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Home , 321 BC, 323 BC, Anthemus, Antipater, Arrhidaeus, Battle of the Hydaspes

Council in , 323 BCE

CRISIS BACKGROUND GUIDE

Vancouver Model United Nations The Nineteenth Annual Session | February 14–16, 2020

Dear Delegates, Steven Long Co-Secretary-General My name is Audrea Wang and on behalf of Mikael Borres, Alan Ren, and myself, I’d like to warmly welcome all of you to the Advanced Crisis Committee at VMUN 2020. I am Alex Shojania currently attending Port Moody Secondary School as a Grade 12 student in the Co-Secretary-General International Baccalaureate Program, and have been participating in Model UN for 4 years. As someone with a great passion for research, MUN greatly expanded my knowledge in international affairs and current events. It has also helped me gain confidence in public speaking, leadership, and writing. I hope that through your experience with MUN, you will Jessica Lin gain many cherished memories and skills you can take with you for years to come. Chief of Staff ACC will be set in June 323 BCE, following the death of the Great. Left with the Albert Chen massive Macedonian and no appointed heir, military generals and royalty alike Director-General must work with and against each other to appoint a new emperor, fulfill personal objectives, and prevent the collapse of the empire Alexander spent thirteen year creating.

Brim with betrayals, ulterior motives and assassinations, ACC is a multi-sided crisis like Jamin Feng no other. It will challenge delegates of all experience levels and force you to think critically USG General Assemblies on your feet. Nevertheless, I encourage you all to explore different schemes and tactics than what is historically accurate, and to be creative risk takers when you step into Ronald committee session. I look forward to meeting you! USG Specialized Agencies Sincerely, Carol Lu USG Conference Audrea Wang ACC Director Christopher Bong USG Finance

William Tsai USG Delegate Affairs

Vivian Gu USG Delegate Affairs

Christina Su USG Design & Position Paper Policy

What is a Position Paper?

A position paper is a brief overview of a ’s stance on the topics being discussed by a particular committee. Though there is no specific format the position paper must follow, it should include a description of your positions your country holds on the issues on the agenda, relevant actions that your country has taken, and potential solutions that your country would support.

At Vancouver Model United Nations, delegates should write a position paper for each of the committee’s topics. Each position paper should not exceed one page, and should all be combined into a single document per delegate.

For the Advanced Crisis Committee, position papers are mandatory, especially for a delegate to be considered for an award.

Formatting

Position papers should:

— Include the name of the delegate, his/her country, and the committee

— Be in a standard font (e.g. Times New Roman) with a 12-point font size and 1-inch document margins

— Not include illustrations, diagrams, decorations, national symbols, watermarks, or page borders

— Include citations and a bibliography, in any format, giving due credit to the sources used in research (not included in the 1-page limit)

Due Dates and Submission Procedure

Position papers for this committee must be submitted by midnight on February 7th, 2020. Once your position paper is complete, please save the file as your last name, your first name and send it as an attachment in an email, to your committee’s email address, with the subject heading as your last name, your first name — Position Paper.

Please do not add any other attachments to the email or write anything else in the body.

Both your position papers should be combined into a single PDF or Word document file; position papers submitted in another format will not be accepted.

Each position paper will be manually reviewed and considered for the Best Position Paper award.

The email address for this committee is [email protected].

Council in Babylon, 323 BCE ...... 3 Overview ...... 3 Timeline ...... 3 Historical Analysis ...... 4

Director’s Note ...... 4

Origins of Alexander’s Macedon ...... 4 Rise of Alexander ...... 5 Alexander’s Conquests ...... 6 Current Situation ...... 8

Military ...... 8 Persia, Media, , and the ...... 9 , , and Minor ...... 10 and the ...... 10 and ...... 11 Initiating Crisis ...... 11 Bloc Positions ...... 11

Perdiccas, Army General and Senior Commander ...... 12 , Army General and Regent ...... 12 Antigonus, Army General ...... 12 Seleucus, Army General ...... 12 Krateros, Army Commander ...... 12 , Army General ...... 13

Nearchus, Navy Admiral ...... 13 , Army ...... 13 Laomedon, Army General ...... 13 Atropates, of Media ...... 13 , Satrap of ...... 13 , Satrap of ...... 14 Roxane, Princess of Bactria ...... 14

Vancouver Model United Nations 2020 1 , Queen Dowager...... 14 , Son of ...... 14

Lysimachus ...... 14 ...... 15

Eumenes of Cardia ...... 15 Cynane, Princess of Macedonia ...... 15

Peithon ...... 15 Discussion Questions ...... 15 Bibliography ...... 16

Vancouver Model United Nations 2020 2 Council in Babylon, 323 BCE

Overview

Macedonia is “an ancient kingdom located in south-eastern , north of Greece, west of , and east of .”1 As the King of Macedonia, conquered much of the known world. Within thirteen years of his reign, he defeated the and created an empire spanning from Macedonia to India. In May 323, Alexander the Great returned to Babylon to rest and to plan his next campaign. However, after a dinner hosted by his close friend, he fell ill and his health steadily deteriorated until he was bedridden. Although Alexander handed his signet ring to , a senior officer, he never appointed an heir. He died in early June of 323, surrounded by his generals.

