Regrn.i Resear•h (Privste) Ltd, Kat-hmandu: March J.-,·· 1979.
Reqni Research Series · Yeat\ 11, No. 3
Ed.iced by Mahcs h (;. R��•i *****
Contents
Page
1. Eon1age and Enslavement 33 Regulations 2. for Khumb.1 40 3. The Unification of Nepal 40
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Regni Research (Private) Ltd Lazimp at, Katnmandu, N �p("l
Compiled by Regni Resea.cch (Private) Lt1 for private s�udy and research. Not meant for public sale or display. Bond.ag� an:.i Snslav-::IT11.:nt \ I l 11 Jiu masnya h.:chnya" ( Enslav1::n1-.;0'•; aa:i traffic in human LE.ings). Shri 5 surc-2D:.irabikrama shahad.:c:v2ka shc:sana- }. <'Jlama B0n,�:ko l"iuluki Ain (L,,:g.;,l Coje ,.mact· :j during t:he . r"-:'ign of King Sur ..::ndra Bik.cam Shah D•.:•v) • Kathmandu: 1, inistry of Law an'.:l Justic-:c!, His Maj,.:.sty• s G::>v.�rnmc>nt, 2022 (1965), pp. 355-61).
:. If a f at-hue r and his son, or ·.jau;·ht,Jr, or two br.)th':rs, or two sist<·rs, or a broth-�r an.j his sist -r, of cast•?s · which can be 2nslav ::d hav(.;! ¼Ork.;:::l as l::ondsrn-=11·r o h:>nds wom,?n at th -..;· h;;us., of any p.:;;;rson sine,:- b,:-,fore A.D. 1857, end th�::- two agr,-=::�:?h2 t t on. b.-:.- ,::nslaved. and th-� oth-r obtain fL::c dom, andi aco:,r:.iingly, oni::• of,than is .--nslav12d at any gov.=-.:.rnment office. or court ( adalat, amil, thana) th,.: er litor, or thi.;; fat..h-:-r who p.arm,ic,s such t::n�-lav 'Illent, shall no b.:; h.:;1:1 guilty , r, ..:-causa this was :ion-.. dt a 9)Vclrn·t1,-c.:nt officd or court.
Th,;: oth:r pa:rson shall thnd un:i, rtaking to work aE: a tondsman or l:::on::lswoman i:i c0nsi:ieration of the· loan prt. viously provid,;d to the per�n wh:> �nslav,-::s hims�lf voluntarily in this manner. H� shall not b.1 c11slaved.
If the chief of ar.1 g::,v2mmc:nt office or court pcnnits the; enslav(;ITl.. :- nt of any person aft.2r th-� •,nact- m .. -nt of this law, h ,.;: hall be punish0d with a fin;:: of one hundred .rup -�c:s. If th""" cro:=:.::litor has �slavv,2mm-.nt·office or cour�, his loan shall b� appropriat•':-cd by th.:=:, c hi,= f of such office or co urt. Th� father or moth.;r whop, rmitted E.Uch <:.:llslav�m .....nt in consideration of mon0y shall b ,, punish:=:d w ith a fine of on,- hW1dred rupees. Th,?. p,·,roon who has b�cll enslaved shall b< iree.
Th1.::. -;;.nslav,3n._.mt of a child wh:> is b-alow sixteen Years of age by making him sign a l:ond to that ;;;;££ ct 3.t a, gov0rnn1t.>n t o ffic-i or court shal 1 not be h,�ld val id. 1·h-= cr:·-ditor shall not b1; p-.::.tlTlitt�d to r,2cov,?r his loan; Lhe chief ot th.-: govornr.1.:nt otfic -· or courtnj a th::.� r-.=latiVc wlu pcrn1itted th� enslav,.JT1 .:!nt. shall ;�;,ch ":>� punish�d with a fin12 f o one hundr�d rup.-c>.�s, ani th� ,,n slav� pers;m shall b.c: s�t fr,., '•
2 • If any P-:.·rson b,,alor:.ging to' a s,3cr·:c.d-thr.;ad-w,.:aring caste, or to a liquor-drinking cast.,-.·, tnk:-:s up as his wif·.� a �lav�-girl own�d by anoth�r person, and b�g�ts chil1rm imrn h�r, the fac.hc,r or other r..::•l2itiv,.;,s of such childrt:n �hall hav •. , no right to ri.:. j:"' ,.:.>(11 than ifthi.;. own�r of the slav.:2-girl is not willing to sell or r-2-d1;;.=_,m th--�- If he S\;;11s th :!)"1 co oth�r persons, or is about.· to do 50 thoi;; f?:th�r or .Jth Contd. 34 unabL,· t.o pay th.'"' ful l amount im111,�·Ji�,-'-'-ly, and und.rc ake to si gn c l:ond stipulat ing paym2nt \-{ithin a stipulat ed tim a, th ,.;;y can obtain r..:d JTiption only afte.r making pay m 2nt . No un:iertaking fo r t he extension of t im e limit can be accepted. ' If th..:> f&th<�r o r o'th 3. I f any pr.,rson h,,s i.:mp loy _ d a s-c.:.=-rvant on monthly w� g-::s, but no p"rio d of days, months, or y,:c a rf.' of s rvic has b"'·cn st ip ulat .,d, such s rvant may leavd his s,�rvic�: cft,:;-r g.-�tt ing w -g,':s tor the p,:-rio d ::iurin g whi ch h.: has wo rke:i. If t ha p .ri o:1of Si;;:rvica has b;;.C_.,:.n stipul8t12d, h e; mnst work during th.:o t pE"�rio::i, and shall not b,,. allow1;;j to lii,o.v.;;: b..;;,fo r,:.- it E:) 4 . covemment offic\;ls and courts shall r--0-aliz ,? the value;? of sl'ave-toys" and sl ave- girls in :i;i. sputf;S conc,�rning than at th.; rat'.as mia:ntion.-.;;d below : Catecpry Amount Sl ave-toys b'=low thr,-c);;, yi;ars of ag,,:,.. Rs 20 Sl av.s:- gi rl s do. Rs 25 Cont:.l'. 35 Slave-toys aged between three years and six y ears Rs 30 Sl ave-girls do. Rs 35 slave-toy s ased between six years and twelve years Rs 50 Sl a ve-girl s do. Rs 55 �lave-my s a�ed bet ween twelve years a nj forty years Rs 100 Sl ave-girls do . Rs 120 Slaves of either sex aged between · fo rty years and fifty years Rs 60 Slav es of either e ex aged between fifty yE;;;..: ..., and s:;.xty years Rs 50 If any p erson claims any slave-toy or slave-girl a s his �HD!