Christian Theologies of Salvation A Comparative Introduction Instructor’s Guide

Salvation – redemption or deliverance from sin – has been a key focus of Christian theology since the first days of the church. Theologians from St. Augustine to Karl Barth have debated the finer points of salvation for nearly as long, offering a bewildering array of competing and often contra- dictory theories.

Christian Theologies of Salvation explores the ways in which pivotal theological figures have attempted to answer these questions, tracing doctrines of salvation from the first century into the twenty-first century. Each chapter focuses on a different major theologian, first presenting the theologian’s doctrine of salvation, then highlight- ing how the doctrine makes a distinct contribu- tion to the church’s overall dogma. The volume offers a comparative focus, including doctrines of salvation that reflect the historical development of Catholic, Orthodox, and Protestant views.

By illuminating the ways in which doctrines of salvation have evolved over the church’s history, Justin Holcomb takes us across the teachings of Origin and Augustine, John Calvin and Mar- tin Luther, and eventually to the more modern theologies of Karl Barth and Gustavo Gutiérrez. A much-needed map to the options and implica- 384 pages | Paper | 978-0-8147-6294-3 | Religion tions of different theologies of salvation, this book is essential reading for students and scholars of Christian thought.

www.nyupress.org NYU PRESS —CHAPTER 1— Patristic TheologiesofSalvation 4. 3. 2. 1. Discussion Questions Christ ratherthanonthereceiver ofsalvationintheindividual. explaining howtheearlychurch writingsfocusedprimarilyonthegiverofsalvationthrough the differingapproaches regarding salvationthattheearlytheologiansconstructed,while which certainlyincludedteachingaboutsalvation.Inthisfirstchapter, reviews Williams ers were diligenttoarticulatepastoralandpracticaldoctrinehelpfultheircongregations, of thechurch neverproduced aunifiedorsystematictheoryofsalvation,theancientwrit beginspartIwithchapter1bydemonstratingthat,althoughthepatristicera D. H.Williams Chapter 1 What doesthestatementmean“salvationismore ofalinethanpoint?” required forconversiontoChristianity? What isthedifference betweenpagan religious demandsforsalvationandwhatis/was tion foundinthepatristicera? by thepowerofsinorwillanycreature tothetheocentricunderstandingofsalva What istheimportanceofanemphasisonpowerGodthatcannotbethwarted the ground ofthatsalvation. salvation thatGod’s salvationforhumanitywaslessimportantthantheGodwho Explain whyonemaymakethegeneralobservationofearlyChurch’s approach to - - —CHAPTER 2— - What is the connection between Origen’s understanding of the Pauline term “works of understanding Origen’s What is the connection between in Pauline interpretation? the law” and the so-called new perspective What is meant by the French theologian C. Verfaillie’s comments on Origen’s text when on Origen’s comments theologian C. Verfaillie’s What is meant by the French but his psychology leads to a theology?” here, he writes, “Origen speaks as a moralist from the teaching of Jesus in the Gospels. the from of Augustine? teaches in his epistles cannot be severed for Origen, the doctrine that Paul Explain why, What are the similarities and differences between Origen’s theory of original sin and that theory of original between Origen’s the similarities and differences What are 4. 3. 2. 1. the struggle to choose virtue or vice once the divine Word has been introduced to the soul. been introduced has Word virtue or vice once the divine the struggle to choose Discussion Questions sistent theology (for his time) in the face of strong opposition from the Gnostics. Scheck from opposition his time) in the face of strong sistent theology (for fight in outcome of the believer’s salvation lie in the beliefs regarding explains that Origen’s Thomas P. Scheck writes in chapter 2 on Origen and notes that though Origen lived through lived through Origen and notes that though Origen Scheck writes in chapter 2 on Thomas P. a rather organized and con to no doctrinal consensus, he produced a period with little Origen of Alexandria Origen 2 Chapter —CHAPTER 3— Iranaeus ofLyons 6. 5. 4. 3. 2. 