Perdiccas immediately called a meeting with Alexander’s other generals to discuss the future of the Macedonian empire. However, there was a conflict of interest over who should become the next king. Meleager, an infantry leader, considered himself to be second in command, and thus believed he had rights to the throne. On the other hand, Alexander’s wife, Roxanne, was pregnant with their child, who would become Alexander IV, and many believed that he should be handed the crown under control of a regent if he were a boy. Meanwhile, each general wanted a share of the kingdom to themselves. The Partition of Babylon refers to the distribution of among these generals, not a division of any empire of Babylon. Following the partition, however, Macedonia was war-ridden; the generals were unsatisfied with their allotted territories and they fought to reunite the kingdom.

Please keep in mind that ACC will be set before the partition was created, and it will be up to the delegates to determine the future of Macedonia.

Timeline

399 BCE — Archelaus is assassinated.

359 BCE — II’s reign begins.

356 BCE — Olympias, Philip II’s wife, gives birth to Alexander III (Alexander the Great) in , and Philip II defeats the .

338 BCE — Philip II leads the Macedonians to victory in the Battle of Chaeronea against the .

337 BCE — The Congress of , attended by all Greek states except , accepts Macedon as their hegemon.

336 BCE — Philip II is assassinated in and Alexander the Great inherits the throne.

334 BCE — Alexander the Great defeats the Persians and Greeks in the Battle of Granicus.

1 “Philip II of Macedonia Biography,” http://www.historyofmacedonia.org/AncientMacedonia/PhilipofMacedon.html.

Vancouver Model United Nations 2020 3 333 BCE — In the , Macedonians defeated Persian forces who were directly under the command of King Darius III.

332 BCE — Alexander the Great conquered , , and Egypt through the sieges of Tyres and Gaza.

331 BCE — In the decisive , Alexander the Great occupies Babylon and ends the ancient Persian Empire.

330 BCE — Allegations are brought against some of Alexander’s officers concerning a plot to murder him.

327 BCE — Alexander the Great marches his troops into India, invading modern .

325 BCE — After lengthy travels down the river Hydaspes, the Macdeonian Army reaches Indus.

324 BCE — Alexander holds a great victory celebration in .

323 BCE — Alexander falls ill to a high fever and succumbs to the unknown illness on July 7th without designating a successor.

Historical Analysis

Director’s Note

This guide will focus on the political, social, and strategic implications of trends across a number of years. Furthermore, delegates must understand the underlying implications of the ACC’s alternate timeline; that is, the events of the committee are not guaranteed to play out in the same manner as they did in recorded history. This applies to not only the outcomes of negotiations, but also significant factors such as Greek tactics, domestic affairs, and even the climate. That being said, the committee is also cautioned to observe proper contextualization, and not to introduce anachronistic elements that will disturb the flow of debate.

Origins of Alexander’s Macedon

The Macedonian Kingdom was founded by humble Hellenic emigrants from Argos. In its early years, it conquered and before being overtaken by Persia. When Persia was driven back in around 470 BCE, Macedonia was freed and began its conquests yet again. However, neighboring Greek grew increasingly hostile, and a powerful Thracian Kingdom threatened Macedonia’s destruction. 2 Luckily, the guidance of King Perdiccas I and his successors prevented disaster. One notable prince was Archelous, who paid close attention to military development and started infrastructure projects such as roads and forts.3 In 399 BCE, Archelaus was assassinated after a 14 year rule, prompting a long period of civil war. It wasn’t until Philip came into power that doubts about Macedonia’s longevity faded.

2 George Rawlinson, “History of Macedonia,” History of Macedonia, http://www.historyofmacedonia.org/AncientMacedonia/Rawlinson.html. 3 Encyclopedia Britannica Editors, “Macedonia | Ancient Kingdom, Europe,” Encyclopaedia Britannica, November 13, 2019, https://www.britannica.com/place/Macedonia-ancient-kingdom-Europe.

