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Akılcı Iyimser Akılcı iyimser Refahın Evrimi Matt Ridley Akılcı İyimser Refahın Evrimi 1985 yılında çalışmalarına başlayan Elğinkan Vakfı, Elginkan Ailesi'nin kurmuş olduğu sanayi kuruluşlarını ebedileştirmek ve Türkiyemizin özellikle kültür, eğitim, bilim ve teknoloji alanlarında ilerlemesine destek olmak amacıyla kurulmuştur. Vakfımızın amaçlan: • Kültür değerlerimizi, tarihimizde bizi büyüten örf, adet ve manevi değerlerimizi ve Türkçemizi araştırmak, araştırmaları desteklemek, korumak, yaşatmak ve tanıtmak, • Bilim, teknoloji ve eğitim alanındaki faaliyetleri teşvik etmek, • Ülke sanayinin ihtiyaç duyduğu vasıflı işgücünün yetiştirilmesine ve bu suretle ülkenin istihdam imkânlarını artırıcı eğitim çalışmalarına katkıda bulunmak için okullar, eğitim kurumlan açmak, işletmektir. Eğitimi geleceğin yatırımı olarak gören Vakfımız, ülke sanayinin ihtiyaç duyduğu vasıflı işgücünün yetiştirilmesine katkıda bulunmak üzere 1994 yılında Manisa Ümmehan Elginkan Mesleki ve Teknik Eğitim Merkezi'ni, 2003 yılında Elginkan Vakfı Bolu Mesleki ve Teknik Eğitim Merkezini, 2006 yılında İzmit Ahmet Elginkan Mesleki ve Teknik Eğitim Merkezini Türk halkının hizmetine sunmuştur. Bu üç Eği­ tim Merkezinde bugüne kadar 290.000 kişi ücretsiz eğitim almıştır. Eğitime katkı faaliyetleri kapsamında Vakıf; Cahit Elginkan Anadolu Lisesi, İTÛ Ekrem Elğinkan Lisesi, Ümraniye Elginkan Vakfı Anasınıfları Binası, E.C.A. Elğin­ kan Anadolu Lisesi, E.C.A. Elginkan İlköğretim Okulu ve Ümmehan Elğinkan Kız Öğrenci Yurdu ve Yemekhane Binasını yaptırarak eğitim camiasına bağışlamıştır. Elginkan Vakfının başarılı ve maddi imkânları yetersiz lisans düzeyinde öğrenim gören üniversite öğrencilerine yönelik burs programının yanında Türk Dili ve Edebiyatı alanındaki çalışmaları desteklemek amacıyla, Türk Dil Kurumu ile işbirliği içerisinde yürüttüğü Lisansüstü Burs programı da mevcuttur. Geleceğe yatırımın bir diğer bileşeni ise bilimdir. Vakfın 2006 yılında uygulamaya koyduğu Elginkan Vakfı Türk Kültürü ve Teknoloji Ödülleri Programı ile bu alanlardaki çalışmalara katkıda bulunmayı hedeflemektedir Elginkan Vakfı kültüre, bilime ve teknolojiye katkıda bulunmak amacıyla yayın desteklerinde de bulunmaktadır. Vakfımız 2009 yılında da Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Yayınevi’nin yine Matt Ridley'e ait Gen Çeviktir ve Genom isimli eserlerinin Türkçe yayınlanmasına destek vermiştir. Bu kez yazar, günümüz insanının “iyimser" olması gereğini tartışıyor. Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Yayınevinin yayınlamış olduğu bu ve benzeri kitaplara destek olmaktan büyük memnuniyet duyuyor ve bu yayınların gençlerimiz tarafından da ilgi görmesini temenni ediyoruz. Elginkan Vakfı Yönetim Kurulu Mehmet Doğan 1976 Bursa doğumlu. ODTÜ Biyoloji mezunu. NYU Biyoloji’de master yaptı. Serbest çevirmenlik yapıyor. Başlıca çevirileri: Genom, (Matt Ridley) 2007; Gen Çeviktir, (Matt Rldley) 2009; Haklı Savaş Haksız Savaş (Michael VValzer), 2010; Neo-Liberal Genetik (Susan McKlnnon), 2010; Boş Sayfa (Steven Pinker) 2010; Çift Görmek (Peter Pesic) 2010; Kent Paryaları (Loi'c Wacquant), 2012; Foucault ve İran Devrimi (Janet Afary-Kevin B. Anderson), 2012; Âdem'in Dili (Derek Blckerton), 2012. e-posta: [email protected] AKILCI İYİMSER REFAHIN EVRİMİ MATT RIDLEY Çeviren: Mehmet Doğan I BOAAZIÇI ÜNİVERSİTESİ \ / YAYINEVİ Matt Ridley The Rational Optimist. How Prosperity Evolves © Matt Ridley, 2010. Akılcı İyimser. Refahın Evrimi © BÜTEK A.Ş. 2010. Tüm haklan saklıdır. Bu kitabın yayın hakları ONK Ajans Ltd. aracılığıyla satın alınmıştır. BÜTEK Boğaziçi Eğitim Turizm Teknopark Uygulama ve Dan. Hiz. San. Tic. A.Ş. Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Güney Kampüs, 7. Lojman, 3. Kat, P.K. 34342, Bebek-Beşiktaş/İstanbul Telefon: 0212 359 46 30 Yönetim Yeri: Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Yayınevi Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Uçaksavar Kampüsü Garanti Kültür Merkezi, Arka Giriş Etiler/İstanbul [email protected] www.bupress.org Telefon ve faks: (90) 212 257 87 27 ' Sertifika No: 10821 Genel Yayın Yönetmeni: Murat Gülsoy Kapak tasarımı: Kerem Yeğin Yayıma Hazırlayanlar: Çetin Şan, Ergun Kocabıyık Baskı: G.M. Matbaacılık ve Ticaret A.Ş. 100 Yıl Mah. Matbaacılar Sitesi, 1. Cadde, No: 88 Bağcılar / İstanbul Telefon: (0212) 629 00 24 Sertifika No: 12358 Birinci Baskı: Ağustos 2013 Boğaziçi University Library Cataloging in Publication Data Matt, Ridley Akılcı İyimser. Refan Evrimi / Matt Ridley; çeviren Mehmet Doğan. 400 p. ; 23 cm. ISBN 978-605-4787-00-5 Includes index. 1. Wealth. 2. Practical reason. 