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Manual of Psychiatric Care for the Medically Ill This page intentionally left blank Manual of Psychiatric Care for the Medically Ill Edited by Antoinette Ambrosino Wyszynski, M.D. Clinical Associate Professor of Psychiatry New York University School of Medicine Faculty, the Psychoanalytic Institute at New York University New York, New York Bernard Wyszynski, M.D. Clinical Associate Professor of Psychiatry and Assistant Professor of Neurology Albert Einstein College of Medicine Bronx, New York Washington, DC London, England Note: The authors have worked to ensure that all information in this book is accurate at the time of publication and consistent with general psychiatric and medical standards, and that information concerning drug dosages, schedules, and routes of administration is accurate at the time of publication and consistent with standards set by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and the general medical community. As medical research and practice continue to advance, however, therapeutic standards may change. Moreover, specific situations may require a specific therapeutic response not included in this book. For these reasons and because human and mechanical errors sometimes occur, we recommend that readers follow the advice of physicians directly involved in their care or the care of a member of their family. Books published by American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc., represent the views and opinions of the individual authors and do not necessarily represent the policies and opinions of APPI or the American Psychiatric Associ- ation. Copyright © 2005 Antoinette Ambrosino Wyszynski, M.D. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Manufactured in the United States of America on acid-free paper 09 08 07 06 05 5 4 3 2 1 First Edition Typeset in Adobe’s Palatino and Frutiger 55 Roman American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc. 1000 Wilson Boulevard Arlington, VA 22209-3901 www.appi.org Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Manual of psychiatric care for the medically ill / edited by Antoinette Ambrosino Wyszynski, Bernard Wyszynski.—1st ed. p. ; cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1-58562-118-8 (spiralbound : alk. paper) 1. Consultation-liaison psychiatry. 2. Mental illness—Chemotherapy. 3. Medicine, Psychosomatic. 4. Psychopharmacology. 5. Psychotropic drugs. 6. Sick—Mental health. I. Wyszynski, Bernard, 1954– II. Title. [DNLM: 1. Mental Disorders—therapy. 2. Mental Disorders—diagnosis. 3. Psychophysiologic Disorders—diagnosis. 4. Psychophysiologic Disorders—therapy. 5. Psychotropic Drugs—therapeutic use. WM 400 W995m 2004] RC455.2.C65W973 2004 616.89—dc22 2004052944 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A CIP record is available from the British Library. To our daughter Sofia, whose patience, good humor, and understanding made this book possible. A.A.W. B.W. This page intentionally left blank Contents Contributors . xvii Preface. xix Acknowledgments . xxi Dedication. xxiii Chapter 1 The Delirious Patient . .1 Antoinette Ambrosino Wyszynski, M.D. Chapter 2 The Patient With Hepatic Disease, Alcohol Dependence, and Altered Mental Status . .27 Antoinette Ambrosino Wyszynski, M.D. Chapter 3 The Patient With Cardiovascular Disease . .49 Antoinette Ambrosino Wyszynski, M.D. Melanie Schwarz, M.D. Bruce Rubenstein, M.D. Victor B. Rodack, M.D. Manuel Santos, M.D. Chapter 4 The Patient With Kidney Disease. .69 Antoinette Ambrosino Wyszynski, M.D. Chapter 5 The Patient With Pulmonary Disease . .85 Antoinette Ambrosino Wyszynski, M.D. Elyse D. Weiner, M.D. Chapter 6 The Patient With GI Symptoms and Psychiatric Distress . 99 Antoinette Ambrosino Wyszynski, M.D. Brian D. Bronson, M.D. Khleber Chapman Attwell, M.D., M.P.H. Chapter 7 The Obstetrics Patient . 115 Antoinette Ambrosino Wyszynski, M.D. Shari I. Lusskin, M.D. Appendix 7–A: Psychotropics in Pregnancy and Lactation . 148 Appendix 7–B: A Primer on Using Lithium in Pregnancy and Lactation: Why? When? How? . 159 Chapter 8 The Patient Using Steroids . 163 Antoinette Ambrosino Wyszynski, M.D. Van Yu, M.D. Chapter 9 The HIV-Infected Patient. 171 Antoinette Ambrosino Wyszynski, M.D. Bryan Bruno, M.D. Patrick Ying, M.D. Linda Chuang, M.D. Miriam Friedlander, M.D. Bruce Rubenstein, M.D. Chapter 10 The Patient With Hepatitis C. 201 Silvia Hafliger, M.D. Chapter 11 A Primer on Solid Organ Transplant Psychiatry. 