PONTIFICIA UNIVERSIDAD CATÓLICA DEL PERÚ FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS Y ARTES DE LA COMUNICACIÓN ​Construyendo Y Deconstruyendo

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PONTIFICIA UNIVERSIDAD CATÓLICA DEL PERÚ FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS Y ARTES DE LA COMUNICACIÓN ​Construyendo Y Deconstruyendo PONTIFICIA UNIVERSIDAD CATÓLICA DEL PERÚ FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS Y ARTES DE LA COMUNICACIÓN Construyendo y deconstruyendo a las Magical Girls: un estudio sobre la ​ representación de roles de género y orientación sexual en los animes Magical Girl “CardCaptor Sakura” (1998) y “Puella Magi Madoka Magica” (2011) TESIS PARA OPTAR EL TÍTULO PROFESIONAL DE LICENCIADA EN ​ ​ COMUNICACIÓN AUDIOVISUAL AUTORA PAOLA ALEXANDRA PATRÓN PANANA ASESOR ​ VICTOR FRANCISCO CASALLO MESIAS Lima, Febrero, 2020 ​ RESUMEN La presente investigación pretende analizar la representación de roles de género y orientación sexual de los personajes principales y secundarios en los animes Magical Girl. Para esto, se seleccionó dos animes, CardCaptor Sakura (1998) y Puella Magi Madoka Magica (2011), para poder realizar una comparación en varios puntos. Se utilizó una metodología mixta que combina lo cuantitativo con lo cualitativo. Primero, se analizó la representación de roles de género, utilizando matrices para evaluar la presencia de atributos femeninos en los personajes principales de ambos animes. A continuación, se tomó las características básicas del género Magical Girl y se realizó una comparación, que evaluó la manera en que estas características son presentadas en ambos animes. Luego, se analizó la representación de orientaciones sexuales, centrando la investigación en la representación de personajes queer, contabilizando la presencia de instancias que muestren identidades no heteronormativas y la manera cómo son presentadas explícitamente en el texto. Como complemento, se contabilizó la cantidad de personajes queer presentes en los animes. Los hallazgos obtenidos se complementaron con el análisis de una selección de escenas en ambos animes, para profundizar en las acciones y relaciones de los personajes. Como conclusión encontramos que la representación de género sigue siendo diversa pero que el intento de deconstruir el género Magical Girl ocasiona que se castigue la feminidad que caracterizaba a estos animes. A la vez, la representación de orientaciones sexuales ha dejado de ser explícita y los animes han pasado a mostrar subtextos, sin llegar a evidenciar la representación en el texto mismo. Palabras Claves: anime, género, queer, representación, Magical Girl ​ AGRADECIMIENTOS A mis padres, quienes me han apoyado durante todo este proceso de manera incondicional y a quienes he dado incontables dolores de cabeza. Gracias por no dejar que me rinda y por siempre darme palabras de aliento; esta tesis no hubiera sido posible sin ustedes. A mi tía Chabu, quien me acompañó durante muchas noches mientras avanzaba mi tesis y quien la leyó por completo para corregir mi ortografía y redacción a pesar de no entender los nombres de los personajes. A mi asesor, por sus consejos invaluables, que guiaron a esta investigación y ayudaron a convertirla en lo que es hoy. A toda mi familia, quienes me han apoyado y brindado su amor constante. A Balto, que se quedó a mi lado durantes tantas horas y cuyas caminatas me sacaron varias veces de mis momentos más oscuros. A mi mamilita, mi ángel guardián, quien siempre está velando por mí y cuyo amor siento hasta ahora. ÍNDICE Introducción i CAPÍTULO I: Planteamiento del problema 1 1.1. Objetivos 5 1.2. Hipótesis 6 1.3. Justificación 7 CAPÍTULO II. Marco Teórico 18 2.1. Representación de Género 18 2.1.1 Género 18 2.1.1.1 Identidades de género 21 2.1.2 Orientación Sexual 23 2.1.2.1 Comunidad LGTBIQ 24 2.1.3 Representación de Género en lo Audiovisual 26 2.1.3.1 Queer subtext vs Queerbaiting 32 2.2 Género, familia y orientación sexual en Japón 34 2.3 Representación de Género en los animes Magical Girl 40 2.3.1 Anime 40 2.3.1.1 Tipos de anime 42 2.3.2 Representación de Roles de Género en Anime 43 2.3.3 Representación LGTBIQ en Anime 46 2.3.4 Animes Magical Girl 48 2.3.4.1 Representación de Género en los anime Magical Girl 50 2.4 Análisis del discurso 56 CAPÍTULO III. Marco Metodológico 58 3.1. Tipo de Investigación 58 3.2 Método de Investigación 58 3.3. Unidad de Análisis 59 3.4 Unidad de Observación 64 3.5 Variables e instrumento de recolección de datos 69 CAPÍTULO IV. Análisis 79 4.1 Análisis de escenas 79 4.2 Análisis de roles de género ejercidos por los personajes 103 4.2.1 Protagonistas 105 4.2.2 Personajes secundarios 110 4.2.3 Familia 118 4.3. Aspectos Característicos de los animes Magical Girl 125 4.4.1. Comparación 165 ​ 4.4 Representación de Orientación Sexual 171 ​ 4.4.1 Cantidad de personajes queer 171 ​ 4.4.2 Análisis de personajes queer 175 ​ CAPÍTULO V. Discusiones Finales 197 ​ CONCLUSIONES 201 ​ BIBLIOGRAFÍA 203 ​ ANEXOS 211 ​ i INTRODUCCIÓN La siguiente investigación tiene como objetivo analizar la representación de los roles de género y orientación sexual en los personajes principales y en