- erty, bu t. fail·s to prove his claim wh en r-equ ir� to e ith a fine at the r ates .b0 ro, h s hall b e p unished w m ::ntioned in t his schedul e. On e-fourth of the f ine :=-hall .o.= collected as Ji:... auri fee. s. I f there is no docum entary evidence, rut only witnesses, in a di sput e concernin'g slaves, mon ej" , r;pods, jew2l ry, cac. tl e, grain, etc , and both litigants a gr ee to have the li5Fut e settled on the bas is of the evidence of the wit n 0,sses, the m att er shall be noted acco'rdin gly, the witnes...es maje to take oath on the Harivamsha, an d the dispute settled on the bas is of t: he:l.r statements� The party which lose.$ .:he case shall be punish ed with a fine equal to the amount J E the claim, and one- fourth of the fine shal l be oollect ed from the winnin g party as Jitauri fee. In case the fine is not p aid, ( the lo sin g party) shall be. imprisoned at 1:.i"1e rate of one month fo r each five rup ees o f the fine. £hE Jitau ri fee shall be realiz ed f rom the g::>ods in which t,;.!1e cla .im has b�en upheld. �. C..:-e:3.itors shal. l execut e dec-ds stipulat ing the 1:ond�ge o f L1dividu als, no t fan ilies, o nly at oourt s an d local b::>�U es ( arr, al)'. T hey shall not be ent.itl ed to claim right s over other ,n,::n,bers of c.he b:m dsman' s •family, ev en if such b::>n dsman ...:i.L�s in · .:.he credito r ' � oo use o r in his OW'l house. I f a con;plaint �s sul::mitted to the_ effeqt that any c'redito r · nro1d claim � d right's over any member of the family of his :..Dn dsman on th e l atter''s death, such creditor shall be ���nished with a f ine equal to the am ount claimed by him • ..u: he defaults in· t'tle p aym ent:. o f ;.:;uch fi ne, he shall be imp riso ned accordin g t o the law. C.Ontd. 36 7. If the ::iebtors are parents belon ging to :a'.. caste which can b-c l:.on:ied who have both sons and :iaughte,rs, no daughter .shall be l:onded ' in consideration o f t he· io�n even at co urts -,j.nd local bodies, because she is not entitled to a share in the paternal property. If any COU.(t · or local l:ody has witnessed such a tran saction , the chief thereof sh all be p1.mi shed with a fine of ten rupe�s, andthe creditor and c.he debtor with a fine of five rup ees each '! The deed, of l:ondage shal l be cancel led and oonverted into 'a personal to11d in the name of th'e person who offered a l:ondsman in o.::>11siderattion thereotf. The daughter or si ster sha,11 then De free. 8. If a slave commits a crime wh ich L:; punishabl e with death .:>rli fe imp risonment, he shall bP sentenced to :i.eath or lite imp ri sonm ent, as the case may be. If the crime is punishable with imp ris::mm ent, ha shall be sentence:! to imp ri sonment,. If he pays money in lieu of the term of imp ri sonment, action shall be taken acco rding to tht" law. If a slave commits a crime w.tii ch is punishable with con fiscation of property, he shal 1 not be so punished, because a slave cannot be punished with oon fiscation of his p roperty. 9. If parent s have been freed trom slavery, rut thei r son s are still slaves in the same district or el sewhere, an d if the parents rededTI some of their sons from slavery, 1-.'.aving others still in the status of slaves, an:i· die 1n chc'. meantime, t heir personal property shall b� used to m,;.,:t their fun�ral e}4)en ses. From the bal ancP., an amount 2qu al t:o what had b�eri sp entto redeem so,ne of the son s from slavery shall b� given to those sons who are still slaves, an:itt he rest divided equally between the tWJ. If t.ne value o f the propert.y ( left by the deceased parents) is not equ al to the amo 1Jnt ·spent to redeem some o f t he sons from slavtry, no share therein shall accrue to such s:JC!s. The entire property shall then be inhP.rited by those son.s who are still slaves. If ( the decea'sed parents) had h,•got ten any son after they were forced from slavery,- the p,atem al property l eft aft13r me,�tin g the funeral �:xpen ses shall be divided equally among such sons as well as tt10se sons wh:> are still slaves. lo. If any person who has several members in his family has ·x�cuted a deed stipulat ing l:ondage, and if through mutual oonsc-nt the 1::ondsman mention ed in .. the deed has stayed .at tJOmE anda nother member of th� family has gone in hist· si:.;;�ad to work for the creditor, or if they \Prk for the cr ....,..;i ito r by .rot ation, and i f the p erson who is wo rking .;:o r the creditor dies, the credito r may oblige the person w,o�e narrit:! has bt:en mentioned in the d��d to i,.ork fo r him . If such person dies, the creditor shall not. be entitl.3d to cl aim rights over the person who had been -workingon b. ·hal·f o f the deceasI ed person, or any other manber of ( the -:laceased tondsnan s family) • In case he does s:,, he shall be punished w ith a fine amounti:ng to ten percent (of the amount of the loan) . contd. 