1. Discussion Questions perfect purposeandwillofGod,fulfilledintheimageGodChrist. God haddonebefore Christ.ForIrenaeus, salvationcoincideswithGod’s creation asthe early church fatherwhounderstoodsalvationinthegospeltobearecapitulation ofallthat John Behrcontinuesinchapter3witharecounting ofthetheologyIrenaeus ofLyons, an Chapter 3 human racebecauseofAdamaccording toIrenaeus? What connectionisthere betweenthehumanraceand Adam?Whathappenedtothe What istheeffectof“signJonah”infindingsalvationaccording toIrenaeus? Adam andChristinthisarc ofGod’s economy? Explain the“arc oftheeconomy”Godhighlightedby Behr. Whatistheconnectionof Contrast thetwomodesoflifethatIrenaeus reads inPaul:animationandvivification. What ismeantbyIrenaeus’s useof“type”asitrelates toAdam? ogy? Whymighthisunderstandingactuallybeconsequentialandcoherent? Why wouldIrenaeus’s understandingofsalvationbeconsidered theol jarringtomodern - —CHAPTER 4— - rates the human sinner into his own body? rates the human sinner into his own not only to vivify, but also to deify us.” Based on this statement, what does Augustinian but also to deify us.” Based not only to vivify, explain the way in which Christ incorpo how would you salvation look like? Secondly, effect of the dual-nature of the God-man on humans? effect of the dual-nature transformation of people, stating, “For God wishes Augustine speaks about the deifying What is the importance of the “unification of natures” according to Augustine’s analysis to Augustine’s according of natures” What is the importance of the “unification understanding of the incarnation, what is the of the incarnation? Following Augustine’s Briefly explain how Augustine envisions the process of healing, especially as it relates to of healing, especially as it the process Briefly explain how Augustine envisions grace. of God’s nature the wholly gratuitous and thus ineffable is, what do humans need saving from? is, what do humans According to Augustine, what is the connection between human sin and salvation? That is the connection between human to Augustine, what According 4. 3. 2. Discussion Questions Discussion Questions 1. to God in Christ, he or she is cut off from this world and transformed into a lover of God. world and transformed into a lover this he or she is cut off from to God in Christ, In chapter 4, David Vincent Meconi shows how Augustine’s theology of salvation is rooted in theology of salvation is rooted VincentIn chapter 4, David Meconi shows how Augustine’s incarnateconformity to the that when one becomes conformed Christ. Augustine believed Saint Augustine 4 Chapter —CHAPTER 5— Athanasius 5. 4. 3. 2. 1. Discussion Questions through theresurrection forthosewhoare inChrist. purpose ofGodbecomingmaninChristwastodoawaywithdeathandgivewaylife directing themindtoward God.AsYocum explains,Athanasiusbelievedthattheprimary Athanasius believedthatthoughmanisfullydependentongrace,thisgracereceived by John Yocum outlinesthetheologyofsalvationAthanasiusinchapter5,notingthat Chapter 5 Explain therole oftheHolySpiritinsalvificplan,according toAthanasius. through theappropriation ofwhatis“closest”tohumanity:ahumanbody? According toAthanasius,what isthecauseofWord joininghimselftohumanity standing ofsalvation? How wouldyouexplainAthanasius’s “divinedilemma”anditsimportancetohisunder sius’ interpretation ofsinanditsconsequences? in reverse.” Whatismeant bythisphraseandhowdoesithelpusunderstandAthana awayfromchanged. Becauseofsin,humansturned Godand“begantodoeverything toward Godandself-transcendence through theknowledgeofhim,however, insin,that Athanasius arguesthatthehumanracewascreated teleologically, withanorientation the humanbeingcreated forrelationship withGod. Compare Athanasius’viewofthetranscendentandphilanthropic Godandthenature of - - —CHAPTER 6— - - - us, and the Pneumatomachians? eschaton and the fruit of Christ’s saving work being borne in the future age. saving work being borne in the future eschaton and the fruit of Christ’s of Eunomius, Apollinari than that How is the soteriology of the Cappadocians different Summarize the three themes that emerge in Gregory of Nyssa’s theology about the theology about the of Nyssa’s themes that emerge in Gregory Summarize the three Gregory of Nyssa focuses a great deal of Biblical language on the Spirit as the giver of deal of Biblical language on of Nyssa focuses a great Gregory by Greg in salvation role would you explain Christ’s life. If the Spirit gives life, then, how account? ory’s compare with the Stoic doctrine of “complete mixture?” compare vation? does this in salvation? And, how “mixture” of Nazianzus’s What is meant by Gregory teaching about Christ according to “the reasons of the economy” as found in Basil’s found in Basil’s of the economy” as to “the reasons teaching about Christ according of sal to the theology important as it relates Against Eunomius? Why is this distinction and Gregory of Nazianzus. and Gregory about Christ “in the mode of theology” and What is the distinction between teaching Compare and contrast the theology of salvation of Basil of Caesarea, Gregory of Nyssa, Gregory and contrast the theology of salvation of Basil of Caesarea, Compare 6. 