PP 1824 Chapter R: Geology and Assessment of Undiscovered Oil

Geology and Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the Yenisey-Khatanga Basin Province, 2008

Chapter R of The 2008 Circum-Arctic Resource Appraisal

Professional Paper 1824

U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey Cover. Eocene strata along the north side of Van Keulenfjorden, Svalbard, include basinfloor fan, marine slope, and deltaic to fluvial depositional facies. The age and facies of these strata are similar to Tertiary strata beneath the continental shelves of Arctic Eurasia, thus providing an analog for evaluating elements of those petroleum systems. Relief from sea level to top of upper bluff is approximately 1,500 feet. Photograph by David Houseknecht. Geology and Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the Yenisey-Khatanga Basin Province, 2008

By Timothy R. Klett and Janet K. Pitman

Chapter R of The 2008 Circum-Arctic Resource Appraisal Edited by T.E. Moore and D.L. Gautier

Professional Paper 1824

U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Department of the Interior DAVID BERNHARDT, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey James F. Reilly II, Acting Director

U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2020

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Suggested citation: Klett, T.R., and Pitman, J.K., 2018, Geology and Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the Yenisey- Khatanga Basin Province, 2008, chap. R of Moore, T.E., and Gautier, D.L., eds., The 2008 Circum-Arctic Resource Appraisal: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1824, 23 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1824R.

ISSN 2330-7102 (online) iii

The 2008 Circum-Arctic Resource Appraisal

Chapters

A. Introduction to the 2008 Circum-Arctic Resource Appraisal (CARA) Professional Paper By Donald L. Gautier and Thomas E. Moore

B. Methodology for Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources for the 2008 Circum-Arctic Resource Appraisal By Ronald R. Charpentier

North America

C. Geology and Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the Chukchi Borderland Province, 2008 By Kenneth J. Bird and David W. Houseknecht

D. Geology and Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the Hope Basin Province, 2008 By Kenneth J. Bird, David W. Houseknecht, and Janet K. Pitman

E. Geology and Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the Arctic Alaska Petroleum Province, 2008 By David W. Houseknecht, Kenneth J. Bird, and Christopher P. Garrity

F. Geology and Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the Yukon Flats Basin Province, 2008 By Kenneth J. Bird and Richard G. Stanley

G. Geology and Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the Northwest Canada Interior Basins Province, Arctic Canada, 2008 By Marilyn E. Tennyson and Janet K. Pitman

H. Geology and Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the Franklinian Shelf Province, Arctic Canada and North Greenland, 2008 By Marilyn E. Tennyson and Janet K. Pitman

I. Geology and Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the Sverdrup Basin Province, Arctic Canada, 2008 By Marilyn E. Tennyson and Janet K. Pitman

Greenland

J. Geology and Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the West Greenland- East Canada Province, 2008 By Christopher J. Schenk iv

K. Geology and Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the East Greenland Rift Basins Province, 2008 By Donald L. Gautier

North Atlantic Ocean

L. Geology and Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the Jan Mayen Microcontinent Province, 2008 By Thomas E. Moore and Janet K. Pitman

Eurasia

M. Geology and Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the Mezen’ Basin Province, 2008 By Timothy R. Klett and Janet K. Pitman

N. Geology and Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the Timan-Pechora Basin Province, Russia, 2008 By Christopher J. Schenk

O. Geology and Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the East Barents Basins Province and the Novaya Zemlya Basins and Admiralty Arch Province By Timothy R. Klett

P. Geology and Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the North Kara Basins and Platforms Province, 2008 By Timothy R. Klett and Janet K. Pitman

Q. Geology and Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the Northern West Siberian Mesozoic Composite Total Petroleum System of the West Siberian Basin Province, Russia, 2008 By Christopher J. Schenk

R. Geology and Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the Yenisey-Khatanga Basin Province, 2008 By Timothy R. Klett and Janet K. Pitman

S. Geology and Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the Northwest Laptev Sea Shelf Province, 2008 By Timothy R. Klett and Janet K. Pitman

T. Geology and Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the Lena-Anabar Basin Province, 2008 By Timothy R. Klett and Janet K. Pitman v

U. Geology and Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the Tunguska Basin Province, 2008 By Craig J. Wandrey and Timothy R. Klett

V. Geology and Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the Lena-Vilyui Basin Province, 2008 By Timothy R. Klett and Janet K. Pitman

W. Geology and Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the Laptev Sea Shelf Province, 2008 By Timothy R. Klett and Janet K. Pitman

X. Geology and Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the Zyryanka Basin Province, 2008 By Timothy R. Klett and Janet K. Pitman

Y. Geology and Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the East Siberian Sea Basin Province, 2008 By Kenneth J. Bird, David W. Houseknecht, and Janet K. Pitman

Z. Geology and Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the Vilkitskii Basin Province, 2008 By Kenneth J. Bird, David W. Houseknecht, and Janet K. Pitman

AA. Geology and Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the Long Strait Province, Russian High Arctic, 2008 By Kenneth J. Bird, David W. Houseknecht, and Janet K. Pitman

Arctic Ocean

BB. Geology and Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the Amerasia Basin Petroleum Province, 2008 By David W. Houseknecht, Kenneth J. Bird, and Christopher P. Garrity

CC. Geology and Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the Lomonosov- Makarov Province, Central Arctic Ocean, 2008 By Thomas E. Moore, Kenneth J. Bird, and Janet K. Pitman

DD. Geology and Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the Eurasia Basin Province, Eastern Arctic Ocean, 2008 By Thomas E. Moore and Janet K. Pitman vi

Contents

Abstract...... 1 Yenisey-Khatanga Basin Province...... 1 Province Boundary Definition...... 1 Petroleum Occurrence...... 1 Tectonostratigraphic Evolution...... 4 Proterozoic and Early Paleozoic...... 4 Middle and Late Paleozoic...... 4 Jurassic and Cretaceous...... 4 Cenozoic...... 6 Petroleum-System Elements...... 6 Source Rocks...... 6 Reservoir and Seal Rocks...... 7 Traps and Timing...... 7 Assessment Units...... 12 Khatanga Saddle Assessment Unit...... 12 Geological Analysis of Assessment-Unit Probabilities...... 12 Geologic Analogs for Assessment...... 12 Yenisey-Khatanga Basin Assessment Unit...... 16 Geological Analysis of Assessment-Unit Probabilities...... 16 Geologic Analogs for Assessment...... 16 Assessment Results...... 19 Acknowledgments...... 20 References Cited...... 20

Appendixes

[Available for download at https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1824R] 1. Assessment Input Data for the Khatanga Saddle Assessment Unit. 2. Assessment Input Data for the Yenisey-Khatanga Basin Assessment Unit. vii

Figures

1. Map of Yenisey-Khatanga Basin Province, showing location of province and assessment units...... 2 2. Map of Yenisey-Khatanga Basin Province, showing major structural features, approximate depth to economic basement, and locations of geologic cross sections and petroleum-system models used in assessment...... 3 3. Regional geologic cross sections of the Yenisey-Khatanga Basin Province...... 5 4. Lithostratigraphic column and total petroleum system events chart for the Yenisey- Khatanga Basin Province...... 8 5. Burial-history models for pseudowells, Payakhskoye and Balakhninskoye, in the Yenisey-Khatanga Basin, showing thermal maturity...... 10

Tables

1. Basins used as geologic analogs in assessment of the Khatanga Saddle Assessment Unit...... 13 2. Basins used as geologic analogs in assessment of the Yenisey-Khatanga Basin Assessment Unit...... 17 3. World statistics for oil and gas coproduct ratios, ancillary data, and depths...... 19 4. Assessment results (conventional undiscovered resources) for the Yenisey-Khatanga Basin Province...... 20

The 2008 Circum-Arctic Resource Appraisal Edited by T.E. Moore and D.L. Gautier U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1824

Chapter R Geology and Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the Yenisey-Khatanga Basin Province, 2008

By Timothy R. Klett and Janet K. Pitman

Abstract and Tertiary stratigraphic successions in the two basins have much in common, the basins are structurally separated by Mesozoic The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) assessed the uplifts (Ulmishek, 2003). The Taimyr-Kara high, which bounds potential for undiscovered oil and gas resources of the the northern margin of the Yenisey-Khatanga Basin, consists of Yenisey-Khatanga Basin Province as part of the USGS the South and Central Taimyr fold belts in the south and the Kara Circum-Arctic Resource Appraisal. The province is situated block to the north (Ulmishek, 2003). The Yenisey-Khatanga Basin between the Taimyr-Kara high (Kara block, Central Taimyr is a Mesozoic sag that formed above a late Permian and Early fold belt, and South Taimyr fold belt) and the Siberian craton. Triassic extensional-rift basin (Kontorovich and others, 1994). The The two assessment units (AUs) defined for this study—the Yenisey-Khatanga Basin is filled with 7 to 12 km of Mesozoic Khatanga Saddle AU and the Yenisey-Khatanga Basin AU clastic rocks (Baldin and others, 1997). were assessed for undiscovered, technically recoverable, The Khatanga Saddle is a positive feature along the eastern conventional resources. The estimated mean volumes of margin of the Yenisey-Khatanga Basin. There, the Mesozoic undiscovered resources for the Yenisey-Khatanga Basin section is thinnest (Grebenyuk and others, 1988), with a Province are ~5.6 billion barrels of crude oil, ~100 trillion sedimentary thickness of no more than 1 to 2 km. Salt domes cubic feet of natural gas, and ~2.7 billion barrels of natural-gas are present, in which the salt is presumed to be Devonian. A liquids, all north of the Arctic Circle. 2-km-thick sequence of Devonian and Carboniferous rocks is present in the northeastern part of the basin (Stepanenko, 1988).