Vancouver Model United Nations 2020 4 Philip II was born in 328 BCE as the youngest son of King Amyntas III. Following his father’s death, ensuing attacks from neighboring kingdoms led to his kidnapping. Philip was a hostage of the Greeks and Thebes from 368 BCE to 365 BCE. Although he was only 15 years old at the time, Philip observed the military tactics of the prosperous Greeks, learning the value of military training, and by the end he was capable of conversing in Greek.4 When Philip returned to Macedonia, he immediately set to work in helping his brother King Perdiccas II establish a stronger military. However, Perdiccas was killed in combat in a battle against the in 359 BCE, along with thousands of other Macedonian soldiers.5 At this time, Macedonia was greatly weakened. Internal as well as external conflict brought the kingdom to the brink of collapse, and foreign powers were set on removing Philip from the throne. Despite the odds being against him, however, Philip was able to navigate Macedonia out of what could have been the end of the kingdom. He did so by buying off the Thracians with gifts, defeating an Athenian pretender to the throne, and establishing treaties with Macedonia’s hostile neighbors.

With the stabilization of Macedon, Philip focused on expanding the kingdom’s borders beyond its traditional territories in the marches and northern hills of Greece. At this point, most of the Hellenic world had been ravaged by wars between the major powers of Greece for the last century. This situation proved very advantageous for Philip, who joined in the against , Thebes, and Corinth. Set on establishing Macedonian over all Greece, Philip crushed the enemy alliance decisively at the Battle of Chaeronea in 338 BCE, ending the millennia old age of the Greek -state. Now ruling the entirety of Greece except for the rapidly diminishing Spartans, he would later establish the with himself as the first ruling .6

With Macedonian dominance assured, Philip moved towards his dream of a Pan-Hellenic war against the Achaemenid Persian Empire. To this end, he sent an expedition into Asia Minor in 336 BCE, ostensibly to free the Greek city-states on the Aegean Coast, but actually as part of a larger invasion. He would also invade and conquer Thrace during this time. However, he did not live to see any substantial invasion into Persia proper, for he would be assassinated later that same year.7

Rise of Alexander

There are a number of competing theories regarding Philip’s assassination. Some historians have placed the blame on Persian Shahanshah Darius III, while others believe that Alexander and his mother Olympias may have been the instigators of the plot.8 Regardless, Alexander moved quickly to secure his rule, removing any potential rivals upon acceding to the throne. His mother did the same, ordering the death of many of her nieces and nephews.9 Philip’s death also resulted in a number of revolts across Greece, which Alexander suppressed speedily and effectively during his consolidation of power.

4 “Philip of Macedon Philip II of Macedonia Biography,” History of Macedonia, http://www.historyofmacedonia.org/AncientMacedonia/PhilipofMacedon.html. 5 Ibid. 6 George Cawkwell (1978, Philip II of Macedon. 7 Ibid. 8 “Alexander’s Letter to Darius III,” Livius.org, August 26, 2016, https://www.livius.org/sources/content/arrian/anabasis/alexanders-letter-to-darius-iii/. 9 Joseph Roisman; Ian Worthington (2010, A Companion to Ancient Macedonia.

Vancouver Model United Nations 2020 5 Although Alexander is dead by the time of the start of the committee, it is important to understand some of the intricacies behind his rise to power. Though the heir apparent to Philip’s empire throughout his life, Alexander was not guaranteed the throne. Devoid of a formal code of succession, the throne could easily have gone to anybody. The same is true now, especially since Alexander died without a legitimate heir other than his mentally handicapped brother . Olympias’ actions during this time are also important. Far from the meek and politically inactive ideal Greek wife, she was deeply involved in the of her son’s kingdom. Accusations of murder plots aside, she moved decisively and quickly after the death of Philip to both establish her son and herself as the undisputed leaders of the fledgling empire.

Alexander’s Conquests

Upon securing the Macedonian throne, Alexander took up his father’s dreams of conquest. Before setting out for Asia, he first rode upwards into the , pacifying every tribe from Greece to the Danube River in 335 BCE. By doing so, he ensured that no threat would come to Macedonia from Europe. He would finally cross the Hellespont into in 334, beginning one of the greatest conquests in human history.10

He would into his first Achaemenid with 48,100 infantrymen and 6,100 cavalrymen, including the famous or hetairoi. 11 Even when taking into account the Greek habit of quartering soldiers in each newly-conquered city to pacify it, Alexander’s army did not waver in size throughout his campaigns.12 With this force, the largest that Greece had ever assembled, the young king would conquer all of Asia Minor and even parts of the Levant by 333.

At the Battle of Issus in the same year, Alexander would meet his making moment. Although he had already won one great battle at Granicus the previous year, this would be the first with him personally facing the Persian Shahanshah Darius III. Even with his grand army, the Macedonians were outnumbered almost 5:1 by ancient reckoning. Faced with an army that included close to 10,000 famous Persian Immortals, Alexander’s victory at this battle practically cemented his dominance in the wars of years to come.13

10 Flavius (323 BCE, The Campaigns of Alexander, Trans. Aubrey de Sélincourt. 11 Joseph Roisman; Ian Worthington (2010, A Companion to Ancient Macedonia. 12 Ibid. 13 Ibid.

