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Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-88908-7 - Mass Appeal: The Formative Age of the Movies, Radio, and TV Edward D. Berkowitz Index More information

Index

Abbott, Bud, 57, 67–74 as standup comedian, 157–58 Broadway career, 69 Take the Money and Run, 159 Buck Privates, 72–73, 85 AM radio, 155 early career of, 68 The Amazing Dr. Clitterhouse (film) film career of, 70–74 [1938], 87 Marx brothers and, comparisons to, American Broadcasting Company (ABC) 71–72 Ben Casey, 129 personal problems, 74 Disneyland and, 144–45 radio appearances, 68–69 American Federation of Labor Cartoon slapstick films of, 70–73 Guild, 139 “Who’s on First,” 71 An American in Paris (film) [1951], 102 Abbott and Costello. See Abbott, Bud; American Society of Screen Cartoonists, 139 Costello, Lou American Telegraph & Telephone (ATT), ABC. See American Broadcasting Company 42–43 Across the Pacific (film) [1942], 89 transistor technology, 154 advertising. See also sponsors, radio Amos ‘n’ Andy (radio) [1928], 47–50, 69 on Amos ‘n’ Andy show, 49–50 advertising and, 49–50 on commercial radio, 46 character backstories, 50 Aherne, Brian, 60 cultural impact of, 47–48 air conditioning, in movie houses, on television, 114 7–8 Anderson, Eddie, 53, 78 Air Force (film) [1943], 80 Andrews, Julie, 151, 152, 160–61 Alber, David, 157 Broadway career of, 160–61 Alice in Wonderland (film) [1951], 142 Mary Poppins, 151, 161 Allen, Fred, 69 My Fair Lady, 161 Allen, Woody, 2, 119, 156–60 The Sound of Music, 160 Annie Hall, 159–60 The Andrews Sisters, 73 childhood, 156 Angels With Dirty Faces (film) [1938], 87 film career, 158–60 Animal Crackers (play), 26 film persona of, 159 Animal Crackers (film) [1930], 27–28 influences for, 156 animated films. See also Disney, Walt as joke writer, 156–57 critical reception for, 134 Marx brothers as influence on, 159 Fantasia, 133, 136

199

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-88908-7 - Mass Appeal: The Formative Age of the Movies, Radio, and TV Edward D. Berkowitz Index More information

200 Index

animated films (cont.) Desilu Studios, 124 as full-length features, 134–38 early career, 119 during postwar period, 141–43 I Love Lucy, 110 production values under Disney, 133–34 radio career of, 120 Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, 131, “The Ballad of Davey Crockett,” 147 134–36 Bambi (film) [1942], 136 Steamboat Willie, 132 The Band Wagon (play), 34 Annie Hall (film) [1977], 159–60 Bara, Theda, 7, 9 anti-trust regulations, against film industry Barbas, Samantha, 176 during postwar period, 98–99 Barber, Roland, 172 during wartime, relaxation of, 77 Barnouw, Eric, 188, 190, 191 The Apartment (film) [1960], 107–09 Barry, Phillip, 57, 63–64 corporate themes in, 107–08 Barrymore, John, 3 dark tone of, 108–09 Barrymore, Lionel, 52, 129, 140 Arbuckle, Fatty, 11 Basinger, Jeanine, 170 Arden, Eve, 124 Baughman, James L., 188, 190, 196 Arnaz, Desi, 119–22 Behlmer, Rudy, 187 Ball and, personal and professional Bellush, Bernard, 172 relationship with, 119–22 Ben Casey (TV) [1961], 129 Desilu Studios, 124 lasting impact of, 129 early career, 119–20 Benchley, Robert, 28, 93 I Love Lucy, 110 Benny, Jack, 1, 50–56, 91, 178 Arness, James, 126 Broadway career of, 51 Arthur, Jean, 164 early career, 50–51 Arzner, Dorothy, 59 film career of, 51–52, 55 Ashby, LeRoy, 177 The Jack Benny Show, 52–56 Astaire, Adele, 33–34 musical skills of, 50–51 Astaire, Fred, 1, 20, 32–38, 79, 175 radio career, 50–56, 68–69, 114 cultural impact of, 36–37 social status of, within Hollywood, 116 early career of, 33 transition to television, 114, 115–16 film career of, 34–37 Benny, Joan, 178 The Gay Divorcee, 35–36 Benny, Mary Livingstone, 178 Rogers as dance partner, 34–37 Benton, William, 49 sister as partner, 33–34 Berg, A. Scott, 171, 172, 179 Swing Time, 37 Bergen, Edgar, 114, 135 Top Hat, 36–37, 85, 119 Bergman, Ingrid, 81–82 Astor, Mary, 88 Berkeley, Busby, 17–18, 41 At the Circus (film) [1938], 31 early career, 17–18 Atkinson, Brooks, 26, 64, 69 personal scandals, 18 Austin, John, 171 Berle, Milton, 115 Autry, Gene, 125 Berlin, Irving, 26, 30, 36, 93 Ayres, Lew, 129 Bernhardt, Sarah, 9 The Beverly Hillbillies (TV) [1962], 128 Babbitt (Lewis), 8 Bianculli, David, 188 baby boom generation, I Love Lucy The Big Broadcast (film) [1932], 39, 40 and, 122 The Big Broadcast of 1938 (film) [1938], 91 Bacall, Lauren, Bogart and, 94–96 The Big Store (film) [1941], 32 Balio, Tino, 169, 170, 172, 174, 187 A Bill of Divorcement (film) [1932], 58–59 Ball, Lucille, 2, 130 Birth of a Nation (film) [1915], 9 Arnaz and, personal and professional blackface, performers in, 48–49 relationship with, 119–22 Blake, George Gascoigne, 176