Yenisey-Khatanga Basin Province Petroleum Occurrence Province Boundary Definition Petroleum was discovered in the Yenisey-Khatanga Basin The Yenisey-Khatanga Basin Province is situated Province in the early 1940s (1943–1945) in mainly Permian between the Siberian craton to the south and the south slope marine clastic rocks on the Khatanga Saddle. Because of poor of the Taimyr-Kara high to the north (figs. 1, 2). A north- reservoir quality (G.F. Ulmishek, written commun., 2006) northwest-trending contractional-deformation zone called the and possibly extensive faulting (Danilkin, 1985), Mesozoic Pakhsino-Begichev Arch, which is the westward extent of the strata were considered noncommercial for petroleum, and Verkhoyansk-Olenek fold and thrust zone, forms the exploration stopped in 1953. Exploration resumed in the province’s east boundary (Mikulenko, 1983; Grebenyuk and western part of the Yenisey-Khatanga Basin Province in others, 1988). The fold and thrust zone extends from 1967, leading to the discovery of the Messoyakhskoye gas the neighboring Lena-Anabar Basin to the south, northward field and the North Soleninskoye gas-condensate field. Most through Bol’shoi Begichev Island in Khatanga Bay, to Cape of the discoveries were in Jurassic and Cretaceous rocks Tsvetkov on the Taimyr Peninsula. The front of this fold within anticlines. In 1979, the Deryabinskoye gas field was and thrust zone extends westward to the Tigyano-Anabar discovered in a nonanticlinal pinchout trap of Upper Jurassic horst (fig. 3), which might involve thrust faulting as part of and Berriasian sandstone. A total of 16 gas and gas-condensate its structural configuration (Drachev, 2002; G.F. Ulmishek, fields and 4 oil fields had been discovered by 2008, most in the written commun., 2008). western part of the province. The gas fields in the western part The Yenisey-Khatanga Basin is a northeastern structural arm of the province have been developed to supply natural gas to of the West Siberian Basin (Baldin, 2004). Although the Mesozoic local industry in Noril’sk (fig. 2). 2 The 2008 Circum-Arctic Resource Appraisal 75 70 200 MLES

130 E Arctic Circle Arctic Province 200 300 KLOMETERS Laptev Sea Lena-Anabar Basin Province Laptev Sea Shelf 100 Begichev Ostrov Bol'shoy 120 E 0 100 0 Province Sea Shelf Northwest Laptev Khatanga Saddle AU 110 E 1,000 500 100 Bay Taimyr Peninsula Katanga ater depth, in meters ater 100 E Basin Province 0 E Basin AU Tunguska Yenisey-Khatanga Basin Province EPLANATON Yenisey-Khatanga Assessed Arctic province Assessment units Other Arctic province Kara Sea 80 E ARCTIC OCEAN Gas Oil 70 E Oil and gas field

Arctic Circle Basin Province 0 E West Siberian Map of Y enisey-Khatanga Basin Province, showing location of province and assessment units. Oil gas field data from IHS Energy Group (2007). Figure 1. AU, assessment unit. 70 5 Geology and Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the Yenisey-Khatanga Basin Province, 2008 3 EPLANATON Structural high (3 km) Basement 3 and 6 km Structural low (6 km) Basin margin onlap (2 km) Structural arch crest Assessment unit boundary Yenisey-Khatanga Basin Yenisey-Khatanga Oilgas field Location of cross section Location of petroleum model Salt dome

Laptev Sea Arch Pakhsino-Begichev 400 KLOMETERS I I' 200 MLES 110 E Khatanga Bay Siberian c raton III'

Assessment Unit Khatanga Saddle

e 200

a Khatanga

g n

a 100 h

Tass Arch Kiryano- 100

B Balakhinin Arch Balakhinin 100 E Lake Taimyr

0 0 South Taimyr Monocline Taimyr South orth Siberian Monocline

Arch

hadanikhinsky-Boganidsky Trough hadanikhinsky-Boganidsky (Kara Block, Central Taimyr Fold Belt, South Taimyr Fold Belt) Fold Taimyr South Belt, Fold Taimyr Central Block, (Kara

Rassokhin Taimyr-Kara High Taimyr-Kara or nondeposition Assessment Unit Yenisey-Khatanga 0 E Jurassic absent by erosion

Pyasinskaya Depression Agapsky Trough Pyasina River Pyasina Uplift Talnakh Turukhan-oril’sk-Igarka Noril’sk Dudink a Yenisey River II' A

Kara Sea Malokhet Arch Malokhet 80 E

Tanama R. Tanam Structural Terrace II Pendomayakh Basin Map of Yenisey-Khatanga Basin Province, showing major structural features, approximate depth to economic basement, and locations of geologic cross Map of Yenisey-Khatanga

oskovsky Trough III Figure 2. sections and petroleum-system models used in assessment. Data from Persits Ulmishek (2003) IHS Energy Group (2007). 8 74 72 70 4 The 2008 Circum-Arctic Resource Appraisal

Tectonostratigraphic Evolution Neoproterozoic, the terrane would have become part of the Siberian passive margin (stable platform and shallow and open The Yenisey-Khatanga Basin contains a regional system sea shelf) until the late Carboniferous (Zonenshain and others, of arches and troughs that extend diagonally across the length 1990; Vernikovsky, 1998). of the basin for ~1,000 km from the Yenisey River to the During the late Permian and Early Triassic, extension, Kiryano-Tass arch (fig. 2). The arches formed in a pre-Jurassic magmatism, and volcanism occurred in the Yenisey-Khatanga intercontinental extensional basin (Kontorovich and others, Basin (Kontorovich and others, 1994; Girshgorn, 1996). The 1994). The geologic cross sections in figure 3 show the char- present-day basin might be a failed rift superimposed on a rifted acteristics of the basin fill. passive margin. During the late Permian and Early Triassic, a triple junction was situated along the present-day northwestern margin of the Siberian craton (Allen and others, 2006). Proterozoic and Early Paleozoic Rifting resulted in the emplacement of flood basalts across the Tunguska Basin and deposition of as much as 2 km of volcanic The Yenisey-Khatanga Basin formed along the present-day and volcaniclastic rocks in the western part of the Yenisey- northern margin of the Siberian craton as a northwest-oriented Khatanga Basin. A central basin developed along the north edge Neoproterozoic (Riphean) rift filled with 2 to 3 km of clastic of the Siberian craton, and a Triassic sea probably extended into sediment (Kontorovich and others, 1994). During the Paleozoic, the basin from the northeast, but conditions became lagoonal the area became a passive margin in which as much as 4 km to continental southwestward (Kontorovich and others, 1994; of Neoroterozoic (Vendian) through middle Paleozoic shelf Vernikovsky, 1995; Girshgorn, 1996). In the northeastern part carbonates and mudstone were deposited (Kontorovich and others, of the basin (along the east coast of the Taimyr Peninsula), 1994). The area was a northward-dipping (present-day orientation) as much as 1.5 km of late Permian and Early Triassic rocks monocline until the end of the late Paleozoic (Stepanenko, 1988). was deposited. These rocks contain marine and continental (freshwater) clastic rocks, with volcaniclastic rocks in the lower Middle and Late Paleozoic part of the section (Kazakov and others, 1982).

The Siberian craton drifted northward from the Devonian through Triassic, moving from a warm dry climate at low Jurassic and Cretaceous to middle latitudes into a cooler humid climate at higher Another major tectonic event associated with dextral latitudes (Zonenshain and others, 1990). During the Devonian, transpression is assumed to have occurred during the Late the craton passed over a mantle plume (hot spot), causing Triassic and, possibly, the Early Jurassic (Inger and others, 1999; magmatism and forming rift grabens under the present-day Khatanga Saddle and the Yenisey-Khatanga Basin. In addition Torsvik and Andersen, 2002). The event resulted in deformation to carbonates, evaporites were deposited in the rift grabens of the Taimyr fold and thrust belt (Torsvik and Andersen, 2002). and later deformed to form diapirs and other halokinetic Middle Triassic and older rocks were eroded from the edges of structures on the Khatanga Saddle (Surkova, 1987; Matykhin the Yenisey-Khatanga Basin and redeposited in the basin center and Sokolov, 1998). Organic-rich mudstone might also have (Grebenyuk and others, 1988; Kontorovich and others, 1994). been deposited within these rift grabens before evaporite Throughout the Jurassic, clastic deposition continued deposition (G.F. Ulmishek, oral commun., 2006). In the along the rifted passive margins of the Siberian craton. In the middle Carboniferous, carbonate deposition was replaced by Yenisey-Khatanga Basin, a sag basin formed in which 3 to the deposition of terrigenous clastic sediment (Stepanenko, 4 km of sediment was deposited (Gramberg and others, 1988; 1988; Kontorovich and others, 1994; Girshgorn, 1996). Kontorovich and others, 1994) with as much as 2 km on the On the basis of isotope-geochronologic data, the Central Khatanga Saddle (Lebchuk, 1990). Taimyr fold belt is presumed to have formed by collision of Contractional deformation of the Yenisey-Khatanga island arcs with continental blocks during Neoproterozoic Basin during the Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous has time (Vernikovsky, 1995). Whether Central Taimyr comprises been suggested in many studies (for example, Baldin and an accretionary prism that collided with the North Taimyr others, 1997). A system of diagonally orientated, faulted terrane during the late Paleozoic to form the North Kara block arches formed, upon which ~1 km of Middle Jurassic through (Zonenshain and others, 1990; Uflyand and others, 1991) or Lower Cretaceous, pre-Valanginian rocks was subsequently collided with the Siberian craton during the Neoproterozoic eroded (Danilkin, 1984; Polyakova and others, 1986; (late Riphean, 600–570 Ma; Bogdanov and others, 1998; Afanasenkov, 1988; Grebenyuk and others, 1988; Botneva Vernikovsky, 1998; Torsvik and Andersen, 2002) is unclear. and Frolov, 1996). Sediment eroded from the arches and Although early and middle Paleozoic ophiolites and the Siberian craton was deposited within the depressions subduction complexes have not been observed between the as prograding clinoforms, grading upward into shallow- Central and South Taimyr terranes, such a collision might have marine and deltaic strata (Lebchuk, 1990; Grebenyuk and been oblique or strike-slip (Vernikovsky, 1998). If the Central others, 2003; Baldin, 2004). The Upper Jurassic and Lower Taimyr terrane collided with the Siberian craton during the Cretaceous progradational succession contains three packages Geology and Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the Yenisey-Khatanga Basin Province, 2008 5

