Food Security in the High North This book explores the challenges facing food security, sustainability, sover- eignty, and supply chains in the Arctic, with a specific focus on Indigenous Peoples. Offering multidisciplinary insights with a particular focus on populations in the European High North region, the book highlights the importance of accessible and sustainable traditional foods for the dietary needs of local and Indigenous Peoples. It focuses on foods and natural products that are unique to this region and considers how they play a significant role towards food security and sovereignty. The book captures the tremendous com- plexity facing populations here as they strive to maintain sustainable food systems – both subsistent and commercial – and regain sovereignty over tra- ditional food production policies. A range of issues are explored from food contamination risks, due to increasing human activities in the region, such as mining, to changing livelihoods and gender roles in the maintenance of traditional food security and sovereignty. The book also considers process- ing methods that combine indigenous and traditional knowledge to convert the traditional foods, which are harvested or hunted, into local foods. This book offers a broader understanding of food security and sovereignty, and will be of interest to academics, scholars, and policy makers working in food studies, geography and environmental studies, agricultural studies, so- ciology, anthropology, political science, health studies, and biology. Kamrul Hossain is a research professor and director of the Northern Insti- tute for Environmental and Minority Law at the University of Lapland. He led several research projects with a focus on human rights and human secu- rity in the Arctic, and has widely published in these disciplines. Lena Maria Nilsson is an experienced nutritional epidemiologist with a re- search focus on traditional Sami food as a determinant of health and on food security in the Arctic. Since 2019, she is the vice director at, Várdduo, the Centre for Sami Research at Umeå University, Sweden. Thora Martina Herrmann is a cultural geographer with expertise in action-research projects in polar regions on place-based Indigenous knowl- edge and identity and the social-cultural dimensions of human-environment interactions. She works in First Nation, Inuit, Mapuce, and Sámi contexts. Routledge Research in Polar Regions Series Editor: Timothy Heleniak, Nordregio International Research Centre, Sweden The Routledge series in Polar Regions seeks to include research and pol- icy debates about trends and events taking place in two important world regions: the Arctic and Antarctic. Previously neglected periphery regions, with climate change, resource development and shifting geopolitics, these regions are becoming increasingly crucial to happenings outside these re- gions. At the same time, the economies, societies and natural environments of the Arctic are undergoing rapid change. This series seeks to draw upon fieldwork, satellite observations, archival studies and other research meth- ods which inform about crucial developments in the Polar regions. It is interdisciplinary, drawing on the work from the social sciences and human- ities, bringing together cutting-edge research in the Polar regions with the policy implications. Resources, Social and Cultural Sustainabilities in the Arctic Edited by Monica Tennberg, Hanna Lempinen, and Susanna Pirnes Arctic Sustainability, Key Methodologies and Knowledge Domains A Synthesis of Knowledge I Edited by Jessica K. Graybill and Andrey N. Petrov Food Security in the High North Contemporary Challenges Across the Circumpolar Region Edited by Kamrul Hossain, Lena Maria Nilsson, and Thora Martina Herrmann For more information about this series, please visit: www.routledge.com/ Routledge-Research-in-Polar-Regions/book-series/RRPS Food Security in the High North Contemporary Challenges Across the Circumpolar Region Edited by Kamrul Hossain, Lena Maria Nilsson, and Thora Martina Herrmann LONDON AND NEW YORK First published 2021 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2021 selection and editorial matter, Kamrul Hossain, Lena Maria Nilsson, and Thora Martina Herrmann; individual chapters, the contributors The rights of Kamrul Hossain, Lena Maria Nilsson, and Thora Martina Herrmann to be identified as the authors of the editorial material, and of the authors for their individual chapters, has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. The Open Access version of this book, available at www.taylorfrancis.com, has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 license.” Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record has been requested for this book ISBN: 978-1-138-37006-7 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-003-05775-8 (ebk) DOI: 10.4324/9781003057758 Typeset in Times New Roman by codeMantra Contents List of figures ix List of tables xiii List of contributors xv Preface xxiii Introduction: conceptualising food (in)security in the High North 1 KAMRUL HOSSAIN, LENA MARIA NILSSON AND THORA MARTINA HERRMANN PART I Food security, traditional knowledge and livelihoods 13 1 ‘The role of stockfish in local food security: traditional knowledge, transmission and change in Lofoten, Norway’ 15 JOHANA EVELYN MONTALVAN CASTILLA 2 Traditional reindeer rangeland management and a (human) rights-based approach to food sovereignty 34 ASSI HARKOMA AND BRUCE C. FORBES 3 Sami reindeer herders and the radioactive reindeer: food security from different voice 56 MOEKO MINAGAWA 4 Traditional nutrition of Indigenous Peoples in the Arctic zone of Western Siberia: challenges and impact on food security and health 72 ELENA BOGDANOVA, ANDREY LOBANOV, SERGEI ANDRONOV, ANDREI POPOV, RUSLAN KOCHKIN AND ILDIKÓ ASZTALOS MORELL vi Contents 5 Dietary issues in contemporary Greenland: dietary patterns, food insecurity, and the role of traditional food among Greenlandic Inuit in the twenty-first century 92 PETER BJERREGAARD, INGELISE OLESEN, TINE CURTIS, AND CHRISTINA V.L. LARSEN PART II Multi-disciplinary perspectives on food (in)security 101 6 Human rights begin with breakfast: maintenance of and access to stable traditional food systems with a focus on the European High Arctic 103 KAMRUL HOSSAIN AND NOOR JAHAN PUNAM 7 Sami identity and traditional livelihood practices: from non-Indigenous to Indigenous food frameworks 121 CORINNA CASI 8 Food security management in the Western Russian Arctic zone: current status and information support issues 137 MAXIM SHISHAEV, ZHANNA KASPARYAN AND PAV EL LOMOV 9 Arctic food crisis management 159 CHRISTER PURSIAINEN 10 Food security from a food regimes perspective 184 VICTÒRIA SOLDEVILA LAFON PART III Arctic food security keys to the future 201 11 Some reflections on Swedish food strategies from a Sami and an Arctic perspective 203 LENA MARIA NILSSON 12 Bridging food security gaps in the European High North through the Internet of Food 219 DELE RAHEEM, BORJA RAMIS FERRER, AN D JOSE L. MARTINEZ LASTRA Contents vii 13 Food security and fertiliser supply: the role of Arctic deposits 234 HINNERK GNUTZMANN AND PIOTR ŚPIEWANOWSKI 14 Community-led initiatives as innovative responses: shaping the future of food security and food sovereignty in Canada 249 THORA MARTINA HERRMANN, PHILIP A. LORING, TRICIA FLEMING, SHIRLEY THOMPSON, ANNIE LAMALICE, MARION MACÉ, VÉRONIQUE COXAM, GERALDINE LAURENDEAU, AND SYLVIE BLANGY 15 Building traditional food knowledge: an approach to food security through North-South dialogue 281 ANNE OUMA Index 303 Figures 0.1 The Sápmi region of the EHN 3 1.1 Stockfish hanging from the racks in Svinøya, Lofoten. Photo by the author 18 1.2 Fish hanging and drying from racks in Svinøya, Lofoten. Photo by the author 19 1.3 Stockfish production in Svinøya, Lofoten. Photo by the author 19 1.4 Stockfish produced at home by a woman in Henningsvær. Photo by the author 22 1.5 A closer look at fish left to dry. Once stockfish is produced, it will be used for household consumption or sold to travellers. Photo by the author 22 1.6 Bar chart illustrating the importance of stockfish, according to local inhabitants 26 1.7 Stockfish snacks in Norwegian supermarkets. Photo by the author 28 1.8 Stockfish snacks made from different kinds of cod. Photo by the author 28 3.1 ‘Reindeer grazing grounds and the areal extent of Sápmi’. Created by Horstkotte and Käyhkö (2017) 60 3.2 ‘Ground deposition of137Cs, kBq m−2, in Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden resulting from the Chernobyl accident’. Dahlgaard (1994) 62 4.1 The territory of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug 76 4.2 The territory of the Arctic climatic zone of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug 77 4.3 The damaged teeth of a three-year-old reindeer as a result of eating low lichen cover in the areas of overgrazing in the Messoyahinskaya tundra, the Lucemer-Yakh camp, 2017 82 8.1 Coverage of mobile networks in Murmansk region 148 8.2 Structure of an ontology-based information system for food security management 150 9.1 The crisis management cycle 162 x Figures 11.1 The Sapmi region of the European High North (EHN) 205 11.2 Soaking in water is a traditional way to preserve lingonberries. Today, this staple is usually stored in glass bottles and cans 214 12.1 Value opportunities at each stage (adapted from i-SCOOP 2018; https://www.i-scoop.eu/industry-4-0/) 225 13.1 Phosphate rock and potash production, globally and in the Arctic, since 1991 238 13.2 Phosphate rock mines and deposits in the Arctic (north of 60ºN) 239 14.1 The locations of the community-led food initiatives studied here and their partner communities 253 14.2 Cold frames in Kangiqsujuaq.