37 ... in cc1se an y p€rson sells free p ersons ( ajaputra) cl a im in g ..:l1at th ey are slaves, t he person who writes the det;d of s:"ile · to the effect that they are sl aves, even though know ing well thc>t they a re fr,2e person s, the main person res :J-:>nsibl � fo r the saL�, an1 the witness es snall each be :rnnished with a fin'-� of Rs loo. In case these person:: jid no t know that tr,o se who were bt�in g sold W,c re free pE>r�on s , -hey shall c:ach ; ::.: punished with a fine of tw enty rup <;!es. ln case th,�y do no t pay the fine, they shall b e imp risoned ,:i.ccording to the l'aw . If the purc haser knew(th at those woo r vJ ,: e bein :\ pcrron woo offers or accEpts chil jren below thE: ag,.· o f sixteen Years as !:on::lsmen snal l bE: punished with a fin e .:i f t en rup '-:es. A per.con who fo rc ibly offers or acc2pts P"-�r.sons al:::ove the age oi sixcean years as l:ondsmen wit tout 1,avin g t hl� transactiou witness -2;:l Dy a (X)Urt, a pol ice .sta tion, o r a local l:oc1y shal l be punished with a fine 0i t en rup e,:::s. The aw al i v:i.o sign s as wicness in such a 'c rar1 sactic-n s hall al so be pun ish.::.:i with a fi ne of five rup ees'. · -' • If a p�rson has only a daught er who is mor� than sixt -=,an Y ::ars ol d, and no �on, _ard if the daught er sigis a ton.:i a c a court, a pol ice station, o r a local l:ody, indicating her wil l in<;ness to be t.qn .:ie::1 in consi.:iara,t ion o,£ a loan ->.otained by her p•ar ents, th,::: rondage shall be regarded cts val id. It shal l not b.-� valij if th-;:?. daught er who has ,:-.igned the :tond is iesS than sixtr:::en ye�rs of age. In that Caf; e, the chi�£ of the court, police station, or local b::>iy where the :tond was sig,1 dd, 'eth crf•:'!itor, and th e l::orrower s hall each be punish ed with a fine of five rup ees . 'l' he :ton d shall 1:e cancell ud, and. th e pa.cent s shal l be rnadt: to sign a personal rand fo r the amount. :,;. lf slaves o' f either sex b!::lon gin g to any pt=>rson comp l ain bc tore a oourt, a p olict� station, o r a lo cal 1::ody that thE.y ar� fr1;emen , an d if any rel.ativ� oonfir rn this cl'ai.-n, .nd agri:::-c: s to undert 3ke lia bil ity fo r any f<:!,..,_ S or £:in :.;s -hct may be in,posed i f t hey win o r lose th � case, an:i if, a£tE•r hearing both si::ies, 0 it is hc:ld that they ar -; f reemE-"n, :�.h.: person w ho claims 1.:hat they are slav�s shall be pun i�hed with a fine equ al to th:2 arnoun t p aid forth 6Tl. on�- lourth oi .the fine shall b,.: oollect ed fr.om th� plaintiff cs gi tauri fee and. they shall b·e set free . If, h::>wve_ e r, it is proved that thE:y are actually r h slaves, andno t freemen, _'the pe son w o claim s that they ,..r� freem'� shall be punishedw ith a fine �ual to the .:iinoun t � aid for them. If he do�s not p..:1y the fine, h,·. shall 1.l-� imp risoned acoo r.ding to the law. Contd. 38 If no rel at ive cowes fo rward to confir m the cl aim '.:hat the complainant's are free11e.n, and if it is fo und that i..:h., sl avo::s have made such a cl aim of the:i;r own accord, an:i .:i1at they have bo:; en slaves from the b.2 gi::-1ning, their com- __:) laint again st their own er sholl no t b�, .h�ard. A Baksauni :E�e o f fiVt: rup ei;'S per heaj shall ·b;; coll2ct ed from the '.) WD t' r in consideration of the r�covery of his slaves, wh::> .shall then be hand,:.:ld over to h im. If any person has wrongl :i· clair,i.cd the complainants to l>.;; his slav2s, oo :.. hat the lat tar hav .• b-.,'='n compell--d to :�uln,i't a complaint 11:aintaining r.hat th,=::1 art: freem -.,.n , the case shall be dispo sE-d o f on the cvi.:lenc-.:of do cum ._,,n t s _,,·d witnessf;!s. If tnc:y are foun j to h-.: f; lav-= s, on.� :i:o urth .) f the fin c shall b-� colL2 ct l:'d as Jitc.:.L ri fee from the! owner , and the slaves. shall be han J, d over to him. If, on th1:: other h:=!nd, they ar1;; found to b-: freanen, a fin� equal to the ainount p aid fo r than shall b 2 coll ected. 15. If on e of s£:veral brothers who is o v�r s ixt,::en years of dQe is o ffer-2d in rondage with his cons enc by his 1Jc.rent s wit.h any court, po lice station, or lo cal b::>dy a s witn ess, -i.r,d if subs-::qu an tly the bondage is rede em1c,-l by h is parent s ..)rl:i rothers after r\;paying the crejito r, he shall bf'. ar his 3.u,, i: hare o f loans due to oth�r crt:>dito'rs o bt ained _wh ile · living in an undivi �ed t�r.ily. But if h2. has obt ained hi s frE cdom tl,rough his own pf.:?rsonal property or earnin gs, o r ,�y w inning the favor of his cra.:Utor, he nc2d not pay loans -.