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Mercury Methylation and Bioaccumulation in Sinclair Inlet, Kitsap County, Washington

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Mercury Methylation and Bioaccumulation in Sinclair Inlet, Kitsap County, Washington Prepared in cooperation with Naval Facilities Engineering Command Mercury Methylation and Bioaccumulation in Sinclair Inlet, Kitsap County, Washington Scientific Investigations Report 2018–5063 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey Cover: Top (from left to right): Box-corer being prepared for sediment sampling in Operable Unit B, Puget Sound Naval Shipyard, Sinclair Inlet, Washington. Photograph by James Foreman, U.S. Geological Survey, August 4, 2009. Intact incubation tube removed from box-core sample used in mercury flux experiments, Sinclair Inlet, Washington. Photograph by James Foreman, U.S. Geological Survey, August 4, 2009. Vegetation restoration along north shoreline of Inner Sinclair Inlet, south facing. Photograph by Anthony Paulson, U.S. Geological Survey, April 23, 2008. Sub-samples being collected from intact box core sample from Sinclair Inlet sediments. Photograph by James Foreman, U.S. Geological Survey, August 4, 2009. Bottom: North shoreline of Sinclair Inlet at low tide, near Inner Sinclair Inlet station, facing East. Photograph by Anthony Paulson, U.S. Geological Survey, October 27, 2008. Mercury Methylation and Bioaccumulation in Sinclair Inlet, Kitsap County, Washington By A.J. Paulson, M.C. Marvin-DiPasquale, P.W. Moran, A.R. Stewart, J.F. DeWild, J. Toft, J.L. Agee, E. Kakouros, L.H. Kieu, B. Carter, R.W. Sheibley, J. Cordell, and D.P. Krabbenhoft Prepared in cooperation with Naval Facilities Engineering Command Scientific Investigations Report 2018–5063 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Department of the Interior RYAN K. ZINKE, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey James F. Reilly II, Director U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2018 For more information on the USGS—the Federal source for science about the Earth,its natural and living resources, natural hazards, and the environment—visit http://www.usgs.gov/ or call 1–888–ASK–USGS. For an overview of USGS information products, including maps, imagery, and publications, visit http://usgs.store.gov/ Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not implyendorsement by the U.S. Government. Although this information product, for the most part, is in the public domain, it also may contain copyrighted materials as noted in the text. Permission to reproduce copyrighted items must be secured from the copyright owner. Suggested citation: Paulson, A.J., Marvin-DiPasquale, M.C., Moran, P.W., Stewart, A.R., DeWild, J.F., Toft, J., Agee, J.L., Kakouros, E., Kieu, L.H., Carter, B., Sheibley, R.W., Cordell, J., and Krabbenhoft, D.P., 2018, Mercury methylation and bioaccumulation in Sinclair Inlet, Kitsap County, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2018–5063, 66 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20185063. ISSN 2328-0328 (online) iii Contents Abstract ...........................................................................................................................................................1 I. Introduction and Methods .....................................................................................................................2 Purpose and Scope ..............................................................................................................................2 Site Description ....................................................................................................................................3 Sinclair Inlet ..................................................................................................................................3 Bremerton Naval Complex .........................................................................................................3 Representative Bays ...................................................................................................................3 History of Remediation and Environmental Investigations Related to Mercury ...............3 Field Sampling .......................................................................................................................................7 Sediment Sampling .....................................................................................................................7 Marine Water Sampling ..............................................................................................................9 Statistical Methods.............................................................................................................................11 II. Methylation Potential of Mercury in Sediments ............................................................................12 Sediment Laboratory Methods ........................................................................................................12 Mercury Species and Mercury Methylation .........................................................................12 Physical Characteristics of Sediment and Speciation of Iron and Sulfur ........................13 Regional Analysis of Sinclair Inlet Compared to the Representative Bays .............................14 Spatial Analysis of Sediment from Bremerton Naval Complex Compared to Greater Sinclair Inlet ...........................................................................................................................15 Seasonal Analysis...............................................................................................................................16 Controls on Gross Methylmercury Production ..............................................................................18 III. Release of Mercury Species from Sediment to Water Column ................................................22 Porewater and Water Laboratory Methods ...................................................................................23 Porewater Sampling and Analysis ..........................................................................................23 Incubation Experiments ............................................................................................................23 Tumbling Core Experiments ......................................................................................................24 Laboratory Analyses..................................................................................................................25 Mercury Concentrations in Porewater ...........................................................................................25 Redox State of Porewater .................................................................................................................28 Fluxes of Total Mercury and Methylmercury from Sediment ......................................................29 Release of Total and Methylmercury from Sediment During Tumbling .....................................30 Mercury Concentrations in Water Column .....................................................................................30 Water Column Mercury in Sinclair Inlet Compared to Representative Bays ..................31 Importance of Sedimentary Sources of Mercury Species ................................................31 Correlations Between Porewater, Fluxes, and Water Column Constituents ............................36 Comparison of Porewater Concentrations with Fluxes ......................................................40 Factors Controlling Porewater Concentrations and Fluxes ...............................................41 iv Contents IV. Methylmercury Accumulation in the Base of an Estuarine Food Web ........................................................................................43 Methods for Food Web Study ...........................................................................................................43 Water-Column Sample Processing and Laboratory Analysis ............................................43 Zooplankton Sample Collection ...............................................................................................43 Results of Food Web Study ...............................................................................................................44 Spatial Sampling in August 2008 .............................................................................................44 Monthly Sampling in Sinclair Inlet ...................................................................................................47 Estimating Zooplankton Mercury .....................................................................................................52 V. Synthesis ...............................................................................................................................................54 Correlations between Methylation, Release, and Bioaccumulation ...........................................................................................54 Summary...............................................................................................................................................56 Acknowledgments .......................................................................................................................................57 References Cited..........................................................................................................................................58 Appendix 1. Supplementary Figures and Tables .....................................................................................63 Figures 1. Map showing Sinclair Inlet and locations of representative bays in Holmes Harbor, Budd Inlet,
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