SOUT Anabar orth Siberian Monocline Edzhansky Tigyano-Anabar Kharatumussky ORT structural Graben Horst Graben high

ordvik Suolemskaya Khorudalakhskaya Tigyano-Anabar Yuzhnaya Tigyanskaya

0 Jurassic-Cretaceous

EPLANATON Upper Permian Volcanics (basalts)

1 Salt diapir Triassic Middle-Upper Carboniferous- Lower Permian

Lower Carboniferous Depth, in kilometers 2

Devonian-Lower Carboniferous

Proterozoic (Riphean) 3 Cambrian Archaean

0 25 MLES Lower Devonian 0 25 50 KLOMETERS

South oskovsky Tanam Malokhet Pendomayakhskaya Suzun Pakulikhin Taimyr Trough Structural Arch Basin Uplift Monocline Monocline Terrace

Pelyatka Soleninskoye Uplift Uplift

ORT SOUT EST EAST

BED SECTO Solenininskoye 2 Pelyatkhinskoye 2 Solenininskoye 1 Suzunskoye 1 Tanama River Tanama

0 Upper Cretaceous-Paleogene 1

2 Lower Cretaceous

3 Middle-Upper Jurassic 4 Lower Jurassic Middle Jurassic 5 Permian-Triassic

6 Paleozoic Depth, in kilometers 7

8 0 25 MLES 9 0 25 50 KLOMETERS 10

Figure 3. Regional geologic cross sections of the Yenisey-Khatanga Basin Province. Locations shown on figure 2. Vertical red lines are locations of wells or pseudowells used for petroleum-generation models. Fm., Formation. Modified from Kazais (1976), Danilkin (1985), and Filipiov and others (1999). 6 The 2008 Circum-Arctic Resource Appraisal

Tanam oskovsky Rassokhin Boganidsky Khatanga Structural Trough Arch Trough Saddle EST Terrace EAST

anadyanskoye 310 Pelyatkhinskoye 1 Syar 2 S. sk 318 Payakhskoye 1, A Ozernoye 4 Ozernoye 10 Vk 2 Dzhangodskoye 2 Rs 1 1 Tundrovaya Balakhninskoye, B Vlch 1 Vlch 2 ovaya 2 Msn 362 Rybinskaya 1

0 Upper Cretaceous Dorozhkovskaya Fm. Upper Cretaceous Middle Jurassic Jurassic- 1 Dolganskaya Fm. Cretaceous Yakovlevskaya Fm. Yakovlevskaya Fm. Malokhetskaya Fm. Malokhetskaya Fm. 2 Lower Jurassic izhnekhetskaya, Sukhodudinskaya Fms. Lower Cretaceous Lower Cretaceous izhnekhetskaya, Sukhodudinskaya Fms. 3 Middle-Upper Triassic Jurassic Permian Triassic Depth, in kilometers Gol’chikhinskaya Fms. Cambrian Gol’chikhinskaya Fms. 4 Middle-Upper Jurassic Carboniferous-Permian

5 0 25 MLES

025 50 KLOMETERS

Figure 3.—Continued

of clinoforms of (1) Callovian through Kimmeridgian (only on the west (Polyakova and others, 1986; Afanasenkov, 1984; the northwest slopes of the Rassokhin and Malokhet arches), Danilkin, 1984; Kontorovich and others, 1991; Botneva and (2) Volgian and Berriasian, and (3) Neocomian age (Lebchuk, Frolov, 1996). The Malokhet arch in the southwestern part of 1990; Grebenyuk and others, 2003; Baldin, 2004). The arches the basin was uplifted 900 m during this time (Kulakov and within the Yenisey-Khatanga Basin separated the marine Makhotina, 1988). connection of the West Siberian Basin with the open sea to the northeast (Baldin and others, 1997). The timing of formation of structures across the Yenisey- Khatanga Basin is, however, uncertain, possibly late Cenozoic. Petroleum-System Elements Upper Cretaceous rocks are absent on the arches but thick in the depressions (fig. 3). Kontorovich and others (1994) stated A single Proterozoic through Mesozoic composite total that 20–40 percent of local structural growth in the basin is petroleum system (TPS) was identified for the Yenisey-Khatanga attributable to neotectonic movements. Additionally, arches Basin province. A lithostratigraphic column and TPS events chart in the neighboring West Siberian Basin to the west primarily of petroleum-system elements are shown in figure 4. formed during the Oligocene and Neogene (G.F. Ulmishek, written commun., 2008). Other studies (for example, Kontorovich and others, 1994) suggest that the arches are Source Rocks structures that reflect earlier tectonic activity. Middle and Upper Jurassic and Neocomian mudstones, containing 1.2–1.6 weight percent and as much as 6 weight Cenozoic percent total organic carbon (TOC), are the major petroleum- source rocks in the Yenisey-Khatanga Basin (Polyakova and Minor uplift (maximum 100 m) of the Yenisey-Khatanga others, 1986; Lebchuk, 1990; Kontorovich and others, 1991). Basin occurred during the Eocene (Stepanenko, 1988). These mudstones contain both type II and type III kerogen, Tectonic movements resumed in the Neogene. The amount with type III dominating (Fomin and Romakhina, 1989; of uplift increases from ~200 m in the east to 1,500 m in Kontorovich and others, 1994). Geology and Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the Yenisey-Khatanga Basin Province, 2008 7

