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Cultura Política En La Transición De La URSS a La Rusia Actual

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Cultura Política En La Transición De La URSS a La Rusia Actual Cultura Política en la transición de la URSS a la Rusia actual UNIVERSIDAD DISTRITAL FRANCISCO JOSÉ DE CALDAS FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS Y EDUCACIÓN PROYECTO CURRICULAR DE CIENCIAS SOCIALES LICENCIATURA EN EDUCACIÓN BÁSICA CON ÉNFASIS EN CIENCIAS SOCIALES CULTURA POLÍTICA EN LA TRANSICIÓN DE LA URSS A LA RUSIA ACTUAL Trabajo de grado en modalidad de Monografía para optar al título de: Licenciado en Educación Básica con Énfasis en Ciencias Sociales Jerson Iván Torres Jiménez Código 20121155212 Nubia Moreno Lache Directora Bogotá D.C. 2019 1 Cultura Política en la transición de la URSS a la Rusia actual RESUMEN La siguiente monografía parte del interés por profundizar en el campo temático de la ciudadanía, por tal motivo, se presenta el desarrollo de una lectura crítica-investigativa de la categoría de Cultura Política, delimitada como el concepto teórico que dinamiza esta cuestión ciudadana, pero vista en el transito histórico que nace en la Rusia del siglo IX y que va desenvolviéndose hasta el siglo XXI. Para contextualizar tal análisis, la presente monografía se sostiene a través de una investigación etnográfica con la juventud de la ciudad de Elistá, ubicada en la Republica de Kalmukia, en la Rusia suroccidental, la cual permitió analizar las diversas representatividades e intereses que entran en relación con el debate de la transición que tuvo la Cultura Política de la época zarista hacia la época soviética y luego hacia la realidad política actual de este país. Se asume que esta investigación contribuye a identificar y comprender el sentido de la ciudadanía en otros contextos, las virtudes de la investigación etnográfica para el docente- investigador y las características sociopolíticas de este país que son trasversales en el entendimiento de la geopolítica mundial; aspectos que son fundamentales para la formación del docente de ciencias sociales en la actualidad. Palabras claves: Cultura Política, Ciudadanía, Juventud, Historicidad zarista, Historicidad soviética y Rusia contemporánea. 2 Cultura Política en la transición de la URSS a la Rusia actual ABSTRACT The following monograph part of the interest in deepening in the thematic field of citizenship, for this reason, the development of a critical-investigative reading of the category of Political Culture is presented, delimited as the theoretical concept that dynamizes this citizen question, but seen in the historical transit that was born in the Russia of the ninth century and that is evolving until the 21st century. To contextualize such analysis, the present monograph is sustained through an ethnographic research with the youth of the city of Elistá, located in the Republic of Kalmukia, in the south-western Russia, which allowed to analyze the diverse representativities and interests that come into relation with the debate of the transition that had the Political Culture of the tsarist epoch towards the Soviet era and then towards the current political reality of this country. It is assumed that this research contributes to identify and understand the sense of citizenship in other contexts, the virtues of ethnographic research for the teacher-researcher and the socio- political characteristics of this country that are transversal in the understanding of world geopolitics; aspects that are fundamental for the training of the teacher of social sciences at present. Keywords: Political Culture, Citizenship, Youth, Czarist Historicity, Soviet Historicity and Contemporary Russia. 3 Cultura Política en la transición de la URSS a la Rusia actual Tabla de contenido Página Introducción 6 Capítulo 1. De la URSS a la Rusia actual: transformaciones y tensiones 9 1.1. ¿Por qué indagar la transformación de la ciudadanía juvenil en Rusia? 9 1.2. Aspectos de indagación: el qué y el cómo de la investigación 12 1.3. Horizonte metodológico 16 1.4. Emplazamiento y contexto de la ciudad-objeto de investigación 19 1.5. Caracterización demográfica y situacional en la ciudad-objeto de investigación 26 Capítulo 2. Contexto socio-histórico 31 2.1. Contextualización histórica de la Cultura Política en la Unión Soviética: desde los 31 orígenes pasando por los procesos del siglo XIX y el desarrollo del siglo XX 2.2. Nomenklatura 54 2.3. Caída de la Unión Soviética (1991) 69 Capítulo 3. Transformaciones socio políticas y socio espaciales de la URSS hacia la 92 Rusia contemporánea: una lectura a manera de estado del arte Capítulo 4. Referentes teóricos-conceptuales 115 4.1. Lugar, Memoria y Memoria Histórica 115 4.2. Experiencias Ciudadanas 119 4.3. Ciudadanización 127 Capítulo 5. “это мы, люди нового поколения”. Somos nosotros, la gente de la nueva 135 generación. La investigación etnográfica como camino para la comprensión de la transformación soviética – rusa 5.1. Investigación etnográfica en relación con la transición socio política de la URSS a 136 la Rusia Actual 5.2. Investigación etnográfica en relación