GEO IOGY

&

OF THE

SHOALHAVENSHIRE

J0HNG. PAIX, B.Sc. FOREWORD.

The Council of the Shire of Shoalhaven is pleased and proud to be associated with Mr. John Paix B"Sc" in the presenEation of Ehis report on the geology of the Shoalhaven shire" countless hours of painstaking research and sEudy have obviously gone into the preparation of this document "

The Shire is indebted to Mr' Paix, who as a science teacher at Nowra High School during the past five years, has applied himself diligently and earnestly to this marathon task, Indeed, I doubt whether any other single person has explored the terrain of this Shire as thoroughly as this young scienEist.

Mr. Paix now freely contributes his valuable findings for the instruction and benefit of those who come after him.

Thanks are also due to Wiggins Teape Shoalhaven PEy. Ltd. who generously donated the covers for this geogolical survey.

B.F. McINTOSH PRESIDENT"

12,1.68

L--- INTRODUCTION

This report is the result of five years study of the geology of this districi. ILs origin can be traced to a report written in 1963 enLitled "Geology of the ltrowraDistrict.". The purpose of this report was to provide information for teachers and pupils at Nowra High School relevant to the Geology just introduced into School Science. There has been a wider interest in 1ocal geology since that time, and it is felt that this present report will also be of use in the same way.

I have endeavoured to include all the information available to me at the time of writing. The reader will recognise that a great deal of the information could be obtained from the literature recorded in the Bibliography. However, the report contains much that is original and appears here for the first time in print. At best this report must sti11 be regarded as a sunmary. Further information in the form of maps and stratographic columns could not conveniently be included and I regret that a geological map of the northern part. of the Shire was not able to be printed in a satisfactory form for inclusion.

It is with deep appreciation that I acknowledge the ready assistance of many people living in the Nowra district. The actual production of this report is due to the generosity of the Shoalhaven Shire Council, whose facilities have always been available to me throughout the past five years. I must publicly thank Mr. R. Evans of the Shire Engineerrs Department who has always been willing to discuss problems and features of loca1 interest. My thanks also goes to the teachers and pupils of Nowra High School, r,ohohave made this report necessary. I regret that the late Science Master, Mr. K. Goodenough,did not see this report completed, for it was his enthusiasm that initiated it. I have also valued the many discussions with Mr. R. Young, whose knowledge of geomorphology has been of great benefit.

The identification of fossils is due to Dr. K. Campbell of the Australian National University, whose help in this matter is much appreciated. The Academy of Science has also played its part in the form of a donation towards the cost of a stereoscope and aerial photography. This contribution has also proved worthwhile.

The distribution of this report will no doubt provoke many corrunents Should any reader wish to contact the author, this may be done through the Shoalhaven Shire Council or the Nowra Hieh School.

John G. Paix. December, 1967

I I i I I tI TABLE OF CONTENTS

PaLe No.

Outline I

Chapter 1 Physiography. 2

Chapter 2 Geomorphology. J Chapter 3 Igneous Rocks. 8 Chapter The Sediments of the Basement. 15 Chapter 5 The Shoalhaven Group (Part I). 19 Chapter 6 The Shoalhaven Group (Part II). 23 Chapter The Shoalhaven Group (Part III). 25 Chap ter 8 The Sydney Basin - Final Stages. 27 Chapter q Structural Geology. 29 Chapter 1n Palaeontology. 30

Glossary. 31

Figures I - 44. 36

Locality Index. 66

Bibliography. 68

ADDENDA

The following pieces of information have come to light too late to be included in their rightful places.

Figure 16. Page 13. An additional large dolerite dyke has been located at the northern end of the beach, two miles south of Warden's Head. A basal-t sill is rumoured to exist in the upper part of the Bolong Road quarries, Coolangatta.

Fig,ure 25 and Page. 25. The sandstone delineated on the map are probably outcrops of several beds, and that referred to as the Brown's Hill Sandstone should be regarded only as the bed traceable from that locality.

Pap.e 27 . It is suggested that the Bomaderry Anticline is in part due to isostatic adjustment along the course of the Shoalhaven River. The area within the Nowra and Currumbene State Forests has been the subject of a great deal of investigation, but the thin-ness of the Nowra Sandstone here makes the interpretation of the Geology very difficult. i Parallel faults have been suggested to explain the structure 1 mile L east of the Princes Highway along the Currarong Road. l-

-1-

OL]TLINE

Tire Shoaihaven Sitire c.ccupies Lhe southernmost portion of a vast sedimentary trough whi.ch existed in Per:mianand Triassic time,

Extending from the Gunnedah disl::i-ct south to Lithgow, Marulan and Bateman's Bay, and including all the count.ry east of this line to the Pacj-fic ocean, the sydney Basin was part of a series of similar basins io,irichoccupied Eastern Australia at that time. (See Figure L.)

The old land surface which existed before the Permian period was Lhe result of several orogenic cycles, dating from cambrian through carboniferous time. By the beginning of the permian, some 270 million years ago, a range of high mountains existed in the south west, but much of the Shoalhaven district was comparatively 1ow lying. This basement of the Sydney Basin consists of altered sedirnentary rocks, with a number of Iarge acidic intrusions. Comparedwith the overlying younger sediments, there is a much Sreater lithological variety and the associated mineral- isation adds to its geological corpplexity.

Durlng most of the Permian period, the Sydney Basin was marine. There: lvere occasional outbursts of volcanic activity. Towards the end of the Permian and overlapping into the Triassic, non-marine sedirnents became dominant, indicating that the sea had receded towards its present boundaries (See Figures 2 and 3.)

After a long period of inactivity during the Mesozoic era, of which there is scant geological record, the Tertiary period was characterised by volcanic activity, climaxed by the Kosciusko uplift in the Ptr-iocene. By causing uplift of 2,000 feet and more, rapid erosion was initiated and the present landscape began to be carved.

i i

\ L r l- -2-

CHA??ER1.

PHYSrocRA!Li)'

Apart from sma11coastal stl:eaTns,tire wl:roleof the Sliire i-< rlrair.-,c by the shoathaven and c lyde River:-". By a s l-range turn of na r_ur-re. L6e Shoalhavenflows north before turning e€sr- to tlre coast, while the Clyde flows souttt before doing the same. Both streams display evidence of piracl, which will be discussed 1ater.

Figure 4 illustrates the major toposraphic divisions of the Shire. These can be directly related to the lithology of their underlving sLrata and to structural features.

Division A consists of KangBroo Va11ey and the adjoining remnanr-s ,rj the Robertson Plateau (including the Barren Grounds and the "Range". Cambewarra ) Its upper surface is characterised by Triassic sandstone cliffs, while the va1ley slopes and floor are composed principally of permian marine sediments, which have produced a more ferti. 1e soil.

The Alluvia1 deposits of the Shoalhaven estuary comprise Dirzision !. Also included in this area is a fringe of country underlain by permian sediments, whose soils form a contrast to the neighbouring barren sandstone

A large part of the Shire lies in Division C. Dominatetl bv the cliff formirrg Novrra sandstone and chara"t".i""T-lfr"nfdeep and spectacular gorges this division is a notable scenic asset" The Sassafras plateau, as it may be ca11ed, is seldom fertile and f ew of the va lleys have of fer:ed anv i.nrjui,e- ment to settlers. Mining has been the principaI attraction in the pasi ,.._ in the future the value of this area will be in its use as a catchnent aira and as a National Park.

DiulqiQl] q comprises the headlands of .Ter:vLs Bay, inclrrdirrg rl:+ CommonwealthTerritory. They are composed of Permian sandstone with considerable areas of wind blown sand"

From Falls Creek south to Conjola , lhe land remains largely u:;..1,.ared Despite its poor soil, Division E is a popular tourist area best_ known io:r its coastal inlets"

The area surrounding Milton is unique in the shire, and forms Divison F" It is underlain by an extensive monzonite intrusion which has weathered to form an exceptionally fertile soi1.

The Clyde River rises in the upland swampsof the Sassafras P1atea!.r " By way of a tremendous gorge, it makes its way south to Bateman's Bay and the sea. In the process, the Clyde and its \^Testern tributaries have expr,rse,J large areas of the old basement rocks which lie beneath the permian. Division G is composed of this terrain, muc-hof it very rugged and li bt 1e known except to bushwalkers.

The coastal fringe south of Urladulla resembles Division E" Numerouscoastal lagoons, fine beaches and rocky headlands characterise Division H" The.Permian outcrop gradually narrows until at Fial Rock, jusr north of Bateman's Bay, the basement rocks finally outcrop on the coast" This gradual encroacl-rmentmakes this Division appear very artificial, but it can be readily justified geologically.

The highest land to be found in the Shoalhaven Shire occurs along the south western boundary (The BudaroangRange) " Here Currockbilly Mtn. and Mt. Budawang both exceed 3,700 feet above sea level. Elsewhere, the permian I rocks exceed 3,000 feet only in the vicinity of I Quilty's Mntn. while north of the Shoalhaven Rvr., the average plateau i height of the is about 2,OOO ft. \I The highest point aDDears to be a t Carrie 1oo Tri o - - nnrrh nf Ronrtaa"ro -3-

CHAPTER2.

GEOMORPHOLOGY. Te

an The interpretation of the events of the last 50 million years is st naturally not a simple matter. We can be sure that at least once before ) that, the Shoalhaven area I,ras comparatively 1eve1. This was before the incursion of the Permian sea. an

The Prepermian Surface. of me This land surface was, of course, buried under a cover of permian ST sediments. The many deep gorges which intersect the basement rocks beneath the Permian, give us a picture of a reasonably level surface. There are, however, irregularities in this surface. In the yalwal Creek thr - Burrier district. the Permian sea appears co have blanketted an island 1i, with sediment. While the level of the Nowra sandstone gradually rises di: to the west, the level of the basement does not para11e1 it. r; fact, Tr: Devonian rocks can be found 300 feet higher up west of Grassy Gully than in be adjacent areas. A further example can be seen near the Wandandian tin sol mine (see Figure 5.) No doubt, many zuch basement highs could be located. er{ A basement low, the Talaterang Low, marks the site of early sedimentation ha< west of MilLon. bar (sr rn areas where the permian sediments were comparatively thin, (i.d., towards the edge of the Permian sea), recent erosion has exhumed this old Prepermian surface. south of Nerriga, there is a large area rhi 2r2 of leve1 country, which gives way to the dissected country of itr" Ctya" River in the east. As this surface is practically the same as that SOU beneath the Permian at Corang, making due allowance for a regional north- the westerly dip, it is very 1ike1y that this surface is practically the same as the existing 250 million years ago. A similar stripped unconformity is to be seen near Bungonia and Marulan.

The Devonian rocks of the Budawang Range st.and well above the highest level now occupied by the permian. Evidently this range (a Devonian synclinorium) has stood up as high ground from at least the Carboniferous. It is very likely that the Permian sea penetrated much further south than present exposures would indicate, at least as far as Braidwood, but these rel Devonian rocks have never been submerged since they were uplifted by the str Kanimblan orogeny during the Carboniferous.

Scattered Permian remnants in the Wellington-Mudgee district have Str revealed that the sea occupied a greater area than r,uasformerly supposed. As these sediments include varved shales, indicating the existence of 1. glacial conditions at the time, it is not unreasonable to suppose that feVl such conditions also prevailed in the shoalhaven. This poinl will be i tsr developed later, but a general picture of the landscape at the onset of sha: Permian subsidence suggests a comparatively leve1 landscape, with minor coul hills, backed by a range of glaciated mountains in the west.

As the subsidence which formed the sydney Basin began to lessen, oft sediment was deposited more and more towards the centre, not much further fa sl south than the present Cambewarra Range. In time, sedimentation ceased j oir artogether and the land remained low lying until the Tertiary. For the j un< want of other information, it can be assumed that the landscape approximated witt to a peneplain. the s atr the Tertiarv Erosional Levels. vrest the There has been little agreement about the erosional" levels developed _trt _

Geomorphologv(Cont'd. )

Tertiarv Erosional Levels. (Cont'd. )

One definite surface is that represented by the Tianjara mesas. With an area of several square miles composed of the Berry Formation, these mesas stand about 500 feet above the 1evel of the Little Forest Plateau (i.e. about 2,500 feet above sea level). There appears to be little active recession and the talus slopes seem to be crumbling to dust.

Similar, but smaller mesas occur at the Ettrema Tops, immediately east of the Ettrema Gorge, although at a stightly lower level. These may be merely structural as they do not appear to be made of the same silty sand- stones as the Tianiara mesas.

The age of the basalts south of the Shoalhaven River is apparently the same as those to the north. The rocks are lithologically similar, lie at the same level, rd and have both buried Tertiary valleys. The major difference is in the fact that the northern basalts lie principally on Triassic sediments, while those to the south lie on older rocks. This can be explained by assuming rin that the Triassic sediments were not deposited south of the river, which is likely, or that the basalts lie on a contrnon erosional surface. However, at :ed. the time the flows were poured out, uplift had already begun, since the valley )n of the Endrick River is older than the basalts. Tertiary sediments underlie the basalts on the valley slopes. (see Figure 6.)

The greatest difficulty in interpreting erosional surfaces in this area has been the reconciliation of the Cambewarra leve1 (about 2'200 feet) with the inclined surface formed by the dipping Nowra sandstone, south of the Shoalhaven River. Figure 7 gives a possible explanation of the origin of the present surface. l-

Stage I - Planation , ur! LJ - Stage 2 Initiation of uplift, beginning of erosion. Stage 3 - Outpouring of basalt. - stage 4 continuation of uplift, erosion to present surface. 1S. ln This interpretation makes the Tianjara mesas and the Cambewarra Range t'plateaut'largely 'E relics of the same original surface, and the Sassafras a structural feature.

Stream Piracy. I

1. Several streams in the Shoalhaven district display evidence of reversal or capture. The best knoron of these is the $roalhaven River itself at Tallong. Here the river, entrenched in a deep gorge, takes a sharp turn to the east, quite different from its hitherto northerlv course.

Figure 8 depicts some of the important features of this area. South of the Tallong bend, the major tributaries of the river join it in a normal !1. fashion, but east of it rallcwal ck., The Kangaroo River and Bugong creek join the river in a more unusual way. The first of these actualiy junctions facing upstream, r^rhile the other two bend sharply to conform "boathook nated with the shoalhaven, in a so called bend". This suggests that these streams originally joined a westerly flowing stream, perhaps itself a tributary of the ancestral Shoalhaven. This idea is strengthened by the fact that the l,rlingecarribee River, further north, does flow to the west and join the wollondilly, although it rises within a few miles of .!- the coast, as does the Kangaroo. -

-5-

'd Geomorphologv( Cont " )

Stream Pira cv , ( Conr ' .l \

The following is a possible reconstruction of the events leading to co: the present drainage system. prior to the Tertiary uplift, a scream, is which we sha11 calr the ancestral shoalhaven, flowld north, o""t the eal present rallong bend and united with other tributaries to iorm ttre ancestral wo11ondi11y. Numbered among its tributaries, south of Tallong was one which carried the waters of the Kangaroo and those streams c1: mentioned before" Ya1wal creek and its tributaries drained to the east.

uplift caused the incision of Yalwa1 creek and its tributaries, st( while the other streams remained in their former state. The vigorous in< erosion thus initiated progressively beheaded each stream in turn, of finally capturing the head of the ancestral Shoalhaven at rarlong. Nor, Thus the deep gorge between the Kangaroo junction and Tallong represents the reversed course of the former tributary which flowed to the west. "map dur Apart from- these deductions", a number of other pieces of Bec evidence can be brought forward _ 1at Tha (a) River gravel is said to exist at various points between the the Tallong bend and the wollondilly. This is to be expected if the river formerly took this cc^lrse. The gravel could also represent a former course of nearby Barber's creek, or simply be derived from permian tha conglomera tes. be Thi (b) The Shoalhaven gorge between the Kangaroo junction and Tallong the lacks the meanders which are commonabove and berow the gorge. This could abo be explained by assuming that this section of the river represents incised portion the of the former westerly flowing tributary. (c) per Ettrema creek, which is the major stream forming yalwal creek, is Riv entrenched in a wider gorge than the shoalhaven" Since both streams worl have intersected similar rocks in carving their varleys, and the width of the valley is dependent, not on the size of the stieam within it, but rather on its age, the conclusion can be drawn that Ettrema creek existed Sea before that part of the Shoalhaven now entrenched in the gorge.

