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The Image of God and Parental Images : a Dialogue Between Theology and Psychology

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The Image of God and Parental Images : a Dialogue Between Theology and Psychology Bulkeley, Stephen Gilbert Timothy (1981) The image of God and parental images : a dialogue between theology and psychology. PhD thesis. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/2080/ Copyright and moral rights for this thesis are retained by the author A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the Author The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the Author When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given Glasgow Theses Service http://theses.gla.ac.uk/ [email protected] THE IMAGE OF GOD AND PARENTAL IMAGES I A DIALOGUE BETWEEN THEOLOGY AND PSYCHOLOGY A Theais submitted to the Faculty of Divinity of the University of Glasgow for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Stephen Gilbert Timothy BULK LEY JANUARY1981. LIST OF CONTENTS List of Contents i Acknowledgements ii Summary iii Abbreviations iv Introduction 1 Excursus One: "Image" 7 PARTONNR: PSYCHOLOGY:PARENTAL IMAGES AND TIlE IMAGE OF COD. Chapter Ones "Background and Theories. " 13 Chapter Two: "Review of Empirical Findings.,, 29 Chapter Threes "Empirical Study. " 41 Chapter Flour: "Discussion. " 62 PART TWO s TIME MOTHERHOODOF COD AND THEOLOGICAL TRADITION. Chapter Five: "God and Gender. " 73 Excursus Two: "Wisdom. " 85 Chapter Six: "The Bible. " 125 Chapter Seven: "The Patristic Period. " 172 Chapter Eights "The Middle Ages. " 192 Chapter Nines "Mary and Divine Motherhood. " 214 Chapter Ten: "Retrospect on part Two. " 231 PART THflEE: SKIS Chapter Eleven: "Synthesis. " 238 Notes (for all chapters) Bibliography. (i) Acknowledgements. The debt this thesis owes to both my parents is obvious. My supervisor Murdo Ewen MacDonald has been available for advice and to encourage throughout; as has my wife, Barbara, who in addition to personal and professional advice, has been the main source of funding for the studies reported here, typed the rough draft from my (almost) indecipherable long- hand, assisted-with translation, and given birth to a son recently (thus beginning our own experience of being parents). I thank Geoffrey Scobie of the Psychology Department who gave help with the planning of the empirical study, and also Robert Davidson, Robert J, Carroll and John Riches of the Theology Faculty for help and advice, and the staff of the University Library, in particular the staff of the Inter.. Library Loans Department who have managed to trace many most obscure books and papers sometimes from minimal bibliographical data. Two Jesuits from Heythrop College London also deserve special mention, George Croft who first turned my attention to the question of the relation of the image of God and parental images, and Robert Murray whose correspond- ence has been most helpful. Other scholars with whom I have corresponded are t Kari Elizabeth Borresen, Walter Brueggemaon, Brian McNeil, Constance M. Parvey, V. Peter Pitts and Letty M. Russell. For assistance with translation I am also indebted to Dorothy Lowe, and Charles J. O'Riley. For the opportunity of testing in Glasgow schools, I thank Muriel Logan and the Victoria Drive School, Kay Grant and the Kelvinhaugh P. S. and A. McIntyre and the Knightawood P. S. I am grateful to the Dr. William's Trust for financial assistance in the first year of this study. Lastly, I am indebted to Avril Lang who produced the final typescript with such speed and care. Despite the advice. acknowledged above the errors, omissions and mis- understandings which this thesis contains are all my own work. The following words from page three of Murray (1975) apply with so much more force to my efforts than to his standard work on the Syriac Fathers s " ... I have often had to work at the boundaries of my competence, relying on the studies of others and trying, as an amateur may, to bridge gaps between the fields of the various professionals. It is hoped that these limited investigations and provisional conclusions may help others to go deeper into this mysterious the key to area which contains many problems ... " (ii) SUA'KARY ýý_ Part One contains Psychological material and is concerned With the development of the image of God in the child's relationship with the parents. A picture of this development which fits well with the results of previous studies is presented. This is tested in a study of 754 (aged children 7-16 years), using a Semantic Differential measure. This (the study first to investigate this question directly with children) showed that, the image of God tends to be like that of both parents (0.1% level), but that the mean correlations decrease with age (0.1% level), and are weaker for boys (0.1% level). There was some tendency for the God-Father correlations to be