�u,.c to oth er credito rs. How ever, he s nall bs;; entitltd to nis share of the patern al prop'ert y . LO ans due to othe-r creditors shall be repaid by the o ther brot hers who have stayEd hom e. Oth�r creditors shall have no cl aim agai n st ti·1e person who has been freed from l:ondage as men tioned ar:ove. 16. In case any perr-.on signs a h:>n j in the presence of witness es ._rrar.tin g personal lib�rty to his slave, tut not freeing ni·ri from the obligation to wo rk, such slave shall not leave vnrk and g::, elsewhere in oon travent ion of tht> stipulation ,nade in the, tend; nor sha:;.1 the owner be entitled to sel l :,:uch slave an d app rop ridte the proce-eds. In case any pe.csoo subiii ts any comp'i aint to the court , pol ice st�tion , or local .:..ody in such mac.r.e rs, ju:::lguen t shall b.e pronounced to the .,£feet that ( the owni;:r) cannot sell the slave, no r can the latter leave wo rking fo r him. 1 7 . In case any p erson b,.:>lon giny to. the Brahman andot hi-?r sacred-thread-wearin g cas te is invol ved in sexual , or 0 comm ensal relations, or in th-: use o f water, with a m' ;mb"?r :>.;.:any cast ,: whi ch c an be en slaved, or is untouchabl E'� , )r ar1y ca's tt?con tamin ation from •,:ho $:-:� touch must b.� purified c;·1 ro ugh thi:' sp rinklin_g o f water, an d in case such pc-:rson is, cons2qu� t ly, ::legra:led to such caste, and subsequ(mtly commits any crime, he can ne:ithclr be 1::.onded nor en'slaved. ru case h ,:-:: i s enslav�d, ( the parson who has enslaved him) \ Contd. 39 shall be punishf.'d. undsr the law relatin g to the ensl ave ;n .nt of freemen. In case he is 1:::on ded, the loan shalul be cancelled, and ( the person who has 1:onded hmi) shal l b1= p un i shed with a fine of an equal amoun t. In c ase the person who has bet?n degraded to a lower cast� marries a wom an of an equivalcrit caste, and in case ..:.�1E- children torn of such a unuion comm it any c rime, they sn2ll be punishsd according to the law rel a t ing to the cast e of th eir rrother. <- . In case any f• eLson has �nt iced, ch ildren of either sE x ·,no are b2 l ow tw2l V," years cf a;:. belon.;iing to o th ers to \·Jo .ck fo r a nyl::ody wi thout the knowledge o f t heir p arE•n ts, bro thers, sist e rs, 0.1..· oth;;:r .C,;;;l :::i tive s, and in ?ase hl> has iffii E J. any k nowledge o f the 11,a ·tt er wh.�•n ' such r el atives s2�k inform at ion� a £in .s o i f i fty . rup ees shall be imposed if t he gu il ty person is a m on . I f th ; c_1u ilty person is a W8rn c.n, sh2 s hall be punish c:d with a fine of twenty- five rupc:es. T he child snall b-2 procur-:.:i an.:i han jed over to c.nc: rei ative • .i.•:,u. L'1 case a s on born of a person who belongs to a sacrcd ·. hre:ad-wearir.ig caste which canno t be ensluaved from a slave \-J0n1an own1:d by ano c.h 2r person commits adultery o r -'3r.y otuher crin: e, and irr case his father, uncle, or broth er rcJ.�:. ern ;1im o n .:i g:.vr'! him th": sacrej thr�ad if his fath2r b,;:!longs to a sacred- thread-wearin g caste, or sets him at lih-:- -rty if his father belon gs to a liquor-drinking caste which Ci:lllno t be ensl aved, k he shall n ot be regarded as a qharti. Action sh all be taen in th e m at ter acco rdin g to t he law rGlating to the cast a t o which he belon gs. !tn case ( the father, u ncl 2, bro ther, etce) has not r.=•dr;;:emed him, so chat he rdf1ains a s l ave, he shall br::. r�garde:i as a slave, .:.V,;:;n though he w as bo m of a. high-caste person. Action 'utic.l l be takE:n in the ma tter according to the law rel ating to slaves. In c ase tha crim� had 1::-e�n oommi .. taj while such p <::> rson was a slave, and action h�s al ready b.:=a11 t aken accord in g � th e law rel ating to s l aves, 3n.:i in c2::0 e, subs�que:ntly, nis father, uncl �, oru. brothar rade�ms h im and gives him 1:.he sacred threa:;l if (his father) belon ,Js t. � a sacr<: d - , ;-hread-w ea ring caste, or set s him at l ib.;rty ( if his father) ,J,:longs to any o ther cast d, th e o ffice, court, or local 1:o dy whichu. ha d p reviously s,anten ced him to pun ishrn c::nt acco rdin g to t:he law rela�ing to sl aves whil .; he.was yet a slave shall not be con sidered to have act-2d in ·-cor:t ra- v �tion of the law. *** ******* · Regulations fo r Khumbu The following regul at ion s W'?'re prom ulgat ed un::ler the royal seal in the name of thi:> in habitant;s of the N<=-pra l Tibe:t lx>rdar in the Khun,bu- Ghet region no rt h of Thodun g on Baisakh Badi 9, 1867 ( April 1810) :- 1. The amal i shall col lect the prescrib.,-,d taxe s, and, di spense just ice, in th,2 presence of the headman (budhyauli) of the village. 2. The person who i s appo1 nt .: i as dwar2 th,_:'..ce shall be supplied with provi sions (manacr,amal) anJ six goat s every month . 3. C;onduct traje throu gh yo u r r�gul ar 8s tabl ishnents (kothi) without creat ing any obstructions ( ::ih2sct)r. 4. The local pt-OplE: shal l en gagE:: in tra:le as usually done in that regionr. The am al i sh."l.11 no t impo se .any rest rict ion s. 5. Charge int erest at t�n perca-it accorrdin g to th1;:� system prevaL::n t ttu:oughout th� country. oo 'not charge mo re. d.:::gr, i Research Collt"Ction, Vo l. 39 , PP . 