Volume 43 | Issue 2 Article 3

2000 A Philosophy Of Christian Librarianship Gregory A. Smith Baptist Bible College

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This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Digital Commons @ George Fox University. It has been accepted for inclusion in The Christian Librarian by an authorized editor of Digital Commons @ George Fox University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A PHILOSOP Y OF CHRISTIAN LIBRARIANSHIP

ABSTRACT librarianship different from that Gregory A. Smith, While a number of Christian librar­ practiced in the rest of the world? In Director, ians have explored the implications of other words, is there a Christian the Christian world view for particular phi losophy of librarianship?"2 It is the G. B. Vi£k Memorial Library, issues in library practice, few have purpose of this article to propose such a Baptist Bible College, attempted to develop a thoroughgoing philosophy for application in Christian philosophy of Christian librarians/zip. institutions of higher education. Springfield, Missouri Those who lzave done so have generally failed to center their proposals around REASONS FOR THE LACK tlze Christian view of truth. The OF INTEGRATION knowability, objectivity, unity, practi­ It is fitting to ask why Christian cality, and spirituality of truth should librarians, many of whom view their impact the way librarians at Christian work more as a calling than a profes­ colleges carry out major library sion,3 have failed to explore the functions, including collection develop­ philosophical ideals of their vocati on. ment, reference services, bibliographic This deficiency admits several possible instruction, research and publication, explanations. First, many scholars view and management. librarianship as a complex of technical ski lls. Not surprisingly, they regard n recent decades evangelical library science to be less than a bona scho lars have made significant fide academic discipline. Their logic strides toward the goal of integrat­ implies that just as monks bake bread ing the Christian faith with their the same way as the rest of the world, respective disciplines. High levels of so Christian librarians carry out their integration have been achieved in fields work much as other librari ans do.4 Thus of study as diverse as education, there may be little expectation that psychology, business, biology, history, Christian librarians should forge their philosophy, literature, and the arts. own professional identity. Numerous books and articles have been A second reason for the lack o f published that approach these disci­ Christian integration is the fact that plines from a Christian perspective. library science is a relatively young However, there remain some disciplines field of study. The scien t i fie study of that so far have received inadequate librarianship emerged along with the attention from Christian scholars. modern library toward the end of the Library science is one such discipline. nineteenth century. Compared to the Relatively little has been written to ancient origin of other academic discuss what it means to be a librarian disciplines, such as philosophy, who exhibits devotion to Christ through mathematics, astronomy, and law, the his or her profession. ' Ray Doerksen emergence of library science is a recent frames the question well when he asks, phenomenon. Therefore, Christian "What, if anything, makes Christian librarians have had relatively little time

' ~G The Ch;:J_s€_;}1]bibraria11, April 2000 to assess the relationshi p of their vati ve and li beral Protestants, Roman All of these wri ters have helped to discipli ne to the Christian world view. Catholics, and members of non­ explore the implications of the Chris­ Third, the library profession at large Christian faiths. It would be unreason­ tian world view for particu lar issues in appears not to perceive the importance able, therefore, to expect ATLA to library practice. While they have made of defining the theoretical underpin­ develop an evangelical Christian valuable contributions in these areas, ni ngs of its work. Michael Buckland philosophy o f librarianshi p.9 they have not attempted to develop a has noted that librarians have hi stori­ While a discussion of authentic thoroughgoing philosophy of Christian call y taken little interest in the formula­ C hristian li brarianship is foreign to the librarianship. In fac t, only a handfu l of tion of a philosophy of librarianshi p.5 mission of ATLA and the various authors have ventured to do so. In the The need for this kind of intellectual church library associations, there are fo llowing paragraphs. seven proposed pursuit is still not widely understood.6 several organizations that exist to help philosophies will be summarized and The aversion that many non-Christian Christian librarians observe profes­ critiqued. librari ans have to developi ng a ph iloso­ sional standards while honoring their Alfreda Hanna has proposed that the phy of the profession seems to extend religious convictions. Such groups dominant trait of Christian librarianship to Christian librarians as well. include the Association of Christian should be professional excellence. She Fourth, Christian librarians have Librarians (ACL), 10 the Catholic observes that excellence honors not focused their research on practical Library Association (CLA),11 the only biblical teaching but also the work topics rather than on the theory that Christian Librarians' Network (CLN), 12 ethic that has been a tradition of underlies them. This is reflective of a the Fellowship of Christian Librarians Protestant Christianity for centuries. 