Mellan Hat Och Kritik

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Mellan Hat Och Kritik Mellan hat och kritik - En begreppsutredning av islamofobi Författare: Johan Lind Handledare: Stefan Arvidsson Examinator: Torsten Löfstedt Termin: VT 2016 Kurskod: 1RKÄ04 Abstrakt Med jämna mellanrum uppstår diskussioner där islams/muslimernas närvaro uppfattas vara problematisk, vilket brukar aktualisera begreppet islamofobi. Att fastställa vad som tillhör en hatisk och tillika sinister inställning gentemot muslimer och vad som utgör en uppriktig men likväl välvillig kritik av särskilda föreställningar inom islam tycks emellertid vara ett brydsamt företag. Ett utredande av begreppets innebörd är följaktligen angeläget. Uppsatsens syfte är att systematisera och kategorisera vad forskare menar med islamofobi när de använder begreppet. Uppsatsens frågeställning lyder: Vilka variationer finns det vid definitionen av islamofobi och hur kan dessa kategoriseras? Uppsatsen är en begreppsutredande studie och materialet består av 74 vetenskapliga artiklar med ”islamophobia” i titeln. Sammanfattningsvis har materialet indelats i fem olika kategorier; de som lämnar begreppet odefinierat, en definition av islamofobi som följer den definition som görs i the Runnymede Trusts rapport, islamofobi som känsla, islamofobi som rasism och slutligen ifall det är muslimer och/eller islam som är måltavlan för islamofobi. Att begreppet islamofobi inrymmer en mångfald av definitioner torde vara problematiskt utifrån ett forskningsperspektiv. Nyckelord: islamofobi, begreppsutredning, begreppsanalys. Innehållsförteckning Inledning ................................................................................................................................... 1 Bakgrund ................................................................................................................................... 2 Syfte och frågeställning ............................................................................................................ 3 Material och metod .................................................................................................................. 3 Tidigare forskning .................................................................................................................... 5 Teori ........................................................................................................................................... 7 Analys ........................................................................................................................................ 8 Odefinierad islamofobi ........................................................................................................ 8 Islamofobi á la Runnymede Trust ...................................................................................... 9 Islamofobi som känsla ........................................................................................................ 11 Islamofobi som rasism ....................................................................................................... 12 Islamofobi - islam eller muslimer? ................................................................................... 13 Konkluderande reflektion ..................................................................................................... 15 Referenser ............................................................................................................................... 17 Material ............................................................................................................................... 17 Elektroniska källor ............................................................................................................. 23 Litteratur ............................................................................................................................. 23 Inledning Ett medialt uppmärksammande, en kullkastad politisk karriär för en partistyrelsekandidat, en anmälan till Konstitutionsutskottet samt ett öppet brev innehållande ett förtydligande av Miljöpartiets värdegrund och en uppförandekod till partiets medlemmar och sympatisörer. En (liten) droppe kan förorsaka stora ringar på vattnet. Och här sitter en själv skrivandes på en uppsats som en konsekvens av denna droppe. Det är fascinerande vilka följder symboliska handlingar kan få. Denna droppe eller symboliska handling som föranlett ovanstående händelser är Yasri Kahns val att inte skaka hand med TV4-reportern Ann Tiberg i samband med en intervju om Mehmet Kaplans avgång.1 Istället för att välkomna med en handskakning hälsade Khan genom att lägga handen på hjärtat. Khans motivering till agerandet är att det är för intimt med fysisk beröring med det motsatta könet. Funderingarna kring hur dessa händelser rönt uppmärksamhet av sådan