2. The Clvde River. effr temtr A study of a map of the upper clyde River suggests that there has avel been capture here also (see Figure 9).- Three-,rpp"r tributaries of the give Clyde now drain into Boolijah Creek. One of the captured streams is now corl entrenched, unlike the nearby Clyde headwaters. Thir several lower tributaries of the c1yde, in particular Bimberamala creek, ioin the river facing upsteam, 'to which suggests that something int peculiar has happened these srreams. been f luc 3. Bomaderrv Creek. at 1

A glance at Figure 10 suggests that the head of this stream (i.e. Tapitallee creek) formerly joined the shoalhaven via Mulgen creek. is made This woul more probable when one considers the gorge through which the Pres lower part of Bomaderry creek flows. A reconstruction of events wourd the permit a stream, by minor _activated uplift, to entrench itself and the eventually behead the ancestral Mulgen Creet<. have Jerv rf this were so, then gravel of the type found in Tapitallee could creek Ba ter be expected in Mulgen creek. gr"v"i This would include jasper and the volcanic rocks of the cambewarra Range. However, none has been found and the fal1 of lurulgen creek does not particularly resemble that Tapitallee of and i Ck. We must put this case of rcaDture,,dntrn r^ d ^^ei^^ -t l- -6- I

Geomorphologv(Cont' d. )

? Bomaderrv Creek. (Cont'd. )

coincidences. i LU That Bomaderry Creek has always occupied its presenr course is not yet disproved, because there exists a broad va1ley about one mile east of its present course (in Bomaderry) which contains a misfit stream. rng-_o Climatic Changes. E. Laterite of Miocene age is known from a number of areas where silt- stone overlies sandstone at comparatively shallow depths. Such areas include the Navy Bombing Range at currarong, Kingrs point, ulladu11a, parts of the Turpentine Range and areas on both sides of the Shoalhaven. west of Nowra. (see Figure 11). ts Its presence indicates a former seasonally wet, tropical climate, during which time the water table was subjected to frequent fluctuations. Because of its relationship to the present surface, it appears that the laterite formed when the surface was similar to that which we see now. pliocene That is, it post dates the uplift. rn that case, it may represent the effects of an interglacial warm period" and may not be of Miocene age.

Measurement of the meanders of Brogerts Creek, Kangaroo Va11ey, suggests that this stream formerly carried 20 times its present discharge. This could be explained by a rainfall approximately twice as great as that at present. This is not 1ike1y to have occurred as long ago as the Miocene, since by now the stream would have adjusted itself, especially if the uplift occurred ould about the same time.

It would aPpear, therefore, that there has been at least one pluvial period in the past. Terraces associated with Tapitallee Creek and Kangaroo River are probably also associated with climatic changes, but much more work must be done to substantiate this. rt :ed Sea Level Changes.

The Earth has only recently emerged from the Quaternary Ice Age. Its ef fect on this district were threef old. Firstly, there were \,rorrd wide temperature changes which in this areas probably caused a drop of 10o in the average temperature. Secondly, the precipitation varied. From the evidence given above, rainfall certainly increased at one time, though whether this corresPonded to glacial advances or retreats elsewhere, is not certain. Thirdly, eustatitic sea 1eve1 changes modified the coast 1ine.

It is believed that the sea 1eve1 stood at a considerably lower 1evel geologically in the recent past. As at least four glacial advances have been detected in both Europe and North America, then the ocean probably fluctuated several times. At its greatest recession, the sea level stood at least 300 feet lower than at present, perhaps as much as 450.

The major effect of this was to permit the incision of streams r,rhich would otherwise have reached base leve1. When the sea rose towards its Present height, these valleys were drowned. Figure 12 Ls a reconstruction of the possible former course of the Shoalhaven. It must be remembered that the valley is drowned as far as Burrier even today and the sea may originally have reached the Kangaroo River junction. Other drowned valleys include Jervis Bay (part of currumbene creek), Lake conjola, Burrill take and k Batemants Bay. d nd The depth of silt in the shoalhaven River (e.g. at rhe bridge, Nowra and at Gypsy Point) exceeds 200 feet, and even at this depth, the silt contains shallow water shells. Similar shells have been dredged from the L continenta1she1f.fromdenthswhprpfhorrn^rr1rlnal -7-

Geomorphologv(Cont'd. )

Sea 'd. Level Changes. (Cont )

There is also evidence for at least one former higher sea reveI, and possible two' The higher of these stands about 50 feet above the present Ievel' but the only evidence observed. for it is a raised beach just of Bateman's north Bay. Here, about one mile north of North Head, an area of sirs on a flar cliff rop immediaEely above \i :::":fi;l.gravel rhe presenr s Evidence for a former level some 10 to 15 feet above today,s level is widespread. The existence of rock platforms along the N.s,w. coast has often been attributed to wave action at a former sea lever. This is I difficult to verify and will not be referred to again here. of more T significance are the shells which are frequentiy found in C Brundee " such areas as Swamp, part of the Shoalhaven ',delta,,. a S,r"h deposits suggest the presence of drained lagoons. Bores in this area frequently pass through t sand, shell beds and gravel, attesting the gradual submergence of the area at the close of the rce Age. Figure 13 is a reconstruction coast as it of the may have appeared 10,000 y""r" "go. S

Many of the coastar lakes (e.g. swan Lake and Lake bordered wollumboola) are by unusually steep banksr_ frequently set back some distance from the shore line. Figure 14 shows the situatitn about one a: entrance mile from the to sussex rnlet. such banks Ct appear io t" indications of a higher leve1. However, shell beds found on thern often prove to be aboriginal middens. Failure to recognise this could lead to serious confusion. Examples of these are to be seen at Gerroa, callara creek and Lagoon pt. 2,

SC TT va

be 8 AS mu rh Or De

hei fo: pr( Tht thr in1 flc The wit obs

3.

and the bat 7_ -6- F C}I,APTER3.

IGNEOUS ROCKS and Pre Upper Devonian Intrusives. nt rth This must be taken lo include a11 those intrusions of unkno\,nnage which apparently predate the Upper Devonian subsidence. Most of these are acidic, with associated minor basic intrusions. They are widely scattered.

Granite intrudes supposedly Ordovician sediments in the Wandandian- Coniola district. The largest area outcrops in Wandandian.Creek itself. Tin mineralisation is associated wit.h it. smaller outcrops occur at Conjola (beneath the Highway bridge), at Cooloo Creek and in several nearby areas. The rock itself is a pale pink colour, with a 1ow proportion of tc ferromagnesian minera 1s. ,I

The Touga granite is the largest granite area within the Shire. The Shoalhaven River intersects it. The rock resembles the Conjola graniLe and is associated with copper mineralisation.

Although no other granite areas of this age are known, several )n other areas approach the sh.ire boundaries (at Marulan, Bundanoon creek and Curror^/an). Each of these has also caused mineralisation. ler

) Upper Devonian Volcanics.

These foSm part of a sedimentary pile which runs in a narrow north south be1t. The rocks are of two distinct types - rhyolite and basalt. The Yalwa1 belt is isolated from the southern outcrops and shows more varie ty .

The Southern Belt, which runs from Clyde Mountain until it vanishes beneath the Permian near Sassafras, is essentially a synclinorium about 8 miles across. The volcanics form the base of the pile and are known as the comerong Volcanics. Rhyolite is the dominant rock type, and mudstones are occasionally found interbedded with it. Frequently the rhyolite or its associated sediments rests directly on the contorted Ordovician strata beneath. Basalt occurs in the southern part of the Devonian area, probably as a contemporaneous f1ow.

The Yalwal Belt is more complex. rt can be traced from near the head of Danjera creek to the shoalhaven at Grassy Gu1ly. The rhyolite forms extensive outcrops, which are frequently very rugged. rt has "eyest' prominent flow structures and frequently contiins of felspar. The black glassy bands emphasise the flow structure. At Grassy Gul1y, the rhyolites are auriferous. The basic rocks are of considerable interest. They seem Lo include both si1ls and flows. The contemporaneous flows are principally of vesicular basalt and are associated with tuffs. The cavities are frequently filled with chloritic material, and less often, with chalcedonY or qtiartz. The si1ls are somewhat coarser, and have been observed to transgress bedding planes.

3. Lower Carboniferous Intrusives.

The sediments and volcanics of yalwal are intruded by quartz porphyry and granite. The granitic portion of this intrusion tends to be tovoards the centre, thus thb intrusion is probably not a cupola of an unexposed batholith. The largest exposures are found in Bundundah and Yalwa1 Creeks.

The rock is typically red to reddish brown in colour, with a 1ow percentage of ferromagnesian minerals. There is no doubt that Ehe i intrusion has caused at least some mineralisation, since sphalerice, L nrrriia nnzl oo'lana lrotro L^^^ ^L-^s.'^A --! fL.:- +L^ -^^t- t -9-

IGNEOUSROCKS (Conr'd. )

4. The Gerringong Volcanics.

Marine sedimentation was joined by vulcanism during late permian time. The magma\,iESa.potassium - rich interrnediate type, known as a magma. .shoshonite The flows and si1ls which characterised this period have long been knov,n as latites, and this term will continue in use.

The volcanic centre evidently lay in the present Kiama-Gerringong district and a number of the flows are quite thin in the shire. However, the actual source is not known, and it would appear to have varied from time to time. ( t Harper, in..his 1915 report on the southern coalfield, refers ro two flows from the t'Termeil n Volcanic centre". The Murramarang Flow occurs interbeddedwithsandStoneofthePermianco''.ioffithof I Kioloa. Nothing more I has been reported about this occurence, which evidently resembles the Gerringong latites, although separatea from them by 50 miles. The Durras Flow forms an isolat"a ouicrop confined to the dummit of Mt. n"iE*Jnirock also resembles the Gerringong latites and is noticeably I porphyritic. rn some specimens the ferspar crystars are grouped in clusters, giving the rock a peculiar mottled t The source and c correlarion of rhe flow is a problem yer ro :lp::l-1::".De solved.

The Berry Formation becomes increasing by tuffaceous, both vertically and laterally. This marked the onset of the Gerringong volcanic period. The tuffs are interbedded with 9 submarine flows and sills, the greatest development of which lies rorhe I,t north of the shire. Each flow wilr be considered in turn, and the sediments dealt with rater. I t The Blow Hole t - Flow is the oldest flow now exposed. outcropping between Toolijooa and a Blow Hole Point, the flow is basaltic in appearance and about 140 feet thick. t rt contains tuffs interbedded with it (suggesting that it c may in fact be two flows), and is of "r, irrt"i*ediate composition. The structures t within it are of particular interest. At the Little Blow t Hole, the rock is prominently columnar and contains numerous geodes. These may be lined with quartz erystals and contain agate .

The Bumbo Flow is both thicker and more extensive than the Blow Hole Flow. The maximum thickness observed is in the Kiama district, about 500 feet' The flow extends from P Broughton Vale Lo the Five rsiands, with a southerly outliernear the \^, sunrnit of Coolangatta Mtn. The rock is much less amygdaloidal than P the Blow Hole Flow, lut is prominently columnar. rt probably consists of a T succession of flows and definitely varies in composition' rt too, T is essentially a latite and is frequentty porphyritie"

The'saddleback Flow, otherwise ca1led the Dapto or port Kembla Flow, is intrusive in part. rts maximum thickness appears to be at its P southernmost outcrop at n woodhil1. Here it lres irmnediately below the Cambewarra T Flow. The rock is also a porphyritic latite. q The camber,rarra Flow - dominates the Gerringong vorcanics along the c.ambewarra Range. rt extends'from the southern end of the Range above Bugong Valley (but not Mt.scanzi) M northwards to Jamberoo. outcrops extend around much of the Kangaroo t Valley, possibly as far as Barrengat,.y creek. rt appears to be a submarine flow A and in some areas is represented by a boulder horizon, attesting P to comtenporaneous erosion. With its outpouring came the end of the Permian marine deposition in this area. The cambewarr€ Flow is frequently trachytic in appearance but is nevertheless crassified as a latite. r F 'd. IGNEOUSROCKS (Cont )

'd The Gerringong Volca nics . (Cont . )

The . Minumurra Flow outcrops in the mountains near Minnamurra Fal1s and in the upper Kangaroo Va11ey. This flow actually lies within the Coal measures and marks Lhe close of explosive volcanic activity.

The Milton Intrusion.

3r, The Milton Intrusion is a laccolith of porphyritic monzonite. It n outcrops around the town of Milton intruding the Permian from its base up to the Wandrawandian Siltstone. Since'it occurs over an extensive area, the rock naturally varies somewhat from place to place. Its margin resembles the latites mentioned above" There is no doubt that the intrusion is chemically related to the Gerringong Volcanics and to the Mt.Dromed

A typical fresh specimen of the monzonite shows phenocrysts of plagioclase set in a groundmass of potash felspar, pyroxene and plagioclase. As usually seen, the rock is frequently pinkish or green due to deuteric alteration. )

6. The Termeil Intrusion. r11y I This comprises several extensive areas of gabbroic rock in the rt Woodburn, Termeil and Bawley Point areas. It is usually cal1ed the Termeil Essexite. At Bawley Point, the essexite consists mainly of black pyroxene and labrado-rit.e, with lesser amounts of olivine and felspathoids. There is nothing to prove that the rock is in fact an intrusion, other than its coarse crysEal sLze. Harper suggested rce that it may form part of the basement" However, the chemical composition of the rock does not differ greatly from some phases of the 1'1i1ton Intrusion, or: f rom the Good Dog Intrusions. Perhaps thev have a coinmon origin.

The Good Dog Intrusions.

Several minor intrusions on and near the Cambewarra Range are of probable post Tr,iassic Age. They take the form of dykes, sills and .rh what seem to be volcanic necks. The rocks are all characterised by :h phenocrysts of augite, hotblende or biotite up to 2 cm. in length. The map (see Figure 15) shows the position of all known outcrops. 'itie. The dykes may occur as a ring dyke swarm.

The rock has been called a lamprophyre; it most resembles a tI{ r porphyritic microdiorite, but there are numerous varieties. The nature of individual minor intrusions is listed in the section on Tertiary intrusions, but it is important to note that these dykes are quite different from those of known Tertiary Age.

The major intrusions occur on the southern slopes of Good Dog Mountain. Because of dense vegetation, the actual outcrops are difficult ,end to define. The lower slopes of the mountain drained by Tullian and k. Abernethey's Creeksare stre\rn with lamprophyric boulders, as are some parts of the lower slopes near Brown's Creek. rring rarra Some typical types are - ed I (a) Augite phenocrysts up to 1 cm. in a greyish groundmrass. I (b) Similar to (a), but with 50-90% phenocrysrs. I (c) lulasses of arnphibolite, \dith scattered horblende phenocrysts in a I grey groundmass. \ L - 11-

rcNEousRocKS (conr'd. )

'd. TI 7 . The Good Dog Intrusions. (Cont )

(e) Approximately equal proportion of biotite and augite, with minor I\ felspar and abundant pyrite. (f) Honblende needles up to 2 cm. in a grey groundmass.

This intrusion and its associates would clearly be worthy of tar greater study than this. A similar intrusion occurs at Budderoo, on the plateau above Gerringong Creek, Kangaroo Va11ey.

8. Tertiarv Intrusions.

These are rypically porphyritic olivine basalt or dolerite. some examples are slightly unsaturated. From Gerringong northwards an increasing number of lamprophyric types is found. rn addition ro the dioritic intrusions mentioned above, a number of andesitic types of quite different appearance are also known from the Cambewarra Range. 1 Those dykes which are found south of the Shoalhaven River are usually much larger than those on the northern side" I I The accompanying table lists a11 of these minor intrusions known from within the I shire (whether Tertiary or otherwise, with the exception of some minor offshoots of the Milton and Termeil intrusions). A 1 description of some typical intrusions will indicate the nature of most of the others. 1

(a) Kangaroo Mtn. Si11" 1

This large 1 si11 is the only one of its type known within the area. It is about 100 feet thick and lies between the Hawkesbury Sandstone 1 and the Illawarra Coal Measures on Kangaroo Mtn. and Broughton Head (Berry Mtn.). The rock irself is described as a Basanite - a slightly unsaturated olivine 1 basalt. The outcrop is largely obscured by fallen sandstone blocks. 2

(b) Good Dog Creek Dvkes. 2 2 A number of small andesitic dykes and a sma1l sill outcrop in the creek near the old 2 water supply darn. They are quite weathered and are apparently composed of a vesicular pale inter*ud-irte rock. 2r (c) The Bewong Dvke. 2. This is a typical example of the porphyritic olivine dolerite type. 2t rt crosses the princes Highway at Bewong creek, where it is about 75r across. rt has been 2" traced for some 4 0r 5 miles, but its strike is variable. rhe phenocrysts are of labradorite, up to 4 cm. across, and are aligned parallel to the strike of the dvke. 2l

2\

3( 3l

32 33 F -12-

IGNEOUSROCKS (Conr'd. )

TABLEOF MINORINTRUSIONS. (Figure 16.)