Vancouver Model United Nations 2020 6

Alexander Battling Darius III at Issus, Mosaic, 100 BCE

Much of Alexander’s success at Issus can be attributed to advances in military strategy, mostly developed during Philip’s reign. Although the was a hallmark of Greek warfare for more than a century, it was the Macedonians that perfected it. For most of its history, the phalanx was a 10 by 10 formation, with 100 soldiers in total, with no requirements for experience or ability. The Macedonians took the same formation and expanded it to a 16 by 16 formation totalling 256 soldiers, with layers of veterans near the front and more novice soldiers closer to the back. Supplementing these infantrymen were the Hetairoi, the chosen companion cavalry of the king. Personally answering to Alexander and his bodyguards, these were some of the first shock- troops used in European warfare.

With a decisive victory won at Issus, Alexander would continue to blaze a trail across the known world. With no more armies of large enough strength in their way and with a fearsome reputation, the Macedonians cut across all of the Persian Empire in less than a decade.14 In 332 he would build a land bridge during the Siege of Tyre that still exists in the 21st century, ending his campaigns in the Levant and moving into Egypt. In that same year, most of the Kingdom would surrender without a fight, with only one notable siege at Gaza. Founding the famous at the conclusion of the conquest, Alexander was hailed as a liberator and the son of Ammon- thenceforth.15

Moving into Mesopotamia, Alexander would conquer the location of this council, Babylon, after the Battle of Gaugamela in 331. By 330 Alexander had conquered all of Persia proper and its historical capitals of Susa, , and , effecting Darius’ death in the same year. By the in 326, Alexander had reached the , conquering lands as as modern day Xinjiang and as far west as modern day Hungary.16 In that year, Alexander’s troops would finally mutiny in India, demanding that they return to their wives, children, and homeland in Macedonia.

14 Flavius Arrian (323 BCE, The Campaigns of Al exander, Trans. Aubrey de Sélincourt. 15 Richard Stoneman (1991, The Greek , London: Penguin books. 16 Ibid.

Vancouver Model United Nations 2020 7 Alexander would then lead the majority of the troops across the Thar Desert from the Indus, losing many in the march. A lesser portion would journey across the with the great fleet of . With his journey ending in Babylon, Alexander would hold great festivities to celebrate his conquests. He would fall ill with a fatal fever during this time with no obvious cause. With Alexander gone, it is now up to his generals and companions to both decide upon the fate of the empire and to avenge his death if necessary.

Current Situation

In the spring of 324 BCE, Alexander held a grand victory celebration in Susa to commemorate his successes in Persia. There, prominent Macedonian generals married Persian noblewomen in hope of securing Persia’s loyalty to Macedonia through mixed blood.17 Alexander himself married , a Bactrian princess, who would later become pregnant with his only child. Before Alexander began planning for the conquest of Arabia, however, he fell ill at a private party hosted by his friend Medius of . Contracting a high fever shortly after drinking from an allegedly poisoned cup, Alexander’s condition only grew worse, eventually leaving him unable to move or speak. Alexander died on June 27th, 323 BCE without naming a successor.18 At this time, Alexander’s child is unborn, meaning delegates of ACC should not assume the child’s gender. Alexander’s illegitimate son was only 10 years old.

Military

Alexander cultivated an army of around 35,000 men, with around 30,000 infantry and 5,000 cavalry. He was also supported by thousands of recruited from Greece and the Balkans. Moreover, after the subjugation of Persia, he incorporated an additional 30,000 Persian youth into his army, albeit to the Macedonians’ dismay. Throughout his reign, Alexander brought reinforcements for his conquests via sea or the Persian Royal roads. The long marches the reinforcements typically performed were strategic in that they displayed Macedonian power in newly conquered while also performing security operations along the way.19

17 “Philip of Macedon Philip II of Macedonia Biography,” http://www.historyofmacedonia.org/AncientMacedonia/PhilipofMacedon.html. 18 Ibid. 19 “The Logistics of Alexander the Great,” Visualized, April 19, 2016. http://militaryhistoryvisualized.com/logistics_alexander_the_great/.