5. 4. 3. 2. 1. that is saved. Discussion Questions theology of the Cappadocians, though with disagreements among the members at points, among the members though with disagreements theology of the Cappadocians, is collective, that it is our nature salvation idea that the believer’s unified in the is relatively In chapter 6, Andrew Radde-Gallwitz writes about the Cappadocian Fathers—Basil of writes about the Cappadocian Radde-Gallwitz In chapter 6, Andrew of Nazianzus. The Gregory of Nyssa, and their friend Gregory his younger brother Caesarea, The Cappadocians 6 Chapter —CHAPTER 7— 4. 3. 2. 1. Discussion Questions Theologies ofSalvationintheMiddleAges hell itself. of hell,duetothebeliefthatwhenJesusrose from thegrave,righteouswere letoutof notion. OverthecourseofMiddleAges,thisdoctrinebecameknownasharrowing as thepaymenttodevilforsoulsunderhisauthoritybecameanincreasingly popular ing thedevelopmentoftheologysalvationthrough thisperiod,where thelifeofChrist Julian ofNorwich.Inchapter7,DavidHoggprovides theoverviewofthissection,recount Part IIcoverstheMiddleAgesandincludeschaptersonAnselm,ThomasAquinas, Chapter 7 Aquinas? Whatabouthertheologywasdifferent thanthesethree? Why doesJulianofNorwichfallshortinpopularitycompared toAnselm,Abelard, and the believer? According toThomasAquinas, howdoesjustificationaffectthe“interiordisposition”of ment? What are themaindifferences betweenAnselmandPeterAbelard’s viewsoftheatone Explain Anselm’s positioninsoteriologythat“Godisourgreatest enemy.” - - —CHAPTER 8— - Summarize Anselm’s ongoing influence on Christianity. ongoing influence on Christianity. Summarize Anselm’s the devil’s absence? the devil’s to Anselm. ecclesiastical authority in salvation according of Explain the role It is significant in Anselm’s theology of salvation that there is a complete removal of the removal is a complete theology of salvation that there It is significant in Anselm’s of salvation by economy on Anselm’s any part in human sin. What is the result devil from own description. In what ways are the two descriptions different and what is the effect and the two descriptions different own description. In what ways are of one over the other? Compare Eadmer’s description of the Genesis of Anselm’s Proslogion with Anselm’s with Anselm’s Proslogion of the Genesis of Anselm’s description Eadmer’s Compare faintly tainted by sin.” to guide his thought and writings? How does Anselm use Scripture Explain this statement by Anselm as it relates to his theology of salvation, “he would pre to his theology by Anselm as it relates Explain this statement than to be allowed to dwell in heaven, even fer to be placed in hell, although innocent, salvation did not consider the devil to be a major figure, but instead focused on humanity’s but instead focused on humanity’s consider the devil to be a major figure, salvation did not atoning work of Christ in salvation. culpability and the Giles Gasper, in chapter 8, writes about Anselm of Canterbury, one of the most important writes about Anselm of Canterbury, in chapter 8, Giles Gasper, of view him, Anselm’s to many who came before In contrast history. thinkers in Christian Anselm of Canterbury of Canterbury Anselm 8 Chapter 6. 5. 4. 3. 2. 1. Discussion Questions Discussion Questions —CHAPTER 9— Saint ThomasAquinas 6. 5. 4. 3. 2. 1. Discussion Questions said justification,whichisparticipationinthejusticeofsoulJesusChristhimself. liberation from sinwhereby thesoulisrenewed andjustifiedbygrace,inthecauseof Staudt demonstratesthatAquinas’s viewsonsalvationare primarilyrooted intheinternal In chapter9,R.Jared StaudtcontinuespartIIbycoveringthetheologyofThomasAquinas. Chapter 9 cording toAquinas,accomplish salvation? While Christ’s resurrection completestheworkofsalvation,whatelseisrequired, ac manity, statedinAquinas’s Summa?WhydidChristbecomeincarnate? How wouldyouexplainthemeaningofChrist’s mediation,theunitingofGodandhu Explain howjustification,inAquinas’s theologyofsalvation,culminatesindeification. ondly, explainAquinas’s lifeasareward. assertionthatonemeritseternal Describe