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DISS GVFROST FINAL.Pdf ii ABSTRACT Patterns of tree and tall shrub occurrence form conspicuous and dynamic ecological boundaries at the interface of the Arctic tundra and boreal forest biomes. Reports from the North American and European Arctic indicate that climatic warming over the last century is promoting circumpolar tree and tall shrub increase in tundra ecotones, but little evidence exists for northern Siberia, despite its immense geographic extent. Here I address this knowledge gap, by examining recent changes in ecotonal landscapes spanning the Siberian Low Arctic utilizing three approaches: (1) spatially-explicit comparisons of high-resolution satellite imagery from the mid-1960s, and recent years for eleven Siberian tundra ecotones; (2) field studies of landscape-scale mechanisms that facilitate shrub proliferation in permafrost patterned-ground ecosystems; and (3) spatio- temporal analyses of Landsat-observed trends in tundra vegetation productivity and shrub-driven land-cover change in northwest Siberia since 1984. Tree and tall shrub abundance increased in nine of eleven Siberian ecotones since the 1960s; however, most land-cover changes were driven by the proliferation of tall shrubs, particularly alder (Alnus), rather than trees. Alder increase was greatest in the northwest Siberian region, and was largely linked to permafrost disturbance processes that facilitate shrub recruitment within widespread mosaics of small, disturbed microsites in patterned-ground landscapes. Landsat time-series of the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), a spectral metric of vegetation biomass, indicate increasing tundra productivity in most of northwest Siberia since 1984, but there was high regional variability linked to differences in landscape physiography, soil properties, and permafrost geomorphology. Increases in iii shrubland productivity were ubiquitous, however, indicating that shrubland expansion is occurring throughout the region. The primary conclusions I reached are that (1) recent tree and shrub expansion is virtually ubiquitous in Siberian ecotones, with rapid changes evident in moister, shrub-dominated regions; (2) disturbed landforms in general, and patterned-ground landscapes in particular, are highly susceptible to shrub expansion; and (3) at least in the near-term, increasing shrub abundance within the present-day tundra biome is likely to be a dominant form of high-latitude environmental change, rather than shifts in the spatial extent of the Arctic tundra and boreal forest biomes per se. iv “The power and enchantment of the taiga lie not in giant trees or the silence of the graveyard, but in the fact that only birds of passage know where it ends.” - Anton Chekhov, The Island: A Journey to Sakhalin (1890) v TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................ i TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................. v LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................... ix LIST OF FIGURES ......................................................................................................... xi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .......................................................................................... xiv CHAPTER 1 – GENERAL INTRODUCTION ............................................................. 1 CHAPTER 2 – TALL SHRUB AND TREE EXPANSION IN SIBERIAN TUNDRA ECOTONES SINCE THE 1960’S ..................................................................... 13 Abstract ......................................................................................................................... 13 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 14 Materials and Methods .................................................................................................. 17 Data sources and study areas ................................................................................... 19 Retrospective analysis of VHR imagery .................................................................... 25 Physiographic stratification of landscapes ............................................................... 26 Field validation ......................................................................................................... 27 Climate effects on ecotonal vegetation dynamics ..................................................... 27 Results ........................................................................................................................... 29 Continental-scale vegetation changes ...................................................................... 29 vi Landscape heterogeneity of ecotonal vegetation change ......................................... 32 Climate effects on ecotonal vegetation dynamics ..................................................... 33 Discussion ..................................................................................................................... 35 Continental-scale vegetation changes ...................................................................... 35 Landscape heterogeneity of ecotonal vegetation change ......................................... 37 Climate effects on ecotonal vegetation dynamics ..................................................... 41 Landscape susceptibility to advance of boreal vegetation ....................................... 43 Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................... 45 References ..................................................................................................................... 46 Supplemental Information ............................................................................................ 55 CHAPTER 3 – PATTERNED-GROUND FACILITATES SHRUB EXPANSION IN LOW ARCTIC TUNDRA .................................................................................. 66 Abstract ......................................................................................................................... 66 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 67 Methods......................................................................................................................... 71 Study areas ................................................................................................................ 71 Methods ..................................................................................................................... 73 Results ........................................................................................................................... 78 Discussion ..................................................................................................................... 82 vii Conclusions ................................................................................................................... 88 Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................... 89 References ..................................................................................................................... 89 CHAPTER 4 – LANDSCAPE AND REGIONAL-SCALE VARIABILITY OF VEGETATION DYNAMICS AND SHRUB PROLIFERATION IN NORTHWEST SIBERIAN ARCTIC TUNDRA ............................................. 99 Abstract ......................................................................................................................... 99 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 100 Methods....................................................................................................................... 104 Data sources ........................................................................................................... 104 Study areas .............................................................................................................. 105 Imagery analysis ..................................................................................................... 106 Results ......................................................................................................................... 111 Landscape-wide NDVI trends ................................................................................. 111 Shrubland spectral trends ....................................................................................... 112 Discussion ................................................................................................................... 116 Landscape NDVI trends .......................................................................................... 116 Alder shrubland spectral trends.............................................................................. 121 Agreement with other NDVI time-series ................................................................. 123 viii Acknowledgements ..................................................................................................... 124 References ................................................................................................................... 124 CHAPTER 5 – SYNTHESIS AND CONCLUSIONS ............................................... 131 Shrub-driven
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