No. Loca 1i ty Grid Reference width Strike Ty 1. Burrill Entrance +) g40 Doleri te t ll tl r20' Bgo tl Ulladul1a Harbour 4. Conj o1a TTA 444542 weathered Red Head JB 542487 90"(?) vesicular basalt 6. Berrara /el JB 557534 OJ 1250 Dole ri te 7. Mandoyong JB 505578 130' g00 rl .8. Cave Beach ,--o JB 666574 10 Ll ) weathered o Summer Cloud Bay JB 690578 6' 2oo 10. Boat Harbour 6 JB 697569 200' 4) Do1er i te

11. St.Georges Head ll L2. Tullarwa1la Lagoon JB 545650 175' rzo" tl

13. Bewong tl .on Creek JB 532679 1100 L4. Tomerong JB 584728 60' 1260 tl 15. Tomerong State Fore s t JB 60574t 40 10oo tl 16. Montagu Pt. c 77775I 85 L750 ll 17. Green Pt. c 768763 5 4Oo weathered 18. Currumbene State 0 Fore s t N 690812 20' 163 Doleri te il 19. N 695845 50' 1250 ll 20. ll - --o N 681831 I) L5/ tl 2I. lt N 678824 loose basalt 22. Kinghorn T 781828 2'si11 basalt ( ?) )'), Nowra Brickworks ^^o N 605877 2' YZ Weathered vesicular basalt. 24. Nowra Hill N 568869 270' Doleri te 25. Worrigee N 629917 30' 1go Basalt 26. CrookhavenHeads n T 769904 40' )4 weathered 27. Orient poinr Loose dolerite on foreshore. 28. ShoalhavenStare N 582884 Loose basalt Fore st boulders. 29. Shoalhaven paper Mi 11 N 633965 Basalt in dri1l holes. 30. Coolangatta parish Not located 31.'{oss Vale Road N 573004 2' weathered lamprophyre il 32. rl further up hill 2' tl rr rl 33. N 573007 2' ,l il 34. rl tl 2' tt il 35. rl L Uo hill tol d^ 1-. I -13-

rcNEousRocKS (Conr'd. )

TABLEOF MINORINTRUSIONS. (Conr'd.)

No. Locality Grid Referance Width Strike Type

36. Moss Vale Rd. ?l Up Hill weathered lampr 37. rr ir rl 3' Solid rl 38. Tourist Road 57903L 30' weathered tl lr 39. lr ll n 3t ll tl rr tr o 40. ll ll tt q

41. Lookout Road Cnr. 575031 - ll ll o rr rl 42. il tl 43. TulLian Ck. N 599017 3t Larnprophyre ,l 44. Tullian Ck. 3' si11 ll 45, tr rr 3tt Andesi te T 46. Beaumont N 574057 10' 11oo Lamprophyre u rr tr 47. 16' 1100 tl 1 t 48. GoodDog Ck. N 561019 2, 75o Andes ite p 49. rr tr rr 1 LU" L67o ll tt rr tt 50. 2'si11 n 51. GoodDog N 590016 L Grp.of Andesite t 52. KangarooMtn. 100' si11 Basani te b 53. Bellawongarah b N 662072 2' 100 Ande s i te d 54. Berry Mtn. K 685106 Andesite T 55. Barren s Ground 100' si11 Basalt 56, Upper Kangaroo Rvr. si11 Nephe 1i ne SSzeni tt 57. rr Sev.dykes in rvr 58. Toolil ooa T 779067 T,, roo" Basalt 59. Gerringong T 7780g6 15' 1g00 tl 60. Broughton - --o Ck. T 7600g6 60' r)5 Doleri te 61. Broughton Vale K 720100 2' lOOO Lamprophyre

A11 intrusions are dykes unless otherwise stated. The widths are in feet and the strike east of true north. The grid references are based on yard 1,000 squares on the following 1:50,000 survey maps _ TIA Tianjara JB Jervis Bay N Nowra C Currarong T Toolijooa K Kiama -14-

IGNEOUSROCKS (Conr'd. )

9. Tertiarv Extrusives.

Basalt (or basanite) flows are located within the Shire at the following places -

lamprq Mollymook, Bannister Point, Lake Conjola, Redhead, Sassafras, Endrick River, Tolwong, and tl The Vines, Quiera, Budderoo.

tl The coastal group appears to be t.he youngest of the remnants, and may been poured out as late as the Pleistocene. The remnants tl have overlie Tertiary sediments, some of which have been metamorphoged to tl quartzite - the silica of conunerce. At Mo113rmook,large pieces of beneath tl opalised wood have been found the basalt.

tl The outLierat Budderoo is grouped with other remnants in that district as part of the Robertson F1ow. It is an analcite bearing olivine basalt.

The other remnants all lie in the western part of the Shire. They are all of- olivine basalt. Their relationship to the period of

.tr uplift has already been discussed in Chapter 2. The Tolwong outcrops 1ie directly opposite similar rocks at Caoura, on the northern side of the gorge. The Quiera remnant is particularly striking, forming a patch of fertile soil surrounded by miles of barren sandstone waste land s .

The Sassafras basalts stand well above the average height of the land on the east, but are level with it on the west. This suggests lesite I lhat con6iderable erosion has gone on since th,e f low occurred. The basalt at The Vines now ends abruptly on a steep slope facing south, but extends for 10 miles down the Endrick Vallev in a north westerly direction. Much erosion has apparently occurred here as we11. Tertiary sediments occur beneath the basalts at Nerriga, and the significance of this has already been explained in Chapter 2.

Syeni tt in rvr, - -o0o--

1n on

I t I L - 15-

C}LAPTER4.

THE SEDIMENTS OF THE BASEMENT

The Wagonga Series.

The basement around Durras is composed of an ancient group of metamorphic rocks known as the i,ilagonga series. Their main outcrop is south of Bateman's Bay, where some superb examples of folding are to be see'. The rocks are principally composed oi dark slates, and their age is possibly Cambrian.

Lower Ordovician.

The slates of the clyde River are also of unknown age, but they are apparently younger than the l,rlagongabeds, which they overlie unconformably further south. rnliers of these beds occur in conjola and wandandian creeks and the metamorphics which underlie the Devonian near Yalwa1 may be correlated with them.

There is no fossil evidence that the rocks are of Lower ordovicia* Age' They differ lithologically from known Upper ordovician strara west of the upper Devonian synclinorium, being .omposed mainly of phyllitic siltstone and slate. Quartz veins are contrnon,particularty ,rear Currowan Creek. Some of these veins are auriferous, but-not to any great extent.

Upper Ordovician-

These rocks form a well defined belt lying west of the upper Devonian. The western boundary is faulted against Silurian sediments at south Marulan and it is suspected that the same may be true of the eastern boundary. The rocks are dominantly of siltsttne, with minor quartzite and chert. sma1l areas of limestone near the Tolwong mines may be infaulted remnants of silurian, or may be genuinely Upper ordoviciar

Their age has been well established by the occurence of graptolites at First curradux creek, on the Nerriga-Mongarlowe road and at the Torwong mines' These graptolites are confined to thin beds of black shale. which are of rare occurrence.

Si lur ia n.

Those sediments outcropping in Ettrema and Joners creeks near the Ettrema mine are tentatively placed in the Silurian. considerable areas of impure limestone are known to outcrop in the gorge, but no fossirs have been reported from them. This tocality is almost inaccessible, lying near the bottom of a 1,500 foot drop. The limestones of Bungonia and South Marulan, west of the Shoalhaven, are of definite Silurian Age. Upper Devonian.

The sediments which accompany the Devonian volcanics (discussed previously) include both marine and nonmarine strata.

The southern belt is correlated with the lvlerrimbula Formation, further south. The rocks are typically arenaceous - purple siltstone, which characterise the upper Devonian elsewhere, are also common. conglomerates are somewhaL rarer. Marine fossils have been found in several places (e.g. Quiltey's Forest and Monga), but non-marine fossils are unknown. Figure 16 illustrates the structure of the Devonian strata south east of Nerriga.

Similar rocks outcrop in the Ettrema Gorge, on the rirestern side of a fau1t. rhese rocks are principally quartzite with minor purp,le silt- sLones. No fossils have been found in them, but they are prouabry also -t6-

Se-diments of ttre Basement (conr'd, )

.Upper llc,vonian. (Contrd. )

rn Yalr+al creek and nearby areas, the Marine Devonian is known mai,nly from the western part. These apoarently are the oldest Devonian rocks in the area, with the possible exception oi some of the volcanics. They have yielded a marine fauna in Ettrema creek. ; ) The upper beds are much siltier and contain plant remains. These rIr have been found at the Yalwal mines, near the cemetery and near Grassy Guily. These upper sediments are also associated with volcanics, gincipa J.J.y" a.nyglaloidal ba salts .

Dlinera lisation.

(a) Tnlwong.

A mesothermal sulphide body is exposed in the eastern side of the Shoalhaven gorge, about 2 miles south of Bungonia Ck. The lode takes the form of a vein about 8 feet across, with a vertical exposure of 1an about 1,000 feet. The principal sulphides observed are arsenopyrite, west chalcopyrite, galena, sphalerite and stannite. Fluorite, quartz and ic calcite occur as gangue minerals. Traces of antimony, cobalt, silver rovr'an and gold hanzealso been detected. Considerable development work was ent. done here about 60 years ago, and a number of brick buildings and drimneys are relics of this period. ore was roasted on the spot and raised by cable up the Bungonia side of the gorge, to be taken to cockle ck. for smelting. The venture appears to have failed because of the remoteness and inaccessibility of the site, the complexity of the ore and the prevalence of arsenic, Much valuable mineral sti11 e remains .

S (b) Tousa. cvician, A number of copper prospects have been leased in this vicinity, ites but litt1e mining appears to have been done. rlwong rhi ch ( c) Nerriga .

Extensive a1luvial gold areas have been located at Nerriga, Timberl,ight and neighbouring districts. only minor production has taken place for several decades, but large areas could be worked if water were available. The remains of lengthy races constructed to overcome this problem can sti1l be seen near the corang and Endrick , Rivers. tla (d) Ettrema.

IOa A complex sulphide body has long been knornrnto exist in Jones' (or Rolfe's)creek, an upper t.ributary of Et.trema creek. rt occurs as a replacement deposit in silurian limestone and quartzite and in complexity resembles the Tolwong lode. The principal minerals are sphulerite and arsenopyrite, with lesser amounts of galena and chalcopyrite. when the mine was opened up,about 60 years ago, the ore was valued for its silver content. so far as is known, many tons of ore remain at the surface to this day, as the site is practically inacce s s ib 1e .

;i 1s (e) Bundundah Creek.

The Carboniferous granite has yielded minor amounts of silver, lead and copper from fissures and joints within it. Although sma11, these of veins are oersistent. L -L7-

Sedirnents of the Basement. (Cont'd.)

llinera j.on. ' 1_isa t (Cont d . )

(f) Ya1wa1.

The gor-d mines of yalwar have been the major source of metallic minerals within the shire. only minor amounts of a1luvial gold were found, and that was mainly very fine. The lodes are developed within upper Devoniap "n6 possibly ordovician sediments, and the gold within them occurs as impregna'tions in quartz veins and as auriferJus pyrite. Much of the gold is associated with the prominent conglomerate to be seen yalwal outcrops at and occasionally free gold can be observed at the time of folding during the Kanimblan (carbJniferous) orogeny. shows the location Figure 17 of major leases and workings at yalwal.

(g), Grassy Gullv.

Here, gold has been found as impregnations, crushed and auriferous pyrite witl rhvolire. Evidenrly faults ;"";i;;;;"in the rhyolite, reading to brecciation' which in turn "ia"a the deposition of the *irr"..l"1 (h) Wandandian (Jerrawangala).

Minor tin mineralisation is known from a locality within of the Princes 200 yards Highway' cassiterite has been found within the rubble forrru the lowest Permian strata, as min_o_rveins in quartz in the and as alluvial ordovician slatr in Venandree and Wandandian Creeks. appears Very 1ittle mineral to have been obtained, and some recent work has been done in attempt to find a true an 1ode. chalcopyrite has also the b"e' observed here and mineralisation in due, no doubtr-io, near surface granite intrusion. (i) Con.io1a.

copper stained slate is of frequent occurrence in upper conjota ck" and its tributaries' several sma11 replacement deposits within quartzite were opened slate and up, but there.aoes not appear production. to have been any Apart from surface stains, the minerals observed were chalcopyrite and pyrite, contained traces of silver.

(j ) Termeil.

A smal1 amount of gold was extracted from black sands on the coasr at Murramarang Beach. This was apparently derived from the Termeil intrusion, (k)

These are sma1l gold mines in the rough country west of the The first produced a Clyde. fair yield of gold r'I is stil1 There attracting interest. appears to be extensive minor gold mineralisation between Yadboro and Nelligen and the chances of sma1l finds are quite good. (1) Brooman.

A minor rush occurred here last century, but very li ttle gold was found. payable The same could be said for a lot Mi l ton. of the country west of - 18-

Sedimentsof the Basement. (Cont'd.)

Mineralisation. (Cont'd.)

(*) Other Localities. c i Mineralisation (or finds of alluvial mineral) is knor^rnat the following places: ;" hin Foxground (Broughton Creek) - Alluvial gold. Ee. BelLawongarah- pyrolusite occurs with jasper at the base of the Kangaroo roPs Mntn. sill. neI7ffi;u1''ill,:"::':,iii":";:'':illo,il,i*':lT:,*'il".ff"l::::'""the junct,ion. Ettrema Creek - Pyrite and chalcopyrite occur in basalt floaters near the junction with Ya1wal Creek. The same type of occurrence has been observed at Yalwal. Lte withf Ya1wa1 - Silver is reported from a locality called Silver Dell, 3 miles below Lng to Y"Gl , near a granite contact. Sulphides also occur in vesicular basalt ! about 3 miles upstream from the mines. Nerriga - Copper is known to occur near the Endrick River a few miles below the bridge. Yadboro - Galena is rumoured to have been mined near here. rrds Mt. Budawang - Copper has been mined in this vicinity. .e formif Ln s lates LeraI

I all re and sion.

e and

ast at rusion.

ia

L E5 L " oro

:of

I I L -19-

CHAPTER5

As has been mentioned earlier, the land surface began the perrnian period. to subside di:ri At this time t'e sediments known began to as the qbgclhaven_gr accumulate' Figure 18 shows " "a."aigraphic That the column oF tr,"se beds land surface v/as comparatively level, permian is certain. The basal bed of the lie on an almost 1eve1 basement, as \,r'asobserved in :l?3::;":;"r)l'lll^Ii'ir*il:;:"'"0 mountains,it" evidenceror whichis,

So-ca1led glacial erratics are numerous. They consist of irregularly shaped boulders, weighing up to half a toni of a wide variety and metamorphic rocks. of igneous Granite, rhyolite, dacite, and s1ate, schist, gneiss quartzite are the conrnonest types. rt is difficult to explain their presence in places so remote from the then existing shore and in such fine line as Huskissor sediment. rce rafting i, " po""ib1e sussex explanation. At rnlet' such boulders have been ob"".u.i to penetrate the siltstone below as if they had been plunged into it. The beis above *r"-rr"pped the erratics' Striated p"ilr"J aror have been r""ord"d from crookhaven Tallong and have Heads ar been observed at Sussex In1et.

These features could be explained by assuming that glaciers from highlands provided numerous nearl, iceiergs, from which these the ice gradually erratics dropped as rneltecl. The marine fauna are strengthens of a cold water type, whicl the hypothesis. rt is- also possibie'that in fact glacial the level basement w a ourwash plain, which-r;;i;-;;ip ro explain the presence the smal1 basins of non-maiin" ( "t.rta described below.

The Clyde Coal Measures.