149-Se. **.. ** ****** The Un ification of N�pal By Barurram Achary a ( shri 5 Badamahara jadhira ja P rithvinarayan a Shaha (The Gr:"'at Kin � P rithvi Narayan Shah) • Kathmandu : His Maj e�ty' s ? r"- ss Secret ariat, 2024 ( 1967) , pt. 2, chapt. 5. "Nepal ako ..:kikaranaka Namitta Mil ek"' Prerana ra Yojan a " {Insp�ration an d planz fo r the un ifi cat ion of N2pal) ,, ppr. 201-20)r. Th.:_, exemplary charact er of King Shivaji of Mahorastrar, �-rro had died only 42 years be fo re the birthof Pri thvi �� arayan shah, had b,?gun to in fluence Corkha . Thi s ha·1 fu rther in fl uenced Prithvi N aray an Shah durin g his vi sit to Ban aras. Th1; P eshwas of Poona were sp rE-ading th-:·, : . Marhatt. glory t hrou gh::>ut In ji a by fo llowin g the path shown by Shivaji� It is th £= in fluence of this very - Brahman Pe�hawa chat ledKin g Ja gatjaya Mal l of Kantipur to au thorrise the Brahm an s of Maharstra to becom,?. the chi ef p riests of the Pashup at i temp le. (Note: The l-'..:i�;hup ata sect, which h as em erged as a sp •.i' ci al group anong c:. h e anc ie-n t shaiva · co mmun it ie s, had .su cceeded the vaishn ava si=.:ct in No rtn In dia by .t he t im e i:11E Gup ta emp ire w as �stablished there. Pashupatacharyas C.ontd. 41 used to p r op a gatr� the P ashup at a s The ijol and t emple. of Pashup at i was :iestroyed by th,:. t-mslim inv;:-,sion in 1349 A.D. du rin g the early Ma lla P ,ri o d.. However, the Kingdom o f Vij ayanagar was es tabl isLc:::d i.1 !\. arna;.:.ak, s:>uth Jndi a, :;.n 1350 A.D. with the responsibility :.; £ f,nro •.� ectinci the Puranic religion . First of all whF.n an :::�.act rep l ica of the olJ Fashup ati idol w aE in st alled i.il 1 360 A.D. in the n ewl y reconm..ru ct ed temf,le o f Pashupati uy the t-1ahap at ra of Kathir,andu 1 Jaya ::.in1ha1 du ri n g the reign :) E A rjun a Mall a;. the last Kin g of thred )use=-cen e according t o o=;arl ier Tantrik t radit ion . When the cf th� Kinng::lorn o 1 destruct1on f Vi jayanaga.r i:: 1565 stopp ed t he in flux .o f Ka matak Erahnans from there, <:ttld their jescend.ant s in Nr..!pal jegenerated by becoming meat-eat ers1 the M;Jll kin gs of Kat hman :lu si=>em to have ··sncc1bl ish ed t he appo inting the priests of t e 1' tradition of h dshup ati t empl� by bringing in sanyas is rrom Banaras. The ;nuses situated on the s out.hem si.ie of the Pashup ati emp l 11 t e t at have so far remained the r�sidence of the chi':£pr iest .:, £ fi ashup <3.ti seem to have been bu ilt b y King Pratap Mallan,. It is known from Thyasanfu 'A' that Raghavananda Swam i h ad liv.=d in that mu se :luring the rul e o f Pratap Malla' s son ., l<.�ng P athi vs,ndra I'vlalnl a. Th at .Ra9hvananda swami had gone to live in L al i tp ur wi-1.:..n he was insulted by the mu rderErs c, f ,, '"�thivendra i s s tate:i in th Vam shavali. But t er san a !!. lJ . t: o h y s n. E sts rem ained there this is ur.-ierstood from the . acco ._, 1.- unts hear:. the Pashupati ts:>mp l e. Howl::'v:-r, the M aharast ra priests :�tet e that when these Sanyasis too becam e:: defil � a� rr.eat cltnEc!rs1 an.lnas the Rajopad aya an d '.r :LOC> WE:re �� i.rhut Brahmans o f Nepal meat-rcaters, JagaJ Jay.:i tv1al la set up th. , tr;:id.i tion �i:ar ,pointing the _i:)ria5t s by bringin g in .Maharasht ra D"-·ahmans rrom Ban aras. Because p,::oace was resto red in Injia after the Contd. 42 :�stabl ishmant of Bri t ish .cule there, an� the infl ux of Ka.rnat ak nrahnans resumed, bo th kin1s o f Brahmans c.-=m now b�come pri �st s of the Pashup at i temple. At the t im,."'" wh=0 the new icbl of Pashupat i was in st alled, the Pashupat-� sPct had been uproo ted in In 1i a. Therefo re, Karnatak Brah mans who came from th ere to beoome priests belonged to an ,::> rtrodoxPur anic sect. However, owin g to the inability of ,: ,1e Shaiva Mal l as to ignore the shaiva Bhairava of the ;.Jud::lh istic Tantrik sect fo llowed in Nepal, the p riests of Karn at ak al so were constrainE-dto i11 stall an idol of Shaiva Dhairava. Tht:: sanyasi priest s were the monists anj w �� re 1iu t therefo re followrs of Bha icava. But in view of thE=> conn1?ction that Pashupati had with Kritimukha Bhairava, chey coul d no longer ignore its. In vi .-:M of the glo ry attain,-j 1 .Jy l.an aras at the hands of Maharashtra Brahmans whf>n Poona :·k: J witnes� ed the ascenjancy of the Peshawa dynasty during :fi-- reign of the last Mugal Emp eror, t he appo intm ent of v·=<:et arian .Mahc1rasht ra Brahnans as priest s at Pashupat i , L1 stead of sanyasi s du ring the p..:-riod of the King Jagajj aya Halla of Kantip ur, w:.s a timely-st ep. Altrough therE- is �,me Tantrik in fluence on the present ritual s of wo rship £o llowed at the Pashup a,t i temple, mo st o � it is purely Puranic. The tradition set by the Maharasht ra priests, che.refore, seanss to have been mainc ain ed till now . 