Vancouver Model United Nations 2020 8

Persia, Media, Mesopotamia, and the Near East

Prior to his death, Alexander pursued racial fusion between Macedonians and Persians. However, the incorporation of Persians into the empire sparked animosity among Macedonians; Persian youth were receiving Macedonian military training and Macedonian men were forced to marry Asian women.20 Although the crisis was averted in 324 BCE through Alexander’s emotional reconciliation speech, nearly all Susa marriages were dissolved after his death, indicating that Macedonians still despised the idea of racial unity. Similar divisions exist among many of the territories conquered by Macedonia; each with their own unique cultural identities, they only remained under Alexander’s control due to his immense military prowess. In 333 BCE, a rumor of Alexander’s death in Greece sparked an insurrection in Thebes, suggesting that with Alexander’s absence, other nations under Macedonian control may also revolt.21

At the time of the committee, the former core of the Persian Empire is one of the most stable territories of the Macedonian Empire. A diverse empire formed from all kinds of people from to Bactrians, most of the citizens of the Near East are well-accustomed to foreign rule. If any revolts were to arise, it would most likely not be in any of these regions. Furthermore, Darius’ former empire also represents an immense degree of wealth: Mesopotamia is immensely fertile, while Media contains a great deal of . After Alexander’s conquest, these lands were handed out to trusted generals as satrapies, many of whom are represented in this committee. Delegates would be wise to hold these territories closely, while those without may gain much from attempting to take these fiefs.

20 Encyclopedia Britannica Editors. “Alexander the Great | Biography, Empire, & Facts,” Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2020, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Alexander-the-Great. 21 “History of Macedonia,” http://www.historyofmacedonia.org/AncientMacedonia/Rawlinson.html.

Vancouver Model United Nations 2020 9 Greece, Macedonia, and Asia Minor

Although nowadays thought of as two different , Greece and Asia Minor during the Classical and Hellenistic periods were exceedingly similar. The western coast of modern day is home to an immense amount of Ionian Greeks, who had originally founded Athens. Deeper into Anatolia, the derive much of their culture from Greece. Thus, the stability of Asia Minor and Greece are very much intertwined.

Although Alexander and his empire have become synonymous with Greece, there are some important differences between Macedon and the rest of . Legendary descendants of colonists from Argos in the Peloponnesus, the Macedonians had always been more closely associated with this region of Greece than Athens and the . However, even if Hellenic in origin, many Greek states still saw Macedon as savage. One step above the in Scythia and Thrace, to Greece Macedon was a foreign invader rather than a proper Greek .

By the time of this committee, Philip and Alexander had established their hegemony over the entirety of Greece. Save for Lacedaemonia, the territory of Sparta, which was already in decline by this time, Macedon and its regents dictated the direction of Hellenic power, policy, and economy. But the Greeks are known to be fiercely independent, and already rumours of revolt are coming in from Athens. Delegates should be careful of Greece’s attempts to free themselves of Macedonian rule, for the one that controls the center of the world’s culture could certainly also control the empire which springs from it. Currently, Macedonia, Greece, and a large portion of Anatolia is controlled by Alexander’s regent-in-absence, Antipater.

Egypt and the Levant

One of the most ancient centers of civilization, Egypt was a crown jewel in Alexander’s empire. With some of the most fertile floodplains in the known world, the Nile Kingdom would be a great prize for any ambitious general. During the conquests, this region was particularly easy in submission. Having suffered under Achaemenid Persian rule, the Egyptians were ecstatic to welcome the rule of the Greeks, with whom they had good relations. Taxation and exploitation is not of difficulty here, as the populace is rather accustomed to orderly and civil rule. Currently, most of Egypt is held by Cleomenes of , a Greek native of Egypt, but he holds no substantial army and could easily be pacified or put under the command of a more favored general or nobleman.

The Levant represents the modern territories of Israel, Palestine, , Jordan, Syria, and the Sinai Peninsula, as well as parts of southern Anatolia. Once home to the opulent maritime trade empire of Phoenicia, this region is rich in a different manner from Egypt. Centered on the crossroads between East and West, cities in this area have always enjoyed great benefits from tariffs and duties on trade. Also home to a wide range of industry from the famous Tyrian dye to pottery, the Levant is a great prize sure to enrich any delegate. Currently, it is divided into a wide range of satrapies, with most being of similar wealth to each other. Although the richest city of all, Tyre, was put to the sword and mostly depopulated during Alexander’s conquest, its location is still important for incoming and outgoing trade.

Vancouver Model United Nations 2020 10 Bactria and India

Far from the core regions of the empire, India and Bactria exist close to the fringes of the known world. With Bactria representing parts of modern day Kazakhstan, , Xinjiang, Northern , and the entirety of , most of this region has escaped the notice of any Greeks or Macedonians in years past. Occupied mostly by steppe, desert, and dryland, Bactria does not represent an especially rich region. The only Satrap close to this region represented in the committee is Oxyartes, who rules the region of Parapomisidae. Any delegate wishing to escape the conflicts that would surely erupt from the division of the empire may instead wish to establish a domain here, far from the ambitions of most other delegates.