This is the stratigraphic term applied to those non-marine including coar deptrsits, seams, which lie at the base permian. of the Thev are no means continuous and evidently by occupied isolated basins, origin was mentioned whose possible above' They need not begorrelated with the Greta Measures of the. Hunter va1ley, ccal as such sediments could have any time when the been formed at land surface wa€ slightly above drainage sea level and swampy" was evidently poor, which Tr ".rgi."t" "r, o.igin for the coal" The best known outcrop is that-of the clyde Gorge, from which the takes its name. Here r "".tio'of unit 135 feet was measured, included are 11 plies of coal, ranging in which from 1 inch to 3 feet in thickness immediate area measured).- (in the i; the hope of finding tunnels a mineable seam, several. were dug on t hese seams aboui 1g90. fn" "r", was the report by the Mines subject of a Department in lggg, and "ro.r, put the same time a bore was down by the Government inland from ror"rorrg- to test the there' rt is not coal Measures necessary to repeat all the information contained in this and other reports' The general conclusion reached was the coal was of good that, arthough quality ind mineable in places, inevitably the seams wourd thin out. rn addition the problem'of ibility, rernoteness and inaccess_ a frequent shoalhaven mining airri",rrty, n"a to be considered. at Huskisson, ::.:1""*:;"?,:t"'::*"Tt""s " ,uii,uy and a rhriving port

Near the mouth of Yalwa1 creek, fresh water sediments fauna outcrop prominently with Glossopteril beneath the Corr3oiu-f,J*"tiorr. The maximum thickl measured is about 30 feet, but no coal seams have been discovered outcrop thins in all here. Thi directions and may olre its an island origin to the swampy shore in the rising permian sea. o

The list below includes all outcrops of permian freshwater r^ihich could be traced sediments within the shire (excludinq rhnoo ar rL^ ---- L -20-

The Shoalhaven Group (Part I). (Cont'd. )

The Clyde CoaL Measures. (Cont'd. )

Upper Clyde River - see above. Yalwal Creek : see above. Lde dur Wandandian Creek - small exposures in the lower part, west of the highway raven Gr and near the head. :se beds Wandandian Bore - (near the head of Condy's Ck.) 14' of Coal Measures ial bed penetraEed at 1330 feet, wi-th 62' of sediment below this before the basement was struck. Huskisson Bore (1 mile north of Huskisson) - met coal at 840 feet. No further details known. Corang River - near head. rgularly Bunnair Creek - Several smal1 exposures knovrn near the Porterrs Gap road. ;neous ' Budawang Creek - 8 miles SSWof Sassafras. 20 thick with a 7r' coal seam. ;neiss Little Forest Creek - 4 nLle above Little Forest road. Kerosene shale their reported from here. .uskis s o Pigeon House Mountain - 250 yards S. of track from Yadboro, at foot of At Conglomerate cliff 12 feet thick with a little coal. See Figure 19. tstone ped ar The Lowermost Permian l4.arine Sediments. HeaCs a The subsidence near Milton evidently began earlier than elsewhere, along a line called the Talatereng Low, ment.ioned earLier. In this om near locality alone, the following sediments are found: pped as e, which The Pigeon House Creek Siltstone has a maximum thickness of 160 feet and ement wa is confined to that area. No fossils have been found in it, but litho- esence o logically it resembles the Shoalhaven Group rather than the Coal Measures. The total area it occupies does not exceed 20 square miles. Lying above it is the Yadboro conglomerate. This is a pebbly formation, up to 500 feet thick, containing pebbles and boulders of quartzite, chert and volcanic rocks. Blocks of slate from the underlying r^i +^ ordovician basement are also JDt Lb , plentiful. rt occupies an area of 100 square miles, with its greatest re by thickness in the same region as the Pigeon House creek Siltstone. A rssibl,e similar, and possibly identical congLomerate, occurs near the head of :ta Ccal conjola creek. These conglomerates are the accumulation of debris med at resulting from the gradual incursion of the Permian sea and are typical npy. Th I'Jervis of the basal Permian in other localities. Much of the Bay Sandstone", correlated with the Conjola Fornration, also resembles this conglomerate and may be due to a high basement in that vicinity providing :he uni t coarse sediment. .n which r the The Coniola Formation. ievera 1' :tofa The most widespread Permian formation in the coastal districts is rre was the Conjola Formation. This is a sequence of quartz sandstone, siltstone .sures and conglomerate which outcrops as the basal Permian bed around most of in the margin of the basin. rt can be correlated principally with the though Megalong Conglomerate in other areas. Along the coast, it forms all the sedimentary outcrops from Currarong south to Flat Rock near Bateman's Bay, cess- with the exception of a small section south of Sussex Inlet. Its thickness ed. is difficult to measure in coastal regions, due to scattered outcrops and rt variable dips. Sometypical measurementsinclude - Pigeon House Mtn. 265 ft. sopteri s Mt. Ta1-aterang,600ft m thic Jerrawangala Lookout, 190 ft. re. Thi Upper Clyde River, 70ft. shore o Ya1wa1,200 ft. Nerriga, 105 ft. WandandianBore, 740 ft. Pt. Perpendicular bore, 580 + ft. (incomplete).

The thickness clearly increases in a north east direction, but to what extent is of course unpredictabLe under the circumstances of an -aL-

f'he Shoathaveq. Group ( Part I ) u ( Cont' d. )

3i:-jcLj_e_k_-q9.gC!i9n. (cont'd. )

irregt:lar basement. South of Milton, numerous silty beds occur and the tir:-ckness at blount Durras is probably ot the orcler or soo feet, much of it sil1-storte" rt is 1ike1y that further field work in this scnrthern area could lead to a revision of nomenclaLure.

The Formation is frequently very fossiliferous, werl known localities including LIl1aduLla, Kioloa, and Lagoon point. The srrara frequently include erratics, as for example at this latter locarity. Their nature has been mentioned previouslv.

The Wandrawandian Siltstone.

Taking its name from the place name in use in 1g90, this unit conformabl-y overlies the conjola Formation. rt is typically composed of a pebblv, silty sandstone which when fresh (a rare occurrance) is grey of blue-grey in colour. Pebbles are rarer than in the Conjola Formation, and true conglomerates are comparatively absent. Fossil localities include Berrara, Sussex rn1et, Tomerong and Burrier. .rhe siltstone weathers rapidly and deeply, forming a more fertile soil than the sancistones which lie above and below it. This is well seen in the northern descent to Tomerong. The presence of this richer soil is, howeve nr:ticeably dependen! on-the slope of the 1and. comparatively level areas arounci point Huskisson and ca1lala are distinctly inferior.

The boundary between the wandrawandian Siltstone and the overrying Nowra Sandstone is well defined in most areas, except in the above east of Fal1s creek' This is due to the thinning or trr" Nowra Sandstone in this 1oca1ity, bringing the wandrawandian sirtstone and the younger Berry Formation closer together than is usua1. rt is difficult co correlate the coastal areas of culburra, crookhaven Heads and Greenwell Point, but they have been regarded as part of the wan

The Greenwell point No.2 bore penetrated 2go feeL of siltstone" followed by 110 feet of grey hard sha1e, 25 feet of sandstone and a furlhe 40 feet of crinoidal shale. The-original interpretation of the bore rog suggested that the top 280 feet belonged to the conjola Formation. However, the nearest outcrops of known conjola Formation (at currarong and vincentia) suggqst that the Formation is pilnciparly composed of sandstone in this area. There.is no suggestion of in,rppl. part of at least 170 feg of shale' nor does the attitude of the Nowra sandstone in its nearest outcrops (sea level at Bomaderry and Brundee swamp) suggest that it w'uld be at least 200 feet above sea level at this point. rn fact, this interpretation unnecessarily complicates the situation" An alternative interpretation makes the top 390 feet part of the Berry Formation, with the 25 feet of sandstone representing the whole of the Nowra sandstone" The remaining 40 feet would then become the top of the wandrawandian siltstone, or perhaps be a northern continuation of the currumbene siltstol member of the Nowra sandstone, as outlined be1ow. Greenwell point is only 5 miles from coolangatta Mtn. where the base of the Berry Formation is not seen. This interpretation would make the Greenwell point _ Crookhaven Heads area part of the Berry Formation. The position of the curburra outcrops would sti11 be in doubt, but would piobably be best fitted into the Wandrawandian.

Typical measurements of the wandrawandian sirtstone are:

Pigeon llouse Mtn. 400 feet. Jerrawangala Lookout, 310 ft. Upper Clyde River, 400 ft. Yalwa1,450 ft. Nerriga, 90 ft. Wandandian bore, 430 ft. Yerrivone- 4OO + fr Y

-22-

I The Sbe4lhwen crog_(-Pa.f!_I). (Cont d. )

'd The Wandrawandian SiLtstone. (Cont . ) I the Over much of its outcrop, the siltstone is about 400 feet thick. In :h of the western areas, it frequently thins out altogether, but northwards its :n thickness remains fairly constant.

ed s e than the howeveri areas ylng gdD L 1n uel1 her

! fur ther :1og rng and rdstone [70 feet would

:ive rith )ne. t iiltst -s only is not /en

.o into _23_

CHAPTER6

THE SHOA],JIAVENGROUP (PART II\

TI-IE NOI,fM SANDSTONE

The Nornzrasandstone is the doininant member of the shoalhaven Group. '+\s the most prominent criff -forming member of the permian, it can generalil' be recognised on sight. Even from the ear1i""f'"t"gu" irirrestigation or in this area, the Nowra sandstone "Nowra has been identified. Davi-d called it the Gritsr', because oi- ia" somewhat coarse appearance. More recent publications use the term sandstone, although this does not mean that the rock is entireif-"o*po"ed of particles. sand sized

rn general, the Nowra sandstone can be regarded as a quartz arenite, with rare bourder beds and numerous silty partings. current connnonest bedding is near the top, while the middle blds exhibit evidence of grading. Fossils are comrnon,particularly towards the base and in the sirtstone members' Erratics of the type familiar throughout the permian widespread, ar.e but do not appea. to b" as conrmonas in the conjola Formation. Ripple niarks have not been observed, but current bedding suggesting is abundant, a deltaic environment of deposition.

Figure 20 is an isopach map of the Nowra Sandstone in the Nowra districr. The maximum recorded thickness ;;;";." ro pigeon Mountain, be ar House 25E feet, the top is not pru"u't lya here. cliff heigrrts in the Ettrema and shoalhavetr gorg"" reach 400 feet in places. This entirely of Nowra may be sandstone, but in this area it with must be correlated the Megalong Conglumerate of more northerly areas. In the vicinity of Novzra, the unit is less than 100 feet thick and it siltstone lenses ou[ into north and east of Falls Creek. From Tomerong northwards inlo the currumbene state Forest, the demarcation between the Sandstcne the underlying siltstone and has caused many mapping problems. distinctly probably 1t is that the sandy faciLs tran"gressed and may time boundaries not in fact be a time rock unit at all. until such time as a definite chronorogy can be estabrished, the llor* sandstone (and its related members) will continue to be mapped as time rock units.

In its northern outcrop, the sandstone can be subdivided inco several fairly persistent members. Figure 21 illustrates several typical stratigraphic columns in this area. The following may be made: subdivision

C::rrrent bedded quartz sandstone _ 30,. cliff forming quartz sandstone with evidence of graded _ siltstone bedding 30150 or silty sandstone _ 0r to 201. massive quartz sandstone _ 15t

The persistence of the siltstone member is noteworthy aSeparatename,forwhichth"C@Memberisoroposed"At and it warrants Porter'sGap,intheMi1tonai"i'ioiI3i.,,".o,'u occurs near the base of the Nowra sandstone, which is possibry-o' the same stratigraphic horizon as the currumbene silistone. The thicklst outcrop it yet observed is in the of northern bank of currumbene creek, miel below the about half a falls at Fa11's creek.- Ar thi;-;oint Evidently it is abcmt 30, thick.. the currumbene siltstone thickens at Lh" ."p".rse of the sandstone members' From this region northwards, the Nowra Sandstone unidentifiable' is practically as the bulk of it has become siltstone. The sandstone which can be traced' aPpear beds to be the criff torring member and to mentioned above,. all appearances, the Nowra sandstone ceases to exist east of Currumbene Trig. station.

The cliff forming tendency of the Sandstone is formation reponsible for the of many prominent residuals. This ic flra r^d,r+ -c - -24-

rhe SbpelhavenCroup (part fl). (Contrd.)

The Nowra Sandstone. (Cont'd.)

The joints are frequently inclined at an angle of 3Oo from the vertical. Such joints are often open and may be siigl,tly faulted (as at the descenu to the Golf Links, Nowra). The Pulpit and Calymea near Bamarang are good examples of tJrese residuals on a small scale and the effect of joints lroup. on their formation is obvious. The largest residuals are to be found : west of },lilton, where Pigeon House, the Castle, Talaterang, Corang and Quiltyrs Mountain are well known. Lower cliff lines in this scenic t. district are due to the Yadboro conglomerate and Conjola Formation. rugh It has long been suggested that the current in the Permian Sea came I from the south-west. A number of measurements have been made to confirm this idea. It should be noted that not a1l these measurements were made in the Nowra Sandstone, and the conclusions reached apply to the Permian Etl! Lc , as s who1e. Measurements made in the Triassic Hawkesbury Sandstone rg is (non-marine) also confirmed these results. Figure 22 summarises all rad ing . these readings while the map (Figure 23) depicts the current directions one th us de termined . mation " The technique used to determine long axis pebble orientations is f illustrated in Figure 24. Within a well defined area, every pebble exposed at the surface at least 2" long r,rith a noticeably high axial ratio is measured (i.e., the ratio length - width should exceed 2zL). The direction of strike (corrected for magnetic declination) was measured ouse and plotted on a semicircular graph, as illustrated. From this, any in preferred direction became c1ear. The method is plainly subject^to nrz ha ) great variations, and at hest gives two possible directions, 180" apart. The second technioue allows the correcL one to be selected. ini frr rn Current bedding measurements are easily made, and most of those in Lo taken were in the upper part of the Nowra Sandstone. The orientation and of fossils was also used in one case. Crinoid stems could be expected to point away from the direction in which the current came. In this ies case, only the direction needed to be measured.

S

LOn

30150'

rrra nt.s red" At :one te same :crop of ralf a thi ck " Lnds tone ca 11y rne beds I above, _25_

CHAPTER7

THE SHOAIHAVENGROUP (PART rrr)

rr{E BERRYIQR}{ATrQ}i

There are no younger Permian secliments quite like the Nowra sandstone, A1::hough sandstones occur at intervals above this reve1, they tend to be siitier, vrrlth an increasing pyroclastic fraction.

The Berrv Formation is the silty unit which 1ie s above the Nowra sandstone and includes the tuffs of the Gerringong Volcanics, rt outcrops from wollongong southwards, but "Berry the silistone, itself first crrtcropr just north of Berry. There are numerous outliers on the sassafras plateau In earlier days, the unit was known as the Encrinital Shale, the crinoidal shale and the Berry share. More recently the term used has been the Berry siltstone' The term t'formation, has alltwed the inclusion of the western equivalents of the Gerringong Volcanics (the Bugong Sandstone) as werl as the sandy facies whi-ch constitute the outliers on the Sassafras plateau.

Figure 25 Ls a map of the irnrnediate surroundings of Nowra, while Figure 26 shows a somewhat larger area" The top of the Nowra Sandstone has been taken as the last persistent sandstone bed. It is difficult to map the lower boundary of the Berry Formation using soil characteristics a1one" (i.e", the top of the Nowra sandstone). rn areas which at first appear to be underlain by sandstone because of the scrubby vegetation, closer examination shows that no sandstone outcrops exist. These ,,fringe,, areas (frequently lateritic) have been mapped as Berry Formation. The area around the garbage depot, North Nowra, is typical of this Eerrain. At l'east one persistent sandstone horizon has proved mappable within the Berry, and its outcrop has : been shown in nigure 25. This has been dis tinguished as the Brown' s tti 1"1 Sands tone"t"tember, f rom i ts ouccrop rn the quarry at Browr," a silty, somewhat carbonaceous sandstone with a maximum observed thickness of 20 feet. Fossils are rare, and in the quarry are surrounded by white clay. srar.e erratics and carbonaceous marerial are abundanr. N";, ;;;-siJJgro.r.,a, Nowra, the Brown's Hill sandstone lies about 30 feet above the t'p of the Nowra sandstone. rn the shoalhaven state Forest, where it finalrv thins and becomes untraceable, the outcrcp thins and becom"" "";;;:"rir", tl're outcrop d-s sbveral mi les f rom the ,ru"a." t outcrop of the Nowra . such sandstone members may be common near the base of the Berry, but are much Tarer higher up.