'l!he secret oopp E- r plaques, palml ?af manuscript. ss, and :> LhE::r do cum en ts in the sto re ot the Pashup ati templ f�, if waje public, may verify os m t of the sp ecul ations made here.) 0-.i rin rg Ps ithvi Narayan Shah'ss visit to Banaras, a r•�ut ed intellectual, pol itician, patriot and weal thy p "'J.fOn nomed Bal akrisshna Dikshit used to live there. He wc:.s an advisorof the l? eshwas, .. an d the :anp er;or of D�l hi al :-o was de�i.rous o f his favor. (H�m sha Monthly, Kashi Issu�, p. 164, Banaras) • It wa s not impo ssible that Prithvi Naret{ an Shah had d m€-(•t ing with h.irns. Pri thvi Narayan Shah might probc1bly !,ave acquainted hirns;0 lf with che contempo rary situation of In dia by meeting the int;ellectuals of other provinces r- sidin g in Banaras � Right at this moment talks wece• hel d -:.t the Del hi court on the question of incorpo rating wel l known Hindu pilgrimage centers, such as Mathura, Gaya, and 3:Jnar"ls into the Pesbwa king:iom. Al l this in fonnation reached Banaras at that time, hence Prithvi Narayan Shah s::t into capital.iz inghi s jesigns out of this imp ending p0litical unrest. Prit hvi Narayan Shah mi ght hav�:- leamt from a d�ep s.:.udy of th� oont€mporary In dian situation that through pur�u it of policies like keepingpla ns secret, refraining · from hurtin g th� rel igious feel in -Js of others, andpro tect in g fcrmers and craftsm..::.n who do no t p6rticipate in armed comLats, as wE::11 ass· the women and chil dren of even €n emies, L: v.0uldno t be difficult to att.ain success. contd. 43 P ri thvi Narayan shah engaged him self in the plan of LL� uni fication of Nepal immediat ely aft er his return to G::) rkha from Banaras, Firs t of al l , he had to appo int the .. 1inist er o r Kaji, as the appointment had been d elayed becaus e of the co ronation'. (No te: A min ist er w d cal led Kaji in Cbrkha . The c.em1' . is in no way oonnect ed to the same wo r::i in Arabi c . It is oonn ect :_.d in s am,� de gree, with the sanskr.!.t word Karyi ,,:2aning a funct ionary .) was Everyl:x:> dy/sure that Kalu Panje w as a su itable cand idate. �I:.� was torn in th e· family of Gane.sh Pan de, th e first Ka-ji .)f C:b'rkha. He was al so a so n o f Bhimaraj Panda, who ha� J''° E'D a Kaji for sow-2 time durin g K!ng Na"abhup al a Shcch' s r-.,.i gn. (Note: A statue of t he bearded Kapardar, Bho tu Pande, is in stalled on the groun j floo r o f a bu ilJing situ ated south of the P ashupati temp l e. The · in scrip cion that he h as in � ...a l l ed. on the Bishnuma ti brL:i ge, w hich he had const'ructed, r::fer to his relat'ionship wit h canesh Pande, Minister of 1)rc1by a Shah, the first King of Cbrkha . T he Pan'ie Brahnans o i: the Up aman y a clan o i Khopl ang in G:>rkha al s::> mention sh t Bhotu Pc:1nde was a Chh�t ri, ,]an1 e- Pande as th.�ir ances or. ; is family had marit al ties wit h Bhim sen Thapa's f ami ly� ,\ Ercihnan ' s son t h rough ·a K has or Chhetri wife bP � ar Fo be Brahmans from their names . 1-b w ever, Tul aram, .::sal i.cam _s son, and Bhimaraj, Jagatloka' s son, app ear to �e Chhet ris. It is po ssibl e that Bhimaraj was Jagatloka • s '::irandson. A deep study is requi red in this regard� _ The genealogy m en tions t he name o f Bhiularaj ! s son as �:n,sh d i har o r l Contd'. 44 I -c1s Vamsharaj s nephew, bu t the genealogy do es no t mi:?ntion hiE father ' s na1J1e. Possibl y Bhotu P an de did no t kno.v their namE::s, becau se i:oth Jagadhar Pande and hi s father died arly. Kalu Pan�e ' s son s and grandson s too were probabl y o t s darlc comp lexion, hence Mathbar Singh· derisively called ':han Kala Pande (i.e. Bl ack Pande)'. ·Mathbar Sin gh Thap a was son o f the gran j- daughter of Tu1 aram Pande, hence Tularam P ande' s descendants were called C'-o ra Panda (i.e. ·1hi l..e Pan'de) • .Moreover, Kalu Pande ha-j already showrJ his iiplon:at ic skill whil (.,; n29otiating a tr.. �c:1ty with Kin g H.i1,,umardan a of Lamjung when Prithvi Narayan shah w;ss yet a Crown l? rince. (Note : In D.i.bya Up adesh, Prithvi Naray an Shah has writt en:11 1 met King RipumarJana Shah of Larujung at Chepe Ghat , and Kalu .l:'ande conducted nE•gotiat io ns1 1 ) in the manner I had desired. This greatly su.rp.rised m e. In addit ion , Kalu Pande had ::lernonst rat.:d suffi c i�nt adrr• inist rat ive skill while working to gether with the sE>..n io r QU Een Ct.an draprabha, Chautara Mahoddama Kirti Shah, and t1anarudra shah during P rithvi Narayan Shah' s vis it to Banaras. (Note: shri Pancha Prithvi Narayan Shah ko Jiv;:m i {fiio graphy o f King Prithvi Narayan Shah) states Kalu Pande