higher (1% level). Part Two is concerned to provide a basis for a Theology of the Motherhood of God. It argues that God is not male or 'masculine' in a sense in which 'he' is not female or 'feminine'; and that if 'he' is to be spoken of as father 'he' must be spoken of as mother in the same series. It also discusses examples of the use of maternal language and imagery of Cod from biblical, patristic and medieval authors. This part collates examples from widely scattered sources, as well as presenting new material. ) (The place of Mary in this context is examined. It also argues that if God is to be spoken of as mother, then this motherhood is trinitarian and must not be assigned to one hypostasis (person) alone. Part Three suggests desirable extensions of these studies and indicates some implications of increased use of maternal language and imagery of God. (w) ABBREVIATIONS ANET m PRITCHARD, James Bennett (19693) "Ancient Near Eastern Texte Relating to the Old Testament. " Princeton= Princeton University Press. CC . Corpus Christianorum, Series Latina. Turnholt; Brepols. CC Cont Mod = Corpus Christianorum, Continuatio Mediaevalis. Turnholt; Brepole. CFS 2_ "The Works of Aelred of Rievaulx: Volume One. " Spencer, Maas; Cistercian Publications (1971). CFS 3_ "The Works of William of St. Thierry: Volume One. " Shannon; I. U. P. (1971) CFS 4: "The Works of Bernard of Clairvaux: Volume Two: On the Song of Songs l. " Shannon; I. U. P. (1971) CPS 7. n "The Works of Bernard of Clairvaux: Volume Three; On the Song of Songs 11. " Kalamazoo, Mich; Cistercian Publications (1976) (1971) CFS 8& 32 a "Guerria of Ignyt Liturgical Sermons. " Shannon; I. U. P. the 1. " CFS 14 : "Gilbert of Hoyland: Sermons on Song of Songs, Kalamasoo, Mich; Cistercian Publications (1978) Volume CPS 21 _ "Adam of Perseigne: The Letters of Adam of Perseigne: 1. " Kalamazoo, Mich; Cistercian Publications (1976) GCS _ Die Griechischen Christlichen Schriftsteller. Berlin; Akademie Verlag. ICC _ International Critical Commentary. (Edo. ) (1962) PEAKE = BLACK, Matthew and ROWLEY,H. H. "Peake's Commentary on the Bible. " London & Edinburgh; Nelson. PG = MIGNE, J-P "Patrologiae Cursus Completus, Series Graeoa. " PL 2 MIENE, J-P "Patrologiae Cursua Completus, Series Latins. " (1960) SC 66 = Adam do Perseigne "Lettree 1. " Paris; Ed. Du Cerf (1961) SC 76 = Aelred of Rievaulx "La Vie do Recluse. " Paria; Ed. Du Cerf (1973) SC 166 & 202 = Guerric of Igny "Sermons 2 Vols. " Paris; Ed. Du Csrf (Ed. TENT = KITTEL, Gerhard ) (1964-) "Theological Dictionary of the New Testament. " Grand Rapids; Eerdmans. (iv) ; (Eds. ) (1977-) TDOT _. BOTTERWECK,Johannes and RINGGREN, Helmer "Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament. " Grand Rapids; Eerdmans. A. V. = Authorised Version. J. B. = Jerusalem Bible. N. E. B. = Nov English Bible. R. S. V. = Revised Standard Version. Cv) INTRODUCTION The psychological investigation of religious phenomena often raises questions for Theology. The investigation of the similarity between the way people think about parents and the way they think of God, in particular, raises such questions. The psychologist says that the image of God is like both parents. However, we do not talk, commonly, of God the heavenly mother. Is such talk Theologically justifiable? For example, where does this similarity of the image of God and of mother come from, if not from worship and religious education? This thesis is the result of such a process of dialogue between Psychology of Religion and Theology. Arranging the material in a neat, logical and convenient order has to a great extent obscured that dialogue. During the dialogue both the Psychological and the Theo- logical studies also expanded independently of each other. Despite this, the dialogue is incomplete, as are the studies. Both areas independently and together beg to be extended in various directions. To present the material in an orderly manner the first two parts are concerned with the material from the two disciplines. Part One contains a review of the theoretical and empirical investigations of Psychologists into the relationship between parents and how people see God, together with a report of my own study to test certain hypotheses concerning the origins and growth of the image of God in childhood. Part Two gives the Theological arguments for talk of God as mother, and looks at the precedents for the motherhood of God in the Bible and in Christian Tradition. (1) EXCURSUS ONE a "IMAGE" which follows this introduction explains and defends the use of the word "image" in this thesis. Image is a slippery word, it can have many different meanings and overtones. It needs, thereford, to be carefully defined. It is used in both the Theological and the Psychological parts of the thesis. It has the same meaning in both, but this meaning is different from ones which it some- times has in either field.
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