. The journey lasted more than a month. It did not become easier along the way.” Georg Kisling, Berlin, 2002 At the end of Klein’s novel about the deportation, the wagons are still moving out when old Kinzels Andres (Andreas Kinzel) dies, moments after the birth of his grandson, also named Andreas. They bury Kinzel facing Warenburg. Klein closes with a note of confidence: “These farmers, suntanned from the weather and tough as the good soil of the steppe, made of tenacious strength and iron will, would persevere and overcome the rigors of this time. Little round-cheeked Andreas will grow up, and one day as a man, even in distant Siberia, will overcome everything and thus prove himself worthy of his dead grandfather and his brave countrymen.” Victor Klein, closing paragraph of the published fragment of his lost masterwork, “Der letzte Grabhügel” [the last gravemound]

43 Privolnoye’s (Warenburg’s) Last Germans* A small number of Germans escaped deportation because they were members of mixed-nationality families with non-German husbands. This was only 1,487 of the 371,164 people who were deported from the Volga Republic. We know the names of seven of these families in Warenburg. A January 2020 report posted on the Privolnoye village website classifies thirteen current residents as “Germans.” Seven Mixed Families not Deported Post-war Village: Smaller and Poorer Antropov, Chapov, Kamalin, Klimov, Kuklev, Peterson, • The winter of 1941, family members of NKVD workers Russyayev arrived and established the “NKVD Sovkhoz,” which • Antropov: in the colony for three generations; the father existed until 1944. They moved into furnished houses … was the village tailor circa 1900. • From 1943 to 1953, Warenburg was the site of a • Klimov: the husband was Belorussian, the wife from the corrective labor camp; much of the village was Kraft family; the daughter Zinaida taught at the Miller surrounded by barbed wire. A Machine-Tractor Station, School; she was principal of the school at the time she operated by prisoners, was set up in the former church. retired in 2000. • The non-deported families remained. Life normalized in • Peterson: the husband was Latvian, the wife from the the 1950s and the population gradually rose into the Becker family, three sons and one daughter. hundreds, but there was not much local economy.

* The title of this slide has been adapted from the headline of the In January 2020, Privolnoye’s population of 1,321 was a newspaper article, “оследние немцы села Привольного” [the last diverse mix of 25 ethnic groups; made up less Germans of the village Privolnoye], by Alexey Golitsyn, published in the than half, at 602; second-largest group was Dungans, at Saratov-based online newspaper, “Общественное мнение,” November 10, 2017. 346; there were 13 Germans.

44 Leocadia Peterson (Leocadia Yanovna Tokareva) Leocadia’s German Family Leocadia’s Life in Warenburg Before World War II • Leocadia’s maternal grandfather was from the Becker • Born in Warenburg in January 1924; named after a family, descended from original Warenburg settlers refugee who passed through Warenburg Christoph and Juliana Bäcker, Household No. 96 in the • Graduated with the last class at the Warenburg Middle First Settlers List. School (secondary school) in May 1941 • Her maternal grandmother was from the Hoppe family, • Was accepted for further education at the Pedagogical descended from Widow Johanna Hoppe, Household No. Institute in Engels, but all German institutions were shut 64a in the Boisroux (Boaro) First Settlers List. The first down with the deportation Hoppe in Warenburg—Friedrich Hoppe—appears in the • Not deported in September 1941 because the Petersons 1850 Census. and six other Warenburg families were not Germans Leocadia’s Father, Yan Peterson (non-German heads of household). Some witnesses say • Leocadia’s father was born in Riga, Latvia. the total number of these families was twelve. • He left Riga with friends about 1917; they worked their • Took jobs during World War II to improve her Russian- way south through Russia painting churches. language skills • While they were working in Seelmann, Vladimir Wormsbecher hired them to work on his residence in Warenburg. • He met Leocadia’s mother, Lydia Becker, married into the Becker family in 1918, and stayed in Warenburg.

45 Leocadia’s Life in Privolnoye After World War II • Married Victor Tokarev • Trained as a teacher in Saratov • Worked for many years as a German teacher and librarian at the Miller (Müller) School in Privolnoye • Leocadia still lives in the Lower Village (Unterdorf) near the Volga River because she loves the Volga River, and she loves the village Privolnoye (Warenburg). Who is that lady in our vacation photos? • After foreign visitors began arriving in Privolnoye in the 1990s, Leocadia eagerly became an informative and enthusiastic guide and interpreter of the village. • Leocadia knows we are making this presentation today and sends all of us her best greetings from our old homeland!

Photo of Leocadia Peterson published with the article, “The Last Germans of the Village Privolnoye,” in the online newspaper “Общественное мнение,” om.saratov.ru, November 10, 2017.

46 47 Genealogy | Familienforschung Village Coordinators, Surname Charts, Volumes, Translated Records, Engels Archive

The “Genealogy” section of “The Road to Warenburg” is available as a separate PDF under the title “Warenburg Genealogy Resources, July 2021,” which is posted on the conference website. It will also be available in the Warenburg Village File on AHSGR’s new website in the fall of 2021.

48 Genealogy Resources Village Coordinators Warenburg Records Translated into English Sharon White: [email protected] (genealogy) 1798 Census, by Brent Mai, order from AHSGR Ronald Brott: [email protected] (history) 1826–1840 Marriage Records REVISED, order from AHSGR Surname (“Pleve”) Charts 1826–1850 Death Records, order from AHSGR Ordering Instructions at AHSGR.org 1834 Census, order from Brent Mai, [email protected] Andreas, Brott, Döring, Gleim, Horch, Kisling, Koehler, Mohr, 1850 Census, order from Brent Mai, [email protected] Molko, Schmidt, Siebert, Simon, Spomer, Wagenleitner 1857 Census, order from Brent Mai, [email protected] Order from the Central California Chapter AHSGR 1874 Warenburg Family List (complete—two volumes), Dein, Nickel translated by Sharon White, order from AHSGR Records in Bound Volumes 1885 Warenburg Family List individual entries for the Lists of Colonists to Russia in 1766 “Reports by Ivan following families: Boos, Brott, Constanz, Eisner, Engelhardt, Kulberg” (in Russian and English), by Igor Pleve, order from Funkner, Gammel, Gerhard, Göbel, Hess, Horch, Ickstadt, AHSGR Jost/Yost, Kaiser, Kinzel, Kisling, Klamm, Kramer, Kreiter, Lehman, Leisle, Lind, Lofing, Lorenz, Roth, Rothenberger, 1767 Census, often called the First Settlers List (FSL), in Vol. Schäfer, Scherer, Schiffman, Schwengel, Simon, Valentin, 4 of Einwanderung in das Wolgagebiet (in Russian and Vogt, Werner, order from Sharon White, [email protected]. German), by Igor Pleve, order from AHSGR as soon as a new printing becomes available 1914 and 1915 Draftees Lists, order from Sharon White