The bulk of the Berry Formation is composed of a black, poorly bedded siltstone. Fossils are by no means evenly distributed, and at the Bolong Road qr'ii?Elcoolangatta, an exposure of 100 feet appears to be unfossiliferous" crinoid stems are ubiquitous, however, and most outcrops will reveal these, if any fossils. O."""iona1ly an abundant fauna is discoverd, two well known rocalities being near the sunrnit of Nowra Hill and near the head of Bangaree creek. These could be on a persistent horizon. Erratics seem to be rarer than elsewhere in the Permian, but this- i" lo"-tlry due to its poorer ourcrop. rf the coastal outcrops at crookhaven Heads are admitted as Berry Formation, then erratics are probably as abundant as throughout the Shoalhaven cro.rf.' con.retions are also very frequent. Their significance is uncertain, but irrffiiffi of elongated crystals and spheres, they are distributed throughout the entir marine Permian- rt has been suggested that they may have originated as a result of the crystallisation of salts in cold tottom sediments.

Towards the upper part of the Berry Formation (i.e., what was previous) regarded as the Berry Siltstone) the ro"k b."omes increasingly tuffaceous. A twofold mapping problem results from this, since the pyroclastic content varies both verticarly and latera11y. This has long been recognised, and the lower boundary. of the-GerFingong Volcanics is somewhat arbitrarv. L_- -26-

The Shoalhaven Group (Part III) (Cont'd.)

The Berrv-Eprmat:Lon. (Cont'd. )

upper portion of the Formation has been distinguished by the term Bugong gandstone, north of the Shoalhaven River. South of the river, the Formation also becomes coarser, from about Tianjara Fal1s westwards. The mesas of Tianjara, the hills of the Ettrema Tops and the outcrops at rds tone . Stoney Hi11, east of Sass6fras, indicate the presence of an unstable :o be sandy facies. Evidently the sediments in the east represent this same material, stabilised by further alteration during transportation and freed frr:m its coarser fraction en route. Should this part of the Berry be separately mappable, the name Tianiara Sandstone is suggested as suitable. ltcrop s )ut cro p s The Bugong Sandstone is first recognised as an entity on the western P1ateau, slopes of the Cambewarra Range, where the pyroclastic fraction ceases to Lnoitla1 dominate the clastic. However, the rock is clearly tuffaceous at least : Berry as far as Barrengatry lulountain. It is well seen as the lower cliff line : stern of Mt. Scanzi. Bugong Trig. station is on the surmnit of this tlountain, 111 as br.rt is on an outlier of Triassic sandstone. This cliff line is visible Eeau" around all of Kangaroo Va1ley and is particularly prominetlt near Barrengarry an

Although volcanic activity persisted, marine deposition ceased about the time of the outpouring of the Cambewarra F1ow. The upper dI J boundary of this flow may be regarded as the top of the Gerringong most Volcanics, the Berry Formation and the Shoalhaven Group. nt :of

IE rasta 1 erlati c s :etions re form the enti ldasa previous Eaceous. content '27-

CHAPTER8

THE SYDNEYBASIN - FINAL STAGES

with the cessation of marine sedirnentation, a change came over the re*aining depositional area. rt would be wrong ro regard the area as a vast featureless swamp, as a supply of sediment of all types continued to pour in. The coar seams which accumulated may be though of as allochthonous- Figure 2g is a stratigraphic column of the later sedi_ nents of the Sydney Basin.

The rrrawqrre cgal- Measures are _ only about 40 feet thick at the southern end of the cambewaiiil Range, which is probably very close ro the original sourhern boundary of rhe sydney Basin ar rhar rj,me. ;i;;r;;r;;" the Measures can be traced at this minimal thickness around Robertson the southern edge of the Plateau to Tallong, where their very existence has been disputed. However, the thickness in"r".""" noticeably in a northerly direction. some measured thicknesses include 250 feet at Barrengarry, 480 feet at woodhill and 350 feet at upper Kangaroo River. Typical outcrops of the coal Measures are of subgreywacke, lithic sand_ slone and reddish sha1e, totally differnet from the sediments of the marine Permian'Tuffaceous sediments are also found and are well known from near Good Dog Mountain.

up to 4 coal seams have been identified in Broger,s creek, Upper Kangaroo River and the Barren Grounds. These probably correspond with the seams known as the Bulli, Balgownie, wongawilli and Tongarra seams rllawarra district' in the The coal is not known to be mineable but south of Tongarr tunnels have been driven on outcrops in many places as far south as cambewarra Mountain' The outcrops most often observed correspond to the wongawilli or Dirty Seam. This consists of up to 40 feet of coa1, car:buna shale and sandstole' rt can probably be correlated with similar the Burragorang seams in the Lithgow coal fieids. The outcrops Tourist observed arong the Road near carnbewarra Lookout are on this horizon, and it has been rneasured at 12 feet (Upper Kangaroo River) and 22 feet (Bel,no." rrlls") There seems to be no prospect;f cornrnercial coal mining within the Shire. arthough occasional tempting outcrops can be expected north of woodhilt" Their subterranean extent will be limited by facies changes.

The Narrabegn Group is recognised as the basal member of the Triassic system in the rllawarra district" The top of the Bu1li seam has been traditionally regarded as marking the c1ose of the permian period" fact' non-marine rn sedimentation continued uninterruped, that geological which illustrates time subdivision, while perfectly obvious in their type area, are frequently arbitrary elsewhere. Recent work suggests that much of the so called Triassic Narrabeen sediments are in fact of permian rn this area, hov/ever, age" the Grc'p. is at best only a few composed feet thick, being of tuffaceous reddish shale and lithic sandstone. For most field purposes, at least, these can be regarded as part of Coal Measures. the rrlawarra

The Hawkesburv sandstone forms the upper cliff line of Kangaroo valley and erosional remnants along the crest of the cambewarra Range. Berry Mountain (Broughton These are. Head), Kangaroo Mountain, Tapitallee of cambewarra (just north Lookout), Good Dog Mountain (camber^/arra Mountain (including Lookout)rcambewarra Brown's Mountain) and Mount scanzi, acre where-scarcery an of sandstone survives. The maximum measured thickness is at cambewarra Mountain (420 feet, which appears ai sight to be excessive). The maximum thickness elsewhere is 1,Obb feet beneath prominent sydney. several waterfalls plunge 200 feet over cliffs of Hawkesbury sandstone, the best known of which aie carrington, Belmore and Fitzroy Falls. The wianamatta Group was the.1":a- to be deposited butiti"mpresentedwithintheshireboundaries.Exposures1in the sydney Basin,, of up to 250 feet occur near Robertson, Bowral 8nd Moss ve.ta Th^ L^^^r E-- -28-

The Svdney Basin - Final Stages. (Cont'd.)

member of the Group is the Ashfield Shale, a greenish black shale with occasional minor coal seams and sandstone beds. In the Picton district, the Wianamatta Group measures about 700 feet. the These Triassic sediments form the top of a vast pile, ranging from SA the Clyde Coal Measures through to the Wianamatta Group. The total ted thickness of this sedimentary pile at Robertson must be about 5,000 ft. The rocks which outcrop at sea level at Nowra would be 1,500 feet below Li- sea level there. Figure 29 illustrates the sediments to be seen beLween Robertson and Berry.

:o the :k*irrk*

:hern. r has

rnd- tn

i rr I .th the n the longar:ra r as r the :arbc:ia c rms in .a rL' ^ 15 Lrre i been .s.) 'L.9 -., rllrr g, rilI "

'-:^^^i^ IdDDI9 !n In :ates ;ype : much r age. rci nq ,I.aTTA

r Val1ey rse are : north rwarra r1y an

'e) . :a1 itone,

r Pa-i n F

-29-

CHAPTER 9

STRUCTUML GEOLOGY

The basement rocks underlying the permian trend in a north easterry direction' This is true or boih the ordovician and the Devonian The total picture sedimentr of folding and faulting is far from Devonian clear, however, the syclinorium near corang has beel i"pi"a"a in Figure 16 and rhe existence of major north-south preperrnian faults has been suggested Chapter 4. in

Figure 30 summarises all the information which has been gained about structures in the permian near Nowra. There upf"". to be fold systems, two sets of at right angles to each other. ilott, of these seem to be of comparatively recent origin, since the present land surface conforms their attitude to a to considerable degree. There is faulting also evidence of within the currumbene State Forest. while the faults indicated on the trrlollongong1:250,000 Geological map v/ere not verified, several others have been postulated. Major structures appearing for the first time on this map include the Parma Monocline and the The terms "cabbage Bomaderry Anticline. Tree creek syncline,, and "rlat been Rock Anticline,, have retained from the first upi""r"rr"e of 1963 in,,Geology of District". Examination the Nowra of ulladulla 1 :250,000 Geological Edition mpa, First 1966, suggests that these may be identical with the st.Georges syncline and Bherwherre Anticline. Figure 31 is a structure of a somewhat smaller contour map area than that stown in rig,r." 32' 30, while Figures 33 and 34 are cross sections across selected areas within the area i 1lus tra te the fo ld ing . to

;l:'r:k;k* -30-

CHAPTER1O

PALAEONTOLOGY

:r ly The following pages depict all the identifiable fossils, with a iments. few excepl:ions, located in and near the Shoalhaven Shire during five years ,the i of observation by the auLhor. While no particular search was conducted the for fossils, it is felt that the illustrations should enable the reader in tc identify practically any fossils found in this area.

Previous authors list many other forms, and Harperrs ttSouthern about Coalfields" contains an extensive 1ist. Certainly many of these forms t are not contrnon. The genus Ingelarella (formerly Martiniopsis) contains be of many species, some of which have not been described. to Fossil Localities. n*^J ' LEU I The majority of the fossils illustrated were found in the places listed below, which may be of use to the amateur and professional Iine " palaeontologist a like . VE lwra (a) Ordovician: Long Point Lookout, Tal1ong, Tolwong Mines, First Curradux Creek (Mongarlowe Road). 3S map (b) Devonian: Yalwa1 (road to cemetery), Ettrema Ck. (south bank at 3S junction with Yalwal Creek), Grassy Gul1y (hi11 on western side)" 3a EO (c) Clvde Coal Measures: Base of Permian, 1 mile upstream of yalwa1 Creek, junction on Shoalhaven River.

(d) Con'iola Formation: Burrier (road alongside river), Jervis Bay quarries, Warden's Head, Ul1adu11a, Lagoon Point, Burrill Lake encra nce .

(e) Wandrawandian Siltstone: Montague Point, Kinghorn, Culburra, Tomerong (oId quarry 1 mile north, 200 yards west of highway), Callala Point, Sussex Inlet entrance, The Springs, Swan Lake, Berrara.

(f) Nowra Sandstone: Nowra (north side of bridge, in road cutting and cliffs), Nowra Creqk (tida1 limit, below Showground), Flat I Rock Dam (pipe line), Currumbene Creek ( be low the fa 11s ) , Porter s Gap (cuttings near crest of range).

(g) Berry Formation: Kangaroo Valley (quarry on Upper Kangaroo River Road), Berry (near Training School), Bengalee Creek (near head), Crookhaven Heads, Worrigee (council quarry), Brown's Hill quarry, South Nowra (brickworks), Nowra Hill (road to surmnit), Wogamia (top of descent), Cabbage Tree Creek (yalwal Road crossing).

(h) Bugong Sandstone and Broughton Tuff: Gerringong Creek, Kangaroo Valley, Cambewarra Mountain, Woodhi11.

(i) I,rrestlev Park Tuff: Gerroa, Boat Harbour, Gerringong, werri Beach. -31-

GLOSSARY

This list of technical terms, and words with meanings somewhat different from that normally understood, shou,ld be of use to less experienced readers.

tlA,l acidic: applied to igneous rocks whose SiO27. exceeds 66. agate: a r/axy variety of cryptocrystalline quartz. a llochthonous : composed of transported material. alluvial: concerning sediment in the process of transportation. amphibolite: rock composed principally of amphiboles, a variety of common rock forming mineral. amygdaloidal: pertaining to rocks containing gas cavities lined or fi11ed with cyrstals. analci te : a mineral whose fornnrla is NaAlSi^0. H^0 ancestral: referring to former events. andesite: an intermediate volcanic rock. anticline: a fold which is convex upwards. areni te : composed of sand sized particles. arsenopyrite: a mineral with the formula FeAsS augi te : a mineral with a complex formulal a member of the pyroxene family. auriferous: gold bearing.

ttBll basal: forming the first or lowest level. basalt: a basic, volcanic rock. basanite: a rock similar to basalt, but. containing felspathoids. basement: older folded rocks underlying less altered sediments. basic: applied to igneous rocks, containing between 45% and 52% SiO." Batholith: a large, deep seated intrusion beheaded: referring to a stream whose headwaters have been diverted elsewhere. Brachiopoda: invertebrate group of bivalve she11s. Bry ozoa: group of colonial animals, forming a lacey network.

ilcrl capture: the process by which one stream diverts water from another. carbonaceous: containing carbon. cassiterite: a mineral r,rith the f ormula SnO, chalcedony: a cryptocrystalline variety of'quartz. chalcopyrite: a mineral of formula CuFeSr. chert: sediment composed of crypt6crystalline quart.z. chlorite: complex, green mineral formed by alteration of ferromagnesian minera 1s . chronology: an ordered sequence of events of known time interval made of fragmented material. cryptocrystalline: composed of microscopic crystals. Coelenterata: group of animals including the corals. columnar: breaking into columns. concretions: concentration of mineral within an enclosing rock. conglomerate: sedimentary rock composedof pebbles. contemporaneous: occurring at the same time. contorted : highly folded. correlate: compare for purpose of finding age agreement. conulariids: group of worn like animals of doubtful affinities. qrinoid : type of echinoderrn wtrich attaches to the sea floor by stem. cupola: an isolated deep seated intrusion, related to a larger one. current bedding: strata laid down at an angle to that of the normal bedding. -32-

-qln-g.SARY..(Cont'd. )

ilDrl

dacite: an acidic volcanic rock. deltaic: formed within a delta. demarca ti on: boundary. deuteric: alteration of an igenous rock by solutions. dissected: intersected by many valleys, actively eroding an uplifted area. dolerite: a basic rock found in shallow intrusions. dyke: intrusion which cuts across the structure of adjacent rocl

Echinodermata: group of marine invertebrates, frequently displaying a five fold symmetry. emplaced: brought into position. entrenched: within a deep va1ley of its own making. e pi therma 1 : applied to ore deposits formed at shellow depths by hot solutions . erosional leve1 : surface produced by protracted erosion, now uplifted and being itself eroded. erra tic: material foreign to the normal constituents of the enclosing rock. essexite: rock resembling gabbro, but containing nepheline. eusta tic : pertaining to world wide changes in sea level.

ilF rl

facies: a lateral subdivision of a stratigraphic unit. fault: displacement of strata. fauna: group of animals. felspar: a very conrnon group of rock forming minerals. felspathoid: a group of minerals similar to the felspars but with a lower SiOr%. ferromagnesian: referring-to certain iron and magnesium minerals, in particular py-roxenes, amphiboles, micas and olivines. l f lora : group of plants. f 1ow: volcanic rock which has proceeded on the surface from a "* l fluorite: mineral with the formula CaF^. I fold: bend in sedimentary rocks re6ulting from comDression. I 'lGrr I I gabbro: basic, plutonic ingeous rock. galena: the mineral with formula pbS. I gangue: minerals 1 of no value occurring in a mineable deposit. ga s tropod : mollusc consisting of a single coiled shell genus: group of related organisms with a contrnonancestor. geode: cavity within a rock lined with crystals. glacial: pertaining to conditions in which glaciers were gneiss: normal. a highly altered sediment. nu grad ing : sorting of sedimentary material according to size. m,i granite: acidic, plutonic igneous rock. mi graptolite: extinct colonial organism, often of rodlike appearance. mt grid reference: series of numbers referring to a map location, obtained m: from a superimposed grid of sguares. m€ grit: material somewhat coarser than sand grains. m( groundmass: material forming the background to the more obvious MC components of a rock. mi

