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Rapport Gamsen 1 Géologie Fouilles archéologiques A9 Brig-Glis / Gamsen BRIG-GLIS GAMSEN 1 BRIG-GLIS / GAMSEN 1 LE CONTEXTE GEOLOGIQUE HISTOIRE SEDIMENTAIRE D’UN PIEMONT EN DOMAINE INTRA-ALPIN, DU TARDIGLACIAIRE A L’ACTUEL Archéologie et L’ACTUEL A TARDIGLACIAIRE EN DOMAINE INTRA-ALPIN, DU D’UN PIEMONT SEDIMENTAIRE HISTOIRE Recherches Interdisciplinaires dans les sa Alpes RapportRapport scientifi scientifi que que 2004/01 2004/03-1 aria BureauBureau A.R.I.A. A.R.I.A. S.A. S.A. Sion,Sion, janvier février 2004 2004 ariasa Fouilles archéologiques A9 Brig-Glis / Gamsen BRIG-GLIS / GAMSEN 1 LE CONTEXTE GEOLOGIQUE Bernard MOULIN HISTOIRE SEDIMENTAIRE D’UN PIEMONT EN DOMAINE INTRA-ALPIN, DU TARDIGLACIAIRE A L’ACTUEL Rapport scientifique 2004/01 Bureau A.R.I.A. S.A. Sion, janvier 2004 ARIA S.A. 1950 Sion Suisse Réalisation : Bureau A.R.I.A. S.A. Rue de Loèche, 11 CH-1950 SION Coordination scientifique : Alain Benkert Claire Epiney-Nicoud Graphisme et maquette : Olivier Thuriot Illustrations : Olivier Thuriot : mise au net Bertrand de Peyer, Bernard Moulin, Jean-Philippe Dubuis : photographies Couverture : Brig-Glis / Gamsen, Bildacker. Détail de microfailles dans des sédiments sableux ARIA S.A. 1950 Sion Suisse TABLE DES MATIERES Chapitre I PRESENTATION DE L’ETUDE ET CONTEXTE ............................................................................................. 11 I. 1) HISTORIQUE DE L’ÉTUDE ET OBJECTIF DE LA RECHERCHE .......................................................................................... 11 I. 2) CONTEXTE GÉOLOGIQUE ET GÉOGRAPHIQUE ............................................................................................................. 12 I. 2.1) géologie, orographie, hydrographie ................................................................................................. 12 I. 2.2) climat et végétation .......................................................................................................................... 17 I. 3) MÉTHODES ET TECHNIQUES D’ÉTUDE ...................................................................................................................... 18 I. 3.1) travaux de terrain ............................................................................................................................. 18 I. 3.2) analyses ............................................................................................................................................ 19 I. 3.3) traitement des données : courbes granulométriques cumulatives et calcul des paramètres granu- lométriques ................................................................................................................................................. 21 I. 3.4) contexte chronologique .................................................................................................................... 21 I. 3.5) démarche, option de présentation du travail et conventions adoptées .............................................. 22 I. 4) LA PARTITION SPATIALE DU SITE DE GAMSEN : LES DOMAINES MORPHO-SÉDIMENTAIRES ............................................... 24 Chapitre II LES TEMOINS TARDIGLACIAIRES ................................................................................................................. 25 II. 1) PRÉSENTATION .................................................................................................................................................... 25 II. 1.1) localisation, extension géographique .............................................................................................. 25 II. 1.2) éléments chronologiques ................................................................................................................ 26 II. 2) DOSSIER DOCUMENTAIRE ...................................................................................................................................... 26 II. 2.1) documentation stratigraphique: descriptif des coupes de référence ............................................... 26 II. 2.2) caractérisation sédimentologique des dépôts et interprétation ....................................................... 32 II. 2.3) déformations souples et cassantes, contexte lithostratigraphique et sédimentologiques, inventaire, typologie et interprétation .......................................................................................................................... 34 II. 3) DYNAMIQUE DE MISE EN PLACE : ÉVOLUTION MORPHODYNAMIQUE D’UN DOMAINE GLACIO-LACUSTRE ......................... 43 Chapitre III LA SEQUENCE « MEDIANE » ............................................................................................................................ 45 III. 1) PRÉSENTATION ................................................................................................................................................... 45 III. 1.1) généralités ..................................................................................................................................... 45 III. 1.2) localisation des coupes et choix des profils étudiés ...................................................................... 45 III. 1.3) éléments de chronologie ................................................................................................................ 45 III. 1.4) notes préliminaires sur les faciès rencontrés ................................................................................. 46 III. 2) DOSSIER DOCUMENTAIRE .................................................................................................................................... 46 III. 2 .1) coupes de référence et analyses sédimentologiques ..................................................................... 46 III. 3) DYNAMIQUE DE MISE EN PLACE ........................................................................................................................... 52 III. 3.1) des grandes variabilités locales dans la dynamique de dépôt en fonction de la variabilité de stabilité du versant ...................................................................................................................................... 52 III. 3.2) une succession morphogénétique en trois grandes étapes ............................................................. 52 Chapitre IV LES CÔNES TORRENTIELS .............................................................................................................................. 55 IV. 1) PRÉSENTATION ................................................................................................................................................... 55 IV. 1.1) les faciès constitutifs ..................................................................................................................... 55 IV. 2) LE CÔNE EST ...................................................................................................................................................... 56 IV. 2.1) localisation, extension géographique ............................................................................................ 56 IV. 2.2) éléments de chronologie ................................................................................................................ 56 IV. 2.3) documentation stratigraphique ...................................................................................................... 56 IV. 2.4) historique de l’évolution du cône est ............................................................................................. 56 IV. 3) LE CÔNE OUEST .................................................................................................................................................. 69 IV. 3.1) localisation, extension géographique ............................................................................................ 69 IV. 3.2) éléments de chronologie ................................................................................................................ 69 IV. 3.3) documentation stratigraphique ...................................................................................................... 69 IV. 3.4) historique sommaire de l’évolution du cône ouest : sériation des événements sédimentaires dans leur cadre chrono-archéologique ................................................................................................................ 72 IV. 4) L’ÉVOLUTION DES DEUX CÔNES ........................................................................................................................... 74 ARIA S.A. 1950 Sion Suisse Chapitre V LA DEPRESSION KARSTIQUE ......................................................................................................................... 75 V. 1) PRÉSENTATION ..................................................................................................................................................... 75 V. 1.1) localisation, extension géographique .............................................................................................. 75 V. 1.2) éléments de chronologie ................................................................................................................. 75 V. 2) DOSSIER DOCUMENTAIRE ...................................................................................................................................... 76 V. 2.1) documentation stratigraphique : descriptif des coupes de référence ............................................... 76 V. 2.2) figures sédimentaires, déformations souples et cassantes : contexte litho-stratigraphique,
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