Index 201

Blanc, Mel, 55 Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid (film) Boasberg, Al, 51 [1969], 162 Bogart, Humphrey, 2, 80–90, 100 Butsch, Richard, 169 accusations of being Communist sympathizer, 87 cable television, 165 Bacall and, 94–96 Cagney, James, 86, 105 Broadway career, 84–86 accusations of being a Communist Casablanca, 80–84 sympathizer, 87 directors and, relationship with, 89 Cantor, Eddie, 1, 16, 17, 18–19, 39 early film career, 85 “de-semitization” of, 18–19 early life of, 84 Capra, Frank, 164 rise to stardom for, 87–89 Carson, Johnny, 118, 158 social responsibility of, use of fame and, Cartoon Guild. See American Federation of 89–90 Labor Cartoon Guild as spokesman for war effort, 90 cartoons. See animated films at Warner Brothers, 86–89 Casablanca (film) [1942], 80–84 Bogdanovich, Peter, 162, 186 early production of, 84 Bolger, Ray, 164 political neutrality as metaphor in, 83–84 Bonnie and Clyde (film) [1967], 163 political timeliness of, 81 Boone, Pat, 157 viewing of as generational rite of Bow, Clara, 9 passage, 82 Boyer, Charles, 92 Castleman, Harry, 188 Brand, Max, 129 Caught in the Draft (film) [1941], 71 Brando, Marlon, 100, 109 CBS. See Columbia Broadcasting System Brandt, Harry, 65 Chaplin, Charles, 1, 9–13, 170 Break of Hearts (film) [1935], 60 artistic development of, 10–11 Brennan, Walter, 95 City Lights, 12 Brent, George, 87 contract history, 10 Bringing Up Baby (film) [1938], 61, 62, 65 early life of, 9–10 Broadway in Keystone comedies, 10 Abbott and Costello on, 69 as Little Tramp, 10 Andrews’ career on, 160–61 Mickey Mouse as homage to, 133 backstage musicals and, 17 Modern Times, 12, 133 Benny’s career on, 51 personal scandals, 11–12 Bogart’s career on, 84–85 as political exile, 12–13 exodus of writers from, to Los on sound in film, 15 Angeles, 28 vaudeville origins of, 9 Hepburn, Katharine, career on, 58, 60 Chicago Defender, 78 Hope’s career on, 91 Chicago Tribune, 48 Marx brothers and, 24–25 children’s programming, on television, as source for films, 16–17, 160–63 146–47 Streisand’s career on, 162 Christopher Strong (film) [1933], 59 transition of performers to Hollywood, 37 Churchill, Winston, 12 Broadway Melody of 1936 (film) [1936], 55 Cinderella (film) [1950], 142 Bromfield, Louis, 96 Cinemascope, 100 Brooks, Tim, 190, 191 The Circus (film) [1928], 11–12 Brown, Joe E., 106 City Lights (film) [1931], 12 Brown, Robert J., 182 Clark, Mae, 105 Buck Privates (film) [1941], 72–73, 85 Cloud, Stanley, 182 Burr, Raymond, 126, 127 The Cocoanuts (play), 26 “But Not For Me,” 35 The Cocoanuts (film) [1929], 27

202 Index

Colbert, Claudette, 135 Cosby, Bill, 119 Collins, Ray, 127 Costello, Chris, 182 Colman, Ronald, 115, 164 Costello, Lou, 57, 67–74, 91 Colonna, Jerry, 94 Broadway career, 69 Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS), 45 Buck Privates, 72–73, 85 early programming, 114–15 early career of, 68 commercial radio, as industry, 39–56 Marx brothers and, comic comparisons Abbott and Costello as performers, 68–69 to, 71–72 after advent of television, 154–55 personal setbacks for, 74 AM/FM formatting regulations for, 155 radio appearances, 68–69 Amos ‘n’ Andy, 47–50, 69 slapstick films of, 70–73 Ball’s career on, 120 “Who’s on First,” 71 Benny as performer, 50–56, 68–69, 114 Cotton, Joseph, 104 CBS, 45 Craig, Douglas B., 177 Crosby, Bing, as performer, 39 Crawford, Joan, 34, 52, 62 cultural impact of, 45 Cristillo, Lou Francis. See Costello, Lou decline of ethnic characters on, 55, 72 Crockett, Davey, as cultural phenomenon, “drive time,” 154–55 147–48 early development of, 42 Crosby, Bing Federal Radio Commission, 44 public image of, 93 Hoover influence on, 44 radio career of, 39 Hope on, 91 “road” pictures with Hope, 91, 92–93 The Jack Benny Show, 52–56 singing style of, 40 media technology and, advancements in, 153 Crosby, John, 145 music on, early beginnings of, 42 Crowther, Bosley, 65, 74, 79–80, 88 NBC, 43–44 Cukor, George, 59, 63, 64, 179 networks, 42–43, 44–47 Curtis, Tony, 100, 109, 187 news commentators on, 70 early career of, 105 as news source, 69–70 Some Like it Hot, 104–06 origins of, 41–44 political debates on, 70 Dabholkar, Pratibha A., 187 Radio Act of 1927, 44 Davey Crockett, King of the Wild Frontier radio sales and, 42 (film) [1955], 147–48 record sales influenced by, 46–47 Davies, Marion, 52 singing styles tailored to, 40 Davis, Bette, 86, 95 sponsors and, 45–46, 47 Day, Dennis, 53 technical infrastructure, 40–41 Day, Doris, 108 television and, performers’ transition to, A Day at the Races (film) [1936], 114–16 30–31 transistor technology as influence on, 154 Dean, James, 100 Communism Decter, Midge, 191 Bogart accused of, 87 Desilu Studios, 124 Cagney accused of, 87 Detroit News, 42 within film industry, government fears of, 99 Dewey, Thomas, 140 A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Dewey Theater, 7 Court (play), 17 Dial M for Murder (film) [1954], 102 Copacabana (film) [1947], 117 Dies, Martin, 87 Correll, Charles, 48–50. See also Amos ‘n’ Disney, Walt, 131–52. See also Disneyland; Andy labor strikes, against Disney; Mickey in blackface, 48–49 Mouse early career, 48 artistic control of, for films, 134

