DOCSLIB.ORG

Sand Crab Digging; the Neuroethology and Evolution of a "New" Behaviour by Zen Faulkes Bachelor of Arts and Science (B

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Sand Crab Digging; the Neuroethology and Evolution of a Sand crab digging; the neuroethology and evolution of a "new" behaviour by Zen Faulkes Bachelor of Arts and Science (B.Sc.) University of Lethbridge, 1989 A dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in the Department of Biology We accept this dissertation as conforming to the required standard: Dorothy H. Paul, Supervisor (Department of Biology) George O. Mackie, Departmental Member (Department of Biology) Craig Hawryshyn, Departmental Member (Department of Biology) Geraldine Outside Men^éei'^epartment of Physical Education) enJal Examiner (MariAJoseph L. Ayers, ExternalenJal Examiner Examiner (Marine (MariAJoseph Science Center, Northeastern University) Copyright © 1996 Zen Faulkes University of Victoria All rights reserved. This dissertation may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopying or other means, without the permission of the author. Supervisor: Dorothy H. Paul ABSTRACT Sand crabs (Anomura: Hippoidea) have evolved a “new” means of locomotion: they use their thoracic legs to dig into the sand instead of walking on the benthos as many other decapod crustaceans do. I examined digging by three sand crab species of two families, Blepharipoda occidentalis (Albuneidae), Lepidopa califomica (Albuneidae) and Emerita analoga (Hippidae). There are several features common to both sand crab families, suggesting that digging has evolved only once in the sand crabs. The leg tip trajectories are similar, with leg 4 circling in the opposite direction to legs 2 and 3 when viewed from the side; contralateral legs tend to alternate; the “tail” (abdomen in albuneids; uropods in hippids) cycles at higher frequencies than the legs; and the inteijoint coordination of a single given leg (e.g., leg 2) is similar in B. occidentalis and E. analoga. There are also features that distinguish the two families. During digging by the albuneids, serially homologous contralateral legs initially alternate, but switch midway through a digging episode to moving synchronously. In E. analoga, the legs 2 and 3 move in bilateral alternation throughout the dig, but the legs 4 can move in bilateral synchrony and a higher frequency than legs 2 and 3 (» the uropods’ frequency). There are also some similarities between sand crab digging and walking by other decapods, suggesting the two behaviours may be homologous. The coordination of ipsilateral legs on one side of an animal is generally similar in digging and closely related walking species, and there are no obvious differences in the distal leg motor neurons in sand crabs and some walking species. Digging and walking differ in that there are rapid “tail” movements during digging but not Ill walking, and that serially homologous digging legs are more specialised in their motor output than walking legs. The inteijoint coordination of legs 2 and 3 resemble backward walking motor patterns by other decapods, whereas that of leg 4 is more similar to forward walking. This suggests that digging is an evolutionary mosaic, comprised of several modified ancestral locomotor behaviours (backward walking in legs 2 and 3, forward walking in leg 4, and tailfiipping). Examiners: Dorothy H. Paul, Supervisor (Department of Biology) George O. Mackie, Departmental Member (Department of Biology) Craig Hawryshyn, Departmental Member (Department of Biology) Geraldine van GyrvoOutside Member (D^paftment--------------------------------------- of Physical Education) Joseph L. Ayers, External/Examiner (Marine Science Center, Northeastern University) IV TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT............................................................................................................................ii TABLE OF CONTENTS......................................................................................................iv LIST OF TABLES.............................................................................................................. vüi LIST OPnOURES............................................................................................................... ix LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS.............................................................................................. xii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.................................................................................................xiv DEDICATION......................................................................................................................xv Chapter 1 ; Exposition ............................................................................................................. 1 The Animais. ...................................................................................................................... / Sand crab natural history ........................................................................................................................................7 Survival value of digging ........................................................................................................................................7 Ontogeny of digging ...............................................................................................................................................8 Sand crab fossil record ...........................................................................................................................................8 The Problem......................................................................................................................9 Homology: definitions and difficulties ...................................................................................................................9 Homologies and behaviour ...................................................................................................................................11 The Techniques. ...............................................................................................................12 Eshkol-Wachman movement notation (EW) ......................................................................................................... 