26 trend in the library literature at large. and Information Specialists While it is true that genuine Christian Thus Christian librarians are more (FOCUS), 13 the L ibrarians' Christian d iscipleship demands service to God to 1 likely to write about how to implement Fellowship (LCF), ~ and the Southern the best of one·s ability, it does not technology in their libraries than to Baptist Library Association (SBLA).15 follow that professional excellence is expound on the values that ought to Most integration in Christian the essence of Christian librarianship. characterize their work. librarianship has taken place under the As Elizabeth Irish has noted, there are Finally, there are not many forums auspices of these organizations. times when professional ethics come where the philosophy of C hristian into conflict with Christian ethics.27 librarianship might be discussed. Many REVIEW OF RELATED Therefore, one cannot define excellence Christian library associations exist to LITERATURE as a Christian librarian strictly in terms serve the needs of congregational Significant attempts to define the of professional competence.28 In libraries by providing professional essence of Christian librarianship are addition, it seems that there is more to guidance to volunteers who often have listed in the following paragraphs. being a Christian librarian than simply no background in library science.7 Attention will be given first to works exhibiting professionalism. Christian Examples of library associations that that d iscuss the implications of biblical librarianship worthy of the name must serve church media centers include the teaching for specific aspects of involve the integration of one's Association of Seventh-day Adventist librarianship. Christian beliefs and values with the Librarians, the Church and Synagogue It is doubtless that the principles of highest ideals of library service. Library Association, the Evangelical the Chri stian fa ith can give direction to David Pull inger has proposed a Church Library Association, and the a variety of discussions in librarianship. philosophy of Christian librarianship Lutheran Church L ibrary Association. In addition, there are areas where the that confronts the consumerism and Given the constituencies that they Christian world view challenges impoverished access that plague much serve, these organizations need to give accepted standards of library practice. of the contemporary Iibrary scene. N high priority to pragmatic issues and Christian librarians and other Christi an The Christian alternati ve. he says, is thus cannot be expected to contribute scholars have offered insight on a built around the concept of community significantly to philosophical discussions. number of such issues, including ethics as modeled by the New Testament At the other end of the spectrum one of librarianship, 16 librarianship and church. The early C hristians shared all finds the American Theological Library culture,17 censorship and intellectual their possessions and served one Association (ATLA), a fairly large freedom, 18 Sunday opening of public another·s needs. Christian librarians in organization of library professionals libraries, 19 professionali sm,20 trade the postmodern world should observe who work in theological seminaries unions in librarianship,21 freedom of the same values, striving for more around the world.8 While ATLA's access to public libraries,22 access to effective intellectual access-and scholarly character is probably beyond Christian books in public libraries,2-1 equality of physical access- to infor­ question, the organization serves a values in children·s literature,2~ and mation.30 While the notion of sharing is constituency that includes both conser- ethics of information technology.25 certainly useful to Christian

The c 1i;:r;€1I~ibraria11, Apri l 2000 li brarianship, it is questionable whether enterprise of Christi an education. the name is less a matter of managing it should be considered its overarching Donald Davis, Jr. , and John Tucker things and more a matter of interacting philosophical ideal. In addition, sharing have written a pamphlet entitled The with people. This conception of does not appear to be a uniquely Master We Serve: The Call of the Christian librarianship is a step in the Christian vis ion; many non-Christian Chrisrian Librarian to the Secular right direction. li brarians consider resource-sharing to Workplace. As implied by its subtitle, The approaches to Christian be a key to library success. Thus this essay is di rected to Christian librarianship cited above provide useful Pull inger's model, while containing librarians who work in non-Christian platforms for discussion but leave useful elements, does not provide a academic settings . The authors contend unfulfi lled the quest for a thorough philosophical integration of Christianity 'hristian librarianshzp worthy ef the name must and academic librarianship. In particu­ Cinvolve the integration ef one's Christian beliefs lar, they fai l to take account of the Christi an view of truth. Because the and values with the highest ideals ef library service. apprehension of truth is the highest concern of the Christian college and broad-based philosophical understand­ that through