3. Optimism. I. Doğan, Mehmet HB251.R5419 Matthevv’a ve Iris’e Onca faydanın elde edildiği bu işbölümü, aslen herhangi bir insan hikmetinin etkisi sonucunda ortaya çıkmaz, yani fırsat tanıdığı genel gönenci öngören ve amacı bu gönence ulaşmak olan bir insan hik­ metinin ürünü değildir. İnsan doğasındaki, görünürde pek de öyle kapsamlı bir faydası bulunmayan belirli bir eğilimin, yani mübadele, takas, değiştokuş eğiliminin yavaş yavaş, tedricî meydana gelmiş zo­ runlu bir sonucudur. ADAM SMİTH Milletlerin Zenginliği İçindekiler GİRİŞ: FİKİRLER ÇİFTLEŞTİĞİNDE, 13 BİRİNCİ BÖLÜM DAHA GÜZEL BİR GÜN: EMSALSİZ BİR ŞİMDİKİ ZAMAN, 23 Herkes İçin Bolluk, 28 ❖ Ucuz Işık, 32 ❖ Zamandan Tasarruf, 34 ❖ Mutluluk, 38 ❖ Sıkıntı, 41 ❖ Karşılıklı Bağlılığın ilanı, 45 ❖ Emeğin Katlanarak Çoğalması, 50 ❖ Kendine Yetmek Yoksulluktur, 53 ❖ Kırsal Cennetin Dirilişi, 55 ❖ Yeninin Çağrısı, 57 İKİNCİ BÖLÜM KOLEKTİF BEYİN: 200.000 YIL ÖNCESİNDEN BU YANA TAKAS VE UZMANLAŞMA, 59 Homo Devingenus, 64 ❖ Değiştokuşa Başlamak, 67 ❖ Toplayıcılık İçin Avcılık, 73 ❖ Sahil Boyunca Gezinerek Doğuya, 79 ❖ Ticaret Yapmalı mıyız?, 84 ❖ Ricardo’nun Sihirli Numarası, 87 ❖ Yenilik Ağlan, 91 ❖ Yakındoğuda Kurulan Ağlar, 96 ÜÇÜNCÜ BÖLÜM ERDEMİN ÜRETİLMESİ: 50.000 YIL ÖNCESİNDEN BU YANA MAL DEĞİŞTOKUŞU, GÜVEN VE KURALLAR, 99 Ticaret Ortağı Bulmak, 103 ❖ Güvenin Özsuyu, 107 ❖ Geleceğin Gölgesi, 112 ❖ Güven, Piyasalann işlemesini Sağlıyorsa, Piyasalar Güven Yaratabilir mi?, 114 ❖ Cebir, Özgürlüğün Zıddıdır, 117 ❖ Canavar Şirket, 124 ❖ Ticaret ve Yaratıcılık, 128 ❖ Kurallar ve Aletler, 129 DÖRDÜNCÜ BÖLÜM DOKUZ MİLYARI DOYURMAK: 10.000 YIL ÖNCESİNDEN BU YANA ÇİFTÇİLİK, 133 Ticaret Olmadan Çiftçilik Olmaz, 139 ❖ Kapital ve Metal, 142 ❖ iğrenç Vahşi?, 146 ❖ Gübre Devrimi, 151 ❖ Borlaug Genleri, 153 ❖ Yoğunlaşmış Tarım Doğayı Kurtanr, 155 ❖ Organik Tarımın Hatalı Çağnsı, 162 ❖ Genleri Değiştirmenin Yollan, 166 BEŞİNCİ BÖLÜM ŞEHİRLERİN ZAFERİ: 5.000 YIL ÖNCESİNDEN BU YANA TİCARET, 171 Ur Şehri, 173 ❖ Pamuk ve Balık, 175 ❖ Bayrak, Ticareti Takip Eder, 178 ❖ Denizcilik Devrimi, 180 ❖ Parçalanmış Yönetimlerin Erdemi, 184 ❖ Ganj’dan Tiber’e, 187 ❖ Çöl Gemileri, 189 ❖ Pisa Taciri, 191 ❖ Doymak Bilmeyen Devlet, 193 ❖ Hububat Yasalarının Yeniden Feshi, 198 ❖ Şehrin Yüceltilmesi, 202 ALTINCI BÖLÜM MALTHUS’UN TUZAĞINDAN KAÇMAK: 1200 YILINDAN SONRA NÜFUS, 205 Ortaçağdaki Çöküş, 207 ♦> Hamarat Devrim, 211 ❖ Britanya’nın İstisnai Durumu, 214 ❖ Demografik Geçiş, 216 ❖ Açıklanmayan Bir Görüngü, 221 YEDİNCİ BÖLÜM KÖLELERİN SERBEST BIRAKILMASI: 1700 YILINDAN SONRA ENERJİ, 227 Varlıklı Daha da Varlıklı, 231 ❖ Maden Toprakları, 234 ❖ Talep Varsa Arz da Olur, 237 ♦> Kral Kömür, 243 ❖ Dinamo 247 ❖ Isı İştir ve İş Isıdır, 249 ❖ Biyoyakıtların Çılgın Dünyası, 254 ❖ Verim ve Talep, 258 