theconnectionbetweenjustificationandcharityasAquinasdescribesit.Sec What does“interiorjustice”according toAquinasmean? derstanding ofthenature ofjustice? Central toAquinas’theologyofsalvationisjustification.HowwouldyouAquinas’s un - - - - —CHAPTER 10— - - - Define the four modes of “oneing” that Hide presents in this chapter. in this chapter. that Hide presents Define the four modes of “oneing” Compare Julian’s exploration of sin with that of others, such as, Thomas Aquinas, An exploration Julian’s Compare or the modern view of sin in evangelical Christianity. selm of Canterbury, ing” to her theology of salvation? What is the connection between “beholding” and ing” to her theology of salvation? “oneing?” What is meant by “beholding” in Julian’s theology? What is the importance of “behold theology? What What is meant by “beholding” in Julian’s Explain how Julian’s experiences of suffering and contemplative visionary experience of experiences of suffering and Explain how Julian’s of redemption. Christ contribute to her theology What is the meaning of “oneing” and how does it relate to salvation in Julian’s theology? to salvation in Julian’s and how does it relate What is the meaning of “oneing” and humanity. ing of theology, in which salvation is part of the journey in which salvation in which salvation of the individual, ing of theology, Divinity “oneing” between God, but a great running from of humanity occurs not as a result In chapter 10, Kerrie Hide completes this section by examining the life and thoughts of the by examining the life and thoughts Hide completes this section In chapter 10, Kerrie her understand unique life of suffering shaped of Norwich. Julian’s English mystic Julian Julian of Norwich Julian of 10 Chapter 5. 4. 3. 2. 1. Discussion Questions Discussion Questions —CHAPTER 11— Theologies ofSalvationintheReformationandCounter-Reformation 4. 3. 2. 1. Discussion Questions salvation hadhappened,ishappening,andyettocome. the righteousnessofJesusChrist,andensuingCatholicCounter-Reformation, inwhich theology oftheReformers,inwhichGod’s declarationofrighteousnessisbasedsolelyupon lic Reform.”FrankA.JamesIIIprovides anoverviewinChapter11bydiscussingboththe Catholic Counter-Reformation, whichcoversMartinLuther, JohnCalvin,andthe“Catho ourfocustothetheologiesofsalvationduringReformationand In PartIII,weturn Chapter 11 justification byfaithalone? What feardidtheCouncilofTrent haveforthosewhoboughtintoLuther’s definitionof tion. Compare andcontrastthe Protestant ReformationandtheCatholicCounter-Reforma connection betweenhisdefinitionofjustificationandsalvation? What wastheresult ofAnfectungenandLuther’s developmentofsalvation?Whatisthe tion” inthesixteenth-centuryreformation? What ismeantby“themetaphorofjustificationbecametheprimaryexpression ofsalva - - - —CHAPTER 12— - - - Why was Luther’s treatise in 1525, entitled On the Bondage of the Will, the treatise considered Why was Luther’s of the theology of human impotence and divine agency? most elaborate expression What is the difference between Luther’s Ninety Five Theses Against Indulgences and the between Luther’s What is the difference Heidelberg Disputation? faith and practice? Why does Trueman highlight “humility” as playing such an important role in Luther’s Luther’s in as playing such an important role highlight “humility” Why does Trueman the way in which “humility” has shaped Luther’s theology of salvation? How you explain sinner, stand before a righteous God, on his theology? What changed about his theolo stand before sinner, of this struggle? gy as a result ther in terms of his Medieval background. question, how could he, a struggle with the existential What was the effect of Luther’s Explain how the development of the “pactum idea” helps one to better understand Lu Explain how the development of the sacraments, church authority, and the split from Roman Catholicism. and the split from authority, sacraments, church tion as the justification by grace through faith in Christ so fundamental to Protestant and in Christ so fundamental to Protestant faith by grace through tion as the justification including the a theology, as the implications involved in such as well Reformed theology, In Chapter 12, Carl Trueman writes about Martin Luther, the most important figure in the in the the most important figure writes about Martin Luther, Trueman In Chapter 12, Carl of salva understanding Martin Luther’s explains Trueman theology of salvation. Protestant Martin Luther Martin 12 Chapter 5. 4. 3. 2. 