the practice of virtue in the university, it seems imperative that the ing of Christi an librarianship. workplace, Christians can exercise Christi an academic librarian's work be Gwenville Miller has suggested that influence for the cause of Christ. They firmly grounded in a proper conception authentically Christian libraries emphasize several biblical principles of it. To the author's knowledge, the only distinguish themselves from their that outline the ideals of Christian writer who has developed a Christian secular counterparts by upholding the librarianship, including the dignity of philosophy of li brarianshi p on the basis values of service and stewardship. In human work, the role of work as a of this assumption is Stanford Terh une. 37 practice, says Miller, they focus more vehicle for service to Christ, and the Terhune describes the philosophical on developing and maintaini ng good duty of humble service to others. 33 vacuum in which many libraries relationships than on building and They see the potential for Christian operate. He asserts that the role of the storing outstanding collections. 31 There influence to occur in relationships of Christian college li brary is to enable can be little doubt that Christian mentoring, counseling, affi rmation, and students to become lifelong Christi an 3 librarians should view their work as a interaction. ~ In the opinion of the thinkers. 38 In pursuit of this goal, means of service to others (and, author, Davis and Tucker have pro­ Christi an li brarians should collect ultimately, to Christ). However, the duced a thorough and intell igible resources that make possible the same can be said of Christians in any integration of Christi an faith and library integration of faith and learni ng; occupation. Therefore, while an attitude professionalism for application in the provide reference service that assists in of responsible service is necessary to a secular institution. However, there is the conduct of research; and inculcate Christian philosophy of librarianship, it much more to be said regarding high ethical standards in the use of must be asked whether this is the sum librarianship- and indeed the possibil­ libraries and information . total of the Christian librarian's spiritual ity of purer integration-in the Chris­ responsibility. In the opinion of this author, tian college or university. THE ACADEMIC LIBRARY this question must be answered negatively. John Trotti has reflected on the AS AN EDUCATIONAL AGENCY John Wilcox has proposed a philoso­ meaning of librarianship in the Chri s­ Some professors, administrators, and phy of Catholic librarianship. He sees tian seminary. He declares unambigu­ librarians tend to view the campus Catholic librarians as ideally fu lfi lling ously his bel ief that theological library primarily as an administrative three roles: "(l) establishing and/or librariansh ip is a genuine form of unit, a sort of "service bureau. "~0 If this enhancing a distinctively Catholic ethos mini stry: "I wish to share with you my perception of academic librarianship is in Catholic education, (2) collaborating philosophy-no, better my theology­ accurate, then librarians' view of truth in the enrichment of the Catholic of librarianship and the role of the is unimportant, for they are little more heritage preserved in Catholic libraries, library in theological education. Far than cogs in a bureaucratic machine. On and (3) developing Catholic identity as from having left the min istry, I conceive the other hand, if the academic library we approach the third millenn ium."32 of my work and that of my staff as a is considered an active party in the Though Wilcox addresses Catholics, hi s ministry as well as an aid in multiple educational process, its professionals insights are valuable to a wider audi­ fut ure ministries."35 In keeping with are educators and, in the Christian ence. First, he recognizes the distincti ve this conviction, he espouses the view institution, should share the faculty's character of Christian librarianship. that Christian li brarians must necessar­ convictions concern ing truth. Second, he perceives that Christian ily focus on the people they serve.36 There is a growing awareness among librarianshi p is intrinsically tied to the Thus Christi an librarianship worthy of academic librarians that their work is

·1· 8 T he Ch1St~!lt~ibrari an, April 2000 intrinsically tied to the educational Similar statements have been adopted truth is absolute- that is. it is true for purposes for which their parent by other accrediting assoc iations. each all people, for all cultures. for all time. institutions exist. On many campuses. emphas izi ng the educational nature of It should be noted that while truth itself librarians are recognized as faculty the librarian ·s work.'5 A growing is absolute, human interpretations of it along with professors and researchers. consensus says that academic librarians are subject to error. D. A. Carson For severa l decades librarians have do more than perform technical or outlines this distinction: ··Our knowi ng been assuming an active role in the administrative tasks-they are essential is never atemporal or acultural but is education of studen ts, focusing partic u­ to the work of education. If librarians inevitably temporall y and culturally larly on teaching information literacy are trul y educators, then Christian located; our knowing is often distorted skills. 