Index 203

artistic v. commercial aspirations of, Duck Soup (film) [1933], 29 136–38 critical response, 29 cartoon production under, 133–34 Dumbo (film) [1941], 136, 137–38 children’s programming from, 146–47 Dumont, Margaret, 26, 30, 31 as commercial artist, 132 Dunne, Irene, 149 cultural impact of, 131, 152 Dunning, John, 176, 177, 182, 186 Disneyland, 143, 148–51 Dumbo, 136, 137–38 Earl Carroll’s Vanities (play) [1930], 52 early career, 131–32 Easton, Robert, 191 empire expansion by, 151–52 Eastwood, Clint, 125 Fantasia, 133, 136 Ebsen, Buddy, 148 Ford and, similarities to, 140–41 Edison, Thomas, 9 international popularity of, 145 Eisenhower, Dwight, 127, 141 labor strikes against, 138–41 Eliot, T. S., 131 live action features, 142, 143 Ely, Melvin Patrick, 177 Mickey Mouse, creation of, 132–33 “Embraceable You,” 35 Mickey Mouse Club, 146–47 Emery, Edwin, 182 Pinocchio, 136 Epstein, Joseph, 175 postwar animated films, 141–43 Epstein, Lawrence Jeffrey, 174, 178 profits for, 151 ethnicity and race, in popular culture as Republican, 138–39, 152 on commercial radio, decline of ethnic Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, 131, characters, 55, 72 134–36 on The Jack Benny Show, 54–55 Steamboat Willie, 132 in The Jazz Singer, 13–14 television as cross-marketing tool for, performers in blackface, 48–49 144, 145 in war movies, 80 television production under, 143–45 World War II as influence on, in film True Life Adventure series, 143, industry, 78 145–46 Eyman, Scott, 169, 187 wartime propaganda films, 141 Disneyland (theme park), 143, 148–51 Fantasia (film) [1940], 133, 136 audio-animatronic animation in, 151 artistic v. commercial aspirations in, expansion of, 152 136–37 as idealization of small town America, 150 critical praise for, 136 publicity and marketing for, 149 “Fascinating Rhythm,” 34 themes within, 150 Father Knows Best (TV) [1954], 124 Disneyland (TV) [1954], 144–45 Faulkner, William, 95, 131 ABC and, 144–45 Faust, Frederick Schiller, 129 Davey Crockett phenomena, 147–48 Federal Radio Commission, 44 Disney as host, 144 Fein, Irving, 178 as marketing tool for Disney feature Fields, Lew, 43 films, 145 Fields, W. C., 91 Dodd, Jimmie, 147 films, as industry. See also animated films; Doty, Alexander, 179 Disney, Walt; musical films; sound era, Douglas, Kirk, 101 of film; war movies Douglas, Susan J., 176 anti-trust regulations, during postwar Dr. Kildare (TV) [1961], 129 period, 98–99 in films, 129 anti-trust regulations, during wartime, 77 lasting impact of, 129 attendance decline, during Great origins of, 129 Depression, 20–21 “drive time” radio, 154–55 attendance increase, during wartime, 77