1. Discussion Questions Discussion Questions —CHAPTER 13— John Calvin 7. 6. 5. 4. 3. 2. 1. Discussion Questions and sanctificationaccessedthrough unionwithChrist, received through faith. ings inChrist,aswellhisunderstandingofthegospeldoublegracejustification gians, championstheworkofSpirit’s indwelling,transforming,andglorifyinghumanbe J. Todd Billings,inchapter13,focusesonJohnCalvin,who,withearlierCatholictheolo Chapter 13 in thischapter. Summarize Calvin’s theologyofsalvationbasedontheinformationprovided byBillings Briefly describethedebate(controversy) betweenCalvinandAndreas Osiander. with Christanddoublegrace. Explain howCalvinengagedthewritingsofchurch fathersonthethemesofunion study ofScripture continuedinhisministry? cation andsanctificationunionwithChrist?InwhatwaysdidheuseRomansashis How wouldyoudescribetherole ofthebookRomans inCalvin’s theologyofjustifi How wouldyouexplainCalvin’s doctrineofjustification? compared tolaterwhenhe completedhisexegesisofRomans? What isthedifference inCalvin’s understandingof“unionwithChrist”inhisearlyworks, gy? Whyisitimportanttounderstandwhatmeantbythis? What ismeantby“doublegraceofunionthrough Christ”asitrelates toCalvin’s theolo - - - - —CHAPTER 14— - - - - - How would you summarize the nature and content of justification as decreed by the as decreed and content of justification How would you summarize the nature Council? salvation, and baptism. six-month discussion about justification? of the Council’s What was the result Highlight the differences between the theology of the Tridentine Council and the theolo between the theology of the Highlight the differences relates to justification, extrinsic imputation, concupiscence, specifically as it gy of Luther, What was the result of the Catholics and Lutherans working together to articulate the of the Catholics and Lutherans working together to articulate the What was the result document entitled, “Double Justification?” What was the cause of the Catholics moving to clearly define the terms used to de What was the cause of the Catholics scribe their theology? na? How would a premodern Catholic answer the question, “Are you saved?” the question, “Are Catholic answer How would a premodern bornWhat is meant by the form of philosophy in the 1300s by the name of via moder Explain how salvation, according to the Council of Trent, is both an event and a process. process. is both an event and a to the Council of Trent, Explain how salvation, according holiness through the performance of good works, perfected by grace. the performance holiness through justification as both an event and a process through which all believers must go. The Coun which all through an event and a process justification as both in and that believers grow salvation can never be certain of one’s argues that one cil of Trent In chapter 14, Donald Prudlo closes out part III of the Theologies of Salvation with the ensu the Theologies of Salvation with Prudlo closes out part III of In chapter 14, Donald speaks of Council of Trent, the through in which the Catholic Church, ing Catholic Reform, The Catholic Reform Reform The Catholic 14 Chapter 7. 6. 5. 4. 3. 2. 1. Discussion Questions Discussion Questions —CHAPTER 15— 5. 4. 3. 2. 1. Discussion Questions Theologies ofSalvationfrom theEighteenth-toTwenty-First Centuries both thenature andeffectsofsalvation. in rational,empiricalthinkingthistimeperiodreveal theneedfortheologianstoreexamine peting theologiesofsalvation.Thedawnandsubsequentgrowththerise ofmodernity and explainsthattheuniquecontextofthisperiodprovides anintriguingbackdrop forcom Reevesprovidesand GustavoGutiérrez. anoverviewofthissection Inchapter15,Ryan John Wesley, FriedrichSchleiermacher, KarlBarth,HansUrsvonBalthasar, KarlRahner, Part IV, ontheologiesofsalvationfrom theeighteenthtotwenty-firstcentury, covers Chapter 15 What ismeantbyLiberationTheologyandwhowasitsmainproponent? Explain howandwhyRahnerBalthasarreacted againstneo-scholastictraining. How wouldyouexplainBarth’s approach tosalvation? traditional claimsaboutChristianity? What wastheresult ofadvancesinscienceandtechnology inthenineteenthcenturyon teachings different thanthoseofFreidrich Schleiermacher? Spirit, onthetoneoftheologyduringeighteenthcentury?Inwhatwayswere his What istheimportanceofWesley’s theology, specifically, thesanctification oftheHoly - —CHAPTER 16— - What is the importance of “social justice” as it relates to Wesley’s theology? to Wesley’s justice” as it relates What is the importance of “social Explain how Wesley