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Kosova'da Din Değiştirmenin Psiko-Sosyolojik Etkenleri

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Kosova'da Din Değiştirmenin Psiko-Sosyolojik Etkenleri T.C. ULUDAĞ ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ FELSEFE VE DİN BİLİMLERİ ANA BİLİM DALI DİN PSİKOLOJİSİ BİLİM DALI KOSOVA’DA DİN DEĞİŞTİRMENİN PSİKO-SOSYOLOJİK ETKENLERİ (YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ) İlir RAHİMİ BURSA - 2013 T.C. ULUDAĞ ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ FELSEFE VE DİN BİLİMLERİ ANA BİLİM DALI DİN PSİKOLOJİSİ BİLİM DALI KOSOVA’DA DİN DEĞİŞTİRMENİN PSİKO-SOSYOLOJİK ETKENLERİ (YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ) İlir RAHİMİ Danışman Doç.Dr. İbrahim GÜRSES BURSA 2013 ÖZET Üniversite : Uludağ Üniversitesi Enstitü : Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Anabilim Dalı : Felsefe ve Din Bilimleri Bilim Dalı : Din Psikolojisi Tezin Niteliği : Yüksek Lisans Tezi Sayfa Sayısı : xii +158 Mezuniyet Tarihi :…../…../2013 Tez Danışmanı : Doç. Dr. İbrahim GÜRSES KOSOVA’DA DİN DEĞİŞTİRMENİN PSİKO –SOSYOLOJİK ETKENLERİ Kosova’da din değiştirme problemi geçmişte olduğu gibi günümüzde de devam etmektedir.Sadece yöntem değişmiştir. Önceleri kişilerin dini, baskıyla değiştirilirken günümüzde demokratik özgürlükler adı altında insanlara din değiştirmeleri konusunda psikolojik ve sosyolojik baskılar yapılmaktatır. Bugün bütün dünyada olduğu gibi Kosova’da da din değiştirmeye yönelik propagandalar tüm hızıyla devam etmektedir. Kosova’da din değiştirme olayları farklı sebeplerle gerçekleşmektedir. Kosava’nın sosyalist ve kominist geçmişinden ve tarihin önyargılarından beslenen olumsuz görüşlerle birlikte bütün dünyayı saran İslamofobia Kosova’da din değiştirmenin ivmesini artırmıştır. İslam karşıtı olan yabancı dini gruplar ve muhalif sivil toplum örgütleri etkili bir şekilde faaliyetlerine devam etmektedirler. iii Kosova’da meydana gelen son savaştan sonra NATO, UNMİK, UNHCR, WHO gibi askeri kurumlar ve yardım kuruluşları ile beraber birçok misyoner grup da Kosava’ya akın etmiştir. Şavaşın kaçınılmaz bir sonucu olarak birçok insanın yaşamını kaybetmesi, bazı şehir ve kasabaların yıkılarak adeta harabeye dönmesi, insanların evlerinden ve yurtlarından olması, yaşanan travmalar, misyoner grupların faaliyetlerinde ve istedikleri sonuçları elde etmelerinde etkili olmuştur. Böylece insanları daha kolay kandırabilmişlerdir. Yaşanan tüm bu olumsuzlukların yanında insanların dini cehaleti ve İslam hakkındaki bilgisizlikleri, İslam’a karşı bir önyargı oluşmasına neden olmuştur. Bu sebeple özellikle kültürel olarak müslüman olan ancak imanları yeterince kuvvetli olmayan kişiler dinlerini değiştirerek İslam’ı terketmişlerdir. Bu din değiştirme durumunun genel olarak merak, nefret, anababa ilgisizliği, karşıt propaganda ve beyin yıkama, ekonomik yetersizlikler ve önyargılardan etkilendiği gözlenmiştir. Anahtar Sözcükler: Kosova, Balkan, Din Değiştirme, Misyonerlik Faaliyetleri, savaş, Tarihi Önyargı. iv ABSTRACT Autor : İlir RAHİMİ University : UludagUniversity Institution : Institute of Philosophy and Religious Sciences Characteristic of : Master DegreeThesis Thesis Dicipine : Psychology of Religion Page Number : xii + 158 Degree Date :……/…../2013 Supervisor (s) : Assoc. Prof. İbrahim GÜRSES PSYCHO SOCIOLOGICAL CONVERTING FACTORS İN KOSOVA Both in the past and nowdays, people are bound to converting religion which is a common phenomenon of any country that has gone through transition. As well as individual conversion events which took place in the various forms of massivness, also due to various reasons and is also a well known fact. Examining the psycho-social factors that affect change of religion for a long time people of Kosova remaining under the influence of communism-socialism began paying less attention to religion. Kosova, is a country where Muslims constitute the majority of population where most of that majority consists of young generations. Today as in the past, still negative attitudes towards Islam and opposing the Islamic religion and the activities is in continuity. According to our awareness, if you do not comply with the culture of that country than that country regime controls and many negative effects may continue occuring. Kosova is an example of that country. As in ancient times still occuring the same politics or methods now days. Immediately after the war ended in Kosova; NATO, UNMIK, OSCE, UNHCR were established as well as many other associations and organizations. As a result of destruction of cities and the loss of human lives after the war, lot of people experienced a major trauma in Kosovo. Although we have met a lot of these associations and organizations, other hidden mission activities began to be established. Poverty and helplessness of people of Kosova have taken advantage of this v environment, the foreign missions found people of our country as an opportunity of beganning to make experiments. Majority of families-had