204 Index

films, as industry (cont.) 42nd Street (film) [1933], 18, 59 audience participation in, 3 Fox, William, 7 Broadway as source, 16–17 Frawley, William, 120 Broadway performers’ transition to, 37 Fred and Ginger. See Astaire, Fred; Rogers, Christian ideals in, 6–7 Ginger comedians in, 32 Freed, Arthur, 102 cutbacks on long-term performer Freedland, Michael, 171 contracts, 100 Freund, Karl, 123 development of, early, 4 Friedrich, Otto, 170 financial impact of, 21 Fuller, Linda K., 191 government regulation of, 21–23 Funicello, Annette, 147 during Great Depression, 20–21 Funny Face (play) [1927], 34 independent theater owners and, 62 Funny Girl (film) [1968], 162 Internet sources for, 2 Jewish influence on, 6–7 Gable, Clark, 34, 78, 100 lack of respectability for, 6 Gabler, Neil, 169, 170, 192, 196 links to Communism within, government Gallafent, Edward, 175 fears of, 99 Gambling, John, 195 major production companies, 4 Garbo, Greta, 62 of Marx brothers, 25 Gardner, Erle Stanley, 126 media technology for, advancements Garfield, John, 80 in, 153 Garland, Judy, 68, 103, 164 as morale booster, during wartime, 77 Garner, James, 125 movie houses, early, 7–8 The Gay Divorce (play) [1932], 34 movie publicity during WW II, 76–77 The Gay Divorcee (film) [1934], 35–36 movie stars, early, 8–17 GE. See General Electric movie stars in military service and, Gehring, Wes D., 172, 174, 180 influence on, 78 Gelbart, Larry, 157 under New Deal, 22–23 General Electric (GE) during postwar period, 98–109 radio and, 41 productions for television, 124 RCA and, 41 radio’s performers’ transition to, 39 Gentlemen Prefer Blondes (film) [1953], 104 response to television, 100–01 George-Warren, Holly, 190 under Roosevelt, 22–23 Gershwin, George, 28, 33, 102 sound era, 3–19 Gershwin, Ira, 28, 102 stockpiling of movies, during wartime, 78 Giddins, Gary, 176 television and, collaboration with, 124–25 Gilbert, Douglas, 169 as trade association, 21 Gilbert, James, 191 vaudeville as early entertainment Go West (film) [1940], 31–32 partner, 5 Godfrey, Donald G., 188 Westerns on television and, 125–26 Going My Way (film) [1944], 93 during World War II, 76–97 The Goldbergs (radio) [1931], 69 Firestone, Leonard, 92 Golden, Eve, 169 Fischer, James, 171 Goldiggers of 1933 (film) [1933], 18 Fisher, Marc, 195 Goldman, Herbert G., 171 Flying Down to Rio (film) [1933], 34 Goldstein, Malcolm, 174 Flynn, Errol, 86 Goldwater, Barry, 152 FM radio, 155 Goldwyn, Samuel, 17, 22 Fonda, Henry, 78 on introduction of sound in film, 15 Ford, Henry, similarities to Disney, 140–41 Golenblock, Peter, 187 Fortune Magazine, 45 Gomer Pyle (TV) [1964], 116

Index 205

Gomery, Douglas, 188 change in public image, self-imposed, Gone with the Wind (film) [1939], 63 62–63 Goodman, Benny, 41 early box office success of, 59–60 Goodman, Theodosia, 7. See also Bara, early life of, 57–58 Theda film career, 58–63, 64–65 Gosden, Freeman, 48–50. See also Amos ‘n’ gender-bending dress of, 60–61 Andy Hughes and, 63 in blackface, 48–49 during 1940s, 66–67 early career, 48 The Philadelphia Story (film), 57, 63–65 Gould, Jack, 117, 118 The Philadelphia Story (play), 57, 63–64 Grable, Betty, 17 public popularity of, 65–66 The Graduate (film) [1967], 163–64 in screwball comedies, 61–62 Grand Hotel (film) [1932], 98 Tracy and, 66–67 Grant, Cary, 62, 64–65, 94, 100 Woman of the Year, 66–67 Grauman’s Chinese Theater, 8 Hess, Earl J., 187 Great Depression High Sierra (film) [1941], 88 film industry during, 20–21 Higham, Charles, 169 movie attendance during, 20–21 Hilmes, Michele, 176, 177 The Great Dictator (film) [1940], 12 Hirschorn, Clive, 169 The Great O’Malley (film) [1937], 86 Hitchcock, Alfred, 102 The Great Train Robbery (film) [1905], 4, 5 use of television as promotional The Greatest Show on Earth (film) medium, 125 [1952], 102 Hoffman, Dustin, 163 Green, Abel, 170, 172 Holden, William, 101 Greenstreet, Sydney, 89 Holiday Inn (film) [1942], 93 Gruedel, John, 118 Hollins, Timothy, 196 Gunsmoke (TV) [1957], 125–26 Hollywood. See also films, as industry; movie studios; television Hackett, Buddy, 157 production by, 123–24 Hanks, Tom, 125 Hollywood Hotel (radio) [1934], 41 Harmetz, Aljean, 183, 184 Hollywood Hotel (film) [1938], 41 Harris, Mark, 196 The Hollywood Revue (film) [1929], 51–52 Harris, Phil, 53 Holtzman, Will, 187 Hart, Lorenz, 17 Hoover, Herbert, 21 Hart, Moss, 30 regulation of radio industry under, 44 Have Gun Will Travel (TV) [1957], 125 Hope, Bob, 2, 32, 71, 90–94 Hawks, Howard, 89, 95, 104 Broadway career, 91 Hawley, Ellis W., 172 film career, 91–93 Hayes, Helen, 85 radio career, 91 Hays, Will, 3, 21–22 “road” pictures with Crosby, Bing, 91, Hayworth, Rita, 76, 79 92–93 Heatter, Gabriel, 70 as spokesman for war effort, 93–94 Hello, Dolly! (film) [1969], 161, 162–63 wartime tours, 94 Hemingway, Ernest, 131 Hopper, Hedda, 63, 64, 81, 91, 94, 95–96, Hepburn, Audrey, 161 131, 148 Hepburn, Katharine, 2, 57–67, 179 on Disney films, 136 as “box office deterrent,” 62 Horse Feathers (film) [1932], 29 Bringing Up Baby, 61, 62, 65 House Un-American Affairs Committee, 101 Broadway career, 58, 60 How to Marry a Millionaire (film) [1953], career revival of, 63–67 124–25 career setbacks of, 60–63 Howard, Leslie, 85–86

