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11111111111111111111111111111111 ~IIIII GIPE-PUNE-002627 . lH~ STORY OF THE NATIONS -'

SUBSCRIPTIO

EDITION I I , . , r I I' I I I QCbe tStotp of tbe Jaations. .

-THE TUSCAN REPUBLICS. THE 'STORY OF THE NATIONS.

I. ROD. By ARTHUR G!LMAN. 29. TBE JfORlIl:ANS. By SARAII M.A. ORNE JEWETT • •• TBE JEWS. By Prof. J. K. 30. TBE B!"ZAJfTIlfB EnIRB. HOSMER. llv C. W. C. OMAN. 3. GERMAlfY. By Rev. S. BARING­ 31. SlOtt. Y: Phcanioian. Gr.. k and GOULD, M.A. Roman. By the late Prof. 1>. 4. OARTRAGE. By Prof. ALFRED A. FREEMAN. 32. TB:B TUSOAJf llEPUBLIC9. S. Ax!Ei~~H.ER'S EIIIl'IRB. By By BELLA DUFFY. Prof. .t. P. MAHAFFY. 33. POLAlfD. By W. R. ~IORFILL. 6. TB:B MOORS IJf SPAIlf. By M.A . STANLEY LANE-POOLE. . 34. PARTKU.. By Prof. GBORGB 7. AlfCIEJfT EGYPT. By Prof. RAWLINSON. GEORGE RAWLINSON. 35- AUSTRALIAJf OOMMON- 8. RlJJfGARY. By Prof. ARMINIUS WEALTH. By GRIIVILLB VAMHF.RY. TREGARTHKN. 9. TB:B SARACENS. By ARTHUR 36. SPAIlf. By H. E. WATrS. GILMAN. M.A. 37. IAPAJf. By DAVID MURRAY, 10. IRELAlfD. By th. Hon. EMILY Ph.D. LAWLESS. 38. SOUTH AFRICA. By GEORGB II. OJIALDEA. By ZtNAlDB A. M. THEAL. RAGOZIN. 39. VElfIOB, By AI.ETHBA WII!!_ 12. TB:B GOTHS. By HENRY BRAD­ 40. TBE ORUSADES. By T. A. LEY. ARCHER and C. L. KDfOSJo·ORD. I]. AS~!.~ By ZtNAYDE A. RA- 41. VEDIO IJfDIA. By Z. A. RA- GOZIN. r 14- TURKEY. By STANLBY LAN&­ 42. WEST INDIES and th.SPAlfISH POOLE. MAIlf, By JAM"S RODWAY. IS. HOLL.6lfD. By Prof. 1. E. 43, BOHEMIA. By C. EDMUND THOROLD ROGERS. MAURIa':. [M.A. 16. MED~V AL lRAJfOE. By 44- THE B,u.xAlfS. ByW. M'LUR. GUSTAVE MASSON. 45. OAJfADA. By Sir 1. G. BOURI­ '7. PERSIA. By S. G. W. BEN­ NOT. LL.D. JAMIN. 46. BRITISH INDIA. By R. W. 18. PHIElfIOIA. By Prof. GEO. ~·RAZ"R. LL. B. RAWLINSON. 47. MODERN lRAJfOB. By ANDRB­ 19- MEDIA. By ZtNAIDB A. RA­ LEBON. GOZIN. 48. TBE J'RANXS. By LEWIS SER­ 2Q. TB:B RAlfBA TOWJfS. By GEANT. HHLEN ZJMMERN. 49- AUSTRIA. By SIDNEY WHIT­ 21. EARLY BRITAIlf. By Prof. alAN. ALFRED I. CHURCH. SO. MODERN ENGLAlfD. Befor. , .. TB:B BAltBARY OORSAIRB. the Reform Bill. By 1U!

LoNDON: T. FISHER UNWIN, PATERNostER SQ~ARE. E.C. DANTE ALIGHIERI, FROM THE FRESCO BY GlOTTO,, " FLORI!Nt:E. (Afler a PluJlopal" bv Brogi.) THE

TUSCAN REPUBLICS

(FLORENCE, SIENA, PISA, AND LUCCA)

WITH GENOA

BY BELLA DUFFY

~"nb"n ·'T. -F ISH E RUN WIN PATERNOSTER SQUARE Entered at Statiuners' Han By T. FISHER UNWIN.

COPVHIGHT BY G, p, PUTNAM'S SONS, 1892 (For the Ullit~d States of Americ!ll), PREFACE.

.No history of the Italian communes could be considered in any sense complete which disregarded the recent researches of German historians into the origin of these little Republics. The reader will find thll views of Hegel, Pawinski, and Ficker embodied • with as much succinctness as possible in the introduc­ tory chapter of; this work; and should he desire to penetrate further on his own account into the subject, he would derive much assistance from the four valuable volumes of original docou-merits with copious

annotations, published by Ficker~~ 0 As regards Florence alone, and from one point of view, Florence must always be the most interest~ng qf the Italian Republics, articles of extreme interest on the beginnings of the commune have been con­ tributed to the "Nuova Antologia," by Professor Pasquale Villari, and form, it may be hoped, the prel'llde to a laf-ger work. o As an example of sudden spontaneous growth, . yielding- \)rigiilal and splendid social results, the Italian Republics are unique in history. Politically speaking, other countries offer a spectacle of more vi viii PREFACE. epic. grandeur. The legendary personage, great king, or great warrior, and statesmen is absent from the annals of the towns which strove so passionately to preserve their independence against Pope and Emperor, ~nd against each other j but, on the other hand, the commune itself becomes an unit of fasci· nating ihdividuality and force. Genoa has been included in these pages partly because of the c1.ose rivalry in which it stood to Pisa in the most brilliant period of both republics j and in a lesser degree because of the contrast afforded by its dreary annals to the distinction in Art and Lite· rature of the Tuscan towns. Taken altogether there are no more instructive examples of self-help and self~destruction, of rapid rise and complete extinction, than are offered by the Commonwealths which tor' five hundred years controlled the desti.nies of Tuscany and Liguria. BELLA DUFFY. CONTENTS.