49 State Historical Archive of the Volga Germans List of Warenburg Genealogy Records in the Archive in Engels, Russia, provided by Sharon White All these records are located in Fond (фонд) 244, except as noted. The organizational structure of the archive is notated as follows: fond (фонд), opis’ (опись), and delo (дело) numbers are shown as fond, op., and d. Births Marriages* Confirmation Lists Saratov Archive (GASO)** 1794–1811 (d. 1) 1826–1833 (d. 8) 1826–1833 (d. 8) 1834 Census 1812–1825 (d. 2) 1826–1840 (d. 33) 1835–1853 (d. 1, sv. 4) (fond 28, op. 2, d. 8676. p. 477). 1826–1833 (d. 8) Deaths 1854–1892 (sv. 6, d.12) 1914 Draftees List 1834–1858 (fond 264, d. 1) 1826–1833 (d. 8) 1847–1868 (fond 325, d. 1) (fond 53, op. 1, d. 15, vol.1, p. 13). 1826–1840 (d. 33) 1826–1840 (d. 33) Other Records 1912 Deaths 1849–1859 (sv. 6, d. 4) 1841–1850 (d. 34) 1857 Census (fond 637, op. 2, d. 3039, p. 208). 1841–1850 (d. 34) 1851–1856 (d. 35) (fond 110, op. 21, d. 82) Births 1915–1918 1851–1856 (d. 35) 1856–1875 (sv. 1, d. 15) 1874 Family List (fond 637, op. 30, d. 10) 338 pages. 1857–1861 (d. 36) 1857–1861 (d. 36) (fond 91, d. 1) Ровенский отдеп 3АГС (Rovensky Dept. 1847–1864 (fond 325, d.?) 1862–1867 (d. 37) 1885 Family List 3AGS): births 1922–1925. 1859–1873 (sv. 6, d. 22 + Dinkel) 1876–1887 (d. 13) (fond 91, d. 138, 139) 1860–1869 (sv. 7, d. 1) First Settlers List 1862–1867 (d. 37) (fond 1821, op. 2, d. 2, pp. 1862–1867 (fond 174, d. 33) 80–86)

* Some lists show Warenburg marriage records for the years 1794–1811. This an error. The archive in Engels does not hold the 1794–1811 marriage records. ** Sharon White does not work with records from the State Archive of the Saratov (GASO) and has not reviewed this list of records. 50 In Print | Im Druck Published Articles in the English and German Languages

The “In Print” section of “The Road to Warenburg” is available as a separate PDF under the title “Warenburg in Print, July 2021,” which is posted on the conference website. It will also be available in the Warenburg Village File on AHSGR’s new website in the fall of 2021.

51 Articles and Books in English and in German There are three pieces about Warenburg in AHSGR publications in English. The remainder of the essays and books in this list are in the German language. American Historical Society of Germans from Russia (AHSGR) LmDR, continued Available on the website, or order at ahsgr.org, pay with credit card or • Eduard Seib, “Der Wolgadeutsche im Spiegel seines Brauchtums,” PayPal. Heimatbuch, 1967–1968, pp. 145–209. • Arthur R. Hartwig, “Attestation Issued in Warenburg,” “Clues,” 1981 Historischer Forschungsverein der Deutschen aus Russland Edition, Pt 1., pp. 52–55. (HFDR) Order from hfdr.de, pay with wire transfer or PayPal. • Emma Schwabenland Haynes, “The Fate of a Wealthy Warenburg • Olga Litzenberger, Deutsche evangelische Siedlungen an der Wolga, Family,” “Journal,” Vol. 5 No. 3, Fall 1982, pp. 12–15. published in 2013; “Warenburg” is on pp. 659–669. • Richard Kisling, translator, “Uprising in Warenburg,” translated from • Alexander Schmal, “Meine Erinnerungen,” in Russland-Deutsche “Die Welt-Post,” “Journal,” Vol. 8 No. 4, Winter 1985, pp. 13–16. Zeitgeschichte, edited by Anton Bosch, Vol. 3, 2003, pp. 313–418. Landsmannschaft der Deutschen aus Russland (LmDR) By and About Victor Klein (these are obscure, hard to find) Order from lmdr.de, pay with wire transfer or PayPal. • Victor Klein, Die erkämpfte Scholle, , Verlag Progress, 1971. • Viktor Arndt, “Warenburg an der Wolga,” Heimatbuch, 2000 Pt. 2, pp. 90–95. • Reinhold Keil and Woldemar Herdt, Über Victor Klein und Seine Zeit, Mannheim, Germany, privately published by Reinhold Keil, 1993. • Alexander Bier, “Warenburg, mein Heimatdorf,” Heimatbuch, 2000, pp. 91–109. • Nina Paulsen, editor, Meine Muse blickt mit offenen Augen ins Leben … Zeitgenossen über Victor Klein. Leben und Werk, Slavgorod, Altai Krai, • Alexander Bier, “Abschied,” Heimatbuch, 1992–1993, pp. 133–137. Russia, Redaktion der “Zeitung für Dich,” 2000. This book includes a • Alexander Schmal, “Von der Schulbank bis zur Todeszelle,” long fragment from Klein’s lost masterwork, Der letzte Grabhügel. Heimatbuch, 1992–1994, pp. 120–129.

52 Maps and Aerial Photographs Landkarten und Luftbilder Acquisition/Usage (all regions), Matrix of 1930s Soviet Topographic Maps (Volga)

The “Maps and Aerial Photographs” section of “The Road to Warenburg” is available as a separate PDF under the title “Warenburg Maps and Aerial Photos, July 2021,” which is posted on the conference website. It will also be available in the Warenburg Village File on AHSGR’s new website in the fall of 2021.

53 Topographic Map and Aerial Photo Resources Maps and Photos from LOC and NARA Tips for Acquisition 1930s Soviet Topographic Maps are available for many Supply the archive with the Russian and German names of areas of the former Soviet Union from the Library of your village along with the latitude and longitude. Among Congress (LOC): the methods for obtaining latitude and longitude: • 1:200,000 (See Supplement of the presentation for a sample.) • Click on the village in Google Earth. • 1:100,000 (Slide No. 11 in the presentation) • The Germans from Russia Settlement Locations website • 1:50,000 (Slide Nos. 12–16 in the presentation) https://www.germansfromrussiasettlementlocations.org. Photographs from “German-Flown Aerial Photography,” a Select the Colony Group and then the village. • Warenburg, for example, is 50.9262, 46.0853. collection of German reconnaissance photos at the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), are available The Soviet 1930s Topographic Maps are in the collection of for some Volga and Black Sea villages. the Library of Congress Geography and Maps Division. • Ask a Librarian: https://ask.loc.gov/map-geography/ See the articles “Aerial Photographs of our Ancestral Availability of these maps for Volga German villages is detailed in the Villages,” by Charles R. Lambrecht and “Additional matrix, “1930s Soviet Topographic Maps for the Volga Region in the Comments on the Aerial Photographs,” by Emma S. Haynes Library of Congress” on the following slides. in the Spring 1982 AHSGR “Journal,” pp. 32–36. Do not The German-flown Aerial Photographs are among the follow the instructions in these pieces for acquiring the National Archives and Records Administration’s Cartographic photos. See ”Tips for Acquisition,” opposite. and Architectural Records, email: [email protected].. At either archive, an archivist will contact you in a few days about availability. They will e-mail a small number of complimentary images.

54 Matrix of 1930s Soviet Topographic Maps, Volga Region* Available from the Library of Congress Geography and Maps Division The matrix on the following pages is based on analysis by Ronald Brott of map indices supplied by the Library of Congress, June 2021. Maps Request the Map Sheet for Your Volga Colony • The maps were created by the Red Army in the 1930s. • Submit your request using the Library of Congress Geography and Map • There are three scale series of maps: 1:50,000, 1:100,000, and 1:200,000. Division’s “Ask a Librarian” tool: https://ask.loc.gov/map-geography/ • Each series covers a vast area but is made up of many individual map • Tell them you are inquiring about a 1930s Soviet topographic map. sheets; these can be requested from the library. • Provide the village name and coordinates from the matrix. • Map sheet numbers are augmented by an additional hyphenated suffix as • Reference LOC’s call number for the scale series of maps (see below). the scale of the maps gets smaller. • Add the pertinent map sheet number(s) for your colony from the matrix. • All text on Soviet topographic maps is in the Russian Cyrillic alphabet. Call Number and Map Sheet Number (example is Warenburg): • These are captured WWII documents, i.e. not a complete set of maps. • To request a sheet from the 1:50,000 scale series, use LOC call number • Some map sheets are better quality than others. G7000s50.R8 and the Map Sheet No. M-38-45-A (for Warenburg). Matrix (on following slides) • For the 1:100,000 scale series, use LOC call number G7000s100.R8 and • The matrix includes sections for Volga mother colonies, daughter colonies, Map Sheet No. M-38-45 (for Warenburg). the Mennonite colonies “am Trakt,” and smaller colonies and khutors. • For the 1:200,000 scale series, use LOC call number G7000s200.R8 and • The list of mother colonies and their spellings are from Father Gottlieb Map Sheet No. M-38-XI (for Warenburg). Beratz’s history, “The German Colonies on the Lower Volga: Their Origin • For the Russian character ‘Б,’ type alt+1041 (number pad only). and Early Development,” published by AHSGR in 1991. • For the Russian character ‘Г,’ type alt+1043 (number pad only). • For convenience, map sheet numbers in blue text point to locations on the • The colors on the matrix are not a part of LOC’s indexing system. left (east) bank of the Volga River; map sheet numbers in green text point Outcome to locations on the right (west) bank of the Volga River.** • An archivist will e-mail you a digitized image (or images) of the map(s). • The entry N/A (not available) in the matrix indicates that the relevant map • The library will supply a small number of complimentary images. sheet is not in the Library of Congress’s collection.