41 Many instructors, librarians, librarians should espouse a distinct ly by moral and intellectua l fai lures ... . and ad mi nistrators are now awakening Christian philosophy of education. Nevertheless, we may know some to the fact that the library is (or at least Terhune reflects this thought when he objectively true things truly. even if should be) an equal partner wi th the states that "the pattern of library service never exhausti vely."~9 Th us the classroom in the process of education. in a Christian college is intimately Christian view of truth balances the This observation is as true of theo­ linked with a focused pattern of thought objectivity of divine revelation with the logical libraries as it is of research about Christian liberal education."46 subjectivity of human interpretation. libraries. Earle Hilgert and Elvire Third, a Christian education pro­ Hilgert state that "as a member of an A CHRISTIAN PHILOSOPHY pounds the unity of truth. In Scripture educational troika, the [theological] OF EDUCATION and in nature God has provided two library is an equal partner with class­ Many Christian scholars have distinct forms of revelation. These are room and fi eld and shares mutually in attempted to ident ify the distinctive to be seen as complementary rather the task of forwarding the institution elements of a Christian educationY than contradictory. David Beck toward its goals . ... Thus the service Though their perspecti ves are by no comments: "This view that all truth is which the library is committed to give means unanimous, they have much in consistent has fa r-reaching implications derives from its own position of common. The follow ing paragraphs for our research and teaching. It means mutuall y supportive partnership."~2 summarize five principles of Christian that when correct results are obtained in Paul Schrodt echoes this view of the education on which most evangelical any two disciplines. they will always theological library: 'There is then an authors are agreed. All are related to the complement each other. This is not only inextricable link between the classroom concept of truth, which, as stated earlier, is true of biology and psychology, and the library. The assumption of this the primary focus of Christian education. business and ethics, but also of Bible is that education does not ... take place First, a truly Christian education and geology."5° Christian scholars seek in the classroom alone. The library presupposes the knowability of truth. to reconcile data from special and provides an essential context where the The Christian student does not have to general revelation. knowing that when work of education, begun in the wonder whether it is possible to properly understood, they will yield a classroom, is completed."~3 discover truth. It is certain that truth can unified, consistent reflection of real ity. The view of the library as a partner in be apprehended because God has Fourth, a Christian education es­ education has been accepted, at least in revealed it to mankind. Arthur Holmes pouses the practicality of truth. Truth is theory, by accreditation agencies. The explains this as fo llows: "The truth not an abstract concept that is unrelated American Association of Theological about the physical order is known to everyday life. On the contrary. it has Schools issued the following statement perfectly to him, the truth about consequences for every aspect of in 1954: humankind and society, and the truth human existence. Carl F. H. Henry The ideal library is the study center about everythi ng we ever wondered explains thi s well: of the school. It concerns itself with about in our most perplexed moments. A comprehensive world-life the effectiveness of the educational The early church fathers sum med thi s view will embrace not only program of the school; indeed, it is up in what has become a guidepost for isolated consequences but will a creative resource in the implemen­ Christi an scholars ever since-a// truth bear on the whole of existence tation of such a program. It is a is God's truth, wherever it be fo1111d."~8 and life and supply the presup­ colleague of the classroom. Beyond Research and study ha ve dignity in that positions upon which an orderly its capacity in serving a,; strictly an they are means of discovering truth that and consistent Christian educational tool, the library as an God has made known. involvement can be based. Just integral part of the total program of Second, a Christian education as the Enlightenment in its revolt the school is also concerned with assumes the objectivity of truth. Since against biblical thei sm sought to the fullest personal development of God is the Revealer of all truth. truth is explain law. religion. science. the Christian worker.