Potential source rocks include Devonian, Permian, and local reservoirs and traps (Kontorovich and others, 1994). Triassic mudstones (Botneva and Frolov, 1996), although Accumulations are structurally controlled, but reservoirs no reliable information on Proterozoic and Paleozoic source commonly pinch out (Kontorovich and others, 1994). Eight rocks exists for the Yenisey-Khatanga Basin (Kontorovich reservoir and seal pairs have been identified: five in the and others, 1994). Organic-rich Proterozoic mudstone could Jurassic, two in the Lower Cretaceous, and one in the Upper exist in Riphean rift/sag basins but probably became overma- Cretaceous section. ture with respect to petroleum generation and generated dis- Potential reservoirs include Proterozoic and Paleozoic persed petroleum before the Yenisey-Khatanga Basin formed carbonate and clastic rocks, as well as Permian and Triassic during the Paleozoic (Stepanenko, 1988; Kontorovich and clastic rocks. Permian clastic rocks along the basin margin and others, 1994; Botneva and Frolov, 1996). Presumed Devonian on the Khatanga Saddle contain numerous shows of bitumen, oil was collected from fractured Devonian limestone 470 m crude oil, and natural gas (Gramberg and others, 1988). deep in the Komsomol’sky Mine on the Khatanga Saddle. Proterozoic and Paleozoic mudstone, Paleozoic evaporites, Lower Permian marine mudstone on the Khatanga Saddle Permian and Triassic mudstone, and Triassic volcanic rocks contains as much as 2 weight percent TOC (Grebenyuk and could serve as effective seals (Gramberg and others, 1988; others, 1988; Stepanenko, 1988). Natural gas generated from Grebenyuk and others, 1988). Permian coal-bearing strata (containing coal beds maximally Surface temperature dropped by 20–25 °C at the end of 1.5 m thick) might also contribute to petroleum accumula- the Oligocene (Kontorovich and others, 1994). Permafrost tions along the Khatanga Saddle (Polyakova and others, and gas hydrates could act as seals for shallow reservoirs 1984). Middle and Upper Triassic mudstone in the eastern (Kontorovich and others, 1994). On the basis of permafrost part of the Yenisey-Khatanga Basin is TOC rich (Filipiov and thickness and temperatures and pressures, the base of hydrate others, 1999). stability is at ~1-km depth (Kontorovich and others, 1994). Heat flow has varied over time, and amounts of uplift and erosion vary and depend on position within the basin. Traps and Timing Areas of tectonic uplift have higher geothermal gradients than deeper parts of the basin (Danilkin, 1984; Grebenyuk Traps for petroleum accumulation in the Yenisey- and others, 1988). Devonian through Permian extension Khatanga Basin Province include arches, anticlines, and was associated with higher heat flow (Botneva and Frolov, other structural highs; pinchouts along the basin margins 1996). Maximum heat flow occurred at the beginning of the and arches; traps associated with prograding sequences Triassic and decreased during the Jurassic and Cretaceous (clinoforms, topsets, submarine channels, gravity flows, and (Stepanenko, 1988; Botneva and Frolov, 1996). Although fans; Khmelevskii and others, 1990); salt-related structures on upper Paleozoic sediment entered the oil window during the the Khatanga Saddle; and reservoirs associated with faulted early Mesozoic (Grebenyuk and others, 1988; Stepanenko, basement rocks (Kontorovich and others, 1994). Structural 1988), oil migration into Mesozoic rocks was limited because traps formed as a result of Mesozoic or Cenozoic compression. of the presence of Triassic volcanic rocks (Kontorovich and According to petroleum-generation models, Lower others, 1994). Jurassic rocks started generating petroleum by Middle Jurassic Petroleum-generation modeling indicates that Jurassic time in deeper parts of the basin, and Middle and Upper and Lower Cretaceous strata were buried in the oil-generation Jurassic and Neocomian source rocks generated petroleum window before the Cenozoic (fig. 5). Some of this section is by Paleogene time, before and during deformation and trap presently in the gas window. The data of Afanasenkov (1988), formation (fig. 5). Petroleum migrated vertically (Stepanenko, Grebenyuk and others (1988), and Kontorovich and others 1988), but thick Upper Jurassic, Berriasian, and Valanginian (1994) support these interpretations. The models also indicate mudstone could have complicated migration patterns that oil generation begins at ~2 km depth with the main part of (Kontorovich and others, 1994). the window between 3 and 4 km. The top of the gas window Recent tectonic movements have modified older structures is at ~6 km depth for both the Yenisey-Khatanga Basin and and caused remigration, formation of new traps and new the Khatanga Saddle (fig. 5). This interpretation is supported migration pathways, and destruction and dispersal of older accumulations (Grebenyuk and others, 1988; Kulakov and by the models of Polyakova and others (1986), Stepanenko Makhotina, 1988). Gas expansion might have displaced crude (1988), and Lebchuk (1990). oil from traps, escaping or forming oil legs. Some crude oil could have been cracked to natural gas (Polyakova and others, Reservoir and Seal Rocks 1984; Grebenyuk and others, 1988). Destruction of previously trapped petroleum might account for degraded petroleum Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous clastic rocks are the (bitumen) in Proterozoic and lower Paleozoic rocks along the primary reservoirs in the Yenisey-Khatanga Basin Anabar structural high of the Siberian craton and locally within (Kontorovich and others, 1994). Fields are multipooled, with the Yenisey-Khatanga Basin (Stepanenko, 1988). 8 The 2008 Circum-Arctic Resource Appraisal Lithostratigraphic column

Figure 4. and total petroleum system events chart for the Yenisey-Khatanga Basin Province. Data from Bobiliev (1985), Surkova (1987), Kulikov (1989), Lebchuk (1990), Krason and Finley (1993), Kontorovich and others (1994), and Filipiov others (1999). Source rocks column shows the percent of total petroleum reserves the world’s generated by source (modified from Ulmishek and Klemme, 1990). Average global temperature data is from Frakes and others (1992) Barrett (2003). Sea level curve is from Golonka and Kiessling (2002) and Hardenbol others (1998). Geologic time scale is that of Gradstein and others (2004).

Khatanga Saddle AU Saddle Khatanga Yenisey-Khatanga Basin AU Basin Yenisey-Khatanga Comments

Organic-rich mudstone Carbonate rocks Possible presence Volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks Volcanic

Petroleum loss Petroleum

Maturation and migration and Maturation Traps

EPLANATON

Seals

Reservoir rock Reservoir Source rock Source

Arangostakh Saybulakh Airkat Yuryung- Salt Identified presence Offshore clastic rocks Continental clastic rocks earshore clastic rocks Petroleum system Rock type Petroleum system

Tumus Ocean anoxic events Tusuakh Deriyabinskaya imnyaya Levinskaya Sigovskaya

with basalts Tochinskaya

Yanovstanskaya Dzhangodskaya

Gol’chikhinskaya

Ketparskaya/Kentar Balakhninskaya

Vimskaya Leont’yevskaya Malishevskaya Laydinsky Ma

20 40 60 80

280 300 320 340 360 380 400 420 440 460 480 500 520 540 560 580 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 Age M E Gelasian Piacenzian Induan Gorstian anclean Messinian Albian Aptian orian Visean Danian Hirnantian Eifelian Anisian Emsian Paibian Pragian Carnian Lutetian Givetian Chattian Ladinian Toarcian Roadian Frasnian Wordian Bajocian Asselian Ypresian Aalenian Aeronian Turonian Rupelian Rhaetian Gzhelian Telychian Tithonian Callovian Langhian Tortonian Homerian Bartonian Oxfordian Sheinwoodian Coniacian Artinskian Selandian Thanetian Berriasian Olenekian Santonian Bathonian Darriwilian Ludfordian Barremian Kungurian Auitanian Bashkirian

Priabonian Hettangian Moscovian Capitanian Sakmarian Famennian Lochkovian Burdigalian Hauterivian Sinemurian Campanian Valanginian Tournaisian Kasimovian Serravallian Rhuddanian Cenomanian

Tremadocian Maastrichtian Kimmeridgian Serpukhovian Pliensbachian Wuchiapingian Changhsingian Epoch

Late Middle Early Late Middle Early

Mississippian Pennsylvanian Pridoli Lower Upper Late Middle Early Middle Late Middle Early Ludlow Late Middle Early Late Early Eocene Wenlock

Miocene Lopingian Pliocene Pleistocene Oligocene Cisuralian Paleocene Furongian Middle Lower Llandovery

Guadalupian

Ediacaran Devonian Silurian Ordovician Cambrian eogene Paleogene Cretaceous Jurassic Triassic Permian Carboniferous Period

Geologic time scale

Paleozoic eoproterozoic Cenozoic Mesozoic Era

Proterozoic Eon Phanerozoic 100 0m Earth system curve Sea level 200 20 C 15 global Snowball Earth Average temperature 8.0 0.4 8.0 9.0 0.3 2.6 1.2 2.8 1.0 0.2 12.5 29.0 25.0 rocks Source Geology and Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the Yenisey-Khatanga Basin Province, 2008 9 Lithostratigraphic column

Khatanga Saddle AU Saddle Khatanga Yenisey-Khatanga Basin AU Basin Yenisey-Khatanga Comments

Organic-rich mudstone Carbonate rocks Possible presence Volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks Volcanic

Petroleum loss Petroleum

Maturation and migration and Maturation Traps

EPLANATON

Seals

Reservoir rock Reservoir Source rock Source

Arangostakh Saybulakh Airkat Yuryung- Salt Identified presence Offshore clastic rocks Continental clastic rocks earshore clastic rocks Petroleum system Rock type Petroleum system

Tumus Ocean anoxic events Tusuakh Deriyabinskaya imnyaya Levinskaya Sigovskaya with basalts Tochinskaya

Yanovstanskaya Dzhangodskaya

Gol’chikhinskaya

Ketparskaya/Kentar Balakhninskaya

Vimskaya Leont’yevskaya Malishevskaya Laydinsky Ma

20 40 60 80

Priabonian Hettangian Moscovian Capitanian Sakmarian Famennian Lochkovian Burdigalian Hauterivian Sinemurian Campanian Valanginian Tournaisian Kasimovian Serravallian Rhuddanian Cenomanian

Tremadocian Maastrichtian Kimmeridgian Serpukhovian Pliensbachian Wuchiapingian Changhsingian Epoch

Late Middle Early Late Middle Early

Mississippian Pennsylvanian Pridoli Lower Upper Late Middle Early Middle Late Middle Early Ludlow Late Middle Early Late Early Eocene Wenlock

Miocene Lopingian Pliocene Pleistocene Oligocene Cisuralian Paleocene Furongian Middle Lower Llandovery

Guadalupian

Ediacaran Devonian Silurian Ordovician Cambrian eogene Paleogene Cretaceous Jurassic Triassic Permian Carboniferous Period

Geologic time scale

Paleozoic eoproterozoic Cenozoic Mesozoic Era

A Age, in millions of years before present 250 200 150 100 50 0 Mesozoic Cenozoic 0 Triassic Jurassic Cretaceous Paleogene eogene

Tertiary- Cretaceous 2,000

4,000

Source and Jurassic reservoir 6,000 EPLANATON Burial depth, in meters mmature ( 0.6 Ro)

Oil zone (0.61.3% Ro) 8,000 Triassic Gas zone (1.32.0% Ro) Overmature (> 2.0 Ro) Permian 10,000 Sag Foreland basin 10,400

Age, in millions of years before present Temperature, in degrees Celsius Easy Ro, in percent 250 200 150 100 50 0 500 100 150 200 0.10 1.00 10.00 Mesozoic Cenozoic 0 Triassic Jurassic Cretaceous Paleogene 200 Paleowater depth eogene Tertiary- Cretaceous 0 2,000 Meters

200 40 4,000 Sediment-water interface temperature Jurassic

20 Immature Oil Gas Overmature 6,000

Degrees Celsius 0 100 Burial depth, in meters Heat flow 8,000 Triassic 50 Permian