*Based on a preliminary assessment of the indices for these maps, it appears that LOC has more extensive coverage of the Black Sea area (50,000 scale maps) than it does the Volga region. The 50,000 scale maps are the most detailed of the maps used in this presentation. **Left and right bank descriptions are universally recognized as looking downstream. 55 1930s Soviet Topographic Maps for the Volga Region in the Library of Congress Analysis by Ronald Brott, June 2021 Mother Colonies, Anton–Herzog Mother Colonies, Hildmann–Norka 1:50,000 Scale 1:100,000 Scale 1:200,000 Scale 1:50,000 Scale 1:100,000 Scale 1:200,000 Scale Village Name(s) Coordinates Village Name(s) Coordinates Map Sheet No. Map Sheet No. Map Sheet No. Map Sheet No. Map Sheet No. Map Sheet No. Anton 51° 02' N 45° 51' E N/A M-38-32 M-38-X Hildmann 50° 35' N 45° 24' E N/A N/A N/A Balzer 51° 02' N 45° 42' E N/A M-38-32 M-38-X Holstein 50° 25' N 45° 42' E N/A M-38-56 N/A Bangert 51° 10' N 45° 55' E N/A M-38-32 M-38-X Hölzel 50° 51' N 46° 10' E M-38-45-A M-38-45 M-38-XI Bauer 50° 55' N 45° 23' E N/A M-38-43 M-38-X Huck 51° 05' N 45° 22' E N/A M-38-31 M-38-X Beauregard 51° 41' N 46° 44' E N/A M-38-10 M-38-V Hummel (Brockhausen) 51° 46' N 46° 57' E M-38-10-Г M-38-10 M-38-V Beckerdorf (Ernestinendorf) 51° 40' N 46° 50' E M-38-22-Б N/A M-38-V Husaren 50° 44' N 45° 27' E N/A M-38-43 M-38-X Beideck 51° 10' N 45° 40' E N/A M-38-32 M-38-X Hussenbach 50° 53' N 44° 49' E N/A N/A N/A Bettinger 51° 55' N 47° 16' E N/A M-38-11 M-38-III &IV Jagodnaya-Polyana 51° 58' N 45° 36' E N/A M-38-8 N/A Biberstein (Glarus) 51° 56' N 47° 17' E N/A M-33-11 M-38-III &IV Jost 51° 03' N 46° 03' E M-38-33-B M-38-33 M-38-XI Bohn (Hockerberg) 51° 46' N 46° 56' E M-38-10-Г M-38-10 M-38-V Kamenka 50° 42' N 45° 26' E N/A M-38-43 M-38-X Boisroux (Boaro) 51° 41' N 46° 52' E M-38-10-Г M-38-10 M-38-V Katharinenstadt (Marxstadt) 51° 42' N 46° 46' E N/A M-38-10 M-38-V Brehning (Kutter) 51° 02' N 45° 32' E N/A M-38-32 M-38-X Kauz (Kautz) 50° 54' N 45° 07' E M-38-43-A M-38-43 M-38-X Brabander (Brabenberg) 51° 12' N 45°55' E N/A M-38-32 M-38-X Keller (destroyed by Kirghiz) 50° 49' N 46° 08' E M-38-45-B M-38-45 M-38-XI Caneau (Kaneau) (Kano) 51° 40' N 46° 46' E M-38-10-Г M-38-10 M-38-V Kind 51° 47' N 46° 59' E M-38-10-Г M-38-10 M-38-V Cäsarsfeld (destroyed by Kirghiz) 51° 39' N 46° 51' E M-38-22-Б N/A M-38-V Kolb 51° 04' N 44° 59' E N/A N/A N/A Chaisol (destroyed by Kirghiz) 51° 25' N 46° 45' E M-38-22-B N/A M-38-V Köhler 50° 34' N 45° 23' E N/A N/A N/A Degott 50° 51' N 45° 22' E N/A M-38-43 M-38-X Kraft 50° 29' N 45° 29' E M-38-55-Г N/A N/A Dehler 51° 09' N 45° 56' E N/A M-38-32 M-38-X Krasnoyar 51° 38' N 46° 27' E M-38-21-Б M-38-21 M-38-V Dietel 50° 54' N 45° 10' E M-38-43-A M-38-43 M-38-X Kratz (Basel) 51° 54' N 47° 12' E M-38-11-A M-38-11 M-38-III &IV Dinkel 51° 02' N 46° 06' E M-38-33-B M-38-33 M-38-XI Kratzke 50° 52' N 45° 13' E M-38-43-A M-38-43 M-38-X Dobrinka 50° 18' N 45° 42' E N/A M-38-68 N/A Kukkus 51° 05' N 45° 47' E N/A M-38-32 M-38-X Dönnhof 51° 00' N 45° 29' E N/A M-38-31 M-38-X Laub (Tarlyk) 51° 00' N 46° 00' E M-38-33-B M-38-33 M-38-XI Dreispitz 50° 21' N 45° 40' E N/A M-38-56 N/A Laube (Lauwe) 51° 04' N 46° 01' E M-38-33-B M-38-33 M-38-XI Eckhardt (Zürich) 51° 53' N 47° 10' E M-38-11-A M-38-11 M-38-III &IV Leichtling 50° 32' N 45° 24' E N/A N/A N/A Enders 51° 40' N 46° 33' E M-38-22-A N/A M-38-V Leitsinger (destroyed by Kirghiz) 50° 48' N 46° 06' E M-38-45-B M-38-45 M-38-XI Fischer 51° 41' N 46° 36' E N/A M-38-10 M-38-V Louis 51°23' N 46° 51' E M-38-22-Г N/A M-38-V Frank 51° 05' N 44° 49' E N/A N/A N/A Meinhard (Unterwalden) 51° 49' N 47° 00' E N/A M-38-11 M-38-III &IV Franzosen (Rossochi) 50° 48' N 45° 29' E N/A M-38-43 M-38-X Merkel 50° 53' N 45° 18' E N/A M-38-43 M-38-X Galka 50° 22' N 45° 47' E M-38-56-Г M-38-56 N/A Messer 50° 58' N 45° 33' E N/A M-38-44 M-38-X Gattung (Zug) 51° 51' N 47° 04' E M-38-11-A M-38-11 M-38-III &IV Moor 50° 58' N 45° 42' E N/A M-38-44 M-38-X Göbel 50° 29' N 45° 26' E M-38-55-Г N/A N/A Müller 50° 33' N 45° 44' E N/A M-38-56 N/A Graf 51° 29' N 46° 40' E M-38-22-B N/A M-38-V Näb (Resanovka) 51° 47' N 46° 58' E M-38-10-Г M-38-10 M-38-V Grimm 50° 53' N 45° 29' E N/A M-38-43 M-38-X Nieder-Monjou 51° 38' N 46° 38' E M-38-22-A N/A M-38-V Herzog 51° 29' N 46° 43' E M-38-22-B N/A M-38-V Norka 51° 10' N 45° 19' E N/A M-38-31 M-38-X