PAGE INTRODUCTORY l-iQ Small begi~nin'gs-IIflperial Concessions-Commencement of the Trade Guilds-Rival ~ulers..

II.

THE UPRISE OF PISA AND GENOA 11-21 Activity of Pi;a~Beginning of Faction-Expeditions t,o the· Holy Land-Splendour of Pisa-Rivalry of Genoa.

III.

LUCCA AND PISA The rise of Lucca-Attack of Pisa on the Balearic Isles­ Florentine chivalry.

IV. GENOA Consuls of the Commune-Feudatories of Genoa.

V.

How THi;:.C;OMM~NES GREW Destruction of Amalfi-Character of the Communes-Genoa proceeds against the Moors-First appearance of Barbarossa. ix x CONTENTS.

VI. PAGE THE ORIGIN OF FLORENCE

Obscurity of its early years'-":Religious Feuds-Sponttlneous growth of the Commune-Its Democratic basis-Early struggles between classes-Guilds and Towers.

VII.

THE TUSCAN COMMUNES AND GENOA IN THE TIME OF BARBA ROSSA 57-6::

Their self-seeking Policy-A brief Peace.

VIII.

THF. EXPANSION OF FLORENCE

Discontent among the Barons-Pretensions of the Podestas- The Pope and the Republics. .

IX.

FLORENCE IN THE THIRTEENTH CENTURY.

Real nature of the Podestas-Factions in Siena-Buondel­ mooti and Amidei-Frederick n.-Fighting Companks­ \Var with Siena-Ealtle of Mont' Aperti-Disastrous conse­ quences.

X_

FLORENCE IN THE THIRTEENI'H C~'1TURV (con- finued) 8~-I05

Farinata's Protest-Ghibelline Crueltie~Baltle of lltnevento -Alarm of the Ghibellines-Institution of the Twelve-The Guelph Party 'ormed-General Discord-Confusion of Parties -Practical Ideals-Constant change of Office-holders_ CONTENTS. xi

XI. I'AGB GENOA, PISA, AND LUCCA DURING THE THI.RTEENTH . CENTURY 106-120 Prosperity of Lucca-External power of Genoa-Struggles with Frederick II.-A Captain of the People-Battle of Meloria-Ghibellinism at Arezzo-Battle of Campaldino.

XII.

FLORENCE IN THE FOURTEENTH CENTURY AFTER GIANO PELLA BELLA'S REIGN 'OF TERROR 121-140

The Ordinances of Justice-True Guelphs and Ghibellines at an end-Giano's Unpopularity-Popular Outbreak-Blacks and Whites-Intervention of the Pope-Feuds among Kins· folk-Florence half destroyed by Fire-Death of Corso Donati.

XIII.

EVENTS IN LUC~A AND PISA. FLORENCE IN THE FOURTEENTH CENTURY (continued). .' 141-[49 War. with Castruccio-Battle of Altopascia-Sack of Pistoja -Prohibitions laid upon Officials.

XIV. GENERAL EVENTS '. General Depression-The Duke of Athens summoned-:-Made Lord of Florence-Fall of the Duke-The Bardi attacked.

XV.

FLORENCE IN THE FOURTEENTH CENTURY (continued); AND AJ'FAIR3 IN LUCCA, PISA, AND SIENA 162-181

Further Humiliation of the Grandi-Rise of the Visconti­ Revolution in Siena-A fuithless Emperor-The" Admoni· xii CONTENTS.

( PAGE tions"-The Eight of War-Events in Bologna-A Religious Revival-Unpopularity of the Eight.

XVI.

FLORENCE IN THE FOURTEENTH CENTURY (continued). THE CIOMPI RIOTS. 182-197

A Popular Revolt-Conspiracy of the Ciompi-Demands of the Insurgents-The Revolutionary Eight-Defeat of the Ciompi-Palace of the Podesta attacked-Purchase of Arezzo.

XVII.

FLORENCE IN THE FOURTEENTH CENTURY (continued). THE STRUGGLE WITH GIOVAN GALEAZZO VIS- CONTI 198-222

Charles of Durazzo threatens Florence-The Intrigues of Vis· conti-Hawkwood and Jacopo del Verme-Pisa at Visconti's mercy-Persecution oi the Alberti-Visconti'~ triumphs-Gian Galeazzo dies-The indispensable Condottieri-Pisa sold to Florence-Pisa starved into surrender-War with Ladislaus­ Events in Bologna.

XVIII.

GENOA FROM 1288 TO 1410

Simone Boccanera-War with Venice-Adorno and Montaldo -Advent of Boucicault-He establishes Peace-His Fall. XIX. ,. COMMERCE, MANUFACTURES, AND FINANCE

Rise of the Cloth Trade-Foundation of the (;uild gfoWool­ Florentine Banking-Loan to English Kings-The First Galleys-Charitable Instituti

XXI.

FLORENCE AND GENO:A IN THE FIFTEENTH CEN- TURY

Government by Tyrants-The Genoese defeat Alfonso­ Cosimo de' lIIedici-Cosimo's noblest Victim-Death of Cosimo. XXII.

FLORENCE UND~R THE MEDICI (continued) Useless Struggles---Lorenzo and Giuliano-Strange Contrasts -Last Liberties suppressed-The Paui embittered-Conspire ag--.inst the Medici-The Hour of Mass chosen-Failure of the Plot-Jacopo de' Paui's death-Lorenzo's position.

XXIII.

GENOA FROM 1435 TO 1488 The Genoese expel the French-Genoa loses Calra-Genoa's long disease-And discord.

XXIV. FLORiNCE UNDER LORENZO DEI MEDICI (con- ~~ 3~~~ Murder 'aof Girolamo• Riario-Lorenzo's :Financial difficulties -Savonarola~Summoned to Lorenw's deathbrd-Lorenzo dies unshriven. xiv CONTENTS. xxv. fAGB THE HUMANISTS IN FLORENCE, AND THE POETS . AND HISTORIANS WHO GATHERED ROUND THE MEDICI 334-340 Poggio Bracciolini-Pico dello Mirandola-The Morgante Maggiore.