SEKİZİNCİ BÖLÜM İCADIN İCAT EDİLİŞİ: 1800 YILINDAN SONRA ARTAN VERİMLİLİK, 261 Yenilik Çalı Yangını Gibidir, 265 ❖ İtici Güç Bilim mi?, 269 ❖ Sermaye mi?, 272 ❖ Fikrî Mülkiyet mi?, 276 ❖ Devlet mi?, 281 ❖ Takas!, 283 ❖ Sonsuz Olasılık, 288 DOKUZUNCU BÖLÜM DÖNÜM NOKTALARI: 1900 YILINDAN SONRA KARAMSARLIK, 291 Kötü Haberin Kısa Tarihi, 294 ♦> Dönüm Noktası Hastalığı, 298 ❖ Beterin Beteri, 301 ♦> Kanser, 308 ❖ Nükleer Mahşer, 310 ♦> Kıtlık, 311 ♦> Kaynaklar, 313 ❖ Temiz Hava, 315 ❖ Genler, 317 ❖ Salgın Hastalıklar, 318 ❖ Ricat Borusunu Öttürmek, 322 ONUNCU BÖLÜM GÜNÜMÜZÜN İKİ BÜYÜK KARAMSARLIĞI: AFRİKA VE 2010 SONRASI İKLİM, 325 Dipteki Bir Milyar Afrikalı, 327 ❖ Yardım Sınavı, 329 ❖ Başarısızlığa Mahkûm mu?, 331 ❖ Dünya Sizin İstiridyenizdir, 324 ❖ İklim, 340 ❖ Daha Sıcak ve Zengin mi, Yoksa Daha Soğuk ve Yoksul mu?, 345 ❖ Ekosistemleri Kurtarmak, 352 ❖ Ekonominin Karbonsuzlaştınlması, 356 ON BİRİNCİ BÖLÜM TAKASBİLİM: 2100 HAKKINDA AKILCI İYİMSERLİK, 363 İleri ve Yukarı, 366 ❖ Ne Kadar İyi Olabilir?, 367 Derkenar, 373 Teşekkür, 377 Dizin, 381 GİRİŞ FİKİRLER ÇİFTLEŞTİĞİNDE Başka hayvan sınıflarında birey, bebeklik çağından reşitliğe ya da ol­ gunluğa doğru ilerler; basit hayatının kapsamında, doğasının ulaşabile­ ceği tüm yetkinliğe erişir: Fakat insan cinsinde, birey gibi tür de ilerler; her müteakip devirde, önceki çağın temelleri üzerine yeni kat eklerler. ADAM FERGUSON An Essay on the History o f Civil Society (1767) Bu satırları yazarken, masamda kabaca aym boyut ile şekle sahip, insan yapımı iki nesne duruyor: Bir tanesi, kablosuz bir bilgisayar faresi; öteki, Orta Taş Devri’nden kalma, yarım milyon yaşında bir el baltası.1 İkisi de insan eline oturacak şekilde tasarlanmış; insanoğlu tarafından kullanılmanın kısıtlamalarına uygunlar. Fakat araların­ daki fark muazzam. Biri, girift iç tasarımıyla birlikte birçok akşamın meydana getirdiği karmaşık bir mamul, üstelik onca bilgi katmanının mevcudiyetini de yansıtıyor. Ötekiyse tek bireyin becerisini yansıtan tek bir cisim. Bu nesnelerin arasındaki fark, günümüzde insan haya­ tının yarım milyon yıl öncesinin yaşantısından epey farklı olduğunu gösteriyor. Elinizdeki kitap, tüm hayvan türlerinden farklı olarak insan top- lumunun yaşadığı hızlı, daimi, kesintisiz değişim hakkında. Bir biyo­ log için bu, açıklanması gereken bir durum. Son yirmi yılda, insanla­ rın öteki hayvanlara ne kadar benzediği hakkında dört kitap yazdım.
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