56 1930s Soviet Topographic Maps for the Volga Region in the Library of Congress Mother Colonies, Ober-Monjou–Wittman Daughter Colonies, Ährenfeld–Morgentau 1:50,000 Scale 1:100,000 Scale 1:200,000 Scale 1:50,000 Scale 1:100,000 Scale 1:200,000 Scale Village Name(s) Coordinates Village Name(s) Coordinates Map Sheet No. Map Sheet No. Map Sheet No. Map Sheet No. Map Sheet No. Map Sheet No. Ober-Monjou 51° 44' N 46° 51' E M-38-10-Г M-38-10 M-38-V Ährenfeld 50° 44' N 47° 03' E N/A M-38-47 M-38-XII Orlovskaya 51° 46' N 46° 54' E M-38-10-Г M-38-10 M-38-V Alexander-Höh (Alexanderdorf) 51° 16' N 46° 51' E M-38-34-Б M-38-34 M-38-XI Paulskoye 51° 41' N 46° 41' E N/A M-38-10 M-38-V Alexandertal (Neu-Schilling) 50° 19' N 45° 23' E N/A M-38-67 N/A Pfannenstiel (Mariental) 51° 27' N 46° 44' E M-38-22-B N/A M-38-V Alt-Weimar 50° 04' N 46° 40' E M-38-70-B M-38-70 N/A Pfeifer 50° 39' N 45° 24' E N/A N/A N/A Arbeitsfeld 51° 00' N 46° 18' E N/A M-38-45 M-38-XI Philippsfeld 51° 40' N 46° 47' E M-38-10-Г M-38-10 M-38-V Avilovo 50° 11' N 45° 07' E N/A M-38-67 N/A Preuss (Preis) 50° 52' N 46° 10' E M-38-45-A M-38-45 M-38-XI Blumenfeld 50° 22' N 46° 43' E N/A N/A N/A Reinhard 51° 35' N 46° 35' E M-38-22-A N/A M-38-V Brunnental 50° 52' N 46° 30' E N/A M-38-45 M-38-XI Reinwald 51° 34' N 46° 31' E M-38-22-A N/A M-38-V Eckheim 50° 47' N 46° 54' E M-38-46-Г N/A M-38-XI Remmler (Luzern) 51° 50' N 47° 02' E M-38-11-A M-38-11 M-38-III &IV Erlenbach 51°30' N 47° 52' E M-38-24-Г N/A M-38-III &IV Rohleder 51° 31' N 46°38' E M-38-22-A N/A M-38-V Erlenbach 50° 17' N 45° 02' E N/A M-38-67 N/A Rosenheim 51° 40' N 46° 29' E N/A N/A M-38-V Fresental (Frösental) 51° 21' N 46° 58' E M-38-22-Г N/A M-38-V Rothammel 50° 51' N 45° 06' E M-38-43-A M-38-43 M-38-X Friedenberg 50° 34' N 46° 26' E M-38-57-Б N/A N/A Sarepta 48° 31' N 44° 31' E N/A N/A N/A Friedenfeld 50° 46' N 47° 03' E M-38-47-Б M-38-47 M-38-XII Schaffhausen 51° 57' N 47° 20' E N/A M-38-11 M-38-III &IV Friedental 50° 43' N 46° 16' E N/A M-38-45 M-38-XI Schäfer (Lipovka) 51° 31' N 46° 36' E M-38-22-A N/A M-38-V Frankreich 50° 09' N 46° 38' E M-38-70-B M-38-70 N/A Schilling (Sosnovka) 51° 11' N 45° 47' E N/A M-38-32 M-38-X Gattung (Stepanovka) 51° 27' N 47° 56' E M-38-24-Г N/A M-38-III &IV Schönchen 51° 52' N 47° 06' E M-38-11-A M-38-11 M-38-III &IV Gnadendorf 51° 14' N 46° 48' E M-38-34-Б M-38-34 M-38-XI Tcherbakovka (Shcherbakovka) 50° 29' N 45° 41' E M-38-56-Б M-38-56 N/A Gnadenfeld 50° 48' N 46° 42' E M-38-46-B N/A M-38-XI Schuck 50° 47' N 45° 20' E N/A M-38-43 M-38-X Gnadenflur 51° 28' N 47° 37' E N/A N/A M-38-III &IV Schulz 51° 33' N 46° 32' E M-38-22-A N/A M-38-V Gnadentau 50° 30' N 46° 31' E M-38-58-A N/A N/A Schwab 50° 25' N 45° 51' E M-38-56-Г M-38-56 N/A Grundt 51° 13' N 45° 19' E N/A M-38-31 M-38-X Schwed 51° 36' N 46° 30' E M-38-21-Б M-38-21 M-38-V Grüntal 50° 49' N 46° 06' E M-38-45-B M-38-45 M-38-XI Seelmann (Rovnoye) 50° 46' N 46° 03' E M-38-45-B M-38-45 M-38-VI Hoffental 51° 03' N 47° 13' E M-38-35-B N/A M-38-XII Sewald (Seewald) 50° 52' N 45° 09' E M-38-43-A M-38-43 M-38-X Hussenbach 50° 53' N 44° 50' E N/A N/A N/A Semenovka 50° 29' N 45° 19' E M-38-55-Г N/A N/A Josefstal 50° 17' N 45° 06' E N/A M-38-67 N/A Stahl am Karaman 51° 37' N 46° 31' E M-38-22-A N/A M-38-V Katharinental 50° 58' N 47° 14' E M-38-47-A M-38-47 M-38-XII Stahl am Tarlyk 51° 09' N 45° 55' E N/A M-38-32 M-38-X Konstantinovka 50° 59' N 47° 04' E M-38-47-A M-38-47 M-38-XII Stephan 50° 32' N 45° 38' E N/A M-38-56 N/A Langenfeld 50° 57' N 47° 01' E M-38-47-A M-38-47 M-38-XII Straub 50° 58' N 46° 06' E M-38-45-A M-38-45 M-38-XI Liebental 51° 18' N 46° 52' E M-38-34-Б M-38-34 M-39-XI Urbach 51° 32' N 46° 35' E M-38-22-A N/A M-38-V Lilienfeld 51° 22' N 47° 03' E N/A N/A M-38-III &IV Volmar (Vollmer) 50° 44' N 45° 16' E N/A M-38-43 M-38-X Lippertsal 51° 19' N 48° 15' E N/A N/A N/A Walter 51° 07' N 44° 48' E N/A N/A N/A Maienheim 51° 10' N 46° 34' E M-38-34-A M-38-34 M-38-XI Warenburg (Privalnoye) 50° 56' N 46° 05' E M-38-45-A M-38-45 M-38-XI Marienberg 50° 47' N 46° 25' E N/A M-38-45 M-38-XI Winkelmann (Susannental) 51° 48' N 46° 59' E M-38-10-Г M-38-10 M-38-V Marienfeld 50° 12' N 45° 06' E N/A M-38-67 N/A Wittman (Solothurn) 51° 52' N 47° 11' E M-38-11-A M-38-11 M-38-III &IV Morgentau 51° 27 N 47° 57' E M-38-24-Г N/A M-38-III & IV