206 Index

Hudson, Rock, 108 Kaufman, George, 26, 28, 30 Hughes, Howard, 63 Kazan, Elia, 101 Huston, John, 89 House Un-American Affairs Committee Huston, Walter, 89 testimony, 101 Keaton, Buster, 13, 52 I Am a Fugitive from a Chain Gang (film) Keaton, Diane, 159 [1932], 22, 87 Kelly, Gene, 102 I Love Lucy (TV) [1951], 110 Kelly, Grace, 101 baby boom generation and, 122 Kennedy, John F., 128 blurring of TV show and real life, 120–21 Kennedy, Myrna, 18 cultural politics of, 121–22 Kern, Jerome, 33, 37 production of, 122–23 Kitross, John M., 176 ratings for, 121 Krushchev, Nikita, 152 reruns of, 123 Kubelsky, Benjamin. See Benny, Jack writing for, 121 Kubelsky, Meyer, 50 Iger, Robert, 165 Kuwahara, Yasue, 188 I’ll Say She Is (play), 26 independent theater owners, 62 labor strikes, against Disney, 138–41 Internet Disney-created company union, 138–39 film history from, as source, 2 fights against Cartoon Guild, 139 television dominance challenged by, 165 Lady and the Tramp (film) [1955], 148 Iskowitz, Israel, 16. See also Cantor, Eddie Lady Be Good (play) [1924], 33–34 The Jack Benny Show (radio) [1932], 52–56 LaGuardia, Fiorello, 69 development of show, 53–54 The Lake (play) [1933], 60 ethnic aspects of, 54–55 Lamour, Dorothy, 92 move to West Coast, 55 Lancaster, Burt, 101 stock company for, 53 Langford, Frances, 94 Jackson, Gail, 127 Lasker, Albert, 49 The Jazz Singer (play) [1925], 13 Laurie, Joe, Jr., 170, 172 The Jazz Singer (film) [1927], 12 Lax, Eric, 195 as Broadway play, 13–14 Leaming, Barbara, 179 ethnic immigration as backdrop for, Lee, Sammy, 26 13–14 legal dramas, on television, 126–27 as transformative experience, 14 Leigh, Janet, 105 Jenisch, Russell A., 188 Lemmon, Jack, 98, 101, 109 Jessel, George, 13, 171 The Apartment, 107–09 Jewish immigrants, film history influenced early career of, 105–06 by, 6–7 Some Like it Hot, 104–06 Christian ideals and, 6–7 Lenneah, Michael, 178 Johnson, Andrew, 78 LeRoy, Mervyn, 23 Johnson, Malcolm, 101 “Let’s Face the Music and Dance,” 36 Jolson, Al, 1, 14–15, 39 Lev, Peter, 196 in blackface, 48–49 Lewis, Sinclair, 8 The Jazz Singer (film), 12 Limelight (film) [1951], 12 The Jazz Singer (play), 13 Lindbergh, Charles, 14 as musical comedy star, 15 Linkletter, Art, 149 vaudeville history of, 14–15 The Little Minister (film) [1935], 60 Little Women (film) [1933], 59 Kaltenborn, H. V., 70 Lloyd, Harold, 13 Kanfer, Stefan, 172, 173, 174, 189 Loew, Marcus, 6 Kanin, Garson, 179 Loew, Nicholas, 7

Index 207

Lombard, Carole, 62 move to Los Angeles, 28 Long, Robert Emmet, 179 A Night at the Opera, 30, 33, 85 Lorre, Peter, 89 at Paramount Studios, 27–30 Los Angeles Times, 149 on vaudeville circuit, 24 Loukides, Paul, 191 Mary Poppins (film) [1964], 151, 161 Louvish, Simon, 172 May, Elaine, 157 Loy, Myrna, 62 Mayer, Louis B., 6, 22, 31, 100 Lynd, Helen Merell, 177 McCann, Graham, 181 Lynd, Robert Staughton, 177 McCarthy, Todd, 180 Lynn, Kenneth Scuyler, 170 McCrohan, Donna, 188, 189 McGranery, James, 12 MacLaine, Shirley, 108–09, 164 McQueen, Steve, 125 MacMurray, Fred, 108–09, 151 Meade, Marion, 195 “made for television” movies, 125 media technology, advancements in, 153 The Maltese Falcon (film) [1941], 88–89 structural platforms for, 166 Mann, William J., 179 medical dramas, on television, 128–29 March, Frederic, 87 Melnick, Jeffrey Paul, 171 Marconi, Guglielmo, 41 Meredith, Scott, 173, 180 Marks, Sadie, 53 Methot, Mayo, 89, 95 Marsh, Earle, 190, 191 Metro Goldwyn Mayer (MGM), 6 Marx, Adolph “Harpo,” 24, 172. See also Marx brothers at, 30–31 Marx brothers Mayer departure from, 100 Marx, Arthur, 173 musical films at, during postwar period, Marx, Hilliard, 178 102 Marx, Julius “Groucho,” 1, 20, 172 See also MGM. See Metro Goldwyn Mayer Marx brothers Mickey Mouse, 132–33 career decline, 116–17 Chaplin and, resemblance to, 133 career revival, 117, 118–19 marketing of, 132–33 early career of, 23–24 Steamboat Willie, 132 as product spokesman, 118 Mickey Mouse Club (TV) [1955], 146–47 transition to television, 116–19 Mickey Mouse Club Magazine, 147 You Bet Your Life, 117–18 Milland, Ray, 164 Marx, Leonard “Chico,” 24. See also Marx Miller, Arthur, 101 brothers Mills, Hayley, 151 Marx, Minnie, 23–24, 51 Milner, Cork, 169 Marx, Sam, 23 miltary draft, films about, 71 Marx brothers, 23–32 Minow, Newton, 128 Abbott and Costello and, comparisons to, Mister Roberts (film) [1955], 106 71–72 Mitchell, Margaret, 63 Allen, Woody, influenced by, 159 Modern Times (film) [1936], 12, 133 Animal Crackers, 27–28 Monkey Business (film) [1931], 28, 33 on Broadway, 24–26 Monroe, Marilyn, 101, 102–06, 109, 115 character development for, 24 early life of, 103 The Cocoanuts (film), 27 Gentlemen Prefer Blondes, 104 The Cocoanuts (play), 26 public perception of, 103 A Day at the Races, 30–31 The Seven Year Itch, 103 decline in popularity of, 31–32 Some Like it Hot, 104–06 Duck Soup, 29 at Twentieth Century Fox, 103–04 early career of, 23–24 Wilder on working with, 103, 104 in films, 25 Montgomery, Robert, 78 at MGM, 30–31 Moore, Gary, 157