205 Silvia Hafliger, M.D. Chapter 12 Assessing Decisional Capacity and Informed Consent in Medical Patients: A Short, Practical Guide. 221 Antoinette Ambrosino Wyszynski, M.D. Carol F. Garfein, M.D. Chapter 13 Psychological Issues in Medical Patients: Autonomy, Fatalism, and Adaptation to Illness . 233 Antoinette Ambrosino Wyszynski, M.D. Chapter 14 When Patients Ask About the Spiritual: A Primer . .237 Stanley Grossman, M.D. Antoinette Ambrosino Wyszynski, M.D. Leonard Barkin, M.D. Victor Schwartz, M.D. Chapter 15 The Seriously Ill Patient: Physician Factors in the Doctor-Patient Relationship: A Short, Practical Guide. .245 Antoinette Ambrosino Wyszynski, M.D. Bernard Wyszynski, M.D. Chapter 16 Epilogue: The Physician as Comforter. .251 Salvatore V. Ambrosino, M.D. Appendix 1 American Psychiatric Association Guidelines for Assessing the Delirious Patient: Checklist . .253 Appendix 2 Worksheet for Organizing Medical Chart Information: The Initial Psychiatric Consultation . .257 Appendix 3 Decision Tree for Psychiatric Differential Diagnosis of Medically Ill Patients. .261 Appendix 4 “VINDICTIVE MADS”: Differential Diagnosis of Mental Status Changes . .265 Appendix 5 A Short, Practical Guide to Treating Dementia-Related Behavioral Problems in the Medical Setting. .269 Ceri Hadda, M.D. Appendix 6 A Guide to Herbal Supplements in the Medical Setting . .275 Nancy Forman, M.D. Appendix 7 Worksheet for Diagnosing and Comparing Serotonin Syndrome and Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome . .283 Appendix 8 Delirium Rating Scale-Revised-98 . 287 Appendix 9 The Confusion Assessment Method (CAM) Instrument. 293 Appendix 10 Memorial Delirium Assessment Scale (MDAS) . 297 Appendix 11 Risk Factors for Torsades de Pointes. 303 Appendix 12 Guidelines for Adult Psychotropic Dosing in Renal Failure. 307 Appendix 13 Commonly Used Drugs With Sedative-Hypnotic Properties . 311 Appendix 14 Electroconvulsive Therapy in Medical Illness: Practice Guidelines of the American Psychiatric Association . 315 Appendix 15 Diagnosing Depression in the Medically Ill . 319 Appendix 16 Screening Worksheet for Bipolar Spectrum Disorders . 321 Appendix 17 Neuropsychiatric Effects of Electrolyte and Acid-Base Imbalance . 325 Appendix 18 Worksheet for Monitoring Patients Receiving Atypical Antipsychotics. 329 Appendix 19 Case Vignettes and Study Guide. 335 Index. 365 Tables, Boxes, and Figures Chapter 1. The Delirious Patient Table 1–1. DSM-IV-TR diagnostic criteria for delirium due to a general medical condition . 2 Table 1–2. Common drugs with significant anticholinergic effects . 6 Table 1–3. Generally accepted risk factors for postoperative delirium . 7 Table 1–4. Drugs potentiating serotonin in the central nervous system . 10 Table 1–5. Steps to prevent suicidal behavior . 17 Table 1–6. Specific psychiatric interventions to prevent suicidal behavior in medical-surgical patients . 17 Table 1–7. Initial haloperidol doses for the treatment of delirium . 18 Table 1–8. Atypical antipsychotics for the treatment of mild to severe agitation in delirium. 19 Box 1–1. Practical suggestions for bedside manner in the general hospital setting . 11 Box 1–2. Bedside assessment tests of cognitive function . 12 Box 1–3. A checklist of supportive interventions for the delirious patient (“SPOCCC”) . 15 Box 1–4. General principles for treating delirium . 16 Chapter 2. The Patient With Hepatic Disease, Alcohol Dependence, and Altered Mental Status Table 2–1. Stages of alcohol withdrawal. 28 Table 2–2. Differential diagnosis and psychiatric treatment of the delirious psychotic patient with hepatic encephalopathy. 30 Table 2–3. Risk factors for delirium tremens . 32 Table 2–4. Neuropsychiatric abnormalities associated with hepatic encephalopathy . 34 Box 2–1. Diagnostic workup of the cirrhotic, psychotic patient. 29 Figure 2–1. CIWA-Ar: Addiction Research Foundation Clinical Institute Withdrawal Assessment for Alcohol—Revised . 39 Figure 2–2. CAGE questions . 40 Figure 2–3. Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) . 41 Figure 2–4. Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test (MAST) . 42 Figure 2–5. Management of alcohol withdrawal: symptom-triggered medication regimen . 43 Figure 2–6. Management of alcohol withdrawal: structured medication regimens . ..