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University of Southampton Research Repository Eprints Soton University of Southampton Research Repository ePrints Soton Copyright © and Moral Rights for this thesis are retained by the author and/or other copyright owners. A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the copyright holder/s. The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given e.g. AUTHOR (year of submission) "Full thesis title", University of Southampton, name of the University School or Department, PhD Thesis, pagination http://eprints.soton.ac.uk UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON FACULTY OF LAW, ARTS & SOCIAL SCIENCES School of Social Sciences Coping strategies for social well-being and social development intervention: Young women and unintended pregnancy in Mozambique Aisha Jane Taplin Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Division of Social Work, School of Social Sciences March 2009 UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON ABSTRACT FACULTY OF LAW, ARTS AND SOCIAL SCIENCES SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES Doctor of Philosophy COPING STRATEGIES FOR SOCIAL WELL-BEING AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT INTERVENTION: YOUNG WOMEN AND UNINTENDED PREGNANCY IN MOZAMBIQUE By Aisha Jane Taplin Using the concept of coping strategies, this thesis is essentially concerned with the way young women in Mozambique achieve social well-being during the life event of unintended pregnancy. Unintended pregnancy in Mozambique places significant strain on informal and formal relationships, educational access, economic stability and the maintenance of good health. It also has significant implications for young women’s roles, responsibilities and status within families and communities (CEDAW 2005). Twenty one qualitative semi-structured individual interviews were completed with young women (16-19 years old) who have recently had an unintended pregnancy, as well as eight focus groups using a vignette with young women (16–21 years old) from youth associations and fourteen individual interviews with key informants (those working in the area of sexual and reproductive health with youth and adolescents). From these three forms of rich data, the relationships young women have with others, the negotiations they engage in and the coping strategies they employ are illuminated. This research contributes to an increased understanding of unintended pregnancy and the ways young women respond and ‘cope’ with this life event (as a process) largely via different forms of social interaction. The chosen methodology was designed to elicit this type of knowledge drawing on different disciplinary interpretations of coping strategies. Although unintended or early pregnancy in young women has developed as a key social development concern in recent years (Hainsworth 2002; Mahy 2002; Westoff 2003; UNFPA 2007), this research indicates that policy strategists in Mozambique struggle to develop adequate and effective intervention in response. The narratives shared by young women, and the analysis developed through chapters four to seven builds a complex picture for intervention, as family relationships remain a major factor for social and economic well-being. The socially and culturally constructed nature and predominant location within families mean that macro strategies and community level intervention has limited impact during unintended pregnancy. Strengthening relational strategies (both formal and informal) through social development intervention is therefore necessary for young women to access social and organisational resources for coping and social well-being. By using the concept of coping strategies, the juxtaposition of ‘copers’ and ‘non-copers’, the relationship between agency and structure, the strategies employed at different levels, the significance of social interaction and coping as a process has been opened up to scrutiny. This thesis not only evaluates and critiques models of social development, but also argues that the concept of coping strategies can be usefully applied to inform social development in ways that address both individual and collective well- being. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ii TABLE OF CONTENTS iii LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES xi ABBREVIATIONS USED xiv GLOSSARY OF TERMS xv INTRODUCTION: Personal and political underpinnings 1 Thesis structure 4 CHAPTER ONE: Situating Mozambican young women in 8 global social development Global social development 8 Mozambique 12 Situating Mozambique within global social development 15 Gender and global development 17 Women in Mozambique 20 Situating Mozambican women in the global context of 25 social development CHAPTER TWO: The concept of coping strategies 28 Definitions and contested attributes of ‘coping strategies’ 29 Breaking down the component parts 30 Coping 30 Strategy 32 iii Bring the component parts back together 33 Use at different levels 34 Individual coping strategies 34 Coping strategies used by households 36 Coping strategies used by communities 37 The use of coping strategies in social development 40 The gendered nature of coping strategies 42 Using the concept of coping strategies to explore social 44 well-being in Mozambique Implications for Methodology – The challenge of operationalisation 47 Importance of context 48 Identifying coping strategies 48 Qualitative research 50 CHAPTER THREE: ‘My audit trail’: Methodology, methods 51 and research strategy Making the coping strategies of young women in Mozambique 51 known Qualitative methodology 53 Centralisation of context and diversity 54 Flexibility and research as a process 55 Interaction with participants 56 Representation of voice 56 Power relations in and outside the research process 57 Impact of ‘self’ and reflexivity 58 Foundational preparations 60 Overseas Institutional Visit 60 Ethical approval 60 Local supervisor 62 Sampling and methods used 62 The process of sampling and selection 62 Qualitative interviews 65 iv Individual Interviews with young women 66 Focus groups with vignettes 68 Individual interviews with key informants 70 Reflexive diary 71 Use of multi-levelled data 71 Research in action 72 Research setting and access to research sample 72 Ethics in action 75 Research assistants and translation 77 Data generation 81 Data in action 81 Data 82 Data analysis and interpretation 82 Credibility and trustworthiness 83 Limitations of data analysis and data presentation 84 Summarising the process 85 CHAPTER FOUR: ‘It just happened’: The nature of 87 unintended pregnancy Definitions and terms used 89 ‘Causes’ of unintended pregnancy 91 An accident or poor contraception use 92 Lack of sexual and reproductive health information and services 93 Misinformation 94 Negligence, deviancy and irresponsible behaviours 97 Powerlessness 98 Poverty 99 Cultural factors 100 ‘Meanings’ of unintended pregnancy in Mozambique 101 Social problem and spiral of despair 101 Burden on families 103 Not yet ready 104 v Young women as deviant who must be responsible 105 Marriage 105 Importance of the ‘dono’ to accept ownership and take 107 responsibility Unintended pregnancy as an opportunity 108 No big deal 110 In conclusion – The foundation for coping strategies 110 CHAPTER FIVE: Negotiating for ‘normality’ 113 Significance of pregnancy 113 Longing for normality 115 Constraints to normality 117 Process of responsibility 118 Economic dependence 120 Lack of rights 121 High levels of uncertainty 122 Negotiating for normality 124 Negotiation within limits 124 Facilitated negotiation 127 Multiple negotiations 128 Informal advocacy in negotiation 130 Conclusion – the interplay of power 131 CHAPTER SIX: ‘And now we are two’: Life with an 134 ‘unintended’ child From social problem to social gain? Shifting meanings of 135 unintended pregnancy Value of the child 135 Timing 137 Motherhood and increase in responsibilities 139 Change of status in the community 142 vi And now we are two … … 143 Place of residence 144 Material provision 145 Education 146 Relationships 147 Reflection through advice given to others 149 In conclusion – from crisis to adaptation 155 CHAPTER SEVEN: ‘To intervene or not, and, if so, how?’ 156 The quandaries of social development intervention Expectations and experiences of intervention 158 Health 160 Education 162 Needs of young woman as described by key informants 165 Intervention 168 Gaps, challenges and limitations: Evaluation of intervention by 171 key informants Further intervention recommended 174 Women’s empowerment 175 Work with young men 176 Improved SRH information 177 Work with parents and communities 178 Income generation activities 178 Practical support 179 Changes in policy 179 In conclusion – the complexity of intervention 180 vii CHAPTER EIGHT: ‘Not just getting by’ - Coping strategies 183 during unintended pregnancy Coping strategically when breaking the bad news 184 Basing actions on social knowledge 185 Actively stalling disclosure for informal advice and support 186 Using female relatives as advocates 187 Building a good relationship with her mother or female equivalent 187 Active discussion with ‘dono’ 187 Coping strategically with conflictual relationships 188 Emotional regulation that attributes alternative meanings 189 Engaging in active discussion 189 Seeking alternative arrangements for ownership 190 Responding with hostility 190
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