\1\'ILLlA~1 A. RADLINSKI, PRESIDENT A merican Society of Photogrammetry Falls Church, Virginia 220-1-6 Eleventh Congress of the International Society for Photogrammetry
HE Xl CONGRESS OF THE International There were four meetings of the General T Society for Photogrammetry (ISP) was Assembly. Among the more important deci held in Lausanne, Switzerland, July 8-20, sions of this arm of the Society were the 1968. Over 1,300 registrants (including 400 following: wives) from over 75 countries participated in • Approval of I he new Statutes and Bylaws. the well arranged activities under the very • Approval for memhership in ISP of the Na tional Committee of Photogrammetrists, USSR, capable leadership of Dr. Hans Harry. Pres and the Mexican Society of Photogrammetry. ident, ISP. The meetings and exhibits were In addition, approval was given to accept the held in the Palais de Beaulieu, especially l\ational Society of Topography and Cartog buil t for expositions. The delegation from the raphy, Peru, when they submit the neressary United States was among the largest-nearly papers. • Election of the new officers of ISP for the next ISO, including about 60 wives. The following quadrennial (named under the section on report* covers the highlights of the Congress. Plenary Sessions). The full proceedings will be recorded in • Assignment of the seven Technical Commis sions for the next quadrennial. These are Archi\'es to be published later by the ISP. shown below with the names of the Presidents, The I ational Com mi ttee of Photogram as well as the Ii. S. Reporters, subsequently metrists, USSR, and the Mexican Society of appointed: Photogrammetry were accepted at this Con Commission Presidents U.S. Reporters gress, making the total membership of ISP U.S.f\., i\larvin B. J. R. Quick equal to 5I nations. Scher Dr. Harry presented the Brock Gold II \rest German\', C. E. Kowalczyk Medal Award to Hellmut Schmid, nomi Dr. H. Deker Dr. R. E. Altenhofen nated by the American Society of Photo III United Kingdom, Prof. E. H. Thompson grammetry for his work on the application of IV l\etherlands, Prof. c.J. Born satellite photogrammetry to global geodesy. A. van del' v\'eele GENERAL ASSEMBLY Under the new Statutes, the General Assembly consists of an official delegate and two advisors from each member country. From the United States, they were ASP President W. A. Radlinski, Chief Delegate; and First Vice President F. J. Doyle, and General L. P. Jacobs, Executive Director, Advisors. The General Assembly is the ulti mate authority in matters concerning the administration and financial management of the Society's affairs.
* Contributors to this report were R. E. Alten hofen Commercial Exhibits; J. M. Anderson, Coml~lission VI; A. Anson, Plenary Sessions; C. J. Born, Commission II I; L. P. Jacobs, Social Events; C. E. Kowalczyk, Commission I I; E. M. iVI ikhail, Non-commercial Exhibits; C. E. Olson, Commis sion VII; J. R. Quick, Commission I; and M. S. \VILLIAM A. RADLlXSKI Wright, Jr., Commission V. 165 166 PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING
V France, G. 1\1. H. :\1. Karara Carbonnell \'1 Czechoslovakia, Prof. J. i\;(. Anderson Pavel Gal VI I East GermallY, Dr. C. E. O\';on Arthur l{einholdt
• Appointment of Prof. A. van der \\Ieele as the new editor of Photogram1l1etria, succeeding Prof. Schermerhorn. • Selection of Canacia as the site for the XII Congress in July 1972 with Sam G. Gamble as Director. In addition it was noted that the requests for the 1976 Congres were received from Finland, Bulgaria and Japan. The USA indicated that if the 1976 Congress is not as signed to Finland, it would want to be consid Dr. Hellmut H. Schmid (left) of U. S. ESSA ered as the host country. Coast & Geodetic Survey received the Brock Gold • Appointment of a Finance Committee con :\Iedal Award frOIll Dr. 