57 1930s Soviet Topographic Maps for the Volga Region in the Library of Congress Daughter Colonies, Mortentau–Strassenheim Daughter Colonies, Streckerau–Wiesenmüller 1:50,000 Scale 1:100,000 Scale 1:200,000 Scale 1:50,000 Scale 1:100,000 Scale 1:200,000 Scale Village Name(s) Coordinates Village Name(s) Coordinates Map Sheet No. Map Sheet No. Map Sheet No. Map Sheet No. Map Sheet No. Map Sheet No. Morgentau 50° 21' N 46° 38' E N/A N/A N/A Streckerau 50° 49' N 46° 24' E N/A M-38-45 M-38-XI Neu-Balzer 50° 58' N 44° 56' E N/A N/A N/A Unterdorf 50° 15' N 45° 16' E N/A M-38-67 N/A Neu-Bauer 50° 50' N 47° 07' E M-38-47-A M-38-47 M-38-XII Urbach Station 51° 14' N 46° 59' E M-38-34-Б M-38-34 M-38-XI Neu-Beideck 50° 48' N 46° 45' E M-38-46-Г N/A M-38-XI Weizenfeld 51° 14' N 46° 47' E M-38-34-Б M-38-34 M-38-XI Neu-Boisroux (Neu-Boaro) 51° 22' N 47° 01' E N/A N/A M-38-III &IV Wiesenmüller 50° 38' N 46° 28' E M-38-57-Б N/A N/A Neu Donhof 51° 01' N 45° 08' E N/A M-38-31 M-38-X Neu-Galka 50° 02' N 46° 53' E N/A M-38-70 N/A Mennonite Colonies “am Trakt” Neu-Hussenbach 50° 55' N 46° 45' E N/A N/A M-38-XI Fresenheim 51° 04' N 46°19' E N/A M-38-33 M-38-XI Neu-Jagodnaya 51° 09' N 47° 26' E M-38-35-Г N/A M-38-XII Hahnsau (Nowa Kamenka) 51° 00' N 46°22' E N/A M-38-33 M-38-XI Neu-Kolonie 50° 44' N 45° 46' E N/A M-38-44 M-38-X Hohendorf 51° 05' N 46°29' E N/A M-38-33 M-38-XI Neu-Laub 51° 12' N 46° 39' E M-38-34-A M-38-34 M-38-XI Köppental 51° 02' N 46°23' E N/A M-38-33 M-38-XI Neu-Mariental (Neu Pfannenstiel) 51° 20' N 46° 54' E M-38-22-Г N/A M-38-V Lindenau 51° 02' N 46°20' E N/A M-38-33 M-38-XI Neu-Messer 51° 03' N 45° 07' E N/A M-38-31 M-38-X Lysanderhoh 51° 05' N 46°31' E N/A M-38-34 M-38-XI Neu-Moor 50° 55' N 45° 16' E N/A M-38-43 M-38-X Medemtal 51° 08' N 46°39' E N/A M-38-34 M-38-XI Neu-Norka 50° 20' N 45° 20' E M-38-55-Г N/A N/A Orloff 51° 06' N 46°34' E N/A M-38-34 M-38-XI Neu-OberMonjou 51° 17' N 47° 01' E M-38-35-A N/A M-38-XII Ostenfeld 51° 07' N 46°37' E N/A M-38-34 M-38-XI Neu-Schilling I and II 50° 37' N 47° 01' E N/A N/A N/A Walujewka 51° 05' N 46°22' E N/A M-38-33 M-38-XI Neu-Schilling I and II 50° 32' N 47° 07' E N/A N/A N/A Neu-Schönfeld 51° 02' N 47° 17' E M-38-35-Г N/A M-38-XII Neu-Straub 51° 52' N 45° 39' E N/A M-38-7 N/A Smaller Colonies and Khutors Neu-Straub (Tarlyk) 51° 00' N 46° 19' E N/A M-38-45 M-38-XI Braun u. Weber 50° 20' N 46°38' E N/A M-38-70 N/A Neu-Urbach 51° 16' N 46° 57' E M-38-34-Б M-38-34 M-38-XI Diesendorf 50° 19' N 46°38' E N/A M-38-70 N/A Neu-Warenburg 50° 48' N 46° 05' E M-38-45-B M-38-45 M-38-XI Fritzler 50° 05' N 46°25' E N/A M-38-69 N/A Neu-Weimar 50° 01' N 46° 47' E N/A M-38-70 N/A Schambowka 50° 09' N 46°33' E M-38-70-B M-38-70 N/A Oberdorf 50° 19' N 45° 00' E N/A N/A N/A Brott 50° 17' N 46°51' E N/A M-38-70 N/A Pobotshnaya (Pobotschnoje) 51° 55' N 45° 37' E N/A M-38-8 N/A Horn 50° 20' N 46° 57' E N/A M-38-70 N/A Rosenberg (Umet) 50° 17' N 45° 21' E N/A M-38-67 N/A Bier 50° 16' N 46°57' E N/A M-38-70 N/A Rosendamm 51° 17' N 47° 50' E M-38-36-Б M-38-36 M-38-XII Neu-Jost 51° 12' N 46° 13' E M-38-33-A M-38-33 M-38-XI Rosenfeld (am Nachoi) 51° 13' N 46° 45' E M-38-34-Б M-38-34 M-38-XI Niedens 50° 17' N 47° 02' E M-38-71-A M-38-71 N/A Rosenfeld (am Jeruslan) 50° 56' N 46° 58' E N/A N/A M-38-XI Kana 50° 26' N 46° 38' E N/A N/A N/A Rosental 51° 06' N 47° 12' E M-38-35-B N/A M-38-XII Kukkus 50° 21' N 47° 09' E M-38-59-B N/A N/A Rosental 50° 49' N 46° 21' E N/A M-38-45 M-38-XI Trott 50° 22' N 47° 08' E M-38-59-B N/A N/A Schöndorf 51° 06' N 47° 18' E M-38-35-Г N/A M-38-XII Dienerheim 50° 24' N 47°06' E M-38-59-B N/A N/A Schönfeld 51° 07' N 47° 22' E M-38-35-Г N/A M-38-XII Trippelsdorf 50° 24' N 47°06' E M-38-59-B N/A N/A Schöntal 51° 08' N 47° 25' E M-38-35-Г N/A M-38-XII Heinrichsdorf 50° 25' N 47°03' E M-38-59-B N/A N/A Semenovka 51° 10' N 47° 37' E M-38-36-A M-38-36 M-38-XII Jessendorf 50° 26' N 46°57' E M-38-58-Г N/A N/A Sichelberg 51° 23' N 47° 32' E N/A N/A M-38-III &IV Stuckert 50° 25' N 46°55' E M-38-58-Г N/A N/A Strassburg 50° 12' N 46° 43' E N/A M-38-70 N/A Wacht 51° 04' N 46° 22' E N/A M-38-33 M-38-XI Strassendorf 50° 58' N 47° 17' E M-38-47-Б M-38-47 M-38-XII Tarlyksfeld 51° 01' N 46° 33' E N/A M-38-33 M-38-XI Strassenheim 50° 50' N 46° 25' E N/A M-38-45 M-38-XI Friedenheim 51° 07' N 46° 22' E N/A M-38-33 M-38-XI 58 Using Topographic Maps and Aerial Photos Soviet Topographic Maps German-Flown Aerial Photographs • Compare the area of your new map to Google Maps or Yandex • The NARA’s aerial photography website is at the following URL: Maps to get oriented. https://www.archives.gov/research/cartographic/aerial- • Look for locations or geographical features you know. photography. • Get acquainted with the symbols and abbreviations. • Read October 2019 Blogpost “Researching Foreign Aerial • Consult a guide to the symbols and abbreviations on these Photography – Captured German Aerial Prints” on the NARA maps, such as “Soviet Topographic Map Symbols,” published by website: https://unwritten- the Department of the Army in 1958: record.blogs.archives.gov/2019/10/23/researching-foreign- aerial-photography-captured-german-aerial-prints/ • https://s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/redatlas/TM30- • Cross reference with historical and satellite maps. 548_1958.pdf • Find a Geographic Information Systems (GIS) specialist at a • For short Russian-English translations, enter the Cyrillic consulting firm or at a college or university for assistance with characters into a Russian-language keyboard, copy-and-paste photo interpretation. the result into an online translator.