XXVI.

FLORENCE UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF SAVONA-. ROLA

Charle~ vIIr. of France-Enters Pisa as a D~liverer-The Medir.i fly-Charles in Florence-Piero Capponi-Proposed Grand Council-Supported by Savonarola-Parliaments ·of the People abolished-Savonarolo's Visions-Superstitions of the Renaissance. XXVII.

FLORENCE UNDER THE INFLUENC~: OF S.WONAROLA (continued) • 363-380 Charles abandons Pisa-But Pisa still resists-Conspiracy to restore Piero-Savonarola excommunicated-Ordeal of Fire sug~ested-The Day for it fixed-Siege of St. Mark's Con­ vent-neath of Savonarola.

XXVIII.

GENERAL ~VENTS FROM 1498 TO JSJ2. C:J!sar Borgia's Plan-Destroyed by Death of Pope-Entry of Louis XII. into Genoa-Pisa surrenders to Florence-Rest'>­ ration of the Medici-Entry of Giuliano into Florence.

XXIX.

THE SIEGE OF FLORENCE. DECADENCE AND END OF THE REPUBLICS • .. r." 394-436 Pope Leo's cruelty-Advance of the Constable of Bourbon­ The Medici again expelled-Andrea Dorit-The Plague in CONTENTS. xv

. • »AGB Florence - A vain Religious Revival- Kingly bad faith­ The Emperor crowned in Bologna-Francesco Ferruccio-­ Baglione's Treachery-Final Return of the Medici-Assassi· nation of AIessandro--Decay .of the Republics-Dying Struggles-Siege of Siena-Genoa incorporated with Sar­ dinia-Concluding Events in Florence.

CHRONOLOGICAL ~ABLE OF EVENTS

INDEX 447 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

PAGE DANTE ALIGHIERI, FROM THE FRESCO BY GlOTTI, FLOR- ENCE. (AFTER A PHOTOGRAPH BY BROGI) • Frontispieu CHURCH OF ST. LORENZO, dENOA. (AFTER A PHOTO- . GRAPH BY BROGI) 29 INTERIOR OF SAN MINIATO, FLORENCE. (FROM A ,fHOTOGRAPH BY BROGI) • 66 e'OMMUNAL PALACE AT SIENA. (FROM A PHOTOGRAPH BY BROGl) • ., • 72 VIEW OF FLORENCE. (FROM A PHOTOGRAPH BY BROGI) 79 BASILICA Q)' ST. FREDIANO, LUCCA. (AFTER A PHOTO- GRAPH BY BROGl) 102 MAP OF FLORENCE • 122 STREET IN OLD MARKET, FLORENCE, NOW DESTROYED 128 COURT OF BARGELLO, FLORENCE • 154 PALACE OF THE PODESTA OR BARGELLO, FLORENCE 157 VIEW OF SIENA. 171 GATE OF ·ST. GEORGE, FLORENCE, IN THE OLTRARNO QUARTER; CONSTRUCTED IN 1324. (AFTER A PHOTOGRAPH. B'l BROGI) • OLD MARKET PLACi1:, FLORENCE MAP OF LIGURIA 220 DUCAL P.U.... CE, "ENO.-\. (FROM A PHOTOGRAPH BY BROGI) 232 1'" xvii xviii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

PAGK lIfEDAL SHOWING DANTE. (FROM DIE ITALIENISCHEN SCHKUlIfUNZEN DES FUNFZEHNTEN jAHRHUNDERT5. (1430-1530.) VON JULIUS FRIEDLAENDER. BERLIN. 1882) . 254 VIEW OF THE PIAZZA DEL DUOMO, AT PI SA. (FROM A PHOTOGRAPH BY BROGI) • 266 WEST GALLERY IN THE CAMPOSANTO AT PI SA. (AFTER A PHOTOGRAPH BY PISANO) 268 CHURCH OF SANTA CROCE. MONUMENT TO CARLO lIfARSUPPINI 270 CHAPEL OF THE lIfADONNA DELLA SPINA, PISA 272 STUDY BY BENOZZO GOZZOLl, IN THE UFFIZI GAI.LERY, FLORENCE • 274 STUDY FROM THE LIFE, BY LlONARDO DA VINCI, IN THE UFFIZI GALLERY. (AFTER A PHOTO·IYPE BY ALINARI) 276 LlONARDO DA VINCI, IN HIS lIfAjESTY'S COLLECTION ., 277 MEDAL OF COSIMO DE· lIfEDlCI. (FROllf DIE ITALIENI- SCHEN SCHAUMUNZEN DES FUNFZEHN7'EN jAHRHUN­ DERTS. (1430-1530.) VON JULIUS FRIEDLAENDER. BERLIN, 1882) 2g3 PITTI PALACE, FWRENCE. (AFTER A PHOTOGRAPH BY BROGI) 290 lIfEDAL OF SIXTUS IV. (FROM DIE 1T.\LlENISCHEN SCHAUlIIUNZEN DF.5 FUNFZEHNl'EN jAHRHUNDERTS. (1430-1530.) VON JULIUS FRIEDLAE~DER. BERLIN, 1882) • 300 lIfEDAl. OF PIUS II. (FROM PIE ITALIENISCHEN SCHAU- 1I1UNZEN DES FUNFZEIINl'EN jAHRHUNDERTS. (1430- I BO,) VON JULIUS FRIEDLAENDER. BERLIN, 188z) 339 MEDAL SHOWING ST. PETER'S • ~ c. 392 lIflCHAELANGELO 404 DAWN. (FROM' THE MONUMENT TO (.oREIf~ DE' MEDICI, BY MICHAELANGELO, AT FLORENCE) • 406 fiST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. xix