12 Electromyograms (EMGs) .................................................................................................................................... 14 Overview......................................................................................................................... 15 Chapter 2: Interleg coordination ...........................................................................................17 Introduction.....................................................................................................................17 M ethods........................................................................................................................... 18 Data treatment..................................................................................................................................................... 20 Results............................................................................................................................. 21 Tip trajectories ..................................................................................................................................................... 21 Speed .................................................................................................................................................................... 33 Ipsilateral coordination .........................................................................................................................................36 Munida quadrispina ........................................................................................................................................36 Blepharipoda occidentalis.............................................................................................................................. 36 Lepidopa califomica.......................................................................................................................................37 Emerita analoga ............................................................................................................................................. 37 V Bilateral coordination ........................................................................................................................................... 47 Blepharipoda occidentalis and Lepidopa califomica.................................................................................... 47 Perturbations in bilateral coordination caused by leg loss .........................................................................54 Emerita analoga ..............................................................................................................................................58 Discussion........................................................................................................................67 Homology and divergence in sand crab digging ................................................................................................... 67 Evolutionary origins for digging .......................................................................................................................... 68 Central control ......................................................................................................................................................69 Sensory input .......................................................................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Download (8MB)
    https://theses.gla.ac.uk/ Theses Digitisation: https://www.gla.ac.uk/myglasgow/research/enlighten/theses/digitisation/ This is a digitised version of the original print thesis. Copyright and moral rights for this work are retained by the author A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge This work cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the author The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the author When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given Enlighten: Theses https://theses.gla.ac.uk/ [email protected] ASPECTS OF THE BIOLOGY OF THE SQUAT LOBSTER, MUNIDA RUGOSA (FABRICIUS, 1775). Khadija Abdulla Yousuf Zainal, BSc. (Cairo). A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy to the Faculty of Science at the University of Glasgow. August 1990 Department of Zoology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ. University Marine Biological Station, Millport, Isle of Cumbrae, Scotland KA28 OEG. ProQuest Number: 11007559 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 11007559 Published by ProQuest LLC(2018).
    [Show full text]
  • A Year in Hypoxia: Epibenthic Community Responses to Severe Oxygen Deficit at a Subsea Observatory in a Coastal Inlet
    A Year in Hypoxia: Epibenthic Community Responses to Severe Oxygen Deficit at a Subsea Observatory in a Coastal Inlet Marjolaine Matabos1,2*, Verena Tunnicliffe1,3, S. Kim Juniper1,2, Courtney Dean1 1 School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada, 2 NEPTUNE Canada, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada, 3 VENUS, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada Abstract Changes in ocean ventilation driven by climate change result in loss of oxygen in the open ocean that, in turn, affects coastal areas in upwelling zones such as the northeast Pacific. Saanich Inlet, on the west coast of Canada, is a natural seasonally hypoxic fjord where certain continental shelf species occur in extreme hypoxia. One study site on the VENUS cabled subsea network is located in the hypoxic zone at 104 m depth. Photographs of the same 5 m2 area were taken with a remotely-controlled still camera every 2/3 days between October 6th 2009 and October 18th 2010 and examined for community composition, species behaviour and microbial mat features. Instruments located on a near-by platform provided high-resolution measurements of environmental variables. We applied multivariate ordination methods and a principal coordinate analysis of neighbour matrices to determine temporal structures in our dataset. Responses to seasonal hypoxia (0.1–1.27 ml/l) and its high variability on short time-scale (hours) varied among species, and their life stages. During extreme hypoxia, microbial mats developed then disappeared as a hippolytid shrimp, Spirontocaris sica, appeared in high densities (200 m22) despite oxygen below 0.2 ml/l.