~ grounded in his Person. It follows that ethi cs, and all aspects of culture without reference to miraculous congruent wi th their view of truth. The views of relevant subjects. This revelation and redemption, so fo llowing paragraphs discuss the requires access to a wide variety of Chri stian supernaturalism must implications of biblical theism for five literature, including much that is not bring into its purview every functions of librarianship. specifically Christian. sphere of reality and activity.51 Collectio11 development in the Some members of a Christian college Fifth , a Christian edu- academic library is community might be opposed to filling cation values the spiri­ 1!iile it may be largely an educa­ the li brary's stacks with books that fai l tuality of truth. The unreasonable to tional task. Care to include God in the pursuit of truth. search for truth should must be taken to James Johnson addresses this issue: never be undertaken for expect every Christian represent multiple The obligation to engage others its own sake. In fac t, as subject areas in a in the pursuit of knowledge and D. A. Carson notes, librarian to write far balanced manner. truth impacts the academic "knowledge is never an publication, it seems Coverage must be library significantly, since a end in itself: that would provided for a major function of the library is 52 be idolatry." Rather, certain that more should broad range of to document the discoveries and for the Christian, intel- be doing so. curricular inter­ viewpoints of those who are lectual activity is ests.53 The theistic pursuing knowledge in the fields sacred; it is a means of demonstrating world view impinges significantly on of study and topics of concern at one's love for God. this task. According to James Sauer, "it the college. When a college These five assumptions concerning requires that Christian librarians ... community understands its the nature of truth outline the param­ take the lead in integrating Bible truth library collection primarily as eters of a theistic view of the world. As in every area of life."54 The Christian documentation, there is rela­ such they define Christian education's academic library has the duty to collect tively little pressure for removal primary aim: to train students to love not only works of theology and biblical of materials because they are and serve God with all their heart, soul, interpretation, but also works which objectionable.55 strength, and mind. If the Christian seek to ascertain truth revealed outside While there are likely some limits as college exists to promote learning that the Bible. The faculty and students of a to the kinds of materials a Christian is consistent with biblical theism, it is Christian college are to assess, inte­ library should acquire, the library fitting to ask how the Christian aca­ grate, and reconcile insights from both should be expected to offer its faculty demic library can contribute to the natural and biblical realms. Libraries and students a wide spectrum of views fulfillment of this unique role. At first should facilitate such activities. In the on relevant topics. Christian librarians glance it might appear that libraries field of political science, for example, must build their collections so that have little to contri bute to the advance­ users should fi nd works reflecti ng researchers can develop their thinking ment of a world view. However, since biblical and theological approaches to within the framework of biblical theism. much of their work is educational in the subject matter. They should find Terhune summarizes this thought by nature, Christian academic librarians others exhibiting an extra-biblical stating that "it is as the Christian can play a significant part in the process perspective. This pattern should be student struggles with the intellectual whereby students develop their view of repeated in every discipline that content contained in library resources life. touches an institution's curriculum. that he is able to develop an integration It should be noted that biblical and of his faith and learning."56 INTEGRATION INTO THE natural forms of revelation are not to be A second area of librarianship FUNCTIONS OF ACADEMIC viewed as sacred and secular, though affected by the Christian world view is LIBRARIANSHIP one may be tempted to refer to them in that of reference services. Reference In the judgment of the author, the such terms. The theistic framework services in the academic library Christian library's duty to advance a assumes that all truth comes from God; constitute a legitimate educational view of life that is based on divi ne therefore, nothing true can be secular. A activity. Earle H ilgert and Elvire revelation affects not so much what the book that makes no reference to the Hilgert explain that "the librarian who library does as how it does what it does. Bible is not necessarily anti-theistic. is genuinely a partner with classroom In other words, the C hristian college Rather, to the extent that its content and field based teachers will understand library should be involved in the same corresponds to revealed reality, it is him/herself as engaged more broadly activities as any other academic li brary, true, sacred, and glorifying to God. than simply in telling students 'where but should engage in them in different Thus the Christian librarian has a duty they can find what they're looking ways. Christian librarians need to carry to make available sources that will for. "' Further, they observe "that the out their major duties in ways that are enable researchers to form accurate li brarian who is content simply 'to wait