208 Index

Morgan, Dennis, 84 NBC. See National Broadcasting Company Morgan, J. P., 92 New Deal, 22–23 Morgan, Michele, 84 New York Times, 3, 59, 114 Morgenthau, Henry, 92 The New Yorker, 26 Morning Glory (film) [1933], 60 Niagara (film) [1953], 104 Motion Picture Herald, 90 Nichols, Mike, 157 Motion Pictures Producers and Distributors The Graduate, 163–64 Association, 21, 22 nickelodeons, 5–6 movie houses. See theaters, for film “Night and Day,” 34 movie stars A Night at the Opera (film) [1935], 30, early, 8–17 33, 85 in military service, influence on film Niven, David, 159 production, 78 Novak, Kim, 101 studio development of, 9 on television, failure of, 164 Obama, Barack, 37 movie studios. See also Metro Goldwyn inauguration of, expansion of media Mayer; Paramount Studios; RKO outlets for, 165 Studios, Fred and Ginger films at; O’Brien, Pat, 86, 105 Twentieth Century Fox Studios, Olderman, Stuart, 170 Monroe at; Warner Brothers Olsen, George, 52 divestiture of theater holdings by, 99 Olson, Lynne, 182 “made for television” movies, 125 On the Waterfront (film) [1954], 101 television and, collaboration with, 124–25 political themes in, 101 television production by, 124 Oppenheimer, Jess, 121 Mr. Smith Goes To Washington (film) O’Toole, Peter, 158 [1939], 164 Our Miss Brooks (TV) [1952], 124 Muir, Esther, 18 Muni, Paul, 23, 86, 87, 88, 90 Paley, William, 114 Murray, Michael D., 188 Paramount Studios musical films Marx brothers at, 27–30 as backstage story, 17 Parker, Dorothy, 28 Berkeley and, 17–18 Parker, Fess, 148, 149 Broadway as source for, 16–17, 160–63 Parsons, Louella, 41, 64, 69, 73, 87 early, 15–17 on Disney, 144 at MGM, as second Golden Age of, 102 Pegler, Westbrook, 137 during postwar period, 102 Pendleton, Nat, 85 during WW II, 79–80 Perelman, S. J., 28 My Fair Lady (play) [1956], 161 Perry Mason (TV) [1957], 126–27 My Fair Lady (film) [1964], 161 background history of, 126 My Favorite Husband (radio) [1948], 120 character adjustments for television, 127 My Man Godfrey (film) [1936], 61 cultural impact of, 127 in films, 126 Nachman, Gerald, 177 international popularity of, 127 Nasaw, David, 169, 170 Peter Pan (film) [1953], 143 National Broadcasting Company (NBC), The Petrified Forest (play) [1935], 85–86 43–44 The Petrified Forest (film) [1936], 86 company mission, 43–44 The Philadelphia Story (play) [1939], 57, early television programming, 117–18 63–64 television development and, 111 critical success of, 64 National Industrial Recovery Act (U.S.), 22 The Philadelphia Story (film) [1940], 57, nature films. See True Life Adventure series 63–65