una selección pertinente de personajes secundarios de los animes CardCaptor Sakura (1998) y Puella Magi Madoka Magica (2011) y demostrar que, a pesar de que ambos animes desarrollan personajes femeninos complejos, la tendencia a deconstruir el género Magical Girl tiene como consecuencia que los animes que antes buscaban empoderar a los personajes a través de su propia feminidad, ahora las castigan en este proceso de empoderamiento. A su vez, la investigación busca demostrar que la representación de orientaciones sexuales diversas ha sufrido una regresión a personajes y relaciones LGTBIQ no explícitos, pero con una fuerte carga subtextual. Para poder lograr este objetivo, se dividió a la investigación en cinco capítulos, que definiremos a continuación. En el primer capítulo se plantea el problema de investigación, la pregunta principal y específicas, así como los objetivos y la justificación. En cuanto al segundo capítulo, este abarca el marco teórico y empieza desarrollando los conceptos de género, roles de género y orientación sexual, definiciones esenciales para poder llevar a cabo esta investigación. Luego se pasará a ahondar en la representación de género en el ámbito audiovisual, que nos da una idea sobre cómo se representan a los hombres y mujeres en los productos audiovisuales, entre los cuales se encuentra el anime. La siguiente parte del marco teórico se centra en Japón, el desarrollo de los roles de género y la aceptación de orientaciones sexuales diferentes a lo largo de su historia, ya que es necesario entender la sociedad en que fueron creados estos productos audiovisuales debido a que esta influye en cómo los animes construyen a sus personajes. A continuación, se hablará del anime ii y sus tipos, incluyendo los animes Magical Girl, explicando qué caracteriza a esta clase de programas, y se ahondará en la representación existente de roles género y de orientación sexual en el anime en general y, luego más específicamente, en los animes Magical Girls. Esto nos ayudará a entender la situación histórica y actual de esta representación en los animes. Finalmente, se procederá a desarrollar el concepto de Análisis del Discurso, el cual usaremos como una herramienta para nuestra investigación. El tercer capítulo abarca al marco metodológico, donde se expondrá el método de investigación, unidad de análisis y los instrumentos de recolección de datos. El cuarto capítulo comienza con el análisis narrativo y audiovisual de escenas de ambos animes, lo que nos permite contextualizar y orientar los siguientes análisis. Se pasa a analizar los roles de género en los animes, tanto de los personajes principales como de los personajes secundarios seleccionados. Asimismo, se analizarán los roles de género ejercidos por las familias representadas en las unidades de análisis. Se procederá a analizar los aspectos característicos de los animes Magical Girl, en cuanto a cómo se relacionan estos aspectos con la representación de roles de género en los personajes que se transforman en Magical Girls. La segunda parte del capítulo abarca la representación de orientaciones sexuales, empezando por un análisis cuantitativo de los personajes principales y secundarios de los animes, para determinar la cantidad de personajes queer que existen en cada producto audiovisual. A partir de este análisis, se podrá ahondar en la representación de la orientación sexual de estos personajes de manera más específica. El quinto capítulo consiste en las discusiones finales que recopilan toda la información recabada en esta investigación, para finalmente acabar en las conclusiones. iii Ambos animes seleccionados constituyen un hito importante en la historia del género Magical Girl y del anime en general y, por lo tanto, son un objeto de estudio privilegiado para analizar, desde un punto de vista audiovisual, el desarrollo de la representación de roles de género y orientación sexual en este tipo de series. CAPÍTULO I: Planteamiento del problema Muchas veces no pensamos en los roles de género, ya que estamos socializados para actuar de cierta manera y no nos damos cuenta. La sociedad nos enseña cómo debe de comportarse un hombre y una mujer y esto se ve reflejado en los medios de comunicación, ya que los roles de género son definidos por cada cultura. Es así que esta investigación abordará el tema de la representación que se da del género en los medios de comunicación, centrándose en los conceptos de roles de género y de orientación sexual, que forman parte de la construcción del mismo. El término género, para nuestra investigación, “se refiere a las conductas, características y actitudes que se consideran masculinas o femeninas y que pueden manifestar variaciones de una cultura a otra y de un periodo histórico a otro” (Puleo, 2006, p.13); es por ello que se ha identificado la concepción del género como un constructo social y cultural. Es importante resaltar que según Teresa de Lauretis, “la representación del género es su construcción, y en el sentido más simple se puede afirmar que todo el arte y la cultura occidental es el cincelado de la historia de esa construcción” (1989, p.9).
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