    [Show full text]
  • Failure to Launch? the Influence of Limb Autotomy on the Escape Behavior of a Semiaquatic Grasshopper Paroxya Atlantica
    Behavioral Ecology doi:10.1093/beheco/arr045 Advance Access publication 4 May 2011 Original Article Failure to launch? The influence of limb autotomy on the escape behavior of a semiaquatic grasshopper Paroxya atlantica (Acrididae) Philip W. Batemana,b,c and Patricia A. Flemingb aDepartment of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa, bSchool of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia, and cArchbold Biological Station, Lake Placid, PO Box 2057, Lake Placid, FL 33862, USA Downloaded from Autotomy is an extreme escape tactic where an animal sheds an appendage to escape predation. Many species alter their behavior postautotomy to compensate for this loss. We examined the escape behavior in the field of a semiaquatic grasshopper (Paroxya atlantica) that could escape either by flight and landing in vegetation or flight and landing in water and swimming to safety. We predicted that animals missing a hind limb would be more reactive (i.e., have longer flight initiation distances; FID) and would beheco.oxfordjournals.org prefer to escape to vegetation rather than to water as loss of a limb is likely to reduce swimming ability. However, our predictions were not supported. FID in autotomized animals was not different from that in intact animals. Furthermore, although autotom- ized grasshoppers paused more often and swam slower than intact individuals, autotomized grasshoppers more often escaped to water, reaching it via shorter flights that were lateral to the approach of the observer (intact grasshoppers more often flew directly away from the observer). We also noted differences in behavior before disturbance: Autotomised animals perched lower on emergent vegetation than did intact ones, presumably in readiness for escape via water, and also showed a greater likelihood to at Murdoch University on June 19, 2011 hide (squirreling) from the approaching observer prior to launch into flight.
    [Show full text]
  • Mantodea (Insecta), with a Review of Aspects of Functional Morphology and Biology
    aua o ew eaa Ramsay, G. W. 1990: Mantodea (Insecta), with a review of aspects of functional morphology and biology. Fauna of New Zealand 19, 96 pp. Editorial Advisory Group (aoimes mae o a oaioa asis MEMBERS AT DSIR PLANT PROTECTION Mou Ae eseac Cee iae ag Aucka ew eaa Ex officio ieco — M ogwo eae Sysemaics Gou — M S ugae Co-opted from within Systematics Group Dr B. A ooway Κ Cosy UIESIIES EESEAIE R. M. Emeso Eomoogy eame ico Uiesiy Caeuy ew eaa MUSEUMS EESEAIE M R. L. ama aua isoy Ui aioa Museum o iae ag Weigo ew eaa OESEAS REPRESENTATIVE J. F. awece CSIO iisio o Eomoogy GO o 1700, Caea Ciy AC 2601, Ausaia Series Editor M C ua Sysemaics Gou SI a oecio Mou Ae eseac Cee iae ag Aucka ew eaa aua o ew eaa Number 19 Maoea (Iseca wi a eiew o asecs o ucioa mooogy a ioogy G W Ramsay SI a oecio M Ae eseac Cee iae ag Aucka ew eaa emoa us wig mooogy eosigma cooaio siuaio acousic sesiiiy eece eaiou egeeaio eaio aasiism aoogy a ie Caaoguig-i-uicaio ciaio AMSAY GW Maoea (Iseca – Weigo SI uisig 199 (aua o ew eaa ISS 111-533 ; o 19 IS -77-51-1 I ie II Seies UC 59575(931 Date of publication: see cover of subsequent numbers Suggese om o ciaio amsay GW 199 Maoea (Iseca wi a eiew o asecs o ucioa mooogy a ioogy Fauna of New Zealand [no.] 19. —— Fauna o New Zealand is eae o uicaio y e Seies Eio usig comue- ase e ocessig ayou a ase ie ecoogy e Eioia Aisoy Gou a e Seies Eio ackowege e oowig co-oeaio SI UISIG awco – sueisio o oucio a isiuio M C Maews – assisace wi oucio a makeig Ms A Wig – assisace wi uiciy a isiuio MOU AE ESEAC CEE SI Miss M oy
    [Show full text]
  • The Crustacea Anomura of Chile
    LUNDS UNIVERSITETS ARSSKRIFT. N. F. Avd. 2. Bd 51. Nr 12. KUNGL. FYSIOGRAFISKA SALLSKAPETS HANDLINGAR. N. F. Bd 66. Nr 12. (CONTRIBUTION NO. 158 FROM THE ALLAN HANCOCK FOUNDATION) REPORTS OF THE LUND UNIVERSITY CHILE EXPEDITION 1948—49 20. THE CRUSTACEA ANOMURA OF CHILE BY JANET HAIG ALLAN HANCOCK FOUNDATION, UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CAL1FOBNIA, LOS ANGELES CON RESUMEN EN ESPANOL LUND C. W. K. GLEERUP Read before the Royal Physiographic Society, June 2, 1954. LUND H A K A N OIIL S S O N S BOKTI1Y CK E K 1 19 5 5 Introduction The Crustacea Anomura collected by the Lund University Chile Expedition in 1948—49 form the basis of this report. The Expedition's collections include nearly 1400 specimens of Anomura from Chile, comprising a total of twenty-four species. This is the largest number of species ever taken ha this region by a single expedition. L. H. PLATE'S extensive collections of Crustacea from Chile, which were reported on hi 1902 by LENZ, included twenty anomuran forms. NICOLET (1849) listed twenty-one Anomura from Chile, but not all of these stand today as good species. Although numerous collections have been made and the literature on these crabs is extensive, no account of all the Crustacea of Chile has appeared since the time of NICOLET; furthermore, much of the work on the group is found in obscure or hard-to- obtain publications. It was thought advisable, therefore, to expand the scoj>e of this report to include all the Crustacea Anomura which have been reported from Chile.