This project did not include evaluation of the following source for aerial photos taken by the Luftwaffe in Russia during World War II: • The National Collection of Aerial Photography (NCAP) in the U.K., which holds a large collection of these aerial photographs that can be viewed and purchased online at https://ncap.org.uk/. Copyright Information: The aerial photos are in the public domain. The maps were produced by the Soviet Red Army general staff before World War II. Given the date of the maps and the difficulty of difficulty of obtaining copyright information from the former Soviet Union, the maps are widely reproduced in print and electronic media.

59 Additional Tools Metric Civil Engineer’s Scale Ruler • Consider buying a multi-scale (1:100, 1:200, 1:500) ruler, such as an Alvin, 743PM, a 12-inch, triangular ruler. • Alvin and Co., went out of business because of loss of sales to schools during the Covid pandemic, but their brands have been bought by other manufacturers and are still available. • Vendors such as Engineering Supply and Imaging (engineeringsupply.com), Dew Drafting, or others will have this ruler and similar products.

60 Studjonkaer Kopp A drone photograph from Anton and Vitaly Koshkin’s photo album, “German Tract” (“Немецкий тракт”), dedicated to the architectural heritage of the Volga Germans. One hundred copies were privately published in 2020; an enlarged edition may be available for purchase in the future.

61 Supplement | Ergänzung Administration and Commerce | Insurrection of 1919 | 1:200,000 Map

62 Church, Government, Commerce Church Administration Government and Commerce • Warenburg Parish originally comprised • Colony and volost offices in Warenburg, all the Protestant colonies in the Tarlyk with elected officials, employees, clients group (parishes organized in 1770). • Stores owned by Klein, Brott, others • only the four southernmost Protestant • Saturday Bazaar in the church square colonies after realignment in 1821 • The pastor lived in Warenburg. • Two large, eight-day Annual Markets • preached 36 times per year in Warenburg, 15 • week before Pentecost times each in Straub and Dinkel, 13 times in • first week in October (included livestock) Laub (in 1909) Warenburg had no administrative role • The confirmation class from the whole under the Communists. The canton centers parish confirmed in Warenburg on in the Tarlyk area were Kukkus and Pentecost Sunday Seelmann, never Warenburg.

63 Insurrection of 1919

• Beginning in 1918, rural populations were forced to hand over large quantities of foodstuffs to support Microfilm copy of an article in the August 26, 1920, edition of “Die Welt-Post,” workers in the cities. published in Lincoln and Omaha Nebraska, describing the January 1919 insurrection in Warenburg under the headline “Very Important War Experiences • also required to provide recruits, horses, and fodder of the Volga Germans.” to support the Red Army • Many uprisings in Volga region at this time • Warenburg’s insurrection in January 1919 has entered history because of its daring, its duration, and its dramatic ending. • The confiscation program continued and intensified; this became the main cause of the large famine in the Volga Region 1921–1922. • The Tarlyk colonies were at the epicenter of the famine, with the greatest loss of population.

64 Insurrection, January 4–8, 1919 Friday, January 3. Emotions were already running high because of a grain confiscation, then there was the announcement of a general mobilization into the Red Army, including reservists. Warenburg’s World War I veterans vowed to resist.

Saturday, January 4 Sunday, January 5 Monday, January 6 Tuesday, January 7 Wednesday, January 8

Forces Sent 17 Reds Guard from 38 Red Guards from A regiment from A regiment from Investigating Seelmann Balzer at 10:00 a.m. Saratov at 9:00 a.m. Pokrovsk plus 86 men magistrate sent from from Saratov, 7:00 a.m. Saratov Main Action 12 Warenburgers met Warenburgers set up Warenburgers blocked Reds brought 3 field 45 men sentenced to Red Guards outside machine gun in front the side streets with guns; Warenburgers immediate execution; village, tricked them of church and mowed farm implements; were outmatched 4–5 million rubles in into surrendering down advancing Reds gunfire all day payment demanded Outcomes for Captured rifles, a Captured more Stand-off Warenburgers Families of the Warenburgers machine gun, weapons, a second surrendered to insurrectionists ammunition machine gun emissary, 10:00 a.m. dispossessed Casualties, Warenburgers Captured or killed all None recorded Reds released Wormsbecher, the Prisoners captured all, killed 5 but 3 Red Guards prisoners leader, escaped Reaction Village soviet Survivors spread the Stopped fighting; Reds shot numerous Wormsbecher telegraphed for word about the temperature was -27F, rebels, plundered the captured and hanged reinforcements uprising -33C village in front of the school

65 Horror … Pastor Johannes Schleuning, an important chronicler of this time, depicts the scene: • “Wormsbecher … was hung up on the bell cage in the presence of the entire student population, in front of his children and wife. The corpse remained there the entire day ‘as a warning example.’ His wife fainted. The children screamed, their hearts shuddering. Horror shook young and old.” • “The property of those sentenced was confiscated, the women and children of those executed were driven into the streets in the middle of winter. The number of those who became homeless and were left without protection is beyond counting. They wandered from village to village in search of a roof over their heads.”

66 Soviet 1:200,000 Map Sheet M–38–XI Regional View: 1:200,000 Soviet Topo Map Map this panel: the entire M–38–XI sheet; map opposite: enlarged detail of Warenburg area. This scale of map is available from the U.S. National Archive and Records Administration for numerous other areas in the former Soviet Union.