Milliwatts per suare meter Rift/sag Foreland basin 0 10,000

Figure 5. Burial-history models for pseudowells, Payakhskoye, A; and Balakhninskoye, B, in the Yenisey-Khatanga

Basin, showing thermal maturity. See figure 3 for locations of wells. Ro, vitrinite reflectance, in percent (%). Data from Afanasenkov (1988), Levchuk and Fomin (1988), Fomin and Romakhina (1989), Krason and Finley (1993), and Botneva and Frolov (1996). Petromod references are Wygrala (1989), Sweeney and Burnham (1990), and Integrated Exploration Systems (2008). Geology and Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the Yenisey-Khatanga Basin Province, 2008 11

B Age, in millions of years before present 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Mesozoic Cenozoic Jurassic Cretaceous Paleogene eogene 0 Middle EPLANATON Jurassic mmature ( 0.6 Ro)

Oil zone (0.61.3% Ro) Source and 1,000 Gas zone (1.32.0% Ro) Aalenian Overmature (> 2.0 Ro) reservoir

Toarcian 2,000 Pliensbachian Source Burial depth, in meters 3,000 Hettangian/ Reservoir Sinemurian

4,000 Sag Foreland basin 4,275

Age, in millions of years before present Temperature, in degrees Celsius Easy Ro, in percent 150180 100 50 0 400 80 120 160 0.10 1.00 10.00 Mesozoic Cenozoic 0 Jurassic Cretaceous Paleogene Middle 200 Jurassic Paleowater depth eogene

Meters 1,000 Aalenian 200 43 Sediment-water interface temperature Immature Oil Gas Overmature

20 Toarcian 2,000

0 Pliensbachian Burial depth, in meters

Degrees Celsius -15 100 Heat flow 3,000 Hettangian/ Sinemurian 50

Sag Milliwatts per suare meter Foreland basin 0 3,775

Figure 5.—Continued 12 The 2008 Circum-Arctic Resource Appraisal

Assessment Units Geological Analysis of Assessment-Unit Probabilities Two assessment units (AUs), the Khatanga Saddle AU and the Yenisey-Khatanga Basin AU, have been defined for The probability that the Khatanga Saddle AU contains at the Yenisey-Khatanga Basin Province. For this study, an AU least one field equal to or greater than the minimum field size of is defined as a volume of rock within the TPS that has similar 50 million barrels of oil equivalent (MMBOE) defined for this geologic characteristics. The estimated numbers and sizes assessment is estimated at 50 percent (0.50). The assessment input of undiscovered oil and gas fields in each AU are reported data are summarized below and reported in appendix 1. in appendixes 1 and 2, and the geologic analog data used to Charge Probability.—A charge probability of 1.00 evaluate the AUs are summarized in tables 1 and 2. was estimated because the AU area has a petroleum system sufficient to charge one field equal to or greater than the minimum field size (50 MMBOE), as indicated by reported Khatanga Saddle Assessment Unit shows in exploration wells and large amounts of bitumen along the flanks of the AU. The Khatanga Saddle AU, which comprises the eastern Rock Probability.—A rock probability of 1.00 was updip margin of the Yenisey-Khatanga Basin, is most likely the estimated because the AU area has a petroleum system northward-plunging extension of the Anabar structural high of sufficient to charge one field equal to or greater than the the Siberian craton (figs. 1, 2). The break in slope between the minimum field size (50 MMBOE). Khatanga Saddle and the Yenisey-Khatanga Basin is the west Timing and Preservation Probability.—A timing-and- boundary of the AU. The AU is bounded on the east by the west preservation probability of 0.50 was estimated because the edge of a north-south-trending fold and thrust front called the timing of petroleum generation relative to trap formation and Pakhsino-Begichev arch, which might be a westward extent of preservation may not be conducive for fields of ≥50 MMBOE. the Verkhoyansk-Olenek contractional-deformation front. The Mesozoic tectonic events most likely destroyed many Taimyr-Kara high (including the Kara block, the Central Taimyr previously trapped petroleum accumulations. fold belt, and the South Taimyr fold belt) and the frontal fault of the Kiryano-Tass arch are the northern boundary of the AU (figs. 1, 2), and the Siberian craton bounds the southern margin. Geologic Analogs for Assessment The area of the AU is ~45,000 km2, 23 percent of which is Two analog datasets from the USGS Analog Database offshore within Khatanga Bay. (Charpentier and others, 2007)—(1) foreland basins (24 analogs) The saddle is structurally complex, consisting of many and (2) rifted passive margins and foreland basins with mixed inverted horsts and grabens intruded by Permian and Triassic clastic and carbonate depositional systems (15 analogs)—were basaltic sills. Stratigraphically, the AU includes the entire used to estimate the numbers and sizes of undiscovered fields sedimentary section from Proterozoic through Mesozoic in the Khatanga Saddle AU (table 1). The analog datasets have (Cretaceous). The section of Proterozoic (Riphean) through discovered fields larger than the minimum field size (50 MMBOE) Silurian rocks is >3 km thick locally. A 2-km-thick section defined for this assessment. Analog categories include both of Devonian and Carboniferous rocks is present in the extensional and contractional structural settings and traps northeastern part of the AU. Within the Yenisey-Khatanga containing carbonate and clastic depositional systems (table 1). Basin Province, the Mesozoic section is thinnest on the Four AUs are common to both analog datasets. Khatanga saddle, with sedimentary thickness of no more than Number of Undiscovered Fields.—The number of 1 to 2 km. Potential petroleum reservoirs include Paleozoic undiscovered fields was estimated by comparing the field densities carbonate rocks and Proterozoic clastic and carbonate rocks. (estimated numbers of undiscovered fields plus numbers of Traps are associated with salt domes and faulted anticlines. discovered fields containing >50 MMBOE per 1,000 km2) of Four petroleum discoveries—three oil fields and one the two combined analog datasets (table 1). The median and gas field—were made in the AU, all of which are now maximum densities of discovered fields are 0.2 and 1.1 fields abandoned (IHS Energy Group, 2007). All of these fields were per 1,000 km2, respectively, whereas the median and maximum smaller than the minimum size defined for this assessment. densities of discovered plus undiscovered fields are 0.3 and Accumulations in these fields are in Permian sandstone, 1.6 fields per 1,000 km2, respectively. Minimum, median, and and hydrocarbon shows were observed in Triassic and maximum densities of 0.02, 0.22, and 1.1, respectively, were used Jurassic sandstones. Crude oil is too heavy (API (American in this assessment. The total minimum, median, and maximum Petroleum Institute) gravity of 20–25°) and viscous (240– numbers of undiscovered fields are 1, 10, and 50, respectively (see 270 centistokes) to be produced from primary production appendix 1). A slightly gas rich oil/gas mixture of 0.4 (0.1–0.8) operations; drilling and testing technologies at the time of was assumed because Proterozoic and Paleozoic source rocks discovery and production were inadequate to increase flow might be overmature with respect to crude-oil generation. The rates. Exploration ended by 1954 and has not resumed. estimated numbers of undiscovered oil fields are 0 (minimum), Geology and Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the Yenisey-Khatanga Basin Province, 2008 13 field size (MMBOE) Maximum 94 61 97 14 99 96 90 95 54 79 83 57 98 99 89 98 ] maturity >50 MMB Exploration Percent oil by volume in fields 98 77 111 116 110 112 119 149 204 175 109 162 126 213 121 124 field size Field size Median oil (>50 MMB) distribution ) 2 0.17 1.15 0.13 0.29 0.09 0.18 0.80 0.55 0.57 0.59 1.55 0.12 0.13 0.27 0.10 0.29 Number of discovered and undiscovered fields per 1,000 km 0.11 0.38 0.12 0.17 0.08 0.09 0.54 0.27 0.20 0.19 0.30 0.07 0.02 0.22 0.09 0.07 fields Field density (fields >50 MMBOE discovered *Number of Foreland basins Paralic clastics Carbonate shelf Carbonate shelf Slope, clinoforms, turbidites Slope, clinoforms, turbidites Carbonate shelf Continental clastics Paralic clastics Depositional system Carbonate shelf; Paralic clastics; Paralic clastics; Paralic clastics Paralic clastics; Paralic clastics; Carbonate shelf Carbonate shelf Carbonate shelf Continental clastics; Carbonate shelf; Carbonate shelf Carbonate shelf Carbonate shelf; Paralic clastics Continental clastics Trap system Trap Stratigraphic undeformed Basement-involved block structures Salt-induced structures Basement-involved block structures Basement-involved block structures Compressional anticlines, folds, thrusts Compressional anticlines, folds, thrusts; Compressional anticlines, folds, thrusts; Compressional anticlines, folds, thrusts Compressional anticlines, folds, thrusts Compressional anticlines, folds, thrusts Compressional anticlines, folds, thrusts Compressional anticlines, folds, thrusts; Compressional anticlines, folds, thrusts Compressional anticlines, folds, thrusts Compressional anticlines, folds, thrusts Compressional anticlines, folds, thrusts Compressional anticlines, folds, thrusts; Compressional anticlines, folds, thrusts Compressional anticlines, folds, thrusts; Compressional anticlines, folds, thrusts setting Structural Extensional Compressional Passive Compressional Compressional Passive Compressional Compressional; Compressional Compressional Compressional Compressional Compressional Compressional Compressional Compressional Compressional Basins used as geologic analogs in assessment of the Khatanga Saddle Assessment Unit. number)