    [Show full text]
  • Tail Autotomy Plays No Important Role in Influencing Locomotor Performance and Antipredator Behavior in a Cursorial Gecko
    ethology international journal of behavioural biology Ethology Tail Autotomy Plays No Important Role in Influencing Locomotor Performance and Anti-Predator Behavior in a Cursorial Gecko Hong-Liang Lu* , Guo-Hua Ding , Ping Ding* & Xiang Ji * Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangz- hou 310058, Zhejiang, China Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, Jiangsu, China Correspondence Abstract Xiang Ji, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life We used the frog-eyed sand gecko (Teratoscincus scincus) as a model sys- Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing tem to evaluate the locomotor costs of tail loss, and to examine whether 210046, Jiangsu, China. tailless geckos use alternative anti-predator behavior to compensate for E-mail: [email protected], xiangji150@ the costs of tail loss. Of the 16 field-captured geckos, eight were used as hotmail.com experimental animals and the remaining ones as controls. Locomotor performance, activity level and anti-predator behavior were measured Received: January 21, 2010 Initial acceptance: February 22, 2010 for experimental geckos before and after the tail-removing treatment. Final acceptance: March 15, 2010 Control geckos never undergoing the tail-removing manipulation were (J. Kotiaho) measured to serve as controls for the measurements taken at the same time for experimental geckos. Experimental geckos did not differ from doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0310.2010.01780.x controls in activity level before they underwent the tail-removing manipulation, but became less active thereafter.
    [Show full text]
  • The Panamic Biota: Some Observations Prior to a Sea-Level Canal
    Bulletin of the Biological Society of Washington No. 2 THE PANAMIC BIOTA: SOME OBSERVATIONS PRIOR TO A SEA-LEVEL CANAL A Symposium Sponsored by The Biological Society of Washington The Conservation Foundation The National Museum of Natural History The Smithsonian Institution MEREDITH L. JONES, Editor September 28, 1972 CONTENTS Foreword The Editor - - - - - - - - - - Introduction Meredith L. Jones ____________ vi A Tribute to Waldo Lasalle Schmitt George A. Llano 1 Background for a New, Sea-Level, Panama Canal David Challinor - - - - - - - - - - - Observations on the Ecology of the Caribbean and Pacific Coasts of Panama - - - - Peter W. Glynn _ 13 Physical Characteristics of the Proposed Sea-Level Isthmian Canal John P. Sheffey - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 31 Exchange of Water through the Proposed Sea-Level Canal at Panama Donald R. F. Harleman - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 41 Biological Results of the University of Miami Deep-Sea Expeditions. 93. Comments Concerning the University of Miami's Marine Biological Survey Related to the Panamanian Sea-Level Canal Gilbert L. Voss - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 49 Museums as Environmental Data Banks: Curatorial Problems Posed by an Extensive Biological Survey Richard S. Cowan - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 59 A Review of the Marine Plants of Panama Sylvia A. Earle - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 69 Ecology and Species Diversity of
    [Show full text]
  • Emerita Analoga (Stimpson)--Possible New Indicator
    Emerita analoga (Stimpson)-Possible New Indicator Species for the Phycotoxin Domoic Acid in California Coastal Waters M. E. Ferdin1*, Rikk G. Kvitek 1, Carolyn Bretz1, Christine L. Powell2, Gregory J. Doucette 2, Mary W. Silver 3, Christopher A. Scholin4 Abstract Common Sand Crab ( E. analoga) We evaluate and confirm the utility of the common Sand Crab Mussel sand crab (Emerita analoga) to monitor the algal toxin domoic acid (DA) in the coastal environment. Emerita 2a 2a ¢ and sea mussels (Mytilus sp . ), a general sentinel Introduction Control Control indicator for DA, were collected from natural Table 1. Extraction Efficiency Experiments populations over an 11-month period in Monterey Bay, The potential impact to human health, fisheries, and marine California, and tested for DA using the HPLC-UV Tissue Type Concentration % Recovery life posed by harmful algal blooms (HAB’s) is mediated