'Hans Harry, President of sisting of Pas Clemente, Portugal; OdIe, the International Society of Photogrammetry, for United Kingdom; and Moller, Sweden. work on the application of satellite photogram • Approval of a French proposal that the new me try to globa I geodesy. Council study ways and means to effect the free exchange of maps and photographs among lSI' nations. ha\'e taken place since the Xth Congress in • Approval of a resolution to FIG (International Lisbon, 1964. Federation of Surveyors) asking that they New members who were accepted in lSI' in change their cycle of Congresses from 3 to 4 years, spaced two years away from the meet the interval between Congresses were: ings of lSI'. (FIG subsequently turned this Algeria-:\ational Cartographic Institute Min- down.) istry of Defense ' • Appointment of a committee to prepare Bulgaria-ScientificTechnical CnionofGeodesy, editorial improvements and versions of the Photogrammetry Section new Statutes in three languages-French, M. Cuba-Cuban Tnstitllte of Geodesy and Cartog Cruset; English, Gen. B. Brown; German, raph ~' Prof. Krauss. Libya-?-/I inistry of Planning and Development, • Appointment of a committee to study the Survey & Mapping Department question of the archives and old Ides of ISP Syria-Geographical Service of the Army Schermerhorn, Bachmann, Pas Clemente, and Thailand-Royal Thai Survey Department, a member from the Un ited Ki ngdom. Bangkok, Thailand. • Approved the unit of contribution for pur poses of dues at 30 Swiss francs. Inasmuch as The second Plenary Session on July 17 was ASP is in category 8 with 48 units, our annual attended by about 400 persons. Asp Presiden t dues will be 1440 Swiss francs (about $350). This is a considerable reduction from the W. A. Radlinski introduced Dr. Schmid, who previous rate of about $1,000. ga\'e a talk on satellite photogrammetry. Asp Vice President F. S. Doyle introduced Captain Lee R. Scherer, Director, Apollo PLENARY SESSIONS Lunar Exploration Office, National Aeronau The opening session of the XTth Congress, tics and Space Administration, who made a held on July 9 in the auditorium of the Palais presen ta tion on "Photography and Photo de Beaulieu, was attended by approximately grammetry in Space Activities." He also 1,000 members and guests from 70 nations. showed a color film, "Closeup of the Toon." \\'elcoming speeches were made by M. Vuill This presentation was well received and man, Municipal Councillor, Vice-President of stimulated numerous questions from the the Lausanne City Council; M. Pierre Graber, audience, answered by Vice President Doyle. Cantonal Councillor, President of the Council The third and final Plenary Session was of Vaud (state); and Dr. Nello Celio, Federal held on July 19. attended by about 300 per Councillor, Member of the Swiss Federal sons. Dr. Harry announced the new officers Government. for 1968-1972 period: The keynote speech was delivered by Ing. President-Professor L. Solaini Jtaly Maurice Baussart of the French Photo Director of X II th Congress-'S~m G. Gamble, grammetric Society. M. Baussart's lecture, Canada (to be held in Ottawa, July 1972) First Vice President-Professor \\I. K. Bach "Modern Photogrammetry at the Service of mann, Switzerland Mankind," was a detailed account of the Second Vice President, Secretary General Trea many ways photogrammetry can be employed ~.Irer-G. C..Tewinkel, U.S.A.; S. R.H~lollen, to aid man in his day-to-day Jiving. Dr. Harry l-lllland; L. Skladal, Czechoslovakia. then reported on the highlights of events that Subsequently, although Mr. Tewinkel re- 167