communicates Perseverance and Assurance in the Christian life. communicates Perseverance and Assurance in the Christian life. Explain how Wesley justification. and justification? what is the connection between regeneration For Wesley, Compare Wesley’s view of the doctrine of justification with the Protestant doctrine of with the Protestant view of the doctrine of justification Wesley’s Compare What are the major differences between Wesley’s understanding of the doctrines of Wesley’s between the major differences What are and the Reformed views of election and predestination? election and predestination of justice, mercy, and truth; so was man when he came from the hands of his Creator.” the hands of his Creator.” truth; so was man when he came from and of justice, mercy, doctrine of salvation? framework of Wesley’s How would you explain the theological Call? was full of love . . . God is full man at his creation “God is love: accordingly says, Wesley What makes John Wesley’s doctrine of salvation “eclectic” according to Thomas Mc doctrine of salvation “eclectic” according What makes John Wesley’s emphasis on God’s universal salvific will together with unlimited atonement. will together with unlimited universal salvific emphasis on God’s Wesley’s theology of salvation, though not unique in Christian history, as an important and though not unique in Christian history, theology of salvation, Wesley’s an though with theology of the early church, in the rooted view, unmistakably Protestant Thomas McCall begins this section with chapter 16 and an examination of the teachings and an examination of the teachings this section with chapter 16 Thomas McCall begins McCall writes of men of the eighteenth century. one of the most influential of John Wesley, John Wesley 16 Chapter 7. 6. 5. 4. 3. 2. 1. Discussion Questions Discussion Questions —CHAPTER 17— 7. 6. 5. 4. 3. 2. 1. Discussion Questions Friedrich Schleiermacher’s TheologyofSalvation “blessedness” inJesusChrist. the reality intheremoval ofsinandtheincorporationbelieverintocorporatelife lenges posedbymodernity, positingthatthesolutiontosinproblem inmanisfound salvation. Schleiermacher’s theologyofsalvation wasunique,directly confronting thechal In chapter17,JamesGordon provides anaccountofFriedrichSchleiermacher’s theologyof Chapter 17 fication. Redeemer asexplainedthrough Schleiermacher’s doctrinesofregeneration andsancti Explain howtheindividualexperiencesthatredeeming andreconciling activityofthe lates toSchleiermacher’s treatment ofChrist’s person? What istheimportanceofstatesGod-consciousnessexistinginChristasitre corporate lifeofblessedness? sinless perfection.”Whatdoeshemeanbythisstatementasitrelates toChristandthe the influenceofJesus, redemption iseffectedbyHim through thecommunicationofHis As notedinchapter17,Schleiermacherwrites,“Inthiscorporatelifewhichgoesbackto Compare hisunderstanding of“original”sinand“actual”sin. Schleiermacher understandssinasoriginatingwithinoneselfandoutsideofoneself. God-consciousness? For Schleiermacher’s theologyofsalvation,whatistheconnectionbetweensinand Explain howSchleiermacherapproaches histreatment ofsinandredemption. view different thanthe“magical”viewor“empirical”view? What ismeantbySchleiermacher’s “mystical”viewofChristiansalvation?Howisthis - - - —CHAPTER 18— - - What is the result of Barth’s soteriological objectivism on the extent of salvation for hu soteriological of Barth’s What is the result mans? relates to his soteriology? to relates to his view of sanctification? doctrine of reconciliation What is the importance of Barth’s What’s the connection between Barth’s doctrine of election and his doctrine of God as it doctrine of election the connection between Barth’s What’s ation connect to salvation for Barth? soteriology? central to Barth’s Explain how the term “in Christ” is What is meant by “creation is the beginning of the Heilsgeschichte” and how does cre What is meant by “creation who has chosen to be God in a particular way: in Christ. to be God in a particular way: in who has chosen elected man, where the active and passive election of the Son provides the basis for the the basis passive election of the Son provides the active and elected man, where primarily the gift of the God of salvation men and women. Salvation is election of individual Part IV continues with Tom Greggs chapter 18 on Karl Barth, one of the most important Karl Barth, one of the most important chapter 18 on Greggs with Tom Part IV continues God and the For Barth, Christ is both the electing twentieth century. theologians of the Karl Barth 18 Chapter 5. 