Tarlyk

River

Straub Krasny-Kut Warenburg

Brunnental

Seelmann

67 Endnotes | Anmerkungen Sources and Commentary

68 Notes Slide 6/On the Tarlyk—am Tarlyk Slide 10/Panorama Founding, origins: Photo of Warenburg from the top of the entrance road by Denis Anikin, a Saratov-based Igor Pleve, Einwanderung in das Wolgagebiet 1764–1767, Vols. 1–4, pub. Alfred Eisfeld photographer, in 2016; used by permission. (Göttingen, Lower Saxony, Germany: Nordost-Institut, 1999–2008), pertinent pages for Slide 11/Soviet 1:100,000 Map—Primarily Symbols individual colonies; information on two Vorstehers in Vol. 1, p. 21. Saton: Alexander Bier, “Warenburg, Mein Heimatdorf,” Heimatbuch (2000), p. 93. Saton Adam Giesinger, From Catherine to Krushchev: The Story of Russia’s Germans (Battleford, (затон) was the Russian loan word used by the Volga Germans for bay or inlet. Saskatchewan, Canada: Marian Press, 1974), p. 85. Locations of orchards and cabbages: Alexander Bier, “Abschied,” Heimatbuch (1992–1994), p. Igor R. Pleve, The German Colonies on the Volga: The Second Half of the Eighteenth Century 133; Heinrich Kisling, in an interview on May 29, 1985. (Lincoln, Nebraska: American Historical Society of Germans from Russia, 2001), pp. 87, Slide 12/Soviet 1:50,000 Map—Symbols and Labels 138, 140. Tarlyk River: The path of the Tarlyk River through the meadow past Straub and Warenburg is Gottlieb Beratz, The German Colonies on the Lower Volga: Their Origin and Early visible on the Soviet 1:50,000 topographic map from 1932, sheets M-38-33-C and M-38-45-A; Development, trans. Leona W. Pfeifer, LaVern J. Rippley, and Dona Reeves-Marquardt, also on German-flown Aerial Photos, Sortie 1862 from October 8, 1942, photos 220 and 222. ed. Adam Giesinger (Lincoln, Nebraska: American Historical Society of Germans from Slide 13/Pre-1961 May–June Food, Summer Meadow Russia, 1991), pp. 63–68. Flooding, elevation of high water: Bier, “Heimatdorf,” p. 91; also, from map analysis. The water Tarlyk River: Matthias Hagin, “Die Wolgadeutsche Republik,” Heimatbuch der Deutschen aus was extremely high in 1926, as observed by Bier and by others. Rußland (Stuttgart, Baden-Württemberg, Germany: Landsmannschaft der Deutschen aus Slide 14/”Walking Distance” Rußland, 1964), p. 67. All distances have been measured in a straight line, “as the crow flies,” from the 1:50,000 Slide 7/Tarlyk Neighborhood History Soviet Map Sheet M–38–45–A, using an engineering scale ruler. Raids in 1774: Pleve: Eighteenth Century, pp. 165–189. Slide 15/Multiple Elevations Mennonite colonies: “Am Trakt Mennonite Settlement ( Oblast, Russia),” Global Elevations analyzed from the 1:50,000 Soviet topographic map produced in 1932, sheet M-38- Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online (gameo.org), accessed April 9, 2021. A, by Ronald Brott. Slide 8/Population and Land Studjonkaer Kopp: Colony populations: Karl Stumpp, The Emigration from Germany to Russia in the Years 1763 to In Victor Klein’s novel, Die erkämpfte Scholle, which is set in Warenburg, the characters refer 1862 (Lincoln, Nebraska: American Historical Society of Germans from Russia, 1978), pp. 67– to this mountain in everyday speech. One character, Evkathrin Funkner Konstanz, tackles 77. a pile of laundry that is “as tall as the Studjonkaer Kopp.” Her husband Hankarl Konstanz Land holdings: can tell you what tomorrow’s weather will be by merely casting a glance at this Brent Alan Mai, 1798 Census of the German Colonies along the Volga: Economy, Population, mountain peak across the river. Victor Klein, Die erkämpfte Scholle (Moscow: Verlag and Agriculture, Vol. 1 (Lincoln, Nebraska: American Historical Society of Germans from Progress, 1971), pp. 15, 26, 33, 106. Russia, 1999), p. 231. The mountain is represented—but not named—just to the west of the now-abandoned Analysis of 1:50,000 map by Ronald Brott. village Studyenka/Стчдеика on the Soviet 1:50,000 topographic map from 1932, sheet James W. Long, From Privileged to Dispossessed: The Volga Germans, 1860–1917 (Lincoln M-38-44-Б. The name of this village is spelled “Studjonka” on German-language maps. and London: University of Nebraska Press, 1988), pp. 8–10. This peak is labeled on the photo on Slide No. 61 of this presentation.

69 Notes Slide 15/Multiple Elevations, continued Slide 20/Warenburg Church Steppeberg, roadway: Estimates for the grades of the Steppeberg at Warenburg and the Seating capacity is acknowledged to be 1,200, both by writers who believe the church was built graded ramp up the hillside provided by Ronald Brott. in 1843 and by those who believe it was built in 1905–1910. Slide 16/Environment Fence: Meadow, bottoms: Interviews with Heinrich Kisling, 1982–1987, and Anna Lofing Brott, June The decision to build the fence around the church and plant the trees was made in 1908, 11, 1985; see also Bier, “Heimatdorf,” pp. 91, 94, 101, and “Abschied,” pp. 133–134. according to Sergey Terekhin in a Facebook message to Richard Kisling on May 25, 2021. Slide 17/The “Derlick” Fence completed in 1911, according to Eduard Seib, “Der Wolgadeutsche im Spiegel seines Photo used by permission Historischer Forschungsverein der Deutschen aus Russland, Brauchtums,” Heimatbuch (1967–1968), p. 190. Nuremberg, Bavaria, Germany. Slide 21/Inside the Church Analysis of sight line by Ronald Brott. Photo of the front of the church interior sourced from the commemorative book, 70th Slide 19/Church Street in Warenburg Anniversary of the Free Evangelical Lutheran Cross Church of Fresno California 1892–1962, Photograph: The photographer and exact date of this widely-circulated photograph are published by the Cross Church in 1962, p. 10. unknown. It is likely a contemporary to the photo of the church in slide No. 20, circa 1908– “Swallow’s Nest Balcony” pulpit: These pulpits were widespread, according to Joseph Schnurr, 1911, because of what appear to be young poplar trees growing to the left of the church. “Das protestantische Gotteshaus,” in Die Kirchen und das religiöse Leben der The orientation of the photo is based on placement of the Brotteschule from an interview with Russlanddeutschen, ed. Joseph Schnurr (Stuttgart, Baden-Württemberg, Germany: Heinrich Kisling, July 4, 1983; Heinrich Kisling was Richard Kisling’s grandfather. Leocadia Landsmannschaft der Deutschen aus Rußland, 1978), p. 316; photos of similar pulpits on pp. Peterson made similar observations to Ronald Brott when he visited Warenburg in 1995. 324 (Messer), 327 (Grimm). Alexander Bier validated this in correspondence with Richard Kisling in 2002. Stairs to pulpit: Lonsinger, Volkskunde, p. 28. The date of the first Feldscher assigned to a clinic in Warenburg is unknown; in 1876 two Segregated seating: Seib, “Spiegel,” p. 195. Feldschers were assigned to the Tarlyk villages including one in Warenburg, according to Inscription, over pulpit: Although we have not yet deciphered the lettering on the small, minutes from the Novousensk District Zemstvo Assembly meeting, May 29, 1876, as posted decorative arch directly over the pulpit, we do know the text that appeared in gold lettering on wolgadeusche.net, accessed March 12, 2021. on the larger, architectural arch above the altar (not visible in the photograph): Ehre sei Gott Hospital: There was a bolnitsa (больница), a small hospital with doctors, in Warenburg by in der Höhe! (“Glory to God in the Highest!”). See Litzenberger, Siedlungen, p. 664; also Viktor 1910, according to Heinrich Kisling in an interview on June 3, 1984. See also James W. Long, Arndt, “Warenburg an der Wolga,“ Heimatbuch (2000, Pt 2.), p. 92. During the Communist “The Volga Germans and the Zemstvos 1865–1917,” Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas, era, this inscription was changed to Die Bühne is der Spiegel des Lebens (“The stage is the Neue Folge, Bd. 30, H. 3 (1982), p. 343, where he describes that the Novousensk District had mirror of life”), according to Litzenberger, Siedlungen, p. 667 and Arndt, “Warenburg,” p. 92. hired more doctors by 1910 than any other district zemstvo in Russia. Slide 22/Pipe Organ Church tower: Towers built of brick could bear the weight of the three church bells; these Drawings sent to Richard Kisling by Gerhard Walcker-Mayer, Master Organ Builder, January 4, towers were often rounded or octagonal in shape. Wooden churches—with wooden towers 2018. that were invariably square—required a standalone bell frame in front of the church. See Schoolmaster as organist and choir director: Seib, “Spiegel,” p. 152. August Lonsinger, Sachliche Volkskunde der Wolgadeutschen, ed. Victor Herdt (Remshalden, Organ case looked like castle: Olesya Spielmann, Irina Fransewa, Vadim Barmin, Konstantin Baden-Württemberg, Germany: Verlag Bernhard Albert Greiner, 2004), pp. 29–30. Math, "Schönheit aus weißem Stein in Priwolnoje,” in Auf Spurensuche: Von Angesicht zu Brotteschule: Additional information about the Brott School in Bier, “Heimatdorf,” p. 97. Angesicht mit unserer Geschichte an der Wolga (Moscow: Gotika, 2002), p. 176.