was one of the two high officials' .w to stayed at Cbrkha while Prithvi N arayan Shah had gon e to Banaras� The Bhasha Vam shaval � st at es th at he had accompanit:j Prithvi tl arayan Shah to Banaras. The stat an:>nt of the Bha�ha Vamshaval i sean�wro n <;)' . Fo r these reasons, Queen Chadraprabha suppo rted Kalu l:-'�n'de ' s nai,1 c for appo intment as Kaji. But du ring his vi sit to Banaras, Bi raj Bakhet i had su ff ici,e-ntly imp ressed Prithvi r-: arayan'. Shah . ( Note : In Dibya Up ad.esh, P rithvi Narayan Shah has said': 111 had intend.ed to appoint Biraj Bkh et i as Kaj i, I·b'ieve11)r, • Kalu P ande appeared w iser, so he was appo inted Kaji'. In these circum st ances, Prithvi Narayan Shah th:>ught it prop er to take the advice of all the not abl e p�r�ons of Corkha. On the vnan imous reoomnendation o f the no bil ity, as wel l as the common peop l e incluJing Bisya Damai, and. the support of the friendly Bai si and Ch aubisi kings, he api:ointed Kalu Pande to "that high post. · (Note: In Di bya Upadesh, Prithvi Narayan Shah has sc:.id : "The people, as well as the Baisi and Chaubisi kinys all supportedthe B1--.1:--ointroent o f Kalu Pan de as Kaji. II Pri endly ,r-;�lat ions had been established at that time with the kings of Jajarkot amon g t he Baisi, an d L-amjung and i-> alpa among the Chaubisi. Therefore, they·too might· have been oonsul ted) • . · · Contd. Pri thvi Narayan shah had al ready s een the £ertile l ands of t he threa princip al i ties of Kathmandu V lley when h2 visited. the capit als of the mutual l y hostile �rincip a U t i es of Bhaktapu r and Kantipur. The King of Kantip u r was an o bst acl e for the Corkhalis to extend thei r way to L'.':aktapur. The hill dist rict o f Nuwakot, which belon ged 'l:.O l (Not,�: After the 1854-55 war wi th T ibet , a took was w ritt en ::lu ring th<;: reign of King suren:ira in 1856 on Tibet ,\nd Chin a . In view of Pri thvi Narayan .Shah''s effo rtf". to ·'::E.tablish r�l a tion::. w ith the Dal ai Lan,::i an.d stren gt hen trade rel ations wi t n Tib-,t, a d·.;.'t.ailed account of th� .rout e a s far as Lhasa, capital o f T ibet, is gi ven in that J.ook, w hich is in ths pos ses sion o f P arl d it Komal N c:tha Adhikari)'. Yaks, sheep and Chyangra (mountain cpats) ari::- abundant in T ibet . As - such, the Tibetans used to live on the-ir m£at by · som� unknown reason th.;!y · di d not ,. at . the· m-�at o f Chyangras . They, h::>weve'r, wove cloth with the wool of sheep and Chyangr:a ·9 C.ontd. 46t, &t the Bhutan and Khartang routes were :,no t used. Moreover, the swayambhu shrine in Nepal , and t_he Khasa Chail ty a, constructed during Prat apa Malla' s reign, were popular pilgr.irnage centers from anci .::.nt times for the Vaj rayani Buddhists of Tibet. The Kerung and Kuti · mutes were, there fo re, open, andth e salt of Tibet· used �o be tra:.ied with the foodgrain s of N ,"p al thmugh these routes . Besides salt, ponies,· yak-tails, harit al , and muskt, .:1lso usf'?d to coma from Tibet, which Nep_al i t raders used to resell to the traders in the plains of Oudh and Bi har. Ga.clic, chil lies an d Lapsi fruits were export ed to T i bet fro, N epalt. Sheep and Chyanqra goat.s constitut:.:.d the main i tems that were sol d in Kathm andu Valley. Caskets made of ivory, ivory-hil ted daggers, an::l handicra fts made of dar wood were the main items that' wF-re expo rted to Tibet •. G:>ld in crude or refined fol:lil from Mong:ilian mines constituted the main itans imported_by Nepal through Lhasa. Only silver ooins stamped with the S':-al of the Kan�ipur kin gs circulated in Tibet. The main commun it i es trading in l::oth Kantipur and rJ.'ibet were Shakyas and Udas mostly of Kantipur, and a few of Lalitp ur. 'l' he numbe.co f their establ ishments at one cirne reached as many as tnirty-two .11 • As such, they were known as the· "Batt is kothima haj ant Tibetan 9,:>Li seem s to have started to o::mi:- t6 Kantipur juring t h.; reign of King Mahendra Malla(l 560-1574 A.O .)t, criiJ. jo.int king of both Kantipur and Lal itpur, .before the time of Bhima Malla. The largest quantity, however, came :iuring the reign of King Pratap Malla (1641-1674 A.O.), the kill .?r of Bhima Malla. The gold plates that he and nis · grandson Kin g Bhup.al endra Malla gave to the oopp .,�r roo fs of the tanples of Guhyeshwari, Tal eju, Pashupati, andothe rs in Kant ipu r, · and the st atuE: s installedth �re had created arrong the Nawabs of Ben gal and Bihar thE' imp ression thot there were _piles of gold in Kantipur. :i. rc1tapa Mall a ' s nep hew, King Srinivasa Malla of Lal itpur, nad no t been able to erect a g:>ld-plated st.3tue owing to t.he small number of Lalitpur traders in Lhasa. Howev�r, onE trader, Jodhaju sakya of Lalitpur, who owned stop s in Tibet, had presented him with a magni fi ct:"nt gild.ad throne. (Abhilekhasangraha, pt . 