Index 209

Phillips, Robert W., 190 regulation, of film industry, 21–23 phonographic records, decline in sales as under Roosevelt, 22–23 result of commercial radio, 46–47 Reich, Leonard S., 176 Picasso, Pablo, 131 reruns, of television programs, 123 Pickford, Mary, 9 Reynolds, Debbie, 164 Pinocchio (film) [1940], 136 RKO Studios, Fred and Ginger films at, Hollywood support for, 136 35–37 Plimpton, George, 183 The Road to Singapore (film) [1940], 91, Podrazik, Walter J., 188 92–93 Porter, Cole, 33 The Road to Utopia (film) [1946], 92 Potter, Phyllis Livingston, 34 The Road to Zanzibar (film) [1941], 93 Powell, Dick, 41, 124 The Robe (1953), 100 Powell, William, 61–62 Roberta (play), 91 Present Arms (play), 17 Robeson, Paul, 90 Presley, Elvis, 100 Robinson, David, 170 propaganda films Robinson, Edward G., 86 by Disney, 141 Roffman, Peter, 172 war movies as, 80 Rogers, Ginger, 2, 20, 175 Public Enemy (film) [1931], 105 Astaire as dance partner, 34–37 Purdy, Jim, 172 cultural impact of, 36–37 Pygmalion. See My Fair Lady early career of, 34–35 The Gay Divorcee, 35–36 Quo Vadis (film) [1951], 102 as Republican, 140 Swing Time, 37 race. See ethnicity and race, in popular Top Hat, 36–37, 85, 119 culture Rodgers, Richard, 17, 28 Racket Busters (film) [1938], 87 Rogers, Will, 43 radio. See also commercial radio, as industry Room Service (film) [1938], 31, 119 ATT and, 42–43 Rooney, Mickey, 129 in automobiles, 154 Roosevelt, Franklin D., 22–23 early uses of, 41 on films as morale booster during GE and, 41 wartime, 77 invention of, 41 New Deal under, 22–23 media technology for, advancements Ross, Shirley, 91 in, 153 Roxy Theater, 8 transistor technology, 154 Rubin, Martin, 171 radio, sales of, 42 Rubin, Rachel, 171 increase in, 44–45 Ruh, Evelyn, 18 as part of home entertainment center, 44 Ruth, Babe, 14 transistor technology as influence on, 154 Rydell, Robert W., 195 Radio Act of 1927 (US), 44 Ryskind, Morrie, 26, 30 Radio Corporation of America (RCA), 41 television development and, 111 Saint, Eva Marie, 101, 109 radio sponsors. See sponsors, radio Sam ‘n’ Henry (radio) [1926], 48 Raft, George, 89, 92, 105 Amos ‘n’ Andy and, 47–50, 69 RCA. See Radio Corporation of America as franchised characters, 49 Reagan, Ronald, 78, 84, 88, 152 as immigrant saga, 49 records. See phonographic records, decline racial aspects of, 48 in sales as result of commercial radio Sandrich, Mark, 35 Red Scare. See Communism; House Un- The Saturday Evening Post, 5, 45 American Affairs Committee Saturday Night at the Movies (TV) [1961], 124

210 Index

Scarface (film) [1932], 105 The Jazz Singer and, 12 Schatz, Thomas B., 169, 172, 183, 187 vaudeville during, decline of, 4–6, 8 Schickel, Richard, 170, 187 Warner Brothers and, 3–4 Schwartz, Bernard, 105. See also Curtis, The Sound of Music (film) [1965], 160 Tony Sothern, Ann, 17 Schwartz, John, 195 Spada, James, 196 Screen Cartoon Guild, 139 Sperling, Cass Warner, 169 screwball comedy, 61–62 Spitfire (film) [1934], 60 conventions of, 61 sponsors, radio, 45–46, 47 origins of, 61 Stage Door (film) [1937], 119 Selective Service Act (U.S.), 71 Steamboat Willie (film) [1928], 132 Sellers, Peter, 158 Stearns, Marshall Winslow, 175 Selznick, David, 34, 63 Sterling, Christopher H., 176 Sennett, Max, 10 Stewart, James (Jimmy), 64, 115, 164 The Seven Year Itch (film) [1955], 103 military service of, 78 production of, 104 Stokowski, Leopold, 137 Sforza, John, 183 Stone, Lewis, 129 The Shaggy Dog (film) [1959], 151 Strait, Raymond, 182 Shale, Richard, 191, 193 Stravinsky, Igor, 131 Shearer, Norma, 40, 91–92 The Street of Paris (play) [1939], 69 Sheridan, Ann, 84, 86 Streisand, Barbra, 161–63 Sherwood, Robert, 85 Broadway career, 162 Sikov, Ed, 187 childhood, 161–62 silent films, production decline of, 17 film career, 162–63 Silly Symphonies (film) [1933], 134 Funny Girl, 162 Silverman, Fred, 164 Hello, Dolly!, 161, 162–63 Singin’ in the Rain (film) [1952], 102 strikes. See labor strikes Skelton, Red, 114 Sullivan, Ed, 52 Sklar, Robert, 61, 169, 170, 180 Swing Time (film) [1936], 37 slapstick films, 70–73 “S’Wonderful,” 34 Sleeper (film) [1973], 159 Sylvia Scarlet (film) [1936], 60 Smith, Kate, 52, 68 Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (film) Take the Money and Run (film) [1969], 159 [1937], 131, 134–36 Taurog, Norman, 39 critical reviews for, 135 Taylor, Robert, 140 production process for, 134–35 television, 110–30. See also Columbia publicity and marketing for, 135 Broadcasting System; Disney, Walt; re-releases for, 136 Westerns, on television as template for future productions, Amos ‘n’ Andy on, 114 135–36 as bad influence on youth, 128 Some Like it Hot (film) [1958], 104–06 Benny and, transition to, 114, 115–16 cross-dressing theme in, 105 cable, 165 sound era, of film, 3–19 CBS, 114–15 ambivalence of artists, in early period, 15 children’s programming, 146–47 Berkeley and, 17–18 comedians on, film career as result of, 156 Broadway as influence on, 16–17 daytime programming, 146–47 Chaplin on, 15 Desilu Studios, 124 decline of silent films, 17 diffusion of, as popular medium, 110–13 early examples, 3 Disney on, 143–45 early musicals, 15–17 early development of, 110–12 Goldwyn on, early introduction of, 15 early service, 111–12

