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Spatialized Corporatism Between Town and Countryside

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Spatialized Corporatism Between Town and Countryside SHS Web of Conferences 63, 02003 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20196302003 MODSCAPES 2018 Spatialized corporatism between town and countryside 1,1 Francesca Bonfante 1Politecnico di Milano, ABC Department of Architecture, Built Environment and Construction Engineering, 20133 Milan, Italy. Abstract. This contribution deals with the relationship between town planning, architectural design and landscape in the foundation of “new towns” in Italy. In doing so, I shall focus on the Pontine Marshes, giving due consideration to then emerging theories about the fascist corporate state, whose foundation act may be traced back to Giuseppe Bottai’s “Charter of Labour”. This political-cultural “model” purported a clear hierarchy between settlements, each bound for a specific role, for which specific functions were to be assigned to different parts of the city. Similarly, cultivations in the countryside were to specialise. In the Pontine Marshes, Littoria was to become a provincial capital and Sabaudia a tourist destination, Pontinia an industrial centre and Aprilia an eminently rural town. Whereas the term “corporatism” may remind the guild system of the Middle Age, its 1930s’ revival meant to effectively supports the need for a cohesive organization of socio-economic forces, whose recognition and classification was to support the legal-political order of the state. What was the corporate city supposed to be? Some Italian architects rephrased this question: what was the future city in Italy of the hundred cities? Bringing to the fore the distinguishing character of the settlements concerned, and based on the extensive literature available, this contribution discusses the composition of territorial and urban space, arguing that, in the Pontine Marshes, this entails the hierarchical triad farm-village-city, as well as an extraordinary figurative research at times hovering towards “classicism”, “rationalism” or “picturesque”. Composition and figuration are therefore not homogeneous, nor mere expressions of the fascist regime. They show instead a constant research, between aesthetics and practice, of an idea of modern city, of public space, of balance between city and countryside. Introduction The literature on the transformation of the Pontine Marshes and the construction of the “new towns” is very broad and belongs to the different fields of knowledge directly involved in the project of “integral reclamation”, from economy to politics, from agronomy to history of the landscape, from geology to hydrography, from urban planning to architecture. It is therefore difficult to untangle the complex interweaving of 1 Corresponding author: [email protected] © The Authors, published by EDP Sciences. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). SHS Web of Conferences 63, 02003 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20196302003 MODSCAPES 2018 knowledge available and the many contemporary criticisms made at the time and after the project. Numerous comparisons have rightly been made by various authors among the Pontine Marshes project and other contexts, from the plans of the Tennessee Valley Authority in the United States at the time of the New Deal to the new settlements designed during the early years of Soviet Five-Year Plans, to the extensive land reforms carried out in the Netherlands, Romania, Germany, Czechoslovakia to stabilize as much of the population as possible and avoid immigration into the towns. Many studies on Italian architecture and urban planning of interwar time (mostly published in the 1970s and 1980s) deal with the intricate political and cultural events of fascist Italy, often criticising projects undertaken in the Pontine Marshes. These authors put into question the actual ability of the Fascist regime to organically plan economy, society and territory, while stigmatising Italian architects who embraced rationalism for compromising “form” and “ideology”, rather than finding real alternatives to regime architecture [1, 2, 3, 4]. However, beyond propaganda, the reclamation of the Pontine Marshes is a key case study to question the relationship between the actual building sites and the ideas behind them, between methods, results and contradictions of the fascist territorial management. There are still some open questions about the role played by the rural alternative (integral reclamation, internal colonization, expulsion of the proletariat in the semi-rural and working-class suburbs), in accelerating or slowing down the reorganization of cities or in forming integration between town and countryside, rather than in the affirmation of the various architectural theories and poetics. When considering the relationship between town and country, it is useful to remember how over time attitudes to the landscape have changed. In recent years, the complex distinction between the rural and urban landscape in densely urbanized areas has led geographers to devise terms like “rurban”, “rural-urban continuum”, “peri-urban”, “urbanised countryside”. Terms sometimes with very different meanings, coined mainly in the context of sociological and geographical research. Precisely for this reason, it would seem appropriate to interpret the story of the Pontine Marshes on the lines set out by Carlo Cattaneo in his studies of Lombardy: Ever since man’s destiny has been to live by the sweat of his brow, every aspect of civil society distinguishes him in this from the savages, civil society being an immense deposit of labour. It was labour that built the houses, the embankments, the canals, the roads. (...) Ninety percent of the land is not the work of nature; it is the work of our hands; it is an artificial homeland [5]. In other words, it would be useful to understand how the construction of this “artificial homeland”, despite the many contradictions inherent in this case study, has contributed to leaving an original settlement footprint and an important heritage of material culture. Taking these considerations as a starting point, this brief essay aims to delimit the field a reflection on the relationship between architectural and urban composition, functional specialization encouraged by corporate policies, new spatial planning, relationship between city and countryside. International debate in the 1920s and 1930s At this point we should remind ourselves of some of the “dominant themes” of the international debate following the catastrophe of the First World War. Everywhere, in various political contexts, the issues of whether and how to promote urban development and the new dimension of planning were being confronted; knowledge tools were drawn 2 SHS Web of Conferences 63, 02003 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20196302003 MODSCAPES 2018 up to study, predict and control population and activities in the area; new theories and new experiences were developed in the fields of architecture and urban planning. Green spaces, the satellite town, the garden city and, more generally, territorial planning, albeit still seen as a hybrid of the nineteenth century idea of urban expansion and the multiple authority area plan, were debated in 1924 in Amsterdam by government representatives, public bodies and professional associations to the International Federation for Town and Country Planning and Garden Cities. Fritz Schumacher, head of building for the city of Hamburg, supported a design which, instead of proceeding from the city to the surrounding territory, proceeded from the outside in to reconnect the urban area with the countryside, restoring “breath” to the city [6]. Furthermore, the issue of the rural house was part of the more general debate on social housing at the International Housing and Town Planning Congress held in Paris in 1928, while in 1935 in London rural planning was discussed together with the protection of the agricultural landscape2. Among the speakers from Italy at this latter event, Luigi Piccinato sought to overcome the distinction between town and rural planning, especially in countries such as Italy, where agriculture played such an important role. According to Piccinato it was “necessary to organize rural areas through the creation of a new economy for them” and, from this perspective, he considered the reclamation of the Latina area and the Pontine Marshes “the most splendid example” of the work carried out in Italy [7]. Governments and local authorities proposed interventions aimed at restoring the balance between the city centre and the countryside, as an antidote to the ongoing productive, occupational, social recession. Indeed, after the great economic crisis of 1929, quite apart from the different cultural directions taken, the need for centralised planning - or the corporatist organization of the state - was imposed as the rationalization of decision-making processes and management in the face of a remodelling of the agricultural settlement against the uncontrolled growth of cities. In particular, the housing sector offered a number of possible alternatives in terms of typology and settlement models, proposed directly or implicitly by the architects in the course of their experimentations; alternatives widely debated in the specialised magazines. High, medium or low-rise houses? Social services integrated into the housing or zoning by different functions? Rural villages spread across farmland, self- sufficient neighbourhoods in the outer suburbs or renovation of historic city centres? The
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