Alexander’s domain in India did not extend very far into the subcontinent. Mostly relegated to modern day Pakistan and parts of Indian Punjab, he was stopped at the Hyphasis River by a mutiny of the troops. Although mostly covered in dense jungle, well-trained and powerful war elephants come from this region. Beyond that, however, little in the way of wealth is currently extracted from Macedonian controlled India due to the foreignness of its people and its distance from any centres of power. It would certainly be difficult to hold these territories in the years to come, and any who do would surely be occupied by revolts and administrative troubles. Anybody that does, however, would be able to count the as an instrument of war, as well as anything else that fertile and mineral-rich India could provide.

Initiating Crisis

At the Partition of Babylon, delegates must resolve two main problems. First, the successor of the empire. Alexander’s child’s gender had yet to be determined at this point, and even if the child were male, he would not be fully Macedonian. In addition, there would be at least 15 years before the child would be capable of ruling, meaning he would require a regent. A regent would act as a de facto ruler of the empire, and if delegates decide to proceed with this path, it will be necessary to establish a method of determining the regent. The second problem facing delegates is the allocation of control of the of the empire, or satrapies. These would essentially serve as power bases for generals if there were further conflict between successors.

There are two primary stances generals can take. One is to maintain Alexander’s empire in order to pass it onto his descendants or to eventually take control for themselves. The second is to try to establish rule over smaller parts of the empire. These stances are significant as both require support from other generals, meaning delegates should keep others’ goals in mind when discussing the future of Macedonia. Furthermore, delegates must consider the loyalties of Alexander’s army should any future battles occur.

Additionally, Alexander’s death still remains shrouded in mystery. Without an obvious assassination plot, an unlucky illness is certainly a possibility. However, delegates may find it expedient to attempt to find a possible culprit, as anybody dealing with suspicions of murder would certainly have no time for other politics.

Bloc Positions

Military Leaders

Vancouver Model United Nations 2020 11 Typically Macedonian noblemen, most of these military leaders are loyal to the royal family and wish to preserve Alexander’s kingdom. However, they disagree on who deserves greater authority as they are all crucial to Macedonia’s military might.

Perdiccas, Army General and Senior Commander

A member of a noble family from the of , he became a senior commander under Alexander after the death of (324 BCE). Upon Alexander’s deathbed, he was entrusted with his royal seal, giving him authority over the Council of Generals in Babylon.22 Perdiccas wanted to wait for Roxana to give birth and crown the child King Alexander IV if it were a son. This would effectively make him regent for the 15 years before the child is fit to rule.23

Antipater, Army General and Regent

One of Macedonia’s most valued army generals, Antipater served as a senior general under both Philip II and Alexander the Great. He worked as both a diplomat and a in Europe throughout his career, and is a royalist despite being opposed to Perdiccas’s authority.24 He is currently only regent of Macedonia proper and Greece, but believes that his rule should extend to the whole empire. Although he was removed as viceroy only weeks prior to Alexander’s death, his hold over Macedon remains strong at this time.

Antigonus, Army General

One of Alexander’s oldest army generals, he participated in a plethora of victorious military campaigns. Like Antipater, he is opposed to Perdiccas’s authority despite the signet ring being left with him.25 He is currently the satrap of .

Seleucus, Army General

A dedicated and capable army general who supported the expansion of the Macedonian empire and integration of Persians into Macedonia.26

Krateros, Army Commander

An experienced army general who was on par with Antipater with regards to Macedonian forces in Greece.27 He currently rules over a large swathe of Asia Minor from .

22 “Perdiccas,” http://www.historyofmacedonia.org/AncientMacedonia/Perdiccas.html. 23 “Perdiccas (d.321 BC. ” http://www.historyofwar.org/articles/people_perdiccas.html. 24 “Antipater (397-319.” http://www.historyofwar.org/articles/people_antipater.html. 25 “Antigonus.” http://www.historyofmacedonia.org/AncientMacedonia/antigonusI.html. 26 Donald L. Wasson, “,” Encyclopedia, May 29, 2012, https://www.ancient.eu/Seleucos_I/. 27 “Craterus,” Livius, April 21, 2019, https://www.livius.org/articles/person/craterus/.

Vancouver Model United Nations 2020 12 Meleager, Army General

A longtime officer that was not promoted despite his services. Meleager was opposed to Perdiccas’s authority and proposed that Arrhidaeus or should be chosen as king rather than waiting for Roxane to give birth.28

Nearchus, Navy Admiral

Admiral of the fleet under Alexander that made it possible for Greece to trade with India, he was one of Alexander’s closest advisors.29 Nearchus was also head of the grand fleet that ferried a portion of Alexander’s forces back to Persia from India.

Menander, Army Officer

Appointed by Alexander to command a body of mercenaries. During Alexander’s final years, he was the governor of .

Laomedon, Army General

A well respected army general who served under Philip II before becoming an influential general under Alexander. Laomedon is a supporter of integration, taking up the during the conquest.