6, p. 12)t.. \ ' I l?ratap Malla' s son , Yo_ganaL ndra r;1alla, and King Bhup atindra Malla o f Bhakt apur, had with the help. of Kantipur King Bhup al·Fm -:lra J.Vialla, giljF.d their statues inst allcd on st.one p illars in front of t he i.r Ttaleju t emples. It was, therefore, n atural forth e Cbrkhal is to be lured by ;· the wealth of the principal ity of-Kantipur. After Akbar'ts·oc cup ation of Kashmir. tow�rd the end of the 16th century, Kashniri Muc.lim tra :lerst. sp ri=-ad al l over northem India, and opened shopst. selling Kashr,iri shawls, woolen cap s, saffrons, etc. in princip al towns t.nere. One Kashniri Muslim woo had a shop at Patna came to I<.antipur andop ened a shop there near the city gat est. Conttd. 47 (Note : The Capuchin priest Desidiri, who had com,"' to Kathmandu in January 1722 A.D., haj seen th-� srop s of Kashmiri tradf;rs n �ar the Ranipokhari in Kantipur . hedieval t-! :0.i:, al , pt • 2 , p • 1 o 12 ) • • • I T his stop was later turn�....:i-u into• a Kasmuri morque. This Kashmiri Muslim belon9ed to the hill region, h'"'nce i1 ;;· began to e:=,'m doubl'e: profic.s by g:>ingto Tibet -:,nj t radi.q g tt1ere. Du cing t. 11is v�r:y p ,�·ri o-1, King fv1ah,·"?n Jra Simha, �nd Chautara Jha gal 'I' hakul pennitted tv.0 Capuchin p ri1=sts Pranoo is Fal ix an-:i Ant hony Marie, wh..:n th:;y Ccllle to Kant ipur, ::::o prop cgate Christianity and t:Stabl .i,sh a church there'. r:u t lac. er .b ecause of th� oppos'ition Brahmans, both p r.iests werit to Bhakt ap ur, wh2re J:, in g ;.mup at indra Nalla w lcomed than . Th,.cr� the pric:§t s ,,•.ired o s mE:: patic:nts of pl29u,� and convert .:.:d t hem to Christianity. When Jagat j aya Malla was crown ed King in 1722 A. D., permission was gran ted to them to -op en a bran ch of t he Bhaktapur church in Kathman Ju also . fi'ath'er Ho rrac�, who had com -:: a t thi s time from Lhasa as -chief of th� Bhaktapu r chu rch, h3d bE:en able, by virtue C>fhi s qu al ifi Lhasa was the principal base o f the Capuchins. When Joachim, th<.� chief pri1..:st of Lhasa and Ho rrace, th" chief ) riest o f Bhaktapur re'-iu '='sted Rome for rct iran�t ow ing to thei r ag-2, Vitto wa s appointed as th�:. chi,=:,f for Bhaktapur. '4ilen he: a rrivad at the Patna church,'. King Ranajit t1;alla :.;f Bhaktapur s�n t hi s rt::lative to fetch him to Bhaktapur, :m :::1 gave him lOdgin g in a rou se th ..·- r -' as well as pt"rrnission (.O erect an iron cross on th1:: h:>Us�. Later, Ranaj it Malla 9clVe him a magiificent h:>usa a.rd gard�n that had b.=-M acqu ire::i as t he ir.11.c. -:st atc property o f a nobl e, anj also a oopp �r-p late decrae permitt.ing hirn to convert th"= prople to ·Christianity with thei c consent'. ( 1740 A. O .) (Note: This account i s based on pp . 120-2 1 of the Engl ish t ran slation of Le Nepal by Sylvain Levi . T ha in scrip tion w:-, s as follows: "King Ranajit Malla of Bhakt'apur h,.:.reby gran ts all :81.lrop ean priesc s th� right to propagate · among an j convert my subj.:::cts into Christianity, an.:1 also "is subj ct s t h-: ri ght to adopt Christianity ·with:>ut f.:.:ar irom any auth:>rit y. 1:-bwever, such cx:m v-::'rsion should be :Jo n � not through fc rce:: l::::..l t on a vo l unt a ry basis. Mc• rga eel N-.�p al ScfliVat) • . Joachin, was o ne of the p riest s who had acoomp a ioo • l n :l .tto to Bhakt apu r. He requc;st K ing Jaya Prakash Malla of han tipur forpe .tm ission to s -;t u.p a church , Jaya p rakash t-'; alla, how�ver, tiid . not gran t t he p rivil e ge ,to prop a gate Contd. 48 Christianity amc>n g the p-::opl,=of Kant_ip ur as Ranajit Malla had done in Bhak tapu r: 1-bwever, he grant-3i a builditn g and graden, and al oo issued a oopp t:;;'r-p l_a::.e dec_ree (Dec:=mber 17, 1741) in th-.: name of the Capuchin P fiests� account is based on th,-:, &lg (Note: Th0 is l i sh trans lation or:Le Nt=pal, PI- • 129-30) . At this time, the Raja of B-2tttiah ( Champ aran dist rict) hc:d sen t a requ.-�st to Vitto to �stablish a Christ ian church in his t�rritory. As a resultt, a chu rch was l:uilt there un dE:·r th!;: jurisdiction o f th 2, Bhaktapur organizationt. ( 1 743 A.D.)t. EUrop '::;an missionari.:,s us.-:lved in .tha politics o f N-.;;pal in th� i nt<2r�sts of EU.rop �, .::"!Ils, c:,nd also r,:>.ndEred assist anc � to the Malla kin-;i-s in buying guns and fl ints, bu t did not �terfere in trade. Tha p�rmission granted by Ran ajit i"1all a and Jaya. Prakash Malla to them to pmpagat 2 Christianity in a manner detrimrotal to the culture and r,.eligion of their pe9pl e fo r tn'= sake •:i f buying guns and flint s foruse in their mutual co.:;flicts W? s sign of cultural de:g-?Iltcrationt. This assuri:d P rithvi Karayan Shah o f success in his mission of unifying N::p al . ( Tu be continued) • ********