Province name (assessment unit (11090101) (11540102) (11540101) (11540103) (40470101) (40470201) (20190101) (20190102) (20190103) (20300101) (20300102) (20300201) (31150101) (31420101) (31540101) (60580102) Middle Caspian Basin Amu-Darya Basin Amu-Darya Basin Amu-Darya Basin North Carpathian Basin North Carpathian Basin Rub Al Khali Basin Rub Al Khali Basin Rub Al Khali Basin Rub Zagros Fold Belt Zagros Fold Belt Zagros Fold Belt Junggar Basin Sichuan Basin Tarim Basin Tarim BasinSan Jorge Table 1. Table Asterisk (*), not reported in analog database; gas volumes are nonassociated; MMBOE, million barrels of oil equivalent; MMB, millions [Analog data from Charpentier and others (2008). 14 The 2008 Circum-Arctic Resource Appraisal 874 6,926 field size (MMBOE) Maximum 94 91 90 74 61 76 99 58 66 73 67 89 78 53 66 16 100 100 maturity >50 MMB Exploration Percent oil by volume in fields 90 111 115 112 115 114 116 116 117 177 123 147 187 102 120 132 103 100 field size Field size Median oil (>50 MMB) distribution ) 2 0.23 1.25 0.92 0.44 0.22 1.38 0.46 0.60 0.03 0.37 0.51 0.44 0.29 0.14 1.15 0.13 0.07 0.41 Number of discovered and undiscovered fields per 1,000 km 1.13 0.73 0.24 0.09 0.64 0.07 0.44 0.02 0.18 0.26 0.26 0.01 0.25 0.14 0.38 0.12 0.02 0.20 fields Field density (fields >50 MMBOE discovered *Number of Carbonate shelf Carbonate shelf Carbonate shelf Carbonate shelf Carbonate shelf Paralic clastics Carbonate shelf Carbonate shelf Depositional system Paralic clastics Paralic clastics; Paralic clastics; Paralic clastics; Carbonate shelf Paralic clastics; Paralic clastics; Carbonate shelf; Paralic clastics; Paralic clastics Paralic clastics Paralic clastics Paralic clastics; Paralic clastics Trap system Trap Stratigraphic undeformed Basement-involved block structures related to normal faulting Paleogeomorphic Paleogeomorphic Compressional anticlines, folds, thrusts Basement-involved block structures; Compressional anticlines, folds, thrusts Compressional anticlines, folds, thrusts Compressional anticlines, folds, thrusts Compressional anticlines, folds, thrusts; Extensional grabens and other structures Basement-involved block structures Compressional anticlines, folds, thrusts Compressional anticlines, folds, thrusts Compressional anticlines, folds, thrusts Compressional anticlines, folds, thrusts Compressional anticlines, folds, thrusts Basement-involved block structures; Basement-involved block structures; Compressional anticlines, folds, thrusts Rifted passive margins and foreland basins with mixed carbonate clastic depositional systems setting Structural Extensional Extensional Compressional Compressional Compressional; Compressional Compressional Compressional Extensional Compressional Compressional Compressional Compressional; Compressional Compressional Passive Compressional Compressional Basins used as geologic analogs in assessment of the Khatanga Saddle Assessment Unit. —Continued number)

Province name (assessment unit (60900101) (12100101) (60960101) Deformed Belt (61170101) (10080103) (11540101) Basin (20040101) (10150102) (11090101) (60900102) (60960102) (60980101) (60980102) (10150101) (10080102) (60990102) Middle Magdalena Nepa-Botuoba Arch Nepa-Botuoba Llanos Basin Greater Antilles Basin Timan-Pechora Amu-Darya Basin Ma’Rib-Al Jawf/Masila Volga-Ural Region Volga-Ural Middle Caspian Basin Middle Magdalena Llanos Basin Basin East Venezuela Basin East Venezuela Median Region Volga-Ural Mean Timan-Pechora Basin Timan-Pechora Maracaibo Basin Table 1. Table Geology and Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the Yenisey-Khatanga Basin Province, 2008 15 5,810 8,007 1,025 1,666 field size (MMBOE) Maximum 78 76 86 79 14 92 79 83 94 82 66 100 maturity >50 MMB Exploration Percent oil by volume in fields 63 112 223 162 126 157 106 116 115 129 123 223 field size Field size Median oil (>50 MMB) distribution ) 2 0.11 0.29 0.43 0.28 0.57 0.59 0.19 0.02 0.13 0.23 0.32 1.55 Number of discovered and undiscovered fields per 1,000 km 0.15 0.22 0.23 0.20 0.19 0.12 0.01 0.02 0.06 0.14 0.15 1.13 fields Field density (fields >50 MMBOE discovered *Number of Carbonate shelf reefs margin, Carbonate shelf Continental clastics Paralic clastics margin, reefs,margin, Slope, clinoforms, turbidites Carbonate shelf Carbonate shelf Depositional system Paralic clastics; Paralic clastics; Carbonate shelf; Carbonate shelf; Carbonate shelf Continental clastics; Paralic clastics; Summary of all geologic analogs used for Khatanga Saddle assessment Trap system Trap Stratigraphic undeformed structures related to normal faulting; and transpressional Transtensional structures related to normal faulting; and transpressional Transtensional Basement-involved block structures Compressional anticlines, folds, thrusts Basement-involved block structures; Extensional grabens and other Extensional grabens and other Compressional anticlines, folds, thrusts Compressional anticlines, folds, thrusts Compressional anticlines, folds, thrusts; setting Structural Extensional Extensional Extensional Compressional; Extensional Compressional Compressional Compressional; Compressional; Compressional Basins used as geologic analogs in assessment of the Khatanga Saddle Assessment Unit. —Continued number)

Province name (assessment unit (20160201) (20300101) (20300102) (20480101) (20480201) (31540101) Fahud Salt Basin Bombay (80430101) Zagros Fold Belt Zagros Fold Belt Pelagian Basin Pelagian Basin Median Tarim Basin Tarim Maximum Median Mean Mean Table 1. Table 16 The 2008 Circum-Arctic Resource Appraisal