PAGS EVENING. (FROM THE MONUMENT TO LORENZO DE' MEDICI, BY MICHAELANGELO, AT FLORENCE) • • 408 NIGHT. (FROM THE MONUMENT TO LORENZO DE' IIIEDICI, BY MICHAELANGELO, AT FLORENCE) • 411 SALTCELLAR, BY BENVENUTO CELLINI, IN THE UFFIZI GALLI!:RY, FLORENCE. (AFTER A PHOTOTYPE BY ALlNARI) 422 JUDITH, BY BOTTICELLI IN THE UFFIZI G.ALLERy, FLORENCE. (AFTER A PHOl"OGRAPH BY ALiNARI) 424 SWOON OF ST. CATHERINE, CHURCH OF ST. CATHERINE, SIENA. 427 ARCHITECTURAL DETAILS, BY BALDASSARRE PERUZZI, IN THE UFFIZI GALLERY. (AFTER A PHOTOTYPE AUNARI) 429 ALFONSO D'ESTE. (FROIII DIE ITAUENSCHEN SCHAU- MUNZEN DES FUNFZEHNTEN JAHRHUNDERTS. • t'i43G-IS3o.) VON JULIUS FRIEDLAF.NDER. BERLIN, 1882) . • 430 FRANCIS SFORZA. -(FROM DIE ITALIENISCHEN SCHAU­ ~JtrNZEN DES FUNFZEHNTEN JAERRUNDERTS. (1430-153°') VON JULIUS FRIEDLAENDER. BERLIN, 1882) • 431 C.\SA GUIDI. (THE HOUSE ELIZABETH BARRETT BROWNING OCCUPIED IN FLORENCE) • 434 MEDAL OF LEO X. (FROIII DIE ITALIENISCHEN SCHAU­ IIIUNZEN DES FUNFZEHNTEN jAHRHUNDERTS. (143G-IS3o.) VON JULIUS FRIEnLAENDER. BERLIN, 1882) 435 INDEX ..

A Arezzo, 151, lin. 42[ Abbot of the people, 114; Accia­ Amolfo del Cambio, 267 ;·Arnulf, joli Roberto, 417-420; Accop­ 9 piatori, the, 301 Arrabbiati, the. 363 Adalbert and Berengarius. 4-10 Arrighetti Azzo, sec Mirabeau Adelheid, her marriage with Lo­ Arti Maggiori and Minori, 50, 54, thair, 9; subsequent adventures, 104, 236, 237, 245 10 Arte di Calimala, see Guild of Agricultural proprietors, their Wool misery, 75"'76 Assisi, Guglielmo di, see Duke of Alamanni Luigi, 396 Athens Alberti, the, see Florence Athens, Duke of, [46, [52, 154, Alberti Leo Rattista, 273, 337 [55, et seq., 159, 185 Albertinelli, Mariotto, 278 Albizzi, the, see Florence B Alfani, Gianni, 257 Banking in Florence, 240, 241; Alfonso of Aragon, see Genoa institution of the Public Debt, Almeria, 38, et scq. 241 ; value of the florin, 242: Altopascia, battle of, 144, 145 fluctuations of the lira, i6.; Amalfi destroyed by Pisa, 35 value of money, 243 Amidei and Buondelmonti in Bank of St. George in Genoa, Florence, their feuds, 74-75 25[, 252 Ammonizioni, see Florence Rankers of the Holy See, 243, Anade! 11., Pope. rival to Inno­ 244 . cent n., 33 ; allies himself with Barbarossa, his desigus, 41 ; de­ Roger II. of Sicily, 34 spatches Reinhold to Tuscany, Andrea Pisano, 267, 268: An­ 57 ; concessions to Lucca and gelico, Fra. 275 Pisa. 58; action towards Genoa. Angiolieri, Cecco, 259, 260 58, 59 ; crowned in Rome. 60 ; Antioch, Frederick, Prince of. disasters, ib.; defeat at Leg­ entered Florence, 76; cause nano,62 ; death,68 and consequences of his coming, Barcli. 'see Peruzza. also 160. 16[ 77 Bartolommeo, Fra, 278 Anziani, see Elders Bella, Giano della, 121, 123, et Aragon, Alfonso of, see Genoa seq.; his ordinances, 123. et Architecture, Italian, 267 seq. ; his measures against the Aretino, Pietro, 426 Guelph party, 127; fall and 447 INDEX.

banishment, 129, 130! his aim, Carroccio, the, of Florence, 81, 82, 130 84 Benedetto da'Majano, 271 Castiglionchi<>\ Lapo da, 182, 183 Benevento, battle of, see Manfred Castruccio, Cnstracane. 141. 143; Bentivoglio, Hermes, his astute- victorious a~ Allopasc~a, .144. ness, 383 145. 147 ; dies. 148; hiS alms. Berengarius of Friuli, 9; ofIvrea, ib. 10 Cattani Lombardi. their Teutonic Berengarius and Adalbert, 4 origin, 49 Berlinghiero Berlinghieri, 418 Cavaleanti. Guido. 132-134. 257 Bernabo, Visconti, see Visconti Cellini. Benvenuto. 426 Bianchi and N eri, see N eri Cerchi, Niccolo dei. 135 Bianchi, the, 363 Cerchi. Vieri dei. ste Campaldino ; Bigi, the, 363 also 131-133 Bishops, their authority, 2; insig­ Charles the Bald. 8 nificant in Tuscany, 3 Charles the Fat, 9 Boccaccio, Giovanni, 264; his Charles of Anjou, 89, 90, 95. 98. works, 265-7 108,116 Boccanegra, Guglielmo, 113 Charles of Calabria, 146 Bologna, 168-9, 174-5, 177, 202- Charles of Valois. 134-136 3,209-10,213, 221-2; intrigues Charles of Bohemia. 165. 166; of Borgia in, 383, 385 ; conse­ cruelty towards the Gambacorti, quences of his death, 385 ; final 167; subsequent action, 168 el settlement of, ib. seq. Bontura, see Dati Christian of Mayence, Archbishop. Borgia, Clesar, see Florence and 58; imperial vicar. 61; his Bologna action in Tuscany. 61. 62 Botticelli, Sandro, 275 Cimabue, 273 Brknne, 'Valter of, see Duke of Cimenlo. academy of the. 435 Athens Cino da Pistoja. 103,257; Ciompi. Brunelleschi, 269, 271 the. Sfe Florence Boucicault, Marshal, in Pisa, 2.14, Ciullo d'Alcamo. 256 215 ; in Genoa, 231-235 Civitale. Matteo. 271 Bracciolini Poggio, 335, 340 Commerce of Florence. 236 tt seq. ; Bruni, Lionardo, 339 usurious interest, 241, 247; Buondehnonti and Amidei, 74-75 good quality of coinage, 242; Buondelmonti. Zanobi, 396 commercial failures, 243 ; com­ Buonuomini, 6,92, 95, 101, 103, merce with the East, 245; lirst 143 galleys, 245; commerce ruled C politics, 244, 246 Caffaro, 260 Commerce of Genoa, 248; with Cambio, Arnolfo del, 267 the East, 248-251 Campagne of Genoa, 18-19 Cummunes, Italian, their origin, Campaldino, battle of, 118, 119 I ; different in different towns, Cancellieri of Pistoja, 131 2.3 Capponi, Gino, 214-217, 240 Com pagni, Dino. 132. 257, 260 Capponi l'iero, 348, 351. 352 Compagnacci, the, 371 Captain of the people in Florence, Companies. fighting, 78, 79 78; when fir.t named, i/J.;. his Consuls,6; their first appearance, coupcil, 95; in Genoa, 113 ih.; when mentioned first in Carducci, Baldassare, 403 Florence, S4 ; how elected, ib. INDEX. 449