magnitud infinner sig utan dröjsmål. En skulle kunna ponera att det mediala pådraget kring Khan har sin förklaring i att Miljöpartiet redan befann sig i en tuff period. Det har föreslagits att vecka 16 2016 har varit en historiskt besvärlig tid för Miljöpartiet.2 Att en miljöpartist vägrade skaka hand med en reporter på grund av hennes kön passade väl in i bilden med partikollegor som umgås med extremister och försöker utöva inflytande på medierna. Ytterligare en förklaring till att strålkastarljuset riktades mot händelsen skulle kunna tänkas vara att den aktualiserade den feministiska traditionens opposition mot särbehandling av kvinnor och män, ett tema som med lätthet hamnar i förgrunden. Slutligen skulle en kunna mena att orsaken går att finna på annat ställe, nämligen i den förhärskande islamofobiska kunskapsregimen. Religionshistorikern Mattias Gardell prognoserade 2010 i sin bok Islamofobi en på kort sikt makaber framtid där negativa attityder gentemot muslimer kommer öka och där exempelvis symbolpolitik till disfavör för muslimer kommer vara en del.3 Utifrån denna förklaring skulle ”handskaksvägran”, som händelsen kring Khan har omnämnts av media4, kunna ses som en liten del av en större trend. Det är denna föreställning om ett närmast förborgat, på samma gång påtagligt, förakt mot muslimer som eggat mitt engagemang för detta alster. Den personliga entusiasmen är emellertid inte motivationens enda grund utan den kompletteras av insikten om det allvar som föreligger 1 Erikson & Lund 2016. 2 DN Ledare 2016-04-22. 3 Gardell 2010:257. 4 Carp & Lund 2016. 1 ämnet. Ifall de som varnar för den islamofobiska kunskapsregimens förefintlighet är av korrekt uppfattning medför det kritiska implikationer för samhällen och individer världen över. Denna föreställning är dock kringgärdad av problem. Företaget att fastställa vad som tillhör en hatisk och tillika sinister inställning gentemot muslimer och vad som utgör en uppriktig men likväl välvillig kritik av särskilda föreställningar inom islam är inte bara brydsamt vid händelserna kring Khans tillvägagångssätt att hälsa utan det rör sig om otaliga andra situationer. Exempel på andra fall som aktualiserar samma problematik är diskussionerna kring slöjförbud, halal-slaktat kött i skolor, byggandet av moskéer och liknande fall där muslimers rätt att utöva sin religion uppfattas vara bekymmersamt. Överläggningarna kring huruvida ett ställningstagande i sådana spörsmål utgör ett uttryck för ett förakt mot muslimer eller genuin islamkritik är förgäves ifall de inblandade samtalsparterna inte är överens om innebörden i begreppen. Ett klargörande av begreppet islamofobi vore således berikande och välkommet. Bakgrund Även om Word 2010 markerar ordet ”islamofobi” rött så är begreppet inte något nutida påfund. Rötterna går att finna omkring förra sekelskiftet då några franskspråkiga författare identifierade en attityd mot islam och muslimer som de betecknade ”islamofobi”. 5 Somliga anför att Étienne Dinet och Slimane ben Ibrahim var de första att bruka begreppet i deras alster L’Orient vu de l’Occident från 1918. Även om detta inte tycks stämma, en redogörelse av Alan Quelliens tidigare bruk av begreppet följer nedan, är den likväl relevant att presentera eftersom Dinets och Ibrahims användning av begreppet är den som vanligtvis citeras i den moderna debatten när en vill visa på begreppets rötter. Förvisso redogör författarna ingen tydligt uttalad definition men något kan ändock sägas om deras syn på begreppet. En bristfällig beskrivning av islam och profeten lever inte upp till kriterierna för att klassificeras som islamofobi, inte ens ifall den är nedsättande. Istället ska islamofobi förstås som de drivkrafter som berättigar en missvisande beskrivning av islam. Dessa kan sägas bestå av en fientlig inställning gentemot islam och att betrakta islam som en antagonist som med nödvändighet bör bekämpas.6 Alain Quellien är den författare som kan betraktas som den första att leverera en explicit definition. I sin avhandling La politique musulmane dans l’Afrique occidentale française från 1910 är han inne på liknande tankespår som Dinet och Ibrahim. Där definierar han islamofoben 5 López 2011:568. 6 López 2011:560-562. 2 som ”all the authors who consider Islam an implacable enemy of the Europeans”7. Islamofobi innebär således en syn på islam som en oförsonlig fiende för européerna vilket i förlängningen medför en fientlig inställning gentemot islam. Då muslimer utgör förkroppsligandet av islam är en fientlig syn på islam ofrånkomligen en fientlig syn mot muslimer.8 Trots att islamofobi har sitt ursprung från förra sekelskiftet var det först på 1990-talet som termen, via engelskspråkig litteratur, blev mera allmänt känd och systematisk. Det skedde i och med att tankesmedjan the Runnymede Trust presenterade sin
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