lost their relatives, siblings, parents during the war. This was a golden opportunity for those missions. Key Words: Kosova, Balkans, Conversion, Apostasy, Missionary. vi ÖNSÖZ Gerek geçmişte gerekse günümüzde insanların, bağlı oldukları dini terk ederek bir başka dine geçmeleri ara sıra gözlenen bir sosyal olaydır. Bireysel olduğu kadar kitlesel de gerçekleşebilen din değiştirme farklı biçimlerde olduğu gibi, değişik sebep ve faktörlere bağlıdır. Bu durum Kosova halkı için şöyle izah edilebilir: Uzun süre Komünizm–Sosyalizm etkisi altında yaşayan Kosavalılar İslam dinine uzak kalmış ve kültürel bir erozyonla yaşam tarzını değiştirmiştir. Kosova nüfusunun çoğunluğunu Müslümanlar oluşturmakta ve halkın çoğu gençlerden oluşmaktadır. Ve halen geçmişte olduğu gibi günümüzde de İslam dinine ve İslam’a karşı olumsuz tutumlar ve karşıt faaliyetler devam etmektedir. Bildiğimiz üzere eğer bir ülke kendi kültürüne uymayan başka rejimlerin etkisi altında kalırsa o ülkede pek çok olumsuzluklar meydana gelebilir ve birçok yabancı unsurun hedefi haline gelebilir. Mesela 2007-2008 yılında Kosava Gjilan’da İstanbul Derneğinde gönüllü olarak çalıştım. Bu çalışmalarım esnasında tanıştığım gençlerin bir misyoner grup tarafından nasıl kuşatıldığını gördüm. Kosava halkının nasıl bir tehlikeyle karşı karşıya olduğunu fark edince bugün bu teze konu olan meseleyi araştırmaya karar verdim. Çalışmalarıma ilk önce İstanbul İSAM Kütüphanesi, Kosava Arşivi/Piriştine ve Arnavutluk Devlet Arşivi/Tiran’da araştırmalar yaparak başladım ve bugün bu hale geldi. Bu çalışma dört bölümden oluşmaktadır. Birinci bölüm teorik olarak konuyu vaaz etmekte, ikinci bölüm Kosova’da yaşayan halklar ve dinleri hakkında bilgi vermekte, üçüncü bölüm günümüz Kosova’sındaki din değiştirme ve propagandaların arka planını anlatmakta, dördüncü bölüm ise mülakat ve tablolardan ve onlarla ilgili değerlendirmelerden oluşmaktadır. Bu çalışmayı hazırlarken geçen süre içinde bizden maddi ve manevi desteğini esirgemeyen değerli aileme teşekkür borçluyum. Bu araştırmanın konu seçiminden tamamlanma aşamasına varıncaya kadar her türlü yardım ve desteği esirgemeyen, yaptığı öneri ve getirdiği farklı bakış açıları beni yönlendiren danışman hocam Doç. Dr. İbrahim GÜRSES’e ve Prof. Dr. Hayati HÖKELEKLİ’ye ve Türk Dili ve Edebiyatı öğretmeni Seyit Ahmet ERCAN Bey’e teşekkür ederim... İlir RAHİMİ Bursa, 2013 viii İÇİNDEKİLER TEZ ONAY SAYFASI......................................................................................................... ii ÖZET ................................................................................................................................... iii ABSTRACT...........................................................................................................................v ÖNSÖZ ............................................................................................................................... vii İÇİNDEKİLER ....................................................................................................................ix KISALTMALAR ............................................................................................................... xii GİRİŞ .....................................................................................................................................1 I. Araştırmanın Konusu.......................................................................................................1 II. Araştırmanın Amacı .......................................................................................................1 III. Araştırmanın Önemi......................................................................................................2 IV. Araştırmanın Yöntemi ..................................................................................................3 V. Araştırma ile İlgili Temel Çalışmalar.............................................................................3 A. BatıdaYapılan Çalışmalar...........................................................................................3 B. Kosova’da Yapılan Çalışmalar ...................................................................................4 C. Türkiye’de Yapılan Çalışmalar:..................................................................................5 BİRİNCİ BÖLÜM KAVRAMSAL ÇERÇEVE I. DİN DEĞİŞTİRME VE DİNİ DÖNÜŞÜM KAVRAMLARI........................................7 A. Batı Dillerinde Din Değiştirme ve Dini Dönüşüm: Conversion.................................7 B. İslam Kültüründe Din Değiştirme: “İhtida ve İrtidat”..............................................10 II. DİNDEĞİŞTİRME – KİŞİLİK İLİŞKİSİ ....................................................................14 III. DİN DEĞİŞTİRME TEORİLERİ...............................................................................19 ix A. Psikanalitik Teoriler .................................................................................................20
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