Consuls of the Guilds, 9z Farinata degli Uberti. Set Uberti Corsica and Sardinia, rivalries of Ferdinand of Naples, see Florence Pisa and Genoa for possession Feast of St.]ohn in Florence, 120 of, II, 140 31, 32; Corsica di­ Ficino. Marsilio. 336-7 vided by Pope Innocent II., Fiesole, Mino da, z71 35; obtained by Genoa, Z24; Filelfo, 335 subdued under Boucicault, z34; Flagellants, lSI, z53-z55 ceded in 1768 to France, 433 Florence, early aggressions of, 37, Corso, Donati, see Donati . 38; origin of city. 43. 44; Councils, governing, in Florence, name. 44; legendary history, 70, 9Z, 95, 96, lOS, 148; changes ilJ.; walls, 45; invasions. ib.; in, 193; the Two Hundred, its first feuds religious. 47; its 301 ; the Grand Council, 353- expansion. 63; how effected. 355 ; the Eighty. 355 ilJ.; how regarded, 64; hatred. Council. Grand. in Genoa, 40Z excited by the Commune. 65 ; Council governing in Lucca, 106. initiates a league against the 108 empire. 68; for what purpose, Council of the Guelph Party, 97 69; first Podesta at Florence. Crisolora, 335 70; history of Florence in the thirteenth century. 70. et seq. ; D Buondelmonte Buondelmonti. Daibert, Archbishop of Pisa. 16. 74.75; commerce of Florence, 17 75 ; entry of Prince of Antioch, Dante. 10Z. 1I8. 1I9. 130. 13z. 76. 77 ; rising against the Uberti, 133. 136. z55. z56; his" Vita 78; fighting companies, 78; Nuova." z61; his "Divina year of victory, 80; war with Commedia," z61-3. z78 Siena, 81; defeat at Monte­ Dante da Castiglione. 403. 418 perti, 84, 85; dismay of the Dati. Bontura. 141. 14z Guelphs, 86; Florence saved Decamerone. the. z65-z67 by Farinata. 87; Ghibellines in Desiderio da Settignano. z71 jeopardy, 91; calls in two Diacceto. ]acopo da. 396 knights of St. Mary, ilJ.; changes Donatello. 269 in constitution. 9Z; street fight, Donati, Corso. see Campaldino. 94; departure of Ghibellines, also, 129. 131-133, eI seq. ; his 95; the Twelve, ilJ.; Guelph death. 139 .magistracy, 97; victory over Donati Simone. 135,136 Sienese, 98; the Pope en­ Doria. Andrea. 400, 401 dea vours to reconcile the fac­ Duccio of Siena. 273. 274 tions, ilJ.; Florence excom­ Durazzo. Charles of. 198. 199 municated, 99; a fresh illusory peace, 100. 101 ; institution of E Priors, 103-5; Guelph league, Elders (A miani) of Florence. 78, 117; battle of Campaldino, 95; of Lucca. 108; of Genoa. 118; increase of luxury, '119, 114, z31, 235 ; of Bologna. 385 120; in the fourteenth century, Empoli. parliament at. see Uberti 121 ; Giano della Bella's " Ordinances," 123, 124; Stan­ F dard Bearer of Justice created, Faction. spirit of. 71 ; fights. 64 125; Leagues of the people. Faggiuola family, disabilities of. 125; tran'l,uillity in Florence, 151 126; Giano s unpopularity, 127. 30 450 , INDEX.