_I nHrt

hori zon: a l-eve1, usually persistent. hornblende: a cortrnonmember of the amphibole family of minerals. hydrothermal: referring to minerals crystallising from hot solutions under pressure. Ii fted

ilI rl lE roc igneous: having crystallised from the molren state. impregnation: material scattered through a rock which was introduced after the rock formed. inci sion: the cutting through of uplifted terrain by a s tream. incu rs i on : a gradual invasion. infau 1ted : referring to an area lowered into older rock by paral1e1 fau I ting. interbedded: lying amidst para1le1 beds hot of different material_ interg la cial : between periods of intense glaciation. intermediate: applied to F^J igneous rocks, whose si0^7. lies betr^/een LEU 52 & 66. intrusion: igneous material forced in the molt6n state into pre-existing rocks. inlier: an area of rock surrounded by younger rocks. isopach: a line on a map joining placee where a specified unit has equaI thickness .

ilJtt

j oint: fracture in a rock which has not as yet led to faulting.

ilL,'

labradorite: .La a variety of plagioclase felspar with approximately equal proportions of Na and Ca. I laccolith: dome shaped, shallow intrusion. les. lamprophyre: a type of dark igneous rocks containing an unusual combination of ferromagnesian minerals. lma v lapi11i: volcanic debris the size of sma11 pebbles. laterite: crust of iron enriched material resulting from weathering :1. under humid tropical conditions. latite: an intermediate rock of volcanic origin. lithology: the study of the physical characteristics of rocks. lithic sandstone: a sandstone composed dominantly of rock fragments of small sLze. limes tone : sediment composed of calcium carbonate. lode: usually applied to a mineable c. body of metallic mineral with well defined marsins.

rlMrl na1 maSma: molten, subterranean igneous material. magnetic declination: the angle betrnreenmagnetic and true north. mala chi te : a basic copper carbonate, with a typical green colour. nce. marine : referring to the sea. massive: ined when applied to sediments, means showing little or no bedding. meander: a looplike bend in a stream. mesa: flat topped hill bounded by cliffs. metamorphism: alteration of a rock by heat, pressure or other such causes. microdiorite: intermediate rock of medium crystal size. mid den: pile of debris marking an aboriginal camp site. minera lisation: introduction of minerals from an exfraneous source. misf it: applied to a stream whose discharge could not have erod ed the valley it now occupies. mollusca: a group of invertebrate animals characterised by a muscular foot. monocline: a steplike fold in otherwise gently dipping rocks. monzoni te : an intermediate- n'lrrfnnr'o raolt GLOSSARY. (Conc

neck: remains of an extinct volvano. nepheline: one of the felspathoid minerals. non-marine: pertaining to fresh water.

rrorl

offshoot : minor branch of an intrusion. o livine : a ferromagnesian whose formula is (Fe,Mg)^SiO, opal: an apparently . amorphous variety of silica: orogenic: used in reference to mountain tuilding. outcrop': place where rock is exposed at the surface. outlier: an area of rock surrounded by older outwash plain: rocks. comparatively leve1 "r"" "orlred with material trans por from close by. tedl over 1ie : to lie above.

ilPrr

palaeocurrent: referring to the current which prevailed at the time deposi t ion. of pa laeontology: the study of former pelecypoda: life. group of molluscs with penep tvno valves. la in : a land surface worn plenocryst: level by erosion. a crystal somewhat larger than the average rock. size within : physiography: the origin of land forms. phyllire: metamorphic rock of somewhat pira cy higher grade than slate. : the diversion of portion plagioclase: of on" stream by another. a family of Ca and Na Plana felspars, tion: leve11ing by erosion. plutonic: applied to igneous rocks pluvia which crystallised at great 1: a period of abnormally dep porphyry: high rainfa11. igneous rock containing pt"r,o"iy"t". pyri te : a mineral of formula FeS" pyrolusite: a mineral of formula MnO, pyroclastic: applied to sedimentary material of volcanic pyroxene: a family origin. of ferromagnesian minerals.

ilQrl

quartz: the conrnon mineral whose formula is SiOr. quartzite: a metamorphic rock composed largely of quartz. u ilRil u race: a channel for bringing recession: water to an alluvial mine. applied to streams cutting back into an residual: remaining ,piiir"j area. near the end of reversal: crystallisation. caused to flow in the opposiie rhyolite: direction. an acidic, volcanic rock. ring dykes: group fo v( dykes radiating from a cortrnon centre. v( v( - 35-

GLOSSARY- (Cont'd. )

ttstl

sands tone : generally understood to be a clastic rock composed of quartz grains " schist: metamorphic rock of graCe between phyllite and gneiss. sedimentary: concerning sediments" sedirne n ta ti on : the process by which sedimentary rocks are laid down. series I a shallow intrusion which conforms !o the structure of the intruded rocks. siltstone: sedimentary rock composed of silt sized particles. slate: met.amorphic rock resulting from pressure applied to silty sediments. spha leri te : the mineral whose formula is ZnS. specie s : a subdivision of the term genus. s tanni te : the mineral with the formula CurFeSnSO ror ted stra ta: layers of sedimentary material. s tratigraphic : referring to layered rocks. strike: the line of outcrop of a sedimentary rock. striated: bearing grooves " s tructure : those features of a rock which are caused by movements after deposition. of subgreywacke: a clastic rock containing a fairly high percentage of weatherable felspar and some rounded quartz grains. submarine: occurring beneath the sea. sulphide: a metallic mineral containing sulphur. syeni te : an intermediate, plutonic rock. Ltl a syncline: a fold in which the strata slope inwards towards an axis. synclinorium: a broad syncline containing lesser superimposed synclines.

nTtl

talus: pile of fallen rock material at the base of a slope. terra ce: bench-life surface now above the 1eve1 of an erodine depth. s tream. terres trial : derived from the land. time rock unit: a stratigraphic unit which corresponds to a definite interval of geological time. topographic: referring to the visible surface. tra chy te : a volcanic, intermediate rock" transgress: to cross geological time boundaries. tuff: fine grained volcanic debris.

trUrr

unconformity: a surface which represents nondeposition, frequently a boundary between younger and older rocks. underlie: to lie beneath. unsa tura ted : containing insufficient SiO,, to form felspars, resulting in the formation of felspithoids. uplift: period during which an area was raised to a higher leve1.

vesicular: containing small gas bubbles. :t vol-canic bomb: erratic block which was ejected from a volcano. til volcanics: a pile of volcanic activity. H rl bi r lLtt I BT

water table: the upper level of which a rock is saturated by water. weathering : the alteration of a rock to simple material by chemical and nhvsieel ntn.acqas -t6- a

' "l-ll *lr I I I t I I

I .etftoltt r /

I I \ t

SYoxsY Bnqlil' cENrRlLwE9T FOUO gELT

5 1 lorll t. a t. t- .",--*irB=Jo tr a

L636l tol{ oc rrle 5YDilFY0rrlr

t l t FruiEl.

Ll

brooo FFar rl flEWCnSTrE .{ [0t{RA S'TDNEY hrvrE(gunY sat}Jtove, i I 5F^ rEvFLI I

?ro00

hrooo

oo0

ooo -aT--

FteutF3

6FOLOGICAI- T'ME SCALE

)Uf0rtoN TOTAT SIGNIFtcArfTcvENTS 5uB0rv,SloNS ,i{rLtrol{ t l?rrE oF ffllE .f E4t5) A.c4!I9_19!e -,ElA ; l.- auirgRfhny tF-RC_o__ (o) REcFr{t OR HoLocFNfFpocrf lSrooO - '-' "-r'-. H_r* qf (L)PLE'|_19:^:::^:i:"t!.=,., . lElLs -!!L-c- _ 9_l_!! __s_iari F ve a . - I GLAoaL PERtoa .1..TEPTTARY PERrgg g1t1E (a) Pttoc EPOc t{ to -vfir.if ,-._ (u) r'ttocENEEpocr{ " t5- vULCArJlStl (c) oLtGsTsyEE pocH r5 (d) Focr xe poc F H lo_ (e) Pfteeocervr Epoc{ ro 7f tYlESozofc ERA

l. CRETRcFoug PEPtoo 65 - TURRSS,CpEero ;;;;l;; | Nrriorr 2. D l+5 ItlTflVSir,.ri qGE OF {TrrlretL Lc6o0 go5

3. TRr/tS5rcPERro0 b5 ae6 NON,tIAPtNF SFD1^45,yTAl re ii PALEEozolcERA vuLc4NrsM prlg 1,.4 lGLauRlloN. Llltll I 5UBS IDENC E :,{1 a. (AR BonI FrpouEPERtoD 80 ACr0tCrNI(rrSto^/S. U pLtFf tt i7a 9l 3. DEvoNl4NPERroo ll 50 SUBSIDENCE f|. SfLURIANPERtoD l{-o oRo6FNy 5.^oRDovrctaN ?ERto0 60 oRoGENY

6,CnuBPrRNPEnroD loo 600 ORoGeNY{?) t,x {rt EKc'2,olc FRN

trlloo ?',ooo ts.ARcHAEO2olc [i' ERA [1

i,1L'r F1

5oo ?, 5oo otDEsr Krvowr,lRoc Ks. T

PHYSIOGRRPHICRFGTONS OF THF SHOATH4VENSHIRE

\a RtGroHntBouNoeRtES

\-- SHtRE looutronnl

,,

TRrt0x6 e,*o)

ff;-\t1 B\\-)) -r- ToltEtow6

v ll, I i( a a \'' a o, a l|ltl0tr, t ir t :'CutloGrElttY i ilOurtrlr I I t G I hT. guoawAN9 t , ,

I tt!Row.r I o--r--L=r-$ L l4ttE5 -l -39-

RE f11 FI6U 5 it

;5oorrn w4.v0,jUDl4/Vr (RFEKI l-'*oo I I I

I .ol,Jot 4 I (caLO0 ( flFEK froo cRt!i I I I I t I I , I I I, l , I I t I X xi I I L I^.L o

PF(,NIA'V ola 'io.?r"rarvc?)E E FrTS (ffiI-.*-]-?14dt--l @ ?;';rYlA'v(r) st Drr riltES

INRE&UI.AR84sEAIFMT .veAR THE wR^,DA^/DIAN TIN MI,Vg-

FtGUflF6

-::- a,500 I ' Frzt e\ -A:r =.-::i= .€--.

\ I \ \ r500 \

tr000 EtrIIqiY c{l - (J9PE n f:l PFRi4llrv fVl Ensnrr |.-l ffi o(DovtcrlN sqrvosrorJE MrAES 5[ RTE fr:tr GAAvEl, SA,ID (

lArt E\ 0F TltF FrvDRtCr(RfvE4. AEovE NER4t(rA 'T 6URE ---1 fv) IFRTfAAYBaSnlt (d) ruch/ifl SRr',rDSTC'tF ini ttt"FE58u41SAwo51owE [e)w4^iDliAwRrvDlAN .ii 'i cra' (b) BAOuGill oN t,F F 3lLTS'ioNF atc' (c) BERRYFOA'q ATItTN c 1roC0 :-l,Oc

i poc ftrc00 "r ; t.---:'-.- -,- a " L-o-1.*c (t) -lrooc ,_i,ooc

(c) ?,oco - l,ooo f"ERO5,0d AND PL4tYA'TloN

Fi ---':-_.'-J C '.) I

n rifAT t0N 0F U PLIF'f

+Q r.l

ia' i a)' 3. cuiPcuRtNrioF 6nslRtr

i

FURTHER U PL I FT

5 i(c.5tDN

('L]OE RoBERIS0N RtvER {. IIELTFn,rriv;cF THE PRESENTLAN.D SU4FAcE -41- I

FIGU8 E trqr|'Ot{6

4e oo frtV

rartowi t CRTfR

t YALw,L l CRFEK / I or--.--i-'*:+---r -/' r.1rL 0Ait'i/nel P4Trrix oF Tt{F ,}ttD9Nofl.XrVE/v 4rvER

FI6UR F ? it I-ld5 i::__:tr[!}jl !ilLE 5

SASSA FRAS

rirYtA RA .:ArLS (NPIURTO F THE UPPTR Ct.YOE RIVER .-t_;

----s--_ \--

I

r4ut6FrV i^ SwAt'l9 sb - -:'':;4*d-CREFr( -..

\ --' f ,t ' I €omeoglp1 lr I CTEE|( I lFl4Lruvlum I-l sERnY t H Foeqn.rtoJt rzl r0\tn4 l-J SNrr0Sf -l;$;-lj

llil"$if$i^'r I . StLTSlolJF :W t -€stbv(E BOMhDFpf;Y sllo Rt- * ^xIJ, CEEEN Yatw nt o QOAD

LAIEf,fiE 2 OOFFFT 100

,oo loo --='-?-::-:-;-'-2 o 0 \. Dpcwlif G, : I lllLF - I -*' l,,Yct{ rVrl I LJ/ r- 5trrsroxE

r-I sANDSlnf/j tnrERtrF NEnRry91-8-d ! "J ltkvtr tl t

slfofitflRvE,v hEROJ

11ce oorl AvEN *\i. HENDS

tl il -'l- -.'.-

COURSEOFTHE SHOEIHAVFdRIVER I tNClf= lqh,,FS POSSIBLEFORMER -; 1 F ICUR *'*i3 o rt ,.b >t

E!n c( 7

aa q trr no

qy\ .J Ur J_t o a z. I lu tlE o d.

t&uaEI b

30 7 OFEFI

WEATHERED SrrtSroNE5 IO

5Ary0 5nHo

SAND \NRDJ R PogStBLEFoRf'lER s lr0RFt.tIE AT SUSSfXINLET FttvAE15 o ilost {\| t

fo BERAY

CAMgEWNRRA LOOK OU7 r/// (GoooDoc)

I s

TO N6WNA IINC{=*rn|Le

tflrS neP 15 orrtY t. t,{TEXDFDAO BE I RoU&H.

I] i ltEt anP(,oPHrRetilTRuS I or,rS N EAR GoooDoG NOUNTA IN r & -44-

FIGURE16

CORPNG l,ooo la',^

trocr, 2,&f l

tr0o0 t,i:ci

o o fJ rrcmrRx ggvodrnr *J----f - '=_ r)ll vo!(arvr(s I'.it./Oooovtr tRN r:rc ilILEJ fJ sFDrHF,vTS FIGURF I7

" grfarsgrrs I i urttaE L t

'vo,, & ' '0f EutPse n'l% stT 3' (QuarrY) . rrrllo,

P lfirrlc I E GoLOEd caov,N

wrt,l

Fouilrrltr{ PIoT{FFR HTRO meg||t.rF Ylc-rDn 3l rE t

]loHEwneD gout{D horr€ER tnAC Hl.fE SITE

fitemvl HonSwArD goirno r , i I I

60LgFrV SIAR' QVARTY

BrSNR((k CALEDo,,IAT

TOWN SITF

o rao loo r-:_=:Er-r yAADs trvFolmArlon FRoti4 rY_s.w.{rrrYEs DEPr. \\r4,tryFRnt RE5OV4 c 65 YAIwRI GoLDL 5 (rqot) oF n.s.w. gil lgo, -4F--

Ft'vnE lg i

CAMEEWATRN

LAT!TF GERRIw*':'i.l volc ni/tc 5 BRoU&HTO^J TUFF A,J D Bu&o|{ E 5dtvo STotrrF

g ERRY f-oAnAT'0^,

rvowSA SarvosrottE WAYDRNWA^/DIAN SllrsroilF

C0rls ol a FoRM4Trod lr0oo

oo, YaoSoro oo 5oo CONGLOAER,T o E o o( PIGEONHOUgC CQEE K slITSrovE cLYoE UitoN FORnI?y CoeL MEaSuff S

B45E/r4Fr{7

5TRA1 coLvAtl F THE A LT{E VFN OUP( SITV1PLIFIFD) FIGUREI1 3,o'Jl a -t z,3Sgf{. I n NowRa flE Aertosr. ./-=- -= \ waru DaAw,lN Dt/ld 2r0c(' 4=-_--_=]\ SIITSTONE CON'OLA ...'oo.i -[-;;l;:=::;> F0A,ilA7 toN >.,\'133:f:-

ptcFodHousE i cx. SILI STo^rg

' ,' t- /"t t' / ' '' -. o oQoovtctArv \^,EST 0 EAST s(rltE I t^rcH= {Arr-E N OF PI ow li- Ft&oRE70 l- '{". \r'o loo--- \ + l -j-- \\rE\*. I -- - \. i l-'-ig.r)- __-\, \r. \ \