con elementos conceptuales y teóricos 142 asociados con la cultura política en Rusia 5.3. Investigación etnográfica en relación con las experiencias ciudadanas 146 Capítulo 6. Indagar el contexto socio político de la URSS a la Rusia actual: algunas 149 conclusiones y balances 6.1. De la URSS a la Rusia actual: balances identificados 149 6.2. Aportes de la indagación en la formación docente - investigador 157 4 Cultura Política en la transición de la URSS a la Rusia actual 6.3. Aportes del trabajo realizado para la enseñanza de las ciencias sociales 162 Capítulo 7. Referentes bibliográficos 168 Anexos Anexo 1. Ubicación de la ciudad de Elistá-República de Kalmukia-Rusia 177 Anexo 2. Formato de encuesta 178 Anexo 3. Fotografías 180 Anexo 4. Imágenes Religiosas 185 LISTA DE TABLAS, ESQUEMAS, FIGURAS, FICHAS Y MAPA Tabla 1. Diseño metodológico de la investigación 11 Esquema metodológico de la investigación 19 Figura 1. El número constante de la población de la República de Kalmukia 27 Figura 2. Mapa de la densidad poblacional de la República de Kalmukia – 2015 28 Figura 3. Dinámica de nacimientos, muertes y aumento natural de la población de la 30 República de Kalmukia Cuadro 1. Aspectos generales de la Cultura Política Rusa de los siglos IX al XX 54 Tabla 2. Distribución de los jóvenes según el lugares en dónde se realizaron las 137 encuestas Tabla 3. Acontecimientos históricos de Rusia siglo XX y XXI 138 Tabla 4. Análisis de los hechos históricos relevantes del siglo XX y XXI 141 Tabla 5. Distribución espacial de las encuestas realizadas 144 Ficha técnica del documental 146 5 Cultura Política en la transición de la URSS a la Rusia actual INTRODUCCIÓN Esta disertación, en la modalidad de monografía, atiende algunas de las problemáticas que giran en torno a la categoría central de experiencias ciudadanas, las cuales se dieron cronológicamente hablando de la década de los noventa del siglo pasado a la actualidad. Para tal caso, la presente indagación establece una experiencia vivencial en el contexto de la ciudad de Elistá-República de Kalmukia-Rusia con el objetivo de profundizar, por medio del análisis que provee el estudio de la Cultura Política, en los efectos sociopolíticos que llegaron a esta ciudad tras la disolución de la URSS.1 El ejercicio de investigación sedimenta una monografía de tipo compilatorio, para centralizar en un primer momento, las indagaciones que han trabajado el tema de la Cultura Política en la transición de la URSS a la Rusia actual, y en un segundo momento, para complementar por medio de una investigación etnográfica, con la juventud de la ciudad de Elistá, algunas aproximaciones investigativas basadas en la categoría de experiencias ciudadanas, como eje conceptual de la investigación en curso. Se asume que es relevante reconocer y comprender este tipo de experiencias, puesto que es una manera de abordar a las sociedades en contextos y espacios específicos, para así, en diversos niveles, identificar el sentido de ciudadanía en tanto seres humanos; aspecto fundamental en la formación docente. La intención es exponer algunos elementos que resulten provechosos para la lectura crítica de la categoría central de Cultura Política, pero vistos en un contexto distinto al colombiano. Teniendo en cuenta el proceso transicional que tuvo la URSS como modelo patrimonialista hacia el nuevo sistema de gobierno que impera en la Rusia actual, estas variables promoverán unos 1 La siguiente investigación, se dio en el marco de una beca estudiantil “Diplomado de Historia y Lengua rusa”, en la Universidad Estatal de Kalmukia ubicada en la ciudad de Elistá-República de Kalmukia, Rusia; beca auspiciada por el Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores de Rusia para la vigencia 2016. 6 Cultura Política en la transición de la URSS a la Rusia actual acercamientos investigativos, desde un punto de vista exógeno, que resultan coyunturales y pertinentes con las observaciones de los debates de las Ciencias sociales contemporáneas. Esta aseveración, será vista en el análisis de la Cultura Política en la juventud de esta ciudad rusa, con una herencia mongol y fe budista, la cual siente latentemente el problema simbiótico que dejó la caída de la URSS reflejado en algunas de sus experiencias ciudadanas. El trabajo presenta un orden conceptual y teórico que responde a los propósitos de la investigación. El capítulo 1 devela el objeto de la investigación, en otras palabras responde al qué, cómo y por qué, seguido a esto se encuentra la caracterización socio espacial y socio histórica de la ciudad objeto de estudio; en el segundo capítulo, se presenta el contexto socio histórico con énfasis en el génesis de Rusia como Imperio, acompañado por el estudio y panorama de la URSS para llegar a la caída del mismo e ingresar así al contexto de la investigación que da paso a la Rusia actual. Un tercer capítulo a modo de estado del arte considera el campo de la transición de la URSS a la actualidad; acompaña esta reflexión el ingreso de los referentes teóricos y conceptuales en coherencia y cohesión con los objetivos de la indagación como cuarto capítulo.
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