Satraps

Atropates, Satrap of Media

Began working under Alexander after Darius III’s death in 330 BCE, and had his governorship of Media returned to him following his change in allegiance. Although his Persian descent made him unwelcome by many other Macedonian generals, Atropates’s delivery of Baryaxes, a notorious rebel of the province, to Alexander earned him Alexander’s favour.30

Peucestas, Satrap of Persis

Officer under Alexander who rose to fame in the City of Malli after saving Alexander’s life during a military campaign. He supported Alexander’s attempt to unify Persia and Macedonia by learning Persian and adopting Persian dress and customs.31

28 “Meleager (General: Ancient Macedonian General (0400 -0323 - Biography, Life, Family, Career, Facts, Information.” https://peoplepill.com/people/meleager-1/. 29 Judson Knight, “Nearchus,” Encyclopedia.com, December 6, 2019, https://www.encyclopedia.com/science/encyclopedias- almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/nearchus. 30 “ATROPATES,” Encyclopaedia Iranica, August 17, 2011, http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/atropates-aturpat-lit. 31 “PEUCESTAS,” Encyclopaedia Iranica, August 15, 2016, http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/peucestas.

Vancouver Model United Nations 2020 13 Oxyartes, Satrap of Paropamisadae

Roxane’s father, who was appointed satrap of Paropamisadae after Alexander conquered Bactria and took Roxane as his wife.32 Far from the politics of the empire apart from a vested interest in the success of his daughter, Oxyartes may benefit greatly from the establishment of a Greco-Bactrian realm if the power of Roxane wanes.

Macedonian Nobility

With little military power, Macedonian nobility rely on their wealth and connections to advance their goals. They are able to hire mercenaries and make under the table deals with army generals, as well as use their political influence to gain public support. However, each of Alexander’s former bodyguards, the somatophylakes, command sizable numbers of companion cavalry and . These men hold immense political power as well, and should expect support from some of the lesser generals of Macedonia.

Roxane, Princess of Bactria

Roxane is Alexander the Great’s Eastern wife, originally hailing from the Bactrian land of Paropamisadae. She is pregnant with his only legitimate child.33

Olympias, Queen Dowager

Philip II’s wife and Alexander’s mother, she was responsible for Alexander’s ascension to the throne following Philip II’s assassination. She strongly believes in the continuation of royal lineage through either Roxane’s unborn child or Arrhidaeus.34

Ptolemy, Son of Lagus

Son of a Macedonian General, Ptolemy was Alexander’s close friend when the two were young and eventually served as one of his bodyguards. He believed that Macedonia was too large for a single person to rule, and supported the division of the kingdom.35

Lysimachus

A companion to Alexander before he became King and bodyguard during Alexander’s campaign in Asia.36

32 “OXYARTES,” Encyclopaedia Iranica, July 20, 2002, http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/oxyartes. 33 “Settlement at Babylon, 323 BC,” Military History Encyclopedia on the Web, June 18, 2007, http://www.historyofwar.org/articles/settlement_babylon.html. 34 William DeLong, “Why Alexander The Great’s Mother May Have Been History’s Biggest Badass,” All That’s Interesting, March 8, 2018. https://allthatsinteresting.com/queen-olympias. 35 Rickard, “Ptolemy I Soter (367/6-283 BC, ” Military History Encyclopedia on the Web, July 5, 2007, http://www.historyofwar.org/articles/people_ptolemy_I_soter.html. 36 Rickard, “Lysimachus (c.360-281 BC, ” Military History Encyclopedia on the Web, July 4, 2007, http://www.historyofwar.org/articles/people_lysimachus.html.

Vancouver Model United Nations 2020 14 Leonnatus

An army officer and bodyguard, he is the same age as Alexander and was loyal and close to him, although he mocked the Persian customs Alexander strove to adopt. Leonnatus was also a supporter of Perdiccas.37 He is currently betrothed to Alexander’s sister .

Eumenes of Cardia

A Greek who served both Philip II and Alexander the Great as secretary and archivist, he was one of Alexander’s closest associates and eventually became a close follower of Perdiccas.38

Cynane, Princess of Macedonia

Alexander’s half-sister, she was trained in martial and became a widow in her twenties. Her main goal is to secure a future for her daughters, Adea and Eurydice, and to install her half-brother Arrhidaeus as king.39

Peithon

An extraordinarily wealthy nobleman from Eordaia who served as Alexander’s bodyguards. He was very powerful, and strove to increase his wealth and influence.40