4 (median), and 40 (maximum); and the estimated numbers of Yenisey-Khatanga Basin AU have reservoirs primarily in Jurassic undiscovered gas fields are 1 (minimum), 6 (median), and 45 and Lower Cretaceous sandstones. Potential reservoirs include (maximum) (see appendix 1). Permian and Triassic sandstones. Traps in discovered fields are Sizes of Undiscovered Fields.—The estimated minimum, associated with simple and faulted anticlines but could include median, and maximum sizes of undiscovered oil and gas fields combination and stratigraphic traps associated with deltaic in the Khatanga Saddle AU are reported in appendix 1. The and progradational (slope, clinoform, and turbidite) sandstone minimum sizes of undiscovered fields defined for the AU are 50 reservoirs. Most of the anticlines in this AU have been tested; million barrels (MMB) of crude oil and 300 billion cubic feet exploration is now focused on pinchouts along structures and (BCF) of natural gas (6 BCF=1 MMBOE). The median sizes within clinoforms (Grebenyuk and others, 2003). of undiscovered fields in the AU are 100 MMB of crude oil and 400 BCF of natural gas. The median undiscovered oil-field size (100 MMBOE) is slightly smaller than the median field Geological Analysis of Assessment-Unit size in the analog dataset (116 MMBOE). The low-probability Probabilities maximum field size of 1,000 MMBOE approximates the The probability that the Yenisey-Khatanga Basin AU median size of the maximum values of the combined analog contains at least one field equal to or greater than the minimum datasets, 1,000 MMBOE (see appendix 1). On an oil-equivalent field size is 100 percent (1.00). The assessment input data are basis, the median (400 BCF) and maximum (4,000 BCF) summarized below and reported in appendix 2. sizes of undiscovered gas fields are smaller than those of Charge Probability.—A charge probability of 1.00 undiscovered oil fields because of a greater risk for preservation was estimated because the AU area has a petroleum system (see appendix 1). sufficient to charge one field equal to or greater than the Expected Maximum Size of Undiscovered Fields.—The minimum field size (50 MMBOE). expected maximum sizes of undiscovered fields are based on the Rock Probability.—A rock probability of 1.00 was analog dataset: 200 million barrels (MMB) for undiscovered oil estimated because the AU area has a petroleum system fields and 900 BCF (150 MMBOE) for undiscovered gas fields. sufficient to charge one field equal to or greater than the The expected maximum size of gas fields is slightly smaller minimum field size (50 MMBOE). than that of oil fields because of a greater risk for preservation. Timing and Preservation Probability.—A timing-and- These sizes are reduced in this AU from the median of the largest preservation probability of 1.00 was estimated because the AU discovered size of analog fields because of the complex tectonic area has a petroleum system sufficient to charge one field equal history and uplift since petroleum generation. to or greater than the minimum field size (50 MMBOE) and Petroleum Composition and Properties of Undiscovered because oil and gas fields are known to be present in the AU. Fields.—Oil/gas mixture, coproducts, and petroleum-quality properties used in assessing this AU are based on the fields discovered in this AU and those from global statistics (table 3). Geologic Analogs for Assessment Two different analog datasets were used to estimate the Yenisey-Khatanga Basin Assessment Unit number of undiscovered fields for the Yenisey-Khatanga Basin AU: (1) rift/sag basins that were subsequently compressed (7 The Yenisey-Khatanga Basin AU coincides with the main analogs); and (2) basins with slope, clinoform, and turbidite part of the Yenisey-Khatanga Basin. The AU is bounded on the depositional systems (20 analogs) (table 2). The analog east by the Khatanga Saddle, on the north by the Taimyr fold datasets contain primarily clastic reservoir rocks and have and thrust belt, and on the south by the Siberian craton. On the discovered fields of sizes equal to or greater than the minimum west, the Yenisey-Khatanga Basin borders the West Siberian field size (50 MMBOE). Basin (figs. 1, 2). The west boundary of the AU is somewhat Number of Undiscovered Fields.—The number of arbitrary but is approximately delineated by the extent of the undiscovered fields was estimated from the two combined Tanam structural terrace, the Noskovsky Trough, and the analog datasets (table 2). The median and maximum densities southwest slope of the Taimyr fold and thrust belt (figs. 1, 2). of discovered fields in the combined analog datasets are 0.1 Stratigraphically, the AU includes the sedimentary section and 0.7 fields per 1,000 km2, respectively, whereas the median from Upper Permian through Cretaceous. The area of the AU and maximum densities of discovered plus undiscovered fields is ~345,000 km2, 4 percent of which is offshore within Yenisey are 0.3 and 1.7 fields per 1,000 km2, respectively. Minimum, Bay (Ust’ Yenisey). median, and maximum, respectively densities of <0.01, 0.2, Three producing gas fields and nine discoveries, four of and 0.3, respectively, were used in this assessment. The which are awaiting development approval, are present in this AU median density of 0.2 falls between the median densities of the (IHS Energy Group, 2007). Only one oil field was discovered analog datasets and the maximum density of 0.3 approximates as of 2007, although some oil legs are present in the gas fields. the density of the neighboring West Siberian Basin AUs (0.35, The sizes of the three producing gas fields exceed the specified included in the analog dataset, table 2). The total minimum, minimum field size of 50 MMBOE. Discovered fields in the median, and maximum numbers of undiscovered fields are 1, Geology and Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the Yenisey-Khatanga Basin Province, 2008 17 1,268 13,749 field size (MMBOE) Maximum 8 85 84 95 82 84 79 92 69 94 39 48 56 99 98 68 41 maturity >50 MMB Exploration Percent oil by volume in fields 95 95 111 112 164 142 142 251 105 132 224 108 186 100 125 108 102 Field size field size Median oil distribution (>50 MMB) ) 2 0.33 0.32 0.15 0.29 0.04 0.32 0.35 0.64 0.51 0.28 0.14 0.14 1.53 0.02 0.13 0.14 0.09 Number of discovered and undiscovered fields per 1,000 km 0.11 0.19 0.15 0.09 0.16 0.01 0.15 0.15 0.39 0.36 0.09 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.40 0.00 0.15 fields discovered Field density (fields >50 MMBOE *Number of clinoforms, turbidites Paralic clastics Continental clastics Continental clastics turbidites turbidites clinoforms, turbidites clinoforms, turbidites clinoforms, turbidites clinoforms, turbidites clinoforms, turbidites clinoforms, turbidites Depositional system Paralic clastics Paralic clastics Paralic clastics Paralic clastics; Slope, Continental clastics; Paralic clastics; Paralic clastics; Slope, clinoforms, Slope, clinoforms, Paralic clastics; slope, Paralic clastics; slope, Paralic clastics; slope, Paralic clastics; slope, Paralic clastics; slope, Paralic clastics; slope, Compressed rift/sag basins Basins with slope, clinoforms, turbidites enisey-Khatanga Basin Assessment Unit. Trap system Trap Basement-involved block structures Stratigraphic undeformed related to normal faulting related to normal faulting related to normal faulting related to normal faulting related to normal faulting related to normal faulting induced growth faults; basement- involved block structures induced growth faults; basement- involved block structures Compressional anticlines, folds, thrusts; Compressional anticlines, folds, thrusts Local uplifts of uncertain origin Basement-involved block structures; Compressional anticlines, folds, thrusts Basement-involved block structures Basement-involved block structures Extensional grabens and other structures Extensional grabens and other structures Extensional grabens and other structures Extensional grabens and other structures Extensional grabens and other structures Extensional grabens and other structures Stratigraphic undeformed; Gravity- Stratigraphic undeformed; gravity- setting Structural Compressional Compressional Compressional Compressional Compressional Compressional Compressional Compressional Compressional Compressional Extensional Extensional Extensional Extensional Extensional Basins used as geologic analogs in assessment of the Y number)

Province name (assessment unit (11090201) (11500101) (11500201) (11740101) (11740301) (37030101) (37030201) Sabah Basin (37010102) (39100201) (39100301) (39130101) (39480101) (39480201) (40480101) (40480201) Middle Caspian Basin Mean Median North Ustyurt Basin North Ustyurt Basin Siberian Basin West Siberian Basin West Malay Basin Malay Basin Baram Delta/Brunei- Bonaparte Gulf Basin Bonaparte Gulf Basin Browse Basin Northwest Shelf Northwest Shelf Pannonian Basin Pannonian Basin Table 2. Table Asterisk (*), not reported in analog database; gas volumes are nonassociated; MMBOE, million barrels of oil equivalent; MMB, millions barrels] [Analog data from Charpentier and others (2008). 18 The 2008 Circum-Arctic Resource Appraisal 575 850 1,075 4,361 field size (MMBOE) Maximum 5 99 55 98 42 23 37 49 53 76 68 24 50 41 62 88 68 maturity >50 MMB Exploration Percent oil by volume in fields 112 116 110 115 114 110 116 114 114 251 105 178 130 128 140 107 128 Field size field size Median oil distribution (>50 MMB) ) 2 0.21 0.41 1.74 0.35 0.51 1.74 0.38 0.76 0.94 0.14 0.49 0.01 0.18 0.04 0.24 0.28 0.39 Number of discovered and undiscovered fields per 1,000 km 0.11 0.09 0.17 0.74 0.21 0.09 0.74 0.19 0.65 0.38 0.05 0.01 0.00 0.20 0.05 0.01 0.17 fields discovered Field density (fields >50 MMBOE *Number of turbidites turbidites turbidites clinoforms, turbidites turbidites clinoforms, turbidites turbidites turbidites turbidites slope, clinoforms, turbidites paralic clastics; slope, clinoforms, turbidites clinoforms, turbidites Depositional system Slope, clinoforms, Slope, clinoforms, Slope, clinoforms, Paralic clastics; slope, Slope, clinoforms, Paralic clastics; slope, Slope, clinoforms, Slope, clinoforms, Slope, clinoforms, Continental clastics; Continental clastics; Paralic clastics; slope, enisey-Khatanga Basin Assessment Unit.—Continued Trap system Trap Summary of all geologic analogs used for Yenisey-Khatanga Basin assessmen t Summary of all geologic analogs used for Yenisey-Khatanga anticlines, folds, thrusts related to normal faulting related to normal faulting related to normal faulting; stratigraphic undeformed gravity-induced growth faults gravity-induced growth faults; Stratigraphic undeformed Stratigraphic undeformed; compressional Gravity-induced growth faults Salt-induced structures Compressional anticlines, folds, thrusts Extensional grabens and other structures Extensional grabens and other structures Salt-induced structures Stratigraphic undeformed Stratigraphic undeformed Extensional grabens and other structures Compressional anticlines, folds, thrusts; Compressional anticlines, folds, thrusts; setting Structural extensional extensional extensional Compressional Extensional Extensional Compressional Compressional; Compressional; Passive Passive Extensional Extensional Compressional Compressional; Basins used as geologic analogs in assessment of the Y number)

Province name (assessment unit (60290102) (60350101) (60450101) (60550103) (61030101) (72030201) (72030302) (73030101) Delta (80470302) Po Basin (40600101) Median Mean Sergipe-Alagoas BasinSergipe-Alagoas Campos Basin Basin Santa Cruz-Tarija Neuquen Basin Trough Tobago Coastal West-Central Coastal West-Central Orange River Coastal Bombay (80430102) Ganges-Brahmaputra Irrawaddy (80480102) Median Maximum Mean Table 2. Table Geology and Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the Yenisey-Khatanga Basin Province, 2008 19

Table 3. World statistics for oil and gas coproduct ratios, ancillary data, and depths.