by our method. DA levels in Emerita ranged from 0.07 to 10.4 (N=3) ability to successfully detect HAB species and the toxins they ug DA g-1 and coincided with observed density trends 2b 2b¢ produce. While sophisticated analytical tools have greatly aided in Pseudo- nitzschia sp nearshore. The toxin was not Sand Crabs 25 ug DA/g 99% our efforts in the field and in the laboratory, monitoring for the (±2.19) DA DA detected for any of the mussels collected for this study. presence of natural marine toxins with general sentinel 50 ug DA/ g 97% Spiked Sample Spiked Sample indicators is still the fundamental approach in safeguarding (±1.91) public health for government agencies tracking marine toxins in North America (Altwein et al, 1995).
    [Show full text]
  • Proceedings of the United States National Museum
    descriptions of a new genus and forty-six new spp:cies of crusta(jeans of the family GALA- theid.e, with a list of the known marine SPECIES. By James E. Benedict, Assistant Curator of Marine Invertebrates. The collection of Galatheids in the United States National Museum, upon which this paper is based, began with the first dredgings of the U. S. Fish Commission steamer Albatross in 1883, and has grown as that busy ship has had opportunit}' to dredge. During the first period of its work many of the species taken were identical with those found by the U. S. Coast Survey steamer JBlake, afterwards described by A. Milne-Edwards, and in addition several new species were collected. During the voyage of the Albatross to the Pacific Ocean through the Straits of Magellan interesting addi- tions were made to the collection. Since then the greater part of the time spent by the Albatross at sea has been in Alaskan waters, where Galatheids do not seem to abound. However, occasional cruises else- where have greatly enriched the collection, notably three—one in the Gulf of California, one to the Galapagos Islands, and one to the coast of Japan and southward. The U. S. National Museum has received a number of specimens from the Museum of Natural History, Paris, and also from the Indian Museum, Calcutta. The literature of the deep-sea Galatheidie from the nature of the case is not greatly scattered. The first considerate number of species were described by A. Milne-Edwards from dredgings made by the Blake in the West Indian region.
    [Show full text]
  • Short Note Records of Hippa Strigillata (Stimpson, 1860) (Crustacea: Decapoda: Hippidae) in the SE Gulf of California, Mexico
    Nauplius 22(1): 63-65, 2014 63 Short Note Records of Hippa strigillata (Stimpson, 1860) (Crustacea: Decapoda: Hippidae) in the SE Gulf of California, Mexico Daniela Ríos-Elósegui and Michel E. Hendrickx* (DRE) Posgrado en Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Unidad Académica Mazatlán, Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, P.O. Box 811, Mazatlán, Sinaloa 82000, Mexico. E-mail: [email protected] (DRE, MEH) Laboratorio de Invertebrados Bentónicos, Unidad Académica Mazatlán, Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, P.O. Box 811, Mazatlán, Sinaloa 82000, Mexico. E-mail: [email protected]; *Corresponding author ABSTRACT - This paper presents details regarding the collections and records of H. strigillata in the Bay of Mazatlán, SE Gulf of California, Mexico. Samples of H. strigillata were obtained in this bay and suroundings area during different periods and deposited in the collection of UNAM, Mazatlán. Morphometric data, distribution, biological and ecological data were furnished. Key words: Distribution, Gulf of California, Hippa, mole crab Because they represent a very dynamic synonym of Remipes pacificus Dana, 1852) environment, often with high energy wave (Boyko, 2002, Boyko and McLaughlin, action, sandy beaches are considered low 2010) and H. strigillata (Stimpson, 1860) diversity habitats for macro and mega fauna (Hendrickx, 1995; Hendrickx and Harvey, (Tait, 1972). This is particularly true along the 1999). Hippa marmorata occurs from the west coast of Mexico (Dexter, 1976; Hendrickx, central Gulf of California to Colombia, 1996). The intertidal habitat is mostly including several oceanic islands of the eastern dominated by species of bivalve mollusks and Pacific (Revillagigedo, del Coco, Galapagos, small (Amphipoda, Isopoda) to medium size and Clipperton) (Hendrickx, 2005).