Index 211

early variety acts, 114 Thomas, Danny, 149 as entry point for film work, 125 Thomas, Lowell, 70 failure of movie stars on, 164 Time Magazine, 94 film industry and, collaboration with, To Have and Have Not (film) [1944], 95 124–25 The Tonight Show (TV) [1962], 118, 158 film industry response to, 100–01 Too Many Girls (film) [1940], 120 films produced for, 124 Top Hat (film) [1935], 36–37, 85, 119 Hollywood as production center for, Tracy, Spencer, 66–67, 100 123–24 Transatlantic Merry Go Round (film) I Love Lucy, 110 [1934], 55 infrastructure improvements, 112, 113 transistor technology, for radio, 154 Internet as influence on, 165 ATT development of, 154 legal dramas on, 126–27 radio sales increases as result of, 154 licensing freeze for stations, 112–13 Travolta, John, 125 live productions, 123 Treasure Island (film) [1950], 142 “made for television” movies, 125 True Life Adventure series, 143, 145–46 Marx, Groucho and, transition to, Twentieth Century Fox Studios, Monroe at, 116–19 103–04 media technology for, advancements Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea in, 153 (film) [1954], 143, 145 medical dramas, 128–29 movie studios as producers, 124 Vallee, Rudy, 40, 69 NBC and, 111 Vance, Vivian, 120 New York City as production center The Vanishing Prairie (film) [1954], 145 for, 190 vaudeville, 4–6 after 1960s, 164–65 Chaplin origins in, 9 Perry Mason, 126–27 creation of, 5 political climate as influence on, 127–28 decline of, during sound era of film, 4–6, 8 political crusades against violence on, 128 early film partnership with, 5 radio performers on, 114–16 in film theaters, 7 rapid expansion of, outside of urban Marx brothers in, 24 areas, 112–13 Vaughn, Stephen, 176 RCA and, 111 reruns, 123 Wagon Train (TV) [1957], 125 seasonal lineups, 164–65 Wake Island (film) [1942], 80 in Washington D.C. area, 113 Walsh, Frank, 110 Westerns, 125–26 war movies. See also propaganda films Thalberg, Irving, 30, 31, 40 Casablanca, 80–84 “Thanks for the Memories,” 91 ethnic variety within, 80 theater chains, early, 7–8 as propaganda, 80 theaters, for film during World War II, 80 air conditioning technology in, 7–8 Warner, Jack, 4 audience attendance, 8 Warner, John L., 89 development of, 7–8 Warner, Rose, 4 Dewey Theater, 7 Warner Brothers early, 7–8 Bogart’s career at, 86–89 early chains, 7–8 Casablanca, 84 Grauman’s Chinese Theater, 8 family history, 3–4 vaudeville shows in, 7 The Jazz Singer (film), 14 theme parks. See Disneyland sound era and, introduction of, 3–4 The Thin Man (film) [1934], 61 The Warrior’s Husband (play) [1932], 58

212 Index

Washington, Denzel, 125 Woolcott, Alexander, 28, 33 Washington Post, 52 World War II Washington Star, 113 anti-trust regulations during, against The Way We Were (film) [1973], 162 movie studios, 77 “The Way You Look Tonight,” 36–37 Bogart as spokesman for war effort, 90 Wayne, John, 140 ethnic and racial sensitivities during, in Weber, Joe, 43 film industry, 78 Weinstein, David, 188 film content influenced by, 78 Welles, Orson, 159 film industry during, 76–97 Wells, H. G., 12 films as escapist entertainment, 96 We’re Not Dressing (film) [1934], 39 Hope as spokesman for war effort, Wertheim, Arthur, 178 93–94 West, Mae, 62 movie musicals, 79–80 Westerns, on television, 125–26 movie publicity during, 76–77 adults as main audience for, 125 patriotism during, 76–77 children as main audience for, 125 stockpiling of films during, 78 What’s New Pussycat (film) [1965], 158 war movies, 80 What’s Up, Doc? (film) [1972], 162 “White Christmas,” 93 Yale, Paul, 24 Whoopee (play) [1928], 16, 52 You Bet Your Life (TV) [1950], 117–18 Whoopee (film) [1929], 17 “You Took Advantage of Me,” 17 “Who’s on First,” 71 You Were Never Lovelier (film) [1942], 79 Wild Boys of the Road (film) [1933], 22 You’ll Never Get Rich (film) [1941], 79 Wilder, Bllly Young, Robert, 124 The Apartment, 107–09 on Monroe, working with, 103, 104 Zanuck, Darryl, 100 Some Like it Hot, 104–06 Ziegfeld, Florenz, 16 Williams, Tennessee, 101 Zorro (TV ) [1957], 151 Wills, Gary, 192 Zucker, Jeff, 165 Wilson, Don, 53 Zukor, Adolph, 5, 7. See also Paramount Winchell, Walter, 120, 156 Studios The Wizard of Oz (film) [1939], 164 development of movie stars by, 9 Woman of the Year (film) [1940], 66–67 Zurawik, David, 178