70 Notes Slide 22/Pipe Organ, continued Slides 26–27/German-Flown Aerial Photography, Warenburg in 1942 Other Volga organs: see “Verzeichnis der von E.F. Walcker & Co. in Ludwigsburg in den The aerial photographs are from the United States National Archives and Records deutschen Kirchengemeinden Rußlands erbauten Orgelwerke,” Heimatbuch (1963), pp. 141– Administration’s collection of “German-Flown Aerial Photography.” They are in the public 143; also, Gerhard Walter, “Kirchenorgeln für Russland,” in Russland-Deutsche domain. Zeitgeschichte, Band 3 (Nuremberg, Bavaria, Germany: Historischer Forschungsverein der Sketch of village plan by Richard Kisling. Deutschen aus Russland, 2003), pp. 39–58. Slide 28/Village Plan, Lower Village Organ in Dinkel: “Journal of Carl Legler, Dinkel, Russia, 1847–1901,” translated by Irene Bopp, Identifications, as noted. entries from July 5, 19, and 26, 1898, viewed at the library of the Central California Chapter Slide 29/Upper Village School AHSGR in Fresno, California. Schoolmaster responsibilities: Seib, “Spiegel,” pp. 152–153. Slide 23/Tower, Dome, Construction Date Contemporary photo, Ronald Brott, 1995. Description based on Litzenberger, Siedlungen, pp. 664–665. Slide 30/Brott Store/School and Home Brick church from 1843 seated 1,200: Pingoud, “Die Evangelisch-Lutherischen Gemeinden in Description, photos from Ronald Brott, 1995. Russland,” p. 153. Slide 31/Parsonage New fence, trees in 1911 with no mention of new church: Seib, “Spiegel,” p. 190. Description: Litzenberger, Siedlungen, p. 665. Description of the “old” Warenburg church in the present tense: Lonsinger, Volkskunde, p. 28. Slide 32/Lower Village School Photo of church with old tower, seating 1,200, with a “swallow’s nest balcony” pulpit: Schnurr, Use as a chapel: Seib, “Spiegel,” p. 152. “Gotteshaus,” p. 335. Confirmation: Seib, “Spiegel,” pp. 155–156. Cupola struck by lightening in 1912 and rebuilt: Bier, “Heimatdorf,” p. 108. Community council: interview with Heinrich Kisling, April 13, 1984 Slide 24/The Church During the Soviet Era Slide 33/Miller (Müller) Villa Pastors: Litzenberger, Siedlungen, p. 666. Litzenberger, Siedlungen, pp. 661–663. Cross removed: Arndt, “Warenburg,” pp. 91–92. Vera Belyakova-Miller, “Miller,” www.wolgadeutsche.net. Church closed: Litzenberger, Siedlungen, p. 666. Slide 34/Miller (Müller) School Church as granary: Bier, “Heimatdorf,” p. 101. Donation of house, Belyakova-Miller, “Miller,” www.wolgadeutsche.net. Red star: Bier, “Heimatdorf,” p. 99. Description of entrance, Bier, “Heimatdorf,” p. 96. Bells and organ: Bier, “Heimatdorf,” p. 108. Photo from 1941: Alexander Schmal, used by permission HFDR Performances: Arndt, “Warenburg,” p. 92. Contemporary photo: Denis Anikin, 2016, used by permission Machine-Tractor-Station and hole in sacristy wall: Spielmann, Fransewa, Barmin, and Math, Slide 35/The “Little Miller House” "Schönheit,” p. 177. Current usage: Legend about tunnel to sacristy: Litzenberger, Siedlungen, p. 667. Litzenberger, Siedlungen, pp. 662–663. Natalia Chumakova, e-mail to Richard Kisling, April 14, 2021.

71 Notes Slide 36/Warenburg’s German Houses Slide 41/Deportation from Warenburg Jacob E. Dietz, History of the Volga German Colonists, ed. Dr. I.R. Pleve and E.R. Irina (Lincoln, Bier, “Abschied,” pp. 133–137. Nebraska: American Historical Society of Germans from Russia, 2005), p. 358. Schmal, “Schulbank,” pp. 122–124. Matthias Hagin, “Dehler—Eine wolgadeutsche Siedlung,” Heimatbuch (1966), p. 80. Schmal, “Erinnerungen,” p. 337. Joseph Schnurr, “Siedlung, Hof und Haus der Rußlanddeutschen, eine geographisch- Slides 42–43/Bearing Witness volkskundliche Beitrag,” Heimatbuch (1967–1968), pp. 8, 26. Bier, “Abschied,” pp. 133–137. Eduard Seib, “Spiegel,” p. 180. Schmal, “Schulbank,” pp. 122–124. Dormer windows on hip (“French”) roofs: Lonsinger, Volkskunde, p. 33. Georg Kisling, interview with Richard Kisling, Berlin, November 18, 2002. Slide 37/Crowded Inside Spaces Victor Klein, Meine Muse, p. 164. Seib, “Spiegel,” p. 194. Slide 44/Privolnoye’s Last Germans, Slide 39/Resettlement/Deportation Decree Seven mixed families: June 22: Arndt, “Warenburg,” p. 94. Irina Fransewa and Olessja Spielmann, “Geschichte des Dorfes Warenburg,” in Auf August 28: Viktor Krieger, “Patriots or Traitors?—The Soviet Government and the ‘German Spurensuche, pp. 27–28. Russians’ After the Attack on the USSR by National Socialist Germany,” from Russian-German Antropov: Interview with Heinrich Kisling, September 7, 1984; also Bier, “Heimatdorf,” p. Special Relations in the Twentieth Century: A Closed Chapter? ed. Karl Schlögel, tr. Catherine 109. Venner (New York: Berg Publishers, 2006), pp. 138, 140. Klimov: Alexey Golitsyn, “The Last Germans of the Village of Privolnoye,” in the Saratov- Soldiers, curfew: based online newspaper “Общественное мнение,” November 10, 2017. Goldina Zinaida Bier, “Abschied,” p.p. 133–134. Grigorievna (from the Klimov family) is quoted in this article as saying there were twelve Victor Klein, “Der letzte Grabhügel, Auszug aus einem Roman,” in Meine Muse blickt mit non-deported families. offenen Augen ins Leben … Zeitgenossen über Victor Klein: Leben und Werk, ed. Nina Content about Leocadia Peterson from her granddaughter, Natalia Chumakova. Paulsen, (Slavgorod, Altai, Krai, Russia: “Zeitung für dich,” 2000), p. 157. Post-war village history: Litzenberger, Siedlungen, p. 662. Alexander Schmal, “Von der Schulbank bis zur Todeszelle,” Heimatbuch (1992–1994), pp. The Privolnoye village website, http://privolnoemo.ru, includes council decisions, landscaping 122–124. strategy, internet reception, and a lengthy history of the village, etc. Slide 40/Deporting the Tarlyk Villages Slides 45–46/Leocadia Peterson (Leocadia Yanovna Tokareva) Rumors: Alexander Schmal, “Meine Erinnerungen,” in Russland-Deutsche Zeitgeschichte, Band Leocadia’s parents, and biography, Information about the Becker and Hoppe family origins 3, p. 337. sourced from published census records available from AHSGR and Brent Mai. Preparation: All other content about Leocadia Peterson was provided for this presentation by her Georg Kisling, statement to Richard Kisling, Berlin, November 2002 granddaughter, Natalia Chumakova. Klein, “Der letzte Grabhügel,” p. 152. Slide 47/Photo from the West Bank Deportation dates: Aleksandr Bashkatov Bangert: J. H., “Die Deportation aus Bangert, Kanton Kukkus/Wolga,” Heimatbuch(1966), p. 37. Slide 61/Drone Photo of the Church Stahl: Schmal, “Schulbank,” p. 123. Anton and Vitaly Koshkin Kukkus: Arndt, “Warenburg,” p. 94.

72