50 The Cl{fs(G]{lbibrarian, April 2000 for the next customer' li kely spends that distinguishes Christian education: bibliographic instruction, research and much of his/her time in activities not the presupposition of knowable, publication, and management. In representative of genuine educational objective truth as revealed by God in addition. it should probe into other involvement. The librarian-educator, on two separate but complementary areas of librarianship-particularly the other hand, must carry out an realms. bibliographic control-to determine aggressive program of reaching out to Fourth, Christian librarians should how they might be used to promote the users."57 promote the Christian world view theistic world view.61 Such research At their best, reference services can through research a11d p11blicatio11 . should discuss how Christian librarians play a significant part in furthering an While it may be unreasonable to expect can advance the Christian world view in academic institution's educational every Christian librarian to write for the context of postmodern theory and objectives. By helping library users publication, it seems certain that more evangelical diversity. locate and assimilate information, should be doing so. There is no better Christian librarianship abounds with reference personnel make research way for librarians to persuade students opportunities for ministry. Christian possible. Because reference interactions of the importance of Christian scholar­ librarians minister to faculty and are educational encounters, Christian ship than for them to be involved in it. students who need access to informa­ librarians should see them as opportuni­ Of course, administrators should tion. By extension, they serve church ties to promote the theistic world view. encourage the process by making and society by contributing to the They should use such occasions to financial allowances for research preparation of their leaders. They serve impress upon their patrons the necessity expenses, staffing the library well the cause of Christian scholarship of conducting thorough Christian enough to ensure that professionals directly and indirectly in many ways. scholarship, including the integration of have time for research, lending moral Christian librarians play a meaningful insights from general and special support, and providing incentives for part in the process of Christian higher revelation. In Terhune's words, the library faculty who produce high­ education. They have a role to play, a C hristian librarian has a duty '"to teach quality scholarship.60 ministry to perform, a calling to fulfill. the student how to undertake, define, Finally, Christian librarians· view of and research problems in multi­ truth sho uld be reflected in their disciplinary areas from a Christian 111a11age111ellf activities. The practical 'To the author's knowledge. the only book on world-view, leading the student through nature of truth demands that library Christian librarianship ever published was a the steps of integrating his faith and administrators express their world view 96-pagc anthology of essays compiled by the learning."58 through their management of personnel Librarians· Christian Fellowship: Graham Third, the Christian view of truth and resources. For example, Christian Hedges, ed .. Issues i11 Libraria11ship 2: The impacts bibliographic instruction. As librarians should apply truth in the area Debate Comi1111es (Leicester, England: UCCF implied by its name, this function of of organizational behavior, making use for LCF. 1996). librarianship is educational by its very of relevant insights from scripture and ~ J. Ray Doerksen. 'Toe Y Factor." 11ze Christia11 nature. Bibliographic instruction is a general revelation. Recognizing their Librarian [U.S.A.] 40 (September 1997): 90. systematic approach to helping students accountability as stewards, they should learn how to retrieve, interpret, and use rely on the best available business 3A survey of theological librarians affiliated information. Regardless of the methods information for their decision making. with the American Theological Library As­ used, bibliographic instruction sessions In sum, their professional lives should sociation revealed that more than two-thirds should be recognized as appropriate demonstrate respect for truth wherever of respondents viewed theological librarianship settings for advancing a uniquely it is found. as a vocational calling (Rashellc S. Karp and Christian view of truth. Bibliographic Andrew J. Keck. 'Theological Librarianship: Toward a Profile of a Profession." College & instruction offers the Christian librarian FUTURE RESEARCH Research Libraries 57 [January 1996]: 40). an opportunity to explain, emphasize, The ideas set forth in this article are demonstrate, and model the integration presented as a foundation for discus­ 'A survey of Christian librarians conducted of data from biblical and natural sion, not as the pinnacle of research on in the 1980s showed that a significant num­ revelation. the topic. Other writers, with better ber of Christian librari ans doubt that "Chris­ While Christian li brarians should be insights from library science, theology, tians have a distinctive view of librarianship" concerned with effective teaching and Christian education, can certainly (Graham Hedges and Geraldine Pote. "How methods,59 they should also give bring more clarity to the meaning of Distinctive arc Christian Librarians?:· in ls­ thought to the philosophical underpin­ Christian librarianship. Future research sues i11 Librarianship 2: The Debate Co11ti11- 11es. ed. Graham Hedges [Leicester. England: nings of their instructional activities. should develop further the five areas of UCCF for LCF. 1996]. 13- 14). They should readily seize the opportu­ integration di scussed-collection nity to set forth the central principle development, reference services. (co11ti1111ed 011 page 58)

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