\ -r : W -a;\.- i'2;,r',-'\ i. K l__ itU,_*vrtll ',, k-\ l-;,,h$il', t.'t),!t I r \ t;irlr \ t ): I t_ A-- tt I

o '. ',; \ + i \ \ \ - 'J6"'t. Fq t | I I t , | | | \ \ I y r | | \ l. \ I t--n.-ts; I r t I fr -{vf) ..\ \ ry'g ;, I [;' ,frrrrr^I-Qo),' \ I l-qrq , :; .' ::)'\'t ,\l I t, t I I i-t , ,,,' ,' s/ i ,t \ I -' l(_ vrt \.^r-\r/ f. ir' ,')0,r,','.'-^/{"'." , I t ii - I /\' ':.t:i: /J l .'o".,ff:-.,l tSa r4u ': - SOPACH OF HE Nowtr.{ .4/v,:Tcl-rF ) /tlrt-Ej FIGUAE 2I

'.:.-. _ I ..

i:i

.'+j

1..'.'.1 :lo tooaetcccoo6q

,zo I i ,16 j "h/'r rsi" r\\N;FI{- -, \ _r. \ -- 1o; \ ,\I \^ \

;,c i- ---6A --i L-.-to tr \,\ h-. t",'i6iii,', :ffi\ /r''r]'jtlr-ri;;', t 7 r.,l'/'tl( \ \ T-',t.I t *"en \ \ t\ r.4", I r qoA li I \ \ \\ ( rlo 1 [-,- l',; \ l\ \+ i\ \- t, \ g+, l',:l lr I 1\ \-. | St I l, I \ / \l i\ll' - -. *tJ.r; ' I ' t\ \l ,',n- -:J-i rfo \ { \ / l ' ) I\ I ! \,' t ^^t9' 'q t I | (r.-r ll ,,, \' ., t t/ \ ,. 1 ., lr'l I ,\i ./ 'r!3 _, *rr/ ,, i \; ..\,6rtrl t' tc J- 'reg\t t '" , , n^,^-.-,1\ ,'r 'r{;l::1' tIt/ t / t .t , f !"<') ): atl{o--aL ./p n )ar aa^ | 16 ,lro ,/ro - f /vlri-ES t50P4CH OF HE NOWA..1 "l /V , r, T 0lJF

i;:

,+j

10

PNRMA HELL HOLE C EEEK

l/tl P tF'FD) rli _l t' - FtbuRtI3 -47 s

i

Ir ,tt ? ,'\ * ?n -'> +; a= 8 I> z \ ; a -l 0! rra n 1i Flo 7 t rt v1 :I )[ A' 7' +? o t I Uiilrlll )i o [5 I + tLt?19

'(

PF'Ti^IAN PAIAIOCUf,NFflT DFTERI{IN -48-

F I6URF 2?

I MFTtlD0 FoRivlATl0A/ PLA(E jBrri*rrc I u5ED ---*-*----,ll gci,1,rrrFAfi,.tcK. 1-yf,REruTtt FDDIT'JiJ; tJ alwR l4 jr\ 3J'F I o It ,r rt i', -, P t ,,.C1 PFBBTEo fllEN(NT'ON 'rb - _ >,, l,nt "i 1 , ll rl c ivC vtJ R ll ,(. 'rfr',f t:dl ll t?oCKD A)vl ;!fi CUQ4 ENT E Dqt'vG FL AT ttv11r1 ,T'-1r,:t --J fr,& i ll ll tl DArrrr,4C( fltf /.z.un l,.v I rl rl Wo(rAMtQ i f""tof l, 'N+LL'''' PEBBI F o q I ENTAil$N| W A,vD RfiWAil 0t41Y BnunRANG cuqRrutB pootu& NOWNA YFAp111 6NG',,5t1 6co E j

l( tl ll '-LAr{irr.k.K. iv i6'E i r( PEE 8t F 6fttE NTfrTtol.l't FnttS c,(. N-':--.uii lr ll whND/"AWhM\tAt'l H L'Sl( r5'5 o ,v ltu,,;g !35'i i,(ti .r tt CourcLA '-tGHTHousF J^F rrYil6c E t-25. rl ri LoBSr Et\ tl A,/ jrvZc'r I 3E' tl Fcsst1 W ftNDRAWAVOIAN llrNGHo R. N i1,11r5'p:3i

TNgLF OF PATAEOCURPEilTMFASURE||EI'T5 i FIGURE2+ i

\|er|0Rawnd tLTsror{F ( gnfinRRN&)

\ 1i"loLtE8E 1 1 BFTNEFN 60Ru P l2o lroolE"tNI | .la.' I

\ t I \ \ s0uTfl 5:l hl 3;l

LOrTGA XI5 PESgLE OAIENT AT rO^I G R,AP H -49- T Ft6UnE 25

8,)MpDFflR tr t gtlr

nar .- l: ,r//;So / r,

Jq4-!i- a r rNCrt=1{o vAADJ I 'l' .{

I BRowtv;HtLl- gFRR.' t 4 tvo E RrLuv,uM Fo(M RT,oN/ /f-l /s il{rr4R s4ND5i0^'E 5r{onr_,{nvr,,J{w0wAA I DsloNt I GEoroGtcrtt m sRN \ GRout \ tvoAfi,EJ WRilDAAWR'VOIA'V 8ou lmmSttTSfo rvf -50-

li r.

V a ,. L 2 t I

4

Y

\

sl.r' ,,1'

qu4TFR N flRt PEAMIRN Scnrt f:5o,oog BERR,.I f.] ALLuvruM I I FoRMRTtoNI (PoroG$AL | n rTTTTil Now{ ) BourvDftR,Es SH()NTHAVEN ( //,^ sRNDStoitf 6rnoUp I'rrrTtrrn:lll:illto'^'

I (rEoLocrcA.rfn4 P oF THF N0Wf,nDt57A,c? l -51- I t I F|GVR,E7|1 WOODH'L L

/tl =

I il1NJnnn

EFRAy ,, -- 5ILT S TONE

it i 'CALE d' VEAl 'C h L H.otlt7 0N i ll L tTNclt;-Sbo FEEr t ttl(d ' OtvttbES FIGU(E

Tertlary Basalt Unoonfo:mlty Wlanamatta Group l{on{arine

l{on-l[arlnE , Hawkeebury Sand.stone

$on-llarlne

I{ar -[arlne

l[arine ll\rffs Subaerino flows Sad.dlebackLatits Sl1Is nnl\ ^ GERRI}TCOI{C \A,r\ A A,r\ zi .'\A,'1 i A 4o9c .r"rueroo Tuff tul-t\Jltf Ltl^,/t rt lt 'J-A volJcAlilcs 'Bunbo Lati.te Klama Tuff Blowhole Latlte ITesSloy Perk [uff

STRRTI6RNPHIC COLU'q^/OF THF YOU^/GFRSErIMF/VTJ -52-

FIGU -l*oi^rr'. R-DiFRrSow 4 r'^llnRY Bu00FRoo ERcrrFR's KAilfrARoo trfnus lory CRFEK J s,rt 5i;,0!i1iil...csouP :LtEY tlt AwnARA f++R H.RwxE tnAn a 8fEil coAt S,rr O5t!{f ( Glovlt ! ,UFNSU4FJ C AI^SEWAARA Frow d'' "qaL"* n ') 'ruFF',

JCATE | I firct{ = ,-lhrLES ?^ ^?^Ar f , T -53-

Ft6uRE30u cAsgncETnEE FLAT ROCI( A,vrf cL INE NUEN ndTt.cLlr{E 6LINE

t

?ARNA , llon0cLlNE Jf f t JFRVIS / BAY SYNCLI N F '/ro,n,

PERPEFID lc Ut /lR , trRULT

SCftLE S.{NCLIN AL llNcl{= l+ntLEs {';xt"o*+AXrS FAULT CMIXORtrNVLT5 OrqtrTE D)

sTRUCTURNL 'UIa P OF THE fVOWRA OtST rcT -- I -54- *-_l +l FIGU?,E 3I ;l NI I

i,Jg

f| t

f t^\e J a I H.r.A.t. Altorrolr Y t , rs loo t 2oo

\9

\( ?;:. !t

!\r\ I h I l I

dr.*.o3*

.nj 3t'4"^

5T cTU fiE too ?oo'l SChLE fr,V L co NTooAS lNrF(vR tlNcH = ?lvl|,LF5

r sr 5u5PEC7ED NORNIRL F RULTS

(slNPL!F'FD .?^rr.?rlAt t^NTAlrR MAP OF THF TVO -l!

LI -55-

FIGURE7I CA9SNGETAEE FLAT ROCK CRTEh QwTtc LlrvF S\NCLINF

r{owRA

l+oo ( I9STGET 1,8 E FL AT 4OCR €RFFr CREEI( 3oo f-oo f00

O r.'il-i; 5CALE

SFCTION f{AR ANG- NOWR FtGU,RF?3 EomRDE R R\ ANTICLI N F

dO(T H SourH 4oo 3oa F LAT ROCK SHOAt HfiVF'\' 2-00 NNFR CREEK

O FEE'I SCALF "rv.,v-- ll-S S,eclto!,.amtLeS w r I FI6URE ] C+BghGE PnAf"lA TREE CREER rqoNoCLt NE WEST 6lNCLINE ErtS1 PARf,rA 600 CR PRINCES5oo HtGHwAY koo

3oo z0o ro0

O FFET

FFllpr SC4LF t:ii *$ BFRRY Fo( m ATr0N l: f,o,0oo dowAA EI sArvDsro NE J--r wAN DRftwnN014/v r= 6t LT(ro NE

sEclrot{,3 fvllLESNoRTH 0F T0fvlERoNG E -56-

.DFVoNIRN

OI xl PAoDucrErln 4 V rCU t-o PF(TFN (ttt REMAc t(') (ErrREMncK /

cRINOIDSiEM LEPTOPHLFUI"\ # (6RnssY(rutLY) X (rrTRF/nAcR I

xl SP |r4I FE A ( GRAS5Y GvnY)

PIERINI^:A (lntwRtc hJ

O R D OV I C I RN FosStrS

DICELLOG(APTUS CfqoN&ARr-owr) DIPLOGRNPTUS (t RtloN GJ -57- , *_r FtGtRr 36 ffilTru oss rr-3

( c oanL5)

BEIiRY FoAMaT'o^/)

EURY PI.{Y LLU/V\ [wnryDAAwfiilD|/ltv SILTSTONE) 5ECTION

Bnlozoe

e XI .rl

THAMNOPORO ( (0NJorA ( WA,roAnwA,vDlAN A /hA'Iro,v cTENopoAACAtN tTA SlLT510^/E) t:0 ) CWE 51 LT\ PARKTU FF) @, Fffi.e ftlx WrJ,. p6grfpo(a (WEETTFVPARKTVFF) nEx xSrFtl n ( (w nnlDAAwnruDtqN -ErRnr ' roRfncltoN) Srt-TS.To^rf) - 58-

FTGVRE 17 BRRCHIOPoDA

2N

Dr4 ULLnDl,r-tE;v5iq, GILLEOI4 CULBUR4E'{9I5 6 tlLF \ CruowQnsR/vosro'!E) ( w nrvDRAY{aNDlAN S I r-T5Tc''NF

0 $xl

FLET(HF(ITH'{ r{I 9 ANYGD/TLA DIELASMA (wEsrlEYPnnK ruFF) (rvowRRSAtvDsloNE)

[,n I \l xl. }tl

sr(oPHtljl14 cBEf,R\ Fo(rv\Ar,oN) Ft 0rJA 38 6AACHroPotfA

'/i li*j.t/-

srRopH4Losl4 Iw nrv0ilAw4,v 014N SlLTsrot E) i,lcwAA 5,4/\l'i Tc't, F \

TFRRRKFA I CONSOLA f-oRMATrcrNJ

TERRAT.FN TRlt?0NoaPE74 (Nownq sA.,JDsTof{E) ( BFARYFoRu4r,oNi -60-

FTGUTF?q BRAcHToPoDA

N,.^AGNA(?) IN&ELRAEir. ^-SfrTFoNF tw n ND AA wATDLAN )

xl

lrucELAAEt-teMAUTI)hNENSi5 (? ) (wrsrtF\ PiAxruFF)

fwEsrrE)PnRk 1v;r)

( ivowAA 6 ArvU SroilF )

WA/VDARWRNDIflN INETAAELLA sPECIEJ SfrTsloNL) - 61-

FI6URF I Rni t"ir c Pc D0

iI

#fr I t'. t! lt. "l lN qELLA sp RNGULATn tr.Jf'FLA ]IlgrliELLA s 5i,v E rs foruF lw fliilRtaAw/lrvDifltv ) [ \,\A N D R A\NAlv 0tAN Sll

( 6tti,t,t FoRM A Tf otr, )

(,vow,r n S,lruD StrtnL )

iwCFLARE LL A OvrFo Rtvtt5 ( Di I I I -62-

FtGv RE l+l CRACHtc P0Dfi

,1,'i /[1' r.\t.'..' . 't...t. , I t,l Alr\1' {i, ,t" "" (wrsTz-EYDRAt

I IqCLLUSCR Pit-EciPc{tA

xt ( wrsirFJ cn{lhTvi:r-) DELIOPEC]-FN ( frrOW RA SrqfvOSTot'JF)

xl x' (*nM0RnwANDiRNgrrT Si ouE) AVICULOPECTFN -F

FIGVIlEIa Ft0tLuSCn PELEC\IOOA

c l-l4FNoM\R t(oNSciR FcnM4ircv)

RsrRAT lL 4 BU(rONG5ANOSiONE)

fqF&ADE5nvs (w=srtEYPnRr rutF)

gTUiCHtiU(rn CwrsTLF\ PRRK IUFF\

M\ONIACRRINRTA (cor,lJoLAFoRmAnoM) - F

-64- FtGvREb3 --MOLLUSCR GnsTR,oPon/)

'ryARTHtn (wEsTLElPAnr. IvFF) axg KEENE IR frl(tq_M,nHALu{-f I IIOVVRASA/1/DSlONF) (\\q,ll,tRWqNDiAN SilrsToNE)

( ONU t RAIiD 5

@ F' H.{OLITHE5 (YiSILE\ PRRKTUFF 4 CONUr-4RIA ( NowRA SATvDSToNi

FCHINODERMATA- CRINOiI'FA H ffi cfl,tNot0STFrvts --.!

f -65- i

Fre,rnEutl;--_- i-FCHf NoDERMnIA CAINoIOEA

TAtERn.-Hrc(At/.vurS (tvow4nSR,vDSTcNF)

Pl RN15

('LoSS0PTFAt5 6RrvGAMoPfER,tS ( CI.Yt)ECORL MF SUAFS) (ct\08 co.RLMEnSunFS\

IHFCA (rr-rnwARRA COAL fl\ERSIJR,ES) ruEnsunES) xt (r"lRwARAA xl c0AL fvtEAsuRE() -66-

LOCALTTYINpgX.