4. 3. 2. 1. Discussion Questions Discussion Questions —CHAPTER 19— Friedrich Schleiermacher’s TheologyofSalvation 6. 5. 4. 3. 2. 1. Discussion Questions in Christ. conception oftheperson,distinctiveviewssin,andscopereconciliation ofGod for theneoscholastictheologicalmethod,andtheirdifferences, whichprimarilyexistintheir Dickens explores boththesimilaritiesbetweenthesetwotheologians,suchastheirdisdain Balthasar andRahner, eminentRomanCatholic,Jesuittheologiansofthetwentiethcentury. In chapter19,W. T. Dickensprovides anaccountofthetheologysalvationforboth Chapter 19 8. 7. means ofwhichsomeonecancometoacceptand actinaccordance withthe giftof In yourownwords, explainhowdidRahnerandBalthasar envisionedtheprocess by with God. differ overhowthelife,death,and resurrection ofJesusChrist reconciled thecosmos somanysimilaritiesintheirtheologies,explainhowRahner and Balthasarcould With they alsodiffered ontheirviewofsininsomeways. What were theirdifferences? deed thatviolatesadivinelyordained andecclesiastically enforced codeofconduct,but Both RahnerandBalthasarrejected assimplisticthecommonnotionofsinaspecific ment? How wasBalthasar’s argumentagainstneoscholasticismdifferent thanRahner’s argu meant byRahner’s “aprioripossibilityonman’s part”ofbeingorientedtoGod? How wouldyousummarizeRahner’s argumentagainstneoscholasticism?Whatis neoscholasticism. Compare thestrategiesthatBalthasarandRahneremployedtoameliorateeffectsof his viewoftheCatholicChurch as inclusive? What ismeantbyRahner’s “anonymousChristianity”andhowdoesthisconnectwith material andorganiccreation anditsmouthpiecebefore God?” What wasmeantbyBalthasar’s statementthathumansare “thesummitofthewhole resurrection ofJesusChrist. forgiveness anddeepeningcommunionwithGod madeavailableinthelife,death,and - —CHAPTER 20— - - - of liberation theology? Gutiérrez captures the material sense of poverty when he describes it as “death before the material sense of poverty when he describes it as “death before captures Gutiérrez option for the poor an important aspect that end, why is the preferential time.” To one’s According to liberation theology, what is the result of Jesus’ resurrection and how is this of Jesus’ resurrection what is the result to liberation theology, According the subject of Jesus Christ? treats important to the way in which Gutiérrez How would you explain the role of Jesus Christ in Gutiérrez’s liberation theology? of Jesus Christ in Gutiérrez’s How would you explain the role the “utopian-historical” level of meaning? first two. level of the meaning of liberation with the the third Compare What is the significance of the term “liberation” by the socioeconomic level meaning? What is the significance of the term the socioeconomic level of meaning of liberation and What is the connection between its usefulness in signifying what Christians mean by salvation? its usefulness in signifying what Christians What was the result of Gutiérrez move to identify “three reciprocally interpenetrating lev interpenetrating reciprocally move to identify “three of Gutiérrez What was the result that demonstrate the complexity of the term and els of meaning” of the term liberation What is meant by “integral salvation” and how is this a move away from a quantitative a quantitative and how is this a move away from What is meant by “integral salvation” view of salvation? ings with God and among themselves.” Explain how in the simplicity of this statement ings with God and among themselves.” lies the complexity of liberation theology. Gustavo Gutiérrez offers a basic definition of salvation: “the communion of human be offers a basic definition of salvation: “the communion of human Gustavo Gutiérrez tionship with God the Father who produces human flourishing. the Father who produces tionship with God communion of humans with one another and with God, found not necessarily in a forensic forensic God, found not necessarily in a with one another and with communion of humans in rela to an economic transaction, but works, or exclusive claim declaration, meritorious In chapter 20, Michal Edward Lee seeks to explain the soteriology of Gustavo Gutiérrez, one Gustavo Gutiérrez, seeks to explain the soteriology of Lee Edward In chapter 20, Michal on the of salvation is centered theology Gutiérrez’s liberation theology. of the founders of Gustavo Gutiérrez Gustavo 20 Chapter 9. 8. 7. 6. 4. 5. 3. 2. 1. Discussion Questions Discussion Questions