Variable Minimum Median Maximum Coproduct Ratios Natural Gas-to-Crude Oil Ratio in Oil 100 1,000 20,000 Accumulations (cubic feet per barrel) Natural Gas Liquids-to-Natural Gas Ratio 5 25 85 in Oil Accumulations (barrels per thousand cubic feet) Natural Gas Liquids-to-Natural Gas Ratio 5 25 75 in Gas Accumulations (barrels per thousand cubic feet) Ancillary Data for Oil Accumulations API gravity (degrees) 20 38 55 Viscosity (centipoise) 0.01 3 30 Sulfur content of oil (percent) 0 0.3 1.5 Ancillary Data for Gas Accumulations Inert gas content (percent) 0 2 10 Carbon dioxide content (percent) 0 1.5 10 Hydrogen sulfide content (percent) 0 0.5 3.5 Depths Depth (m) of water (if applicable) 0 50 2,700 Drilling Depth (m) 350 2,000 7,000

62, and 112, respectively (see appendix 2). Oil/gas mixtures (1,500 MMBOE) for undiscovered gas fields. These sizes of 0.1 (minimum), 0.3 (mode), and 0.5 (maximum) were are based on a distribution of sizes of the fields in this and assumed because of gas-prone kerogen type in Mesozoic neighboring AUs and are constrained by the discovery history. source rocks. The estimated numbers of undiscovered oil fields Petroleum Composition and Properties of Undiscovered are 0 (minimum), 20 (median), and 60 (maximum); and the Fields.—Oil/gas mixture, coproducts, and petroleum-quality estimated number of undiscovered gas fields are 1 (minimum), properties used in assessing this AU (table 3) are based on the 45 (median), and 100 (maximum) (see appendix 2). fields discovered in this AU and in the neighboring Northern Sizes of Undiscovered Fields.—The estimated minimum, West Siberian Onshore Gas AU, which has a similar geologic median, and maximum sizes of undiscovered oil and gas fields setting, source rocks, reservoir rocks, and traps. in the Yenisey-Khatanga Basin AU are reported in appendix 2. The minimum sizes of undiscovered fields defined for the AU are 50 MMB of crude oil and 300 BCF of natural gas (6 BCF=1 MMBOE). The median field size of 150 MMBOE Assessment Results approximates the median size of the rift/sag-basin analog dataset, 142 MMBOE, but exceeds the median field size of The assessment results for the Khatanga Saddle and the combined analog dataset (114 MMBOE). This median Yenisey-Khatanga Basin AUs in the Yenisey-Khatanga Basin field size is consistent with the average size of discovered Province are summarized in table 4. Estimates represent fields in this AU and the neighboring Northern West Siberian undiscovered, technically recoverable, conventional petroleum Onshore Gas AU (median size 200–300 MMBOE, included resources. in the analog dataset). The low-probability maximum field Given the probability of 0.5 for a field of minimum size sizes of 4,000 MMB for undiscovered oil fields and of 24,000 (see appendix 1), there is a 50-percent chance (F50) that no BCF for undiscovered gas fields approximate the mean of the crude-oil or natural-gas resources exist in the Khatanga Saddle maximum field sizes in the combined analog datasets. AU (table 4). The risked mean undiscovered crude-oil resource Expected Maximum Size of Undiscovered Fields.—The is 327 MMB, with a 95-percent chance (F95) of 0 MMB and expected maximum sizes of undiscovered fields are based a five-percent chance (F5) of 1,376 MMB. The risked mean on the analog dataset, with a smaller oil-field than gas-field volume of undiscovered nonassociated natural gas resource is size, to be consistent with the sizes of discovered fields in this 1,797 BCF, with an F95 of 0 BCF, an F50 of 0 BCF, and an F5 AU: ~1,000 MMB for undiscovered oil fields and 9,000 BCF of 6,764 BCF. The largest expected size of an undiscovered oil 20 The 2008 Circum-Arctic Resource Appraisal

Table 4. Assessment results (conventional undiscovered resources) for the Yenisey-Khatanga Basin Province.

[AU, assessment unit; BCF; billion cubic feet; MMB, million barrels; TPS, total petroleum system. Results shown are fully risked estimates. For gas fields, all liquids are included under the natural gas liquids (NGL) category. F95, 95-percent probability of at least the amount tabulated, and so on for F50 and F5. Fractiles are additive under the assumption of perfect positive ocrrelation. N/A, not applicable. Numbers do not exactly add to totals because totals were added by statistical aggregation] Total petroleum Oil (MMB) Gas (BCF) NGL (MMB) AU Field systems and probability type assessment units F95 F50 F5 Mean F95 F50 F5 Mean F95 F50 F5 Mean Assessment results—Proterozoic-Paleozoic composite total petroleum system Khatanga Saddle AU 0.5 Oil 0 0 1,376 327 0 0 932 206 0 0 25 6 Gas N/A N/A N/A N/A 0 0 6,764 1,797 0 0 182 48 Yenisey-Khatanga 1 Oil 2,201 4,847 9,716 5,257 11,604 26,571 55,375 29,078 305 710 1,529 786 Basin AU Gas N/A N/A N/A N/A 38,629 66,089 108,413 68,884 1,009 1,754 2,929 1,835 Total undiscovered 2,192 5,190 10,594 5,584 50,233 94,955 167,863 99,957 1,332 2,539 4,552 2,675 petroleum resources

field is ~220 MMB (not reported in appendix 1), and the largest References Cited expected size of an undiscovered gas field is ~900 BCF (not reported in appendix 1). The overall probability for oil and gas fields in the Afanasenkov, A.P., 1988, Catagenic alterations of Yenisey-Khatanga Basin AU is 1.00 (see appendix 2). The disseminated organic matter of the Jurassic-Cretaceous mean undiscovered crude-oil resource is 5,257 MMB, with sediments of the Yenisey-Khatanga oil-gas region: an F95 of 2,201 MMB, an F50 of 4,847 MMB, and an F5 Petroleum Geology, v. 22, no. 5, p. 206–216 [translated of 9,716 MMB (table 4). The mean volume of undiscovered from Geochimicheskiye i geofizicheskiye metody pryamikh nonassociated natural-gas resource is 68,884 BCF, with an poiskov zalezhey uglevodorodov v Yenisey-Khatanga F95 of 38,629 BCF, an F50 of 66,089 BCF, and an F5 of progibe: Leningrad, PGO “Sevmorgeologya,” 1984, 108,413 BCF. The maximum size of an expected undiscovered p. 69–80]. oil field is ~1,100 MMB (not reported in appendix 2), and Allen, M.B., Anderson, L., Searle, R.C., and Buslov, M., the maximum size of an expected undiscovered gas field is 2006, Oblique rift geometry of the West Siberian Basin— ~9,100 BCF (not reported in appendix 2). Tectonic setting for the Siberian flood basalts: Journal of the The total estimated mean undiscovered petroleum Geological Society, London, v. 163, p. 901–904. resource in the Yenisey-Khatanga Basin Province AU is 5,584 MMB of crude oil, 99,957 BCF of associated and Baldin, V.A., 2004, Ust’-Yenisey oil-gas region—new territory nonassociated natural gas, and 2,675 MMB of natural-gas for increasing hydrocarbon reserves in West Siberia: liquids (table 4). Additional statistics are listed in table 2. Petroleum Geology, v. 38, p. 225–235 [translated from The geologic probabilities of the AUs in this study were Geologiya Nefti i Gaza, 2003, no. 2, p. 16–25]. determined on the basis of a consideration of the geology of each province and the geologic probabilities assigned to the Baldin, V.A, Kunin, K.N., and Kunin, N.Ya., 1997, New ideas AUs in all Arctic basins. Using this approach, the probabilities on structure and genesis of diagonal system of arches in the were consistently applied throughout the Arctic region. Yenisey-Khatanga downwarp: Petroleum Geology, v. 31, no. 4, p. 416–424 [translated from Geologiya Nefti i Gaza, 1997, no. 3, p. 26–34].

Acknowledgments Barrett, P., 2003, Paleoclimatology—cooling a continent: Nature, v. 421, p. 221–223. We are extremely grateful to the USGS Library staff for their help in obtaining rare, hard-to-find geologic articles from Bobilev, V.V., 1985, Cyclic pattern of the Mesozoic-Cenozoic the Russian scientific literature. We also thank Feliks Persits mega-complex of the North of the Siberian platform: for Geographic Information System (GIS) support, and Donald Spesifichnost’ geologicheskikh usloviy I neftegasonosnosti L. Gautier and Gregory F. Ulmishek for their helpful reviews Sibiri pri biborenapravleniy poiskovo-rasvedochnihk rabot, of the manuscript. Moscow, VNIGRI [in Russian]. Geology and Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the Yenisey-Khatanga Basin Province, 2008 21

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Kazakov, A.M., Dagis, A.S., and Kurushin, N.I., 1982, Osnovnie Mikulenko, K.I., 1983, The tectonics of the sedimentary cherti paleogeografii triasa severa sredney sibiri (The main cover of the margin depressions of the Siberian platform features of Triassic paleogeography of north-central Siberia), (in connection to petroleum potential), in Trofimuk, A.A., in Trofimuk, A.A., ed., Geologiya i neftegazonosnost’ Yenisey- and Karogodin, Yu.N., eds., Geologiya i neftegazonosnost’ Khatangskogo basseyna (Geology and presence of oil and gas mezozoyskikh sedimentatsionnykh basseynov Siberia (The of the Enisei-Khatangsk Basin): Instituta Geologii i Geofiziki geology and oil- and gas-bearing nature of the Mesozoic Trudy, no. 514, Izdatel’ctvo “Nauka,” Sibirskoye Otdeleniye, sedimentry basins of Siberia): Instituta Geologii i Geofiziki Moscow, p. 54–75. [In Russian.] Trudy, no. 532, Izdatel’ctvo “Nauka,” Sibirskoye Otdeleniye, Novosibirsk, p. 90–104. 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Appendix files are available online only, and may be accessed athttps://doi.org/10.3133/pp1824R .

1. Assessment Input Data for the Khatanga Saddle Assessment Unit. 2. Assessment Input Data for the Yenisey-Khatanga Basin Assessment Unit. Moffett Field Publishing Service Center, California Manuscript approved for publication March 31, 2016 Edited by George Havach, Claire Landowski, and Regan Austin Layout and design by James E. Banton and Cory Hurd Klett and Pitman—Geology and Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the Yenisey-Khatanga Basin Province, 2008—Professional Paper 1824 ISSN 2330-7102 (online) https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1824R