Abernethli's Creek; 10. Carria 1oo; 2. Bamarang; 24 Carrington Fa1ls; 27, Bannister Point; L4 Castle, The; 24, Barber's Creek; 5 Cave Beach; 12. Barrengarry Creek; 9 Clyde Mntn.; 8. Barrengarry Mntn.; 26, 27. Clyde River; 2, 3, 5, 15, L7, 19, Barren Groundi 2, 13, 27. 20, 2L^ Bateman'sBayi 1, 2, 6, 7, 15, 20" Condy's Creekt 20. BawleyPoint; 10. Conjola i 2, 8, L2 Beaumont; 13. Conjola Creek; 6, 15, 17, 20. BeI lawongarah ; 13, 18. Conj ola Lake; 14. Belmore Fa11s; 27. Coolangatta; L2, 25. Belowra; 17. Coolangatta Mntn.; 9, 2L. Bendeela; 2. Cooloo Creek; 8. Bengalee Creek; 25, 30" Corangi 3, 24, 29. Berrara; 12,2L, 30, Corang River; 16, 20. Berry 25, 28, 30. j , Crookhaven Heads; 12, 19, 21, 25, 30. Berry Mntn.; 11, 13, 27. Culburra t 21, 30. BewongCreek; 11, L2. Cr:rrarong; 6, 20, 2L. Bherwerre ; 29. Currockbilly Mntn,; 2. Bimberamala Creek; 5, 17 " Curror,lan; 8. Blow Hole Point; 9. Currowan Creek; 15. Boat Harbour (Gerringong); 30- Currumbene Creek; 6, 23, 30. BoaE Harbour (Wreck Bay); 12. Currumbene State Forest; 12, 23, 29 Bolong Road; 25 " Currumbene Trig"; 23 Bomaderryi 6, 2L Danjera Creek; 8. Bomaderry Creeki 5, 6. Dromedary Mount; 10" Boolijah Creek; 5. Durras Mounti 9, 2I. Bowral; 27. Endrick Riverl 4, L4, 16, 18. Braidwood; 3. Endrick Valley ; 14. Broger's Creek; 6. 27. Ettrema Creeki 5, 15, 16, 18, 30. Brooman; 17. Ettrema Gorge; 4, 15, 23, Broughton Creek; 13. Ettrema Tops ; 4. Broughton Head; 11, 27. Broughton Vale; 9, 13 " Fa1lsCreek; 2,2I,23" -l Brown's Creek: 10. First Curradux Creek; 15, 30. Brown's Hill; 25, 30. Fi tzroy Fa1 ls ; 27 . Brown's Mntn. ; 27. Five I-slands ; 9 BrundeeSwamp; 7,2I. FIat Rocki 2, 20, Budawang Creek t 20 " Flat Rock Creek; 29" BudawangMntn. ) 2, 18. Flat Rock Dam; 30. Budawang Range; 2, 3. Foxground; 18" Budderoo; L4. Bugong Creek; 4. Gerringong; 9, 11, 13, 26. Bugong Trig.; 26. Gerringong Creek; 11, 30. Bugong Val1ey; 9. Gerroa; 7, 26, 30. Bundanoon Creeki 8, 18. Good Dog Creek; 11, 13. Bundundah Creeki 8, 16. Good Dog Mntn.; 10, 13, 27. BungoniaI 3, 15, 16. Grassy Gullyi 3, 8, T6, L7, 30. Bunnair Creek; 20. Green Point t L2" Burrier; 3, 6, 2L, 30. Greenwell Point; 2L. Burragorang; 27. Gunnedah; 1. Burrill Lake', 6, 12, 30" Gypsy Point; 6

CabbageTree Creek; 29, 30. Hunter Valley t L9. Callala Creek; 7. Huskisson; 19, 20, 2L, CalIala Point; 2I, 30. Calymea; 24. Jamberoo; 9. CambewarraLookout; 13, 27. Jerrawangala; 17. Cambewarra lv1ntn.; 27 , 30. Jerrawangala Lookoutl 20, 2L. I CambewarraRangei 2, 3, 4, 5, 9, 10, Jervis Bayi 2, 6, 20, 30. | 'l ) 11. 26. 27. .Tones ?.rcek. 15 6 -67-

Localitv Inde><. (Cont'd,)

KangarooMntn.; 11, 13, 18, 27. Springs, The; 30 KangarooRiveri 4, 5, 18, ?6, 27, Stoney Hill; 26. KangarooValleyi 2, 6, 9, 10, 11, 26, SununerCloud Bay; 12, 27, 30. SussexIn1etl 7, 19, 20, 2I, 30. Kj-ama; 9. SwanLakej 7,30. Kinghorn; 12, 30. Kings Point; 6, Talaterang; 3, 20, 24, Kicloai 9,2I. Tallongi 4, 5, 19, 27, 30. Ta1lor,ra 1 Creek i 4 . T,agoonPoint i 7, 2L, 30. Tapita1lee; 27. Lithgowi 1, 27. Tapitallee Creek; 5, 6. T,ittle Forest Creek; 20^ Termeil; 10, 11, L7. T.3 6-.1 ^-^ . t, Litrle Forest Plateau; 4. t!drrJdrd, +. Long Point Lookout; 30. Tianjara Falls; 26. Mandayong; L2. Timberlight; 16, MaruIan, 1, 3, B. Tolwong;14,15,16,30. Miltoni 2, 3, 10, 11, 17, 20, 2L, 23, 24. Tomerong; 12, L9, 21, 23, 30. Minnamurra Fa1J.s ; 10" TomerongState Forest; L2, Mollymook; 14. Tongarra; 27, Monga; 15, Toolijooa; 9, 13. Mongarlowe; 15, 30. Tougai 8, 16. Moss Vale ; 12, 13, 27. Tourist Road; 13, 27" MontaguPt.; L2, 30. Tullarwa1la Lagoon; L2" Mudgee; 3. Tullian Creek; 10, 13. Mulgen Creek; 5. Turpentine Range; 6. Murramarang; 9, L7, Nelligen; L7, Ulladulla; 2, 6, 12, 2I, 30. Nerrigai 3, L4, 15, 16, 18, ZO, 2I. Upper KangarooRiver; 13. North Head; 7. North Nowra; 25. VenundreeCreek; 17. Nowra; 6, 12, 23, 24, 25, 28, 29, 30. Vincentia t 2l " Nowra Creek; 30. Vines, The; 14. NowraHill; 12, 25, 30. Wandandi.an;3, 8, 17,20,2L. Orient Point a 12. ia/andandianCreek; 8, 15, L7, 20. Warden'srlHead : 30. Parma; 29. Wellington; t. PicLon; 28. Werri Beach; 30. Pigeon House Creek; 20. Wingecarribee River; 4. Pigeon HouseMntn. i 20, 2L, 23, 24" Wogamia; 30. Point Perpendicular; 20, Wollondi11i ' River1' 4, 5. Porter s Gap; 20, 23, 30. Itrol longong ; 25. Pulpit, The; 24. WoIlumboola,Lake; 7. Woodburn; 10. Quiera; 14, Woodhilli 9, 27, 30. Quilty's Forest; 15. Worrigee; 12, 30- Quiltyrs Mntn.; 2, 24. Yadboro; L7, 18, 20, Red lleadi 2, L4. Ya1wa1; 8, 15, 16, L7, 18, 20, Robertson; 14, 27, 28. 2L, 30. RobertsonPlateau; 2, 27, Ya1walCreeki 3, 5, 8, L6, 18, Rolfets Creek; 16. 19, 20, 30. Yerriyongt 2I. Saint GeorgesHead; 12. Sassafras; 8, 14, 20, 26. SassafrasPlateaui 2, 4, 25, Scanzi, Mt. i 9, 26, 27. ShoalhavenPaper Mi11; L2. ShoalhavenRiveri 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 11, 15, 23, 26, 30. ShoalhavenState Foresti L2, 25. Showground; 25, 30. Silver Del1; 18" South Marulan: 15. BIBLIOGRAPHJ

This list includes all references known to the author at the time of wrltlng Nearly all of them have been located, but those marked by an asterisk have proved to be of the greatest value.

Adamson,c,L" and Frenda, G-A. (1963) - Geological reports on quarry sites at Walcha, Pokolbin, Nowra dnd Warren (Geol.Surv.Report, 1g)

Anderson, w. (1890)- Report on a new gold discovery, county st, Vincent. (Ann, Report Dep Min. N.S.W., 1889, 233)"

Anderson, W. (1892)" Report on the Bendithera Silver Field and Currowan and BrimbermalaGold Field. (Ibid, 1891,, 252.)

Anderson, W. (1893). (rbid , 1892, I2L),

Andrews, E"C (1901). Report on the yalwa1 Gold Field (Min" Resources of N,,S Ll., 9) .'t

Annual Repopt, Dept. Min. N"S.W" (i911). (pages47, 53, 5g.)

Brooker, F"w. (195?). studies in permian sedimentation in the sydney Basin. (N.S W. Dept. of Mines). *

$ranagan' D-F" and Packham,G.H. (1967). Field Geology of New Sourh Wales. (Science Press, Sydney).

Brown, r-A. (1925 A). Note on the occurrenceof Glendorites and glacial erratics in the upper Marine beds at ullddul1a, N-s.w. (Proc.Linn. Soc.N"S"W.50,25,)

Brown, r"A. (1925 B) The Geologyof rhe Milron Disrricr, N"s.tr^I.(rbid. 50, 44g.

Brown, r"A" (1930) The Geologyof rhe sourh coasr of N.S"w. parr rrr DevonianFormations, (Ibid., 55, 14g.)

Brown, r,A" (1931) - The stratigraphical and structural Geology of the Devonian Rocks of the South Coast of N.S,W" (Ibid,56,4g4),

Browne' w-R" (1933). An account of the Post Palaeozoic igneous activity in New South Wales (proc. Roy. Soc. N,S.W., 67, 9") carne, (1908)" J.E. The copper Mining Industry and the Distribution of Copper ores in N"S"I4I. (Geol.Surv.Min-Resource, N-S.W", 6) " carne, (1911) J.E" The Tin Mining Indusrry and Distribution of Tin ores in N"S"W" (Ibid, L4.)

Card, G'tr.I"and Jaquet, J. B (1903) " The Geology of the Camber^7arraMountain N's w', wiLh special reference to volcanic rocks, (Rec.Geol. Surv., N"S.W", 8, 26L).x

(1860) Clarke, W.B. " Researches in the Southern Gold Fields of N. S.W"

(1931): Craft, F,A, The Physiography of rhe Shoalhaven River Valley (Proc. Linn. Soc.. N. S"W" , 56, 99, and 26L")

Craft, F-A, (1932). (rbld" 57, 245.) -69-

Bibliography. (Cont'd.)

David, T.W.E,.( 1905). Occurrence of Ehe pseudomorph Glendorite in N.S.W. (Rec.Geol.Surv.,N.S.W., 8, 161).

David, T.[4I"E",ed Browne, l,I.R. (1950). The Geology of the conunonwealth of Australia. (Arnold).

David, T.W.E. and Stonier, G.A. (1891). Report on the Coal l,lea.suresof the shoalhaven District and on a bore hear Nowra. (Ann.Report Dept.Min., 1890, 244). *

Deane, H. (1905). Notes on fossil leaves from the Tertiary deposits of Wingello and Bungonia (Rec.Geol.Surv.N.S.W., 7, 59.)

Geoseismic (Australia) Ltd. (1962). Report on a Reflection Seismograph Survey in P.E.L. 59, Nowra area for L.H. Smart Oil Explora tion Co. Ltd . *

Grif f in, T.J. (L962). Groundl^7aterSurvey of the Lower Shoalhaven River FIats (Geo1. Survey Report, 13).

Ha11, L.R. (1964). Ed. Geological Map of New south wales., (Geol. survey of N.S.W.)

Ha11, T.S. (1909). Notes on a collection of Grapholites from TaI1ong, N.S.W. (Rec.Geo1.Surv.N.S.W., 8, 339).

Ha11, T.s. (1920)" on a further collection of Graptolites from Tolwong, N"S.W. 9 , 63.

Hanlon, F.N., Jopl-in, G.A. & Noakes, L.C. (1953 A). Review of nomenclature, 2. Permian units in the Illawarra district (Aust.J. Sci.15)

Hanlon, F.N", Joplin, G.A. & Noakes, L.C. (1953 B). Explanatory notes to accompany Wollongong 4 mile geological map. First Edition. )k

Harper, L.F. (1905). The Geology of the Gerringong District. (Rec.Geol.Surv. N.S.w. 8(2), 94")*

Harper, L.F. (I9I2). Progress Report on rhe Geological Survey of the Southern Coalfield (Ann.Rep.Dep.Min.N.S.I^r.,1911, 1g1).

Harper, L.F. (i915). Geology and Mineral Resources of the Southern Coalfield. (Geo1.Surv.N.S.I4r.Mem.7).*

Harper, L.F. (L924). Silica (Geo1.Surv.N.S.W.,Bullerin No.10).

Jaquet, J.B. (1905). Notes on the occurrance of gold in Volcanic Glassat Grassy Gu11y, Yalwal DistricL, N.S.W. (Rec. Geol. Surv. N.S.W"7,17.)

Jaquet, J.B. and Harper, L.F. (1905). The Geology of the permo-carbonifercus rocks in the South Eastern portion of N.S.W. (Ibid. g, 67.1*

Jenson' H.I. (1908). SomeGeological Notes on the Country behind Jervis Bay. (J.Roy Soc., Vic. 42, 306).*

Joprin, G,A. (1964). A petrography of Australian rgneous Rocks. (Angus and Robertson).

King' L.C. (1959). Denudational and Tectonic Relief in south Eastern Aust. (Trans. Geo1.Soc. , SouthAfrica, 1959). -70-

Biblioe!:aphy" (Cont'd.)

Laseron, C.F. (1908) The Sedimentary Rocks of the Lower Shoalhaven River. (.1. Roy. Soc. N.S.W^, 42, 316). *'

Laseron, (1e10).Palaeontology of the Lorrrer Shoalhaven River. (rbid, 44, 190)

Laseron, ( le60). Problems of the Permian sea. (Sydney University Students' GeologicaI Society, unpublished. )

McElroy, (Ed) (L962)" Explanatory notes to accompanySydney 1:250,000 Geological map, SecondEdition. (Dept. of National Development,Bureau of Min, Resources). l"lcElroy, and Rose, G. (I962). Reconnaissance Geological Survey: U1ladu1l-a 1-mi1e Mil-itary Sheet, and Southern Part of Tianjara 1-rnile Military Sheet (N,S.W. Dep. I'lines, Bulletin No.17).;r

Nashar, B. (1964). Geology of the Hunter Va1ley (Jacaranda).

Nay1.or,G.F, (1930). The History of the Development of the Present Drainage system in the Marulan district wiLh Special Reference to river capture (J.Roy.Soc.N.S"W., 64, 19).

Naylor, G.F. (1935). The PalaeozoLc sediments near Bungonia, their Field Relations and Graptolite Fauna. (Ibid,69, L23).

Paqkham, G.H. (Ed) (L967). The Geology of New South Wales. (Geological Society of Australia).

Paix, J.G. (1963). The Geology of the NowraDistrict. (unpublished). ,t

Perry, W.J. and Dickins, J.M" (1952). Report on a Geological Survey of CommonwealthTerritory, Jervis Bay. (Courn.Bur. Min. ResourcesRecords, 1952lgg).x

Raggatt, H.G. (1928). Ya1wal Gold Field - Mining Developments since 1901. (Ann. Rep. Dept. Min! N.S.I47.,1927,131).

Raggatt, H.G. (1e34). Ya1wa1Gold Field (Ann. Rep. Dept. l'Iin. N,S,W. 1933, 83)

Raggatt, H.G. (1e37).On the occurrence of Glendorites in N"S"W" with notes on their mode of origin.

Rose, D.I"t. (1960). Geological Survey between Batemanls Bay and Kangaroo River (Australian Oi1 & Gas Corp. Ltd. , (unpublished. )

Rose, G. (1966 A) Geological Map, Ul1adulla. I:250,000 First Edition. (Dept.Min,N"S"W, )'k

Rose, G. (L966 B). Geological Map, Wollongong. 1:250,000. Second Edition. (Dept. Min., N"S"W.) :i

Sherrard, K"M. (1949). Graptolites from Tallong and the Shoalhaven Gorge. (Proc. Linn. Soc. N"S"W., 74, 62).

Sussmllch, C.A. (1914). An Introduction to the Geology of N"S.W. (Angus

m^--l -- m ^ /aAtt\ r-

-7L-

Bibliographv" (Cont'd.)

Taylor, T.G and l,loolnough, W"G. (1906). A striklng example of River Capture in the Coastal Disrrict of N"S.W. (proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W, 31, 517).

Thiele, E"O. (1903). On the occurrence of Striated boulders in the Permo-Carboniferous rocks near the mouth of the Shoalhaven River, N.S.W. (proc.Roy. Soc., Vic. 15, N.S.(r) 57),

walker, P. (1962). Terrace chronol0gy and soil formation on the South Coast of N"S.W. (Journal of Soil Science, VoI.13.) walkorn,A.,8. (r928). Lepidondendronremains from yalwa1, Nos,I,tI.(proc. Linn. Soc. N.S"W.,53, l0).

waterhouse, L.L. (1930)" Exhibit of rce scratched pebbles frqn the permo- Carboniferous on Badger's Track South East of Tallong. (.l,Roy. Soc. N.S.W., 74, GeoL.Secr.XXX). ['Ioolnough,w.G" (1909). General Geology of Marulan and Tal1ong, N.s.I{. (Prox. Linn. Soc. N,S"l4r., 34, 7g2.)

:k :k ;k :k J.- :'c