Discussion Questions

1. Who is the rightful heir of Macedonia?

2. Is the kingdom better off divided into satrapies?

3. What is the best means for power sharing among generals?

4. How can revolts from conquered regions be prevented?

5. What is a just method of deciding on a regent if Roxane bears a son?

6. Is assimilation or domination more effective in maintaining loyalty from conquered regions?

37 , “Leonnatus - Livius,” Livius, December 16, 2019, https://www.livius.org/articles/person/leonnatus/. 38 “Eumenes of Cardia (c. 362 to 316,” Military History Encyclopedia on the Web, July 3, 2007, http://www.historyofwar.org/articles/people_eumenes.html. 39 Joshua J. Mark, “Cynane,” Ancient History Encyclopedia, November 27, 2015, https://www.ancient.eu/Cynane/. 40 “Peithon: Ancient Macedonian Military Commander - Biography, Life, Family, Career, Facts, Information,” https://peoplepill.com/people/peithon-3/.

Vancouver Model United Nations 2020 15 Bibliography

Walbank, Frank W. “Alexander the Great.” Encyclopaedia Britannica. November 13, 2019. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Alexander-the-Great.

“Antigonus.” History of Macedonia. http://www.historyofmacedonia.org/AncientMacedonia/antigonusI.html.

Rickard, J. “Antipater (397-319).” Military History Encyclopedia on the Web. July 3, 2007. http://www.historyofwar.org/articles/people_antipater.html.

“ATROPATES.” Encyclopaedia Iranica. August 17, 2011. http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/atropates- aturpat-lit.

Lendering, Jona. “Craterus.” Livius. April 21, 2019. https://www.livius.org/articles/person/craterus/.

Mark, Joshua J. “Cynane.” Ancient History Encyclopedia. November 27, 2015. https://www.ancient.eu/Cynane/.

“Eumenes of Cardia (c. 362 to 316).” Military History Encyclopedia on the Web. July 3, 2007. http://www.historyofwar.org/articles/people_eumenes.html.

Rawlinson, George. “History of Macedonia.” History of Macedonia. http://www.historyofmacedonia.org/AncientMacedonia/Rawlinson.html.

Lendering, Jona. “Leonnatus.” Livius. December 16, 2019. https://www.livius.org/articles/person/leonnatus/.

Rickard, J. “Lysimachus (c.360-281 BC).” Military History Encyclopedia on the Web. July 4, 2007. http://www.historyofwar.org/articles/people_lysimachus.html.

The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. “Macedonia.” Encyclopaedia Britannica. November 13, 2019. https://www.britannica.com/place/Macedonia-ancient-kingdom-Europe.

“The Logistics of Alexander the Great.” Military History & Visualizations. April 19, 2016. http://militaryhistoryvisualized.com/logistics_alexander_the_great/.

Knight, Judson. “Nearchus.” Encyclopedia.com. December 6, 2019. https://www.encyclopedia.com/science/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/nearchus.

“OXYARTES.” Encyclopaedia Iranica. July 20, 2002. http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/oxyartes.

PeoplePill. “Meleager (General): Ancient Macedonian General (0400-0323) - Biography, Life, Family, Career, Facts, Information.” https://peoplepill.com/people/meleager-1/.

“Peithon: Ancient Macedonian Military Commander - Biography, Life, Family, Career, Facts, Information.” https://peoplepill.com/people/peithon-3/.

“Perdiccas.” History of Macedonia. http://www.historyofmacedonia.org/AncientMacedonia/Perdiccas.html.

Rickard, J. “Perdiccas (d.321 BC).” Military History Encyclopedia on the Web. July 2, 2007. http://www.historyofwar.org/articles/people_perdiccas.html.

“PEUCESTAS.” Encyclopaedia Iranica. August 15, 2006. http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/peucestas.

Vancouver Model United Nations 2020 16 “Philip of Macedon Philip II of Macedonia Biography.” http://www.historyofmacedonia.org/AncientMacedonia/PhilipofMacedon.html.

Rickard, J. “ (367/6-283 BC).” Military History Encyclopedia on the Web. July 5, 2007. http://www.historyofwar.org/articles/people_ptolemy_I_soter.html.

Wasson, Donald L. “Seleucus I Nicator.” Ancient History Encyclopedia. May 29, 2012. https://www.ancient.eu/Seleucos_I/.

Rickard, J. “Settlement at Babylon, 323 BC.” Military History Encyclopedia on the Web. June 18, 2007. http://www.historyofwar.org/articles/settlement_babylon.html.

DeLong, William. “Queen Olympias — The Bad-Ass Mother Of Alexander The Great.” All That’s Interesting. March 8, 2018. https://allthatsinteresting.com/queen-olympias.

Arrian, Flavius. The Campaigns of Alexander. Trans. Aubrey de Sélincourt. 323 BCE.

Cawkwell, George. Philip II of Macedon. 1978.

Roisman, Joseph; Worthington, Ian. A Companion to Ancient Macedonia. 2010.

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