128, 129, and exile, 130; Blacks attack the p.~lace of the Podesta, and WhItes, 131; Cerchi and 195; death of Scali, if,. ; hanish· Donati, il,.; Cardinal Matteo ment of Salveslro de' ;\ledici d'Acquasparta, 133; arrival of. and Michele di Lando, 196; Charles of Valois, 134; feuds wealth of Florence. 196; Flo. of Cerchi and Donati, 134, rence arrayed against the Vis. 135, 136; the Bianchi expelled, conti, 200-4: what the war 136; great fire. 137; death of cost, 205; financial devices, Corso, 139; defeat at Alto. 205 ; governing oligarchy of the pascia, 144 ; necessity for merce· Ottimati, 205-6 ; supposed . naries. 145; Duke Charles' of conspiracies, 206-7 ; severi· Calabria, 146, 147; attack on ties towards the Alberti, 207; 'Pistoja, 147; constitution again measures against Gian GaleazlO, remodelled. 148; lire led by the 207; increasing danger to the Priors, 148, 149; great flood, Commune, 210, 211 ; death of ISO, 151; Flagellants, 151; Gian Galeano, 211; Florence' failures of banks, ib.; the Duke acquires l'isa. 214-8; Lmli.· of Athens, 152. 153. tl seq.; laus of Naples, 218; his de· consequences of his fall, 159; mands, 219; his ill.success, il,. ; twelve Priors .appointed. 159; peace, 221; conditions, ill,; street tights, 160, 161; four death of Ladislaus, 222; sta­ change& of government, 162; tistics of, 246, 247; decay of exclusion of the Grandi. 163; Guilds in. 279;, difference be· the plague, 164; alliance with tween Floren,'e and Venice, Charles of Bohemia, 165; he 280-81; checks the design. of is forhidden to enter Florence. I'ilippo Maria Visconti, Z82; 166; ill·feeling between the decay of the government of Minor Guilds and the Guelph Ottimati, 282; charncter of magistracy. 168; the Ammoni· Rinaldo degli Albiz.i, ib. ; exile .ioni, 168, 173; defeat of of the Medici, ib. ; their rl'Call, Florentines at Cascina, 173; 284; mel hods of Cosimo. ib.; the Ricci and Alhizzi, ib.; the Leghorn bought from Alfonso Ten of Liherty, if,.; war with of Amgon, 285; money the the Pope, 174; the Eight of root of Cosimo's power, 2h6, War, 175, 177, 179. ISo, 181 ; 287; his munilicence. ib. ; his league against the Pope, 175, tl death, 291; enigmatic character, seq.; religious revival, 179; St. 292; conspiracy against I'iero, Catherine of Siena. ib.; inter· 293-95; his clemency, 295; dict disregarded by the Eight, his death, 297; Lorenzo and 179: end of the league, ISo; Giuliano proclaimed chiefs, 297 ; peace. 181; city feuds, 181; Lorenzo takes the lead, 298; reign of terror, 182. 183; Sal· Sources of his fascination, 298- veslrO de' Medici, 183; armed 99; conspiracy of the Palli, 299; gatherings of the Minor Guilds, how caused, 301; the Accop. 185; the Ciompi, 185; their piatori, 301 ; Minor Guilds reo demands, 187, 188; Michele di ducellto five, 302 ; Franceschino Lanllo. 188, tl "'1,; the Eight dei Pazzi, 302-3: Jacllpo dei of Revolution. 191: end of the Pazzi, 304; details of the con· rising. 193; the Eight of War spiracy, 305-7; murder of Giu· q!Jit office. 193: prevailing con· liano de' Medici, 308; failure of fusion, 194; Strolzi and Scali the conspiracy, 309; t"rriLle INDEX. 45 1 reprisals, ,310; fate of J acopo, in Sayonnrola, 3io;, he is ex· 3II; Florence excommunicated, communicated, 371; faults of 312-3; war with Ferdinand his system, 372; proposed of Naples, 313 ; Florence under ordeal of fire, 373 ; preparation, Lorenzo, 328; !:im onarola 's first fortheordeal, 374-75; ,tsfailures sermons, 329; effect of his 376; siege .of St. Mark, 377; predictions, 330; his fearless· trial and death of Savonarola, ness and independence, 331; 378-79; judgments on his Lorenzo's three sins, 33 I ; his character, 380; Louis XII. deathbed, 332 ; his death, 333 ; seeks the alliance of Florence, first 'humanists in Florence, 334 ; 381; war against Pisa continues, their quarrels, 335; Poggio and :.81; torture and beheadal of }'ilelfo, ib.; Giorgio !:icolaro Paolo Vitelli, 382; critical con· and Teodoro Gaza, 335; Gior­ dition of Florence, 383 ; designs gio Gemisto Pletone, ib. ; the of Cresar Borgia, ib. ; appoint. Platonic Academy, 335-6 ; Mar­ ment of a Gonlaloniere for life, .i1io Ficino, 336-7; the Oricel· 384; the Ruota, ib.; conse­ lari Gardens, 336; Cristoforo quences of the death' of Cresar Landino; 336; Picodella Miran· Borgia, 385 ; final surrender of dola, 337 ; poets and historians, l'isa, 389; weakness of Piero 338-40; loss of influence under Soderini, 390; sack of Prato, Piero II., 341 ; Lodovico Sforza 391 ; return of the Medici,J91- calls in the French, 342; Savona­ 93; a new ,Balia, 394; the rola favollrs Charles VIIL, ib. ; conspirators of the Oricellari French fleet at Genoa, 344; Gardens, 396; abject depen­ sack of Rapallo, ib.; conse· dence of Florence on the Medici, quences of Piero's weakness, 397; advance of the Constable 344-5; attempted COliP ,Nlal, of Bourbon, il>.; expulsion of 345-b; Piero escapes to Bolog­ the Medici, 399-400; aristocrats na, 347 ; his brothers expelled, and democrats, 402-3; the ib. ; Savonarola and Piero Cap. plague, 403; a vain religious poni, 348; entry of the French, revival, 405 ; Gonfalonierato of 348-9; splendid army, 350; N iccolo Cn pponi, 405 ; Florence early dissensions, 35 I; Cap. fortified hy Michelangelo, 405 ; poni's famous reply, 352; de­ betrayal hy pope and king, 407 ; parture of Charles, ib. ; a new organization of the City Militia, Balia, 353; impotence of the 410; efforts to raise money, Twenty, 353; the Grand Council 410; advance of the Prince o( and Savonarola, 354-5; Savona­ Orange, 412; Francesco Fer· rola's statesmanship, 356; Inw ruccio's defence, 413, et stq.; of the !:iix Beans, .A ; abolition betrayal by Baglione and Co. of the Parliaments, 357 ; Savona­ lonna, 416; death of Ferruccio, rola's immoderation, ~57; his at Gavinano, 416;' treaty of visions, 358-60; super_tit ions Santa Margherita di Montici, of the Renaissance, 360-1 ; four 417; the new Balia, 417 ; parties dividing Florence, 363; entry of Alessandro de' Medici, violence of the Arrabbilti, 364 ; ib.; he is made Duke, 417; religious revivalism, ib,; Sa vona­ married to Margaret of Aus· rola's prophecies, 368 ; attempt tria, 419; assa~sinated, 419-20, of Piero to surprise Florence, succeeded by Duke Coslmo I.; 369; reprisals, 369-70; change 420; Peter Leopold of Lor· 45 2 INDEX.