    [Show full text]
  • Characterization of Arm Autotomy in the Octopus, Abdopus Aculeatus (D’Orbigny, 1834)
    Characterization of Arm Autotomy in the Octopus, Abdopus aculeatus (d’Orbigny, 1834) By Jean Sagman Alupay A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Integrative Biology in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Professor Roy L. Caldwell, Chair Professor David Lindberg Professor Damian Elias Fall 2013 ABSTRACT Characterization of Arm Autotomy in the Octopus, Abdopus aculeatus (d’Orbigny, 1834) By Jean Sagman Alupay Doctor of Philosophy in Integrative Biology University of California, Berkeley Professor Roy L. Caldwell, Chair Autotomy is the shedding of a body part as a means of secondary defense against a predator that has already made contact with the organism. This defense mechanism has been widely studied in a few model taxa, specifically lizards, a few groups of arthropods, and some echinoderms. All of these model organisms have a hard endo- or exo-skeleton surrounding the autotomized body part. There are several animals that are capable of autotomizing a limb but do not exhibit the same biological trends that these model organisms have in common. As a result, the mechanisms that underlie autotomy in the hard-bodied animals may not apply for soft bodied organisms. A behavioral ecology approach was used to study arm autotomy in the octopus, Abdopus aculeatus. Investigations concentrated on understanding the mechanistic underpinnings and adaptive value of autotomy in this soft-bodied animal. A. aculeatus was observed in the field on Mactan Island, Philippines in the dry and wet seasons, and compared with populations previously studied in Indonesia.
    [Show full text]
  • California “Epicaridean” Isopods Superfamilies Bopyroidea and Cryptoniscoidea (Crustacea, Isopoda, Cymothoida)
    California “Epicaridean” Isopods Superfamilies Bopyroidea and Cryptoniscoidea (Crustacea, Isopoda, Cymothoida) by Timothy D. Stebbins Presented to SCAMIT 13 February 2012 City of San Diego Marine Biology Laboratory Environmental Monitoring & Technical Services Division • Public Utilities Department (Revised 1/18/12) California Epicarideans Suborder Cymothoida Subfamily Phyllodurinae Superfamily Bopyroidea Phyllodurus abdominalis Stimpson, 1857 Subfamily Athelginae Family Bopyridae * Anathelges hyphalus (Markham, 1974) Subfamily Pseudioninae Subfamily Hemiarthrinae Aporobopyrus muguensis Shiino, 1964 Hemiarthrus abdominalis (Krøyer, 1840) Aporobopyrus oviformis Shiino, 1934 Unidentified species † Asymmetrione ambodistorta Markham, 1985 Family Dajidae Discomorphus magnifoliatus Markham, 2008 Holophryxus alaskensis Richardson, 1905 Goleathopseudione bilobatus Román-Contreras, 2008 Family Entoniscidae Munidion pleuroncodis Markham, 1975 Portunion conformis Muscatine, 1956 Orthione griffenis Markham, 2004 Superfamily Cryptoniscoidea Pseudione galacanthae Hansen, 1897 Family Cabiropidae Pseudione giardi Calman, 1898 Cabirops montereyensis Sassaman, 1985 Subfamily Bopyrinae Family Cryptoniscidae Bathygyge grandis Hansen, 1897 Faba setosa Nierstrasz & Brender à Brandis, 1930 Bopyrella calmani (Richardson, 1905) Family Hemioniscidae Probopyria sp. A Stebbins, 2011 Hemioniscus balani Buchholz, 1866 Schizobopyrina striata (Nierstrasz & Brender à Brandis, 1929) Subfamily Argeiinae † Unidentified species of Hemiarthrinae infesting Argeia pugettensis
    [Show full text]