raine, Gr::md Duke of Tuscany, loss of Caffa. 318-19 ; Pros­ 435 pero Adorni proclaimed Doge. Folgore, da San Gemignano, 259 320; deposed, 321; further Francesco della Piera, 275 anarchy, ;0. ; intervention of Francesco da Carrara. 199. 200, Lodo\'ico Sforza. 322; fresh 201-4 events, 385 ; French preference Francesco Ferruccio. 412-3. el for the nobles. 38b; popular seq.; his death, 416 discontent. il>. ; Paolo .Ii Frederick H., 77, So, 110, III, Novi. doge. 387; French 256 ,·ictory. io. ; entry of . Louis Frescobaldi, Dino, 257 XII .• ib. ; execution of Paolo. io.; severities of Louis X II .• G 387-88 ; sack of town hy Galileo, 426 Imperialists. 400; Ar.drea Gambacorti of Pisa, Set Pisa Doria, his character. iO.; Genoa, its uprise, II, 12; re- frees Genoa. 401; arhitrary semblance to Pisa, 17; de,·ice. 401-2. 421; Christo­ governed hy bishops, 18; pher Columbus. 426; Fieschi consuls of justice, 28; of the conspiracy, 428 - 32; wars commune, 29. 30; council of with Savoy. 432 ; insurrection conciliators, 30; parliament and execution of Vachero. of the people. 30, 31 ; absorp­ 432; resistance to Austria. tion of feudali;m, 31; expedi­ 433; siege of Genoa. il>.; tion against Almeria, 39, 40 ; incorporation with Sardinia, general history, loS. ,1 seq. ; il>. battle of Meloria. 114, 115 ; Gherardesca, s,e Ugolino submission to Visconti. 165; Ghibellines and Guelphs, 77. monotony of annals. 223-24 ; '78. 79. So. 86. 88-91. 93. d struggle with Alfonso of Stq. ; 99-101. 116, 117. 121 Aragon for Sardinia, 224; Ghiberti, 269-71 Ghirlandajo Simone Boccanera, Abbot. Domenico. 275 225; then Doge, 226-27; war Gianni Lapo. 256 with Venice, 227; siege and Gian Galeazzo Visconti. s~ surrender of Chioggia. 228; Visconti faction fights. 228-30 I Adorno Giano della Bella, se, Bella and \IIontaldo. io.; French Giotto. 273. 278 occupation. 230; more anar­ Giovanni Pi,aflo. 267 chy, 231; advent of Boud­ GOlfolo. Benozzi. 275 cault, 231 ; his administration. Grandi. the. of Florence. 49. 231-34 ; his fall. 235; re­ 53; .. Ordinances .. ngainst public har:ded over to Filippo them. 123. el seq. ; 130; ex­ Maria. 285; victory over clusion from power. 163 Alfonso at Ponza. 285; Geno­ Gualberto San Giovanni. 47 ese recover their freedom. 286; Guelphs and Ghibellilles, see civil war. 315; loss of Pera. Ghibellines io. ; lordship of Genoa gi "en Guicciardini. 34. 398. 417. 418. to Charles VII.. 316; dis· 419.420 content and sedition. 317 ; Guido 01 Novello, 86--88. 93-94. French defeat at San Piero 118 d·Arena. 317; anarchy. 318; Guido of Spoleto. 9 ihlen'ention of Milan, 318; Guido of Siena. 273 INDEX. 453 Guido Cavalcanti, 257 tween Lucca and Pisa, 38; Guido Guinicelli, 256 strength of the army of Lucca, Guilds of trade, 7, 55, 56, 92, ib. ; general history, 106, e/ seq., 93, 103, 104-5, 212, 236, e/ 141, 142, el seq.; expels Castruc­ seq., 245 ; money changers' cio's sons, 150; town sold to guild, 245; major and minor, Gherardino Spinola, 150; com­ 278,302 mune assigned to Pisa, 152; Guilds of wool, 55, 103, 104; buys its release from Charles Arte di Calimala and Arte of Bohemia, 172; harassed by della Lana, 237; the Umili· Gian Galeazzo, 208; Lazzaro ati, 238-39; supremacy of Guinigi, 208; assassinated and Florentine wool· trade, 239 succeeded by Pao:o, 209 ; Paolo Guittone d'Arrezzo, 256 made captain and defender of the people, 281 ; deposed, 282 ; II final events in, 421, 423, 428 ; Hawkwood, Sir John, 169, 173, union with the Grand Duchy of 175, 177, 178, 202-4 Tuscany, 428 IIermengard of Ivrea, 9 M Hugo of Provence, 9 Machiavelli, 340, 396 . Humanists, the, see Florence Majano, Benedetto da, 271 ,l/ajores, 5, I> ; Manetti, Giannozzo, 2118, 289 Innocent II., Pope; rival to Manfred, his difficulties, 80; his Anaclet II., 33; ally of death, 90, 91; his love of poetry, Lothair of . Germany, 34; 256 appeals for help to Genoa and , Marquises, their courts, 3, 4 Pisa,35 Marsili Luigi, 334 J. Marsuppini, Carlo, 339, 340 Martinella, the', or war-bell of Justice, ordinances of, see Bella Florence, 81, 84 Masaccio, 275 L Matilda, Countess, 52 Ladislaus o. Naples, see Florence May-time in Florence, 120 Lambert and Guido,joint kings, 9 Medici, Salvestro de', 183. 186; Latini, Brunetto, 258, 259 Cosimo de', 282 t"t seq.; Piero, League of the Guelphs, 117; of 293-97; Lorenzo and Giuliano, • the people, 125 297; Lorenzo's policy of equi­ Lippi, Fra Filippo, 275 librium, 324-26; his sumptu­ Lothair of Germany, 34, 35 ousness, 326; his dishonesty, Louis of Provence, called into 326-28; his poetry, 338 ;" Piero Italy, 9 II., his character, 341; Leo X., Lucca, privileges accorded to, by 394; Clement VII., 394-96 ; Henry IV., 5; sided with Alessandro and Ippolito, 397; Matilda, 22; sold to its consuls captivity of Clement VII., Ip. by Duke Guelph, A.D. 1160, polito made a cardinal, 407; in.; diploma of f~edom ob­ Gio"anni delle Brande Nero, tained from Barbarossa, A. D. 410; Ales~andro dei Medici, 1162, ib.; consular government, 417-20; intrigues of Ippolito, 23; . commercial rivalry with 418; Lbrenzino dei Medici, his Pisa, ib. ; ferocity of war be- character, 419; murders Ales- 454 INDEX.

sandro, 419, 420; Duke Cosimo, expedition against the Balearic his election, 420; encourage­ Isles, 23-25; chivalry of the ment of science by Duke Ferdi­ Florenlines, 26, 27 ; terms im­ nand II. and Cardinal Leopoldo, posed on hy J<'lorence, 80; 435; Cian Gastone, the last remains Ghibdline, 98, 112; Medici,435 battle of Me loria, 114; disastrous Memmi, Simone, 274-5 for Pi,a, 115; calls in Ugllccione Mercenary troops, 145, 211-13 della Fag~illola, 140; welcomes Michelan"elo, 275, 278, 405, 410 Emperor Charles of Bohemia, Michele cit Lando, see Ciompi t66; who beheads the Gamba­ Micheloz7.0. 271, 282 corti, 167; Pietro Gamhacorti Mino da Fiesole, 271 and Gian Galealzo, 201; be­ Mirabeau, 97 trayal of Pietro by Jacopo M irandola, Pico della, 333, 337-38 d'Appiano, 205; triumph of Mont' Aperti, battle of, 83-5 Gian Galeazzo, 205 ; he 's mo­ " Morgante Maggiore," 338-39 mentarily with.tood by Jacopo d'Appiano, 208, 209; death of N Jacopo, 209; Pisa sol.I to Vis­ Neri and Bianchi, 130~34, et se". conti, 209; receives Gahricle Niccol" Niccoli, 334 Maria coldly, 214; sold once Nicco!a Pisano, 267 more to Florence, 215; resis­ tance of the l'isans, 215 ; ferocily of the Florentines, 216; o the cily is betrayed ancl pro­ Orcagna, 269, 273, 278 visioned, 216; unbrol

the Fiorentine consllls.67. 68; 167-70; victory over CharI,,., cause of bloodshed in Genoa 170; other changes. 201 ; sub· and Lucca, 70; alternation of mission to Gian Galeano, 209 ; the office in Florence with that regains independence, 213; of Cono;\I1s, ib.; the later po­ governed by Antonio Petrucci, destas not imperial function­ 281; rule and character of aries. 71 ; instituted against the Pandolfo Petrucci, 382; inter­ Grandi, i6. ; in L'!cca, 106; in ference of Leo X. in, 395; Genoa, 109 supposed conspiracy against the Poetry, Italian, 255, e/ uq. pope, 395; reprisals, i/>.; terror­ ism of the Salvi brothers, 421- 3; oligarchy of Forty, 423; Q popular rising, ;6. ; cruelties of Quercia, Jacopo deUa, 269 the Spaniards, ;6. ; fresh rising, 425; siege of, i6.; cession to the Duke of Florence. 426 R Signorelli Luca, 275, 278 Reinhold, Archbishop, 57, 58 Sodoma.426 Ricci, the. see Florence Signoria of Florence. 159 Robbia. Luca della, 269 Silk manufacture. 240 Roger II. of Sicily, 34.35 ; takes Sonlello, 255 Innocent II. prisoner, 36 Spinola, Gheranlino, ISO Rosselli, Cosimo, 278 St. Mary, Knights of, 91 ; allusion Rossellino, Antonio, 271 to, in Daute, 92; driven from Rudolph of Vpper Burgundy, 9 Florence, 94 Standanl·bearer of Justice, 125, S 148, ISS, 160, 162, 183, ISS, 192 Sac~ Rappresenta.zione, 255 Stroui, Filippo, 418, 420, 421 Sah'llni, Provenlano, !IS ~troui, Matteo, 420 Salviati, Francesco, see Pani con­ Strozzi, Palla, 334 spiracy ; 304, 308- 10 Strow, Piero, 420, 421, 42 3, 42 5 Sardinia and Corsica, II, 14, 31, Sumptuary laws in Florence, 147 ; 32 rescinded, ;6. Sardinia finally possessed by Al- fonso of Ara.,oon, 224 . T Sarto, Andrea del, 426 Savonarola, see Florence Towers, Companies of the,S I, 54, Sculpture, Italian, 267-73 55 . Settignano. Desiderio da, 271 Traders, early Italian, 8 Sfona, Lodovico. 313.322; story concerning him, 361, 362, 365, v 367 Siena, factions in. 73; the M,,¥­ Vberti, the, of Florence, 53, 64, giori, ;6. ; Consuls and Podesta, 65, So, 81; Farinata, 83, 87, ib. ; banking, 73, 74; Ghibel­ SS ;. mentioned by Dante, 88 lin ism, 98; defeated hy Flor­ a youth of the name. 97 . ence, il>. ; Tolomei and Salim· Vbertini family, disabililiesof, 151 beni in, 146; Commune sur­ Vccello, Paolo, 275 renders to Charles of Bohemia, Vgolino della Ghemrdesca, 99, 166; changes of ga.·emment, liS, 116 INDEX.

Uguccione della j.'agghiola, 140; Villani, Matteo, 260 defeats the Guelphs, ib. Vinci, Lionardo da .. 278 Uzzano, Niccolb du, 207 Visconti, the, 99. 152, 164, 165, 169, 172, 173, 175, 177,200. tl v seq., 207-11; death of Ginn Galeazzo, 211 ; Filippo Maria, Valori, Baccio, 417,418,421 281 Vettori, Francesco, 417, 420 Visconti, Marco, 150 Villani, Filippo, 260 Visdomini, Cerrettieri de', see Villani, Giovanni, 260 Duke of Athens

["MWlN BROTHERS, THE GRESH".I PREss, WOKING AND I.ONOON.