cci\"ed the grcatcst numbcr of \'otcs for thc etc, The OTF is a sensi ti \'e tool for measuri ng elected offices, the followi ng assign mcn ts lens pcrformance, potentially superior to \I'ere agreed to: photographic resoh'ing power in precision and Second \'ice !'re,;ident-Skladal accuracy, HO\\'e\'er. its full \'alue will not be Secrewn' General-Tell'inkel realized \\'ithout considerablc imr-ro\'ement in Trea';lIrer-Halonen the accuracy of present measuring de\'ices, Supporting presented papers lI'cre gi\'en by The resolu tions of the sc\'en COl1lmissions Dr. 1.. R, Baker, l'. \.;:,; E, \\'elander, Sweden; were read and accepted wit hout discussion, P, Kowaliski, France; and P, Hanke, E. The session was cnded with a short speech of Cermany, acceptance by incoming President Solaini, Workillg Croup iI-Papers \\'ere gi\'en TECH:"!CAL SESStO:"S under t\\'O scparate sessions with this group. The first. \\'hich concerncd an inter-commis CO~DIISSIO:\ [-PHOTO(;RAPHY .-\:'(1) :\A\'j(;A no" (J, R, Quick) sion working group (13, Hallert, P, Kaasila, L. Ottoson and K. :\, Ohlin), \\'as highlighted :\t the opening session on .July 10, R, \\', by an il1\'ited paper "Quality Problems in Fish, United ]<:ingdol1l, President, Commis Photogrammetry," in which thc four authors sion I, presented his report on the acti\"ities bring out the concept of we-iglils for applica within his Commission m'er the past four tion when dilTerent qualities of measurements years, Thc program \\'as carried out within in the same sct arc cxpected, Examples of a four \\'orking Croups, each concerned \I'ith a priori \\-eights (those introduced before ad specific technical area, These \I'cre: justment) due to physical circumstances are No, Title Chairlllall COlllliry \\'eights of image coordinates due to the fact I Inlage QlIalil\' G, C. Brock l'.1\:, that the photographic image is ne\'er in a Il Image Location !'rof, B, Hallert Sweden ma thema tical pIa ne, If such coordinates are III Photographic J, Crll,;et France measurcd orthogonally, thc "out-of-flatness" :\ ra terials \'alues will diffcr from the ccnter of the image .'\avigatioJl Ir, F, L, Corten ~ether in comparison with the edges, .1 posteriori lands \\'eights (those dctcrmincd from results of Workillg Grollp I-One of the major con adjustment) arc to be referred to thc quality clusion reached by this group was that thc of resulls of adjustment procedures, and can Modulation Transfer Function (~tTF) and the be determined \\i th the la\\'s of crror propaga Optical Transfer Function (OTI') lind thcir tion. most natural application in thc optical imag The second session of \\'orking Group II ing components of the photo-optical ystem, featured an il1\'itcd paper by K, Torlegaw, i.e" camera and enlarger lenses, microscopes, S\\eden, entitled "Geometrical Character-
All the meetings, exhibits, InllCher)Jl,;, alld the banqllet were held in the Palais de Beaulieu in Lausanne, Switzerland, 168 PIIOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERIl\'G
lStlCS of Close-up Cameras." The author SSR; Dr. H. K. Meier, \\-. Germany; G. stated that calibration generally includes a Borman, \\'. Germany; G. Voss;, \Y. Ger determination of the radial distance of the many; and P. D. Carman, Canada. camera. Reconstruction of the bundle of rays very often is done in such a way that the COMMISSION 11-THEORY, METHODS & distance is eliminated. This may be done by I t\STR MENTS OF RESTITUTION (c. E. the Porro-Koppe principle, by a correction in Kowalczyk) diapositi\'e printing, by using correcting Commission 1I \I'as allocated nineteen plate holders in the plotting machine, or by hours consisting of two sessions of three numerical correction in analytical photo hours, fi \'e sessions of two hours and three grammetry. Doing this, it can be said that the sessions of one hour. Eight IlH'i ted Papers radial distance is included in the definition of covered the subj ects of q uali ty problems in the interior orientation. Supporting presented photogrammetry; standard tests for photo papers were given by J. M. T. Clark, U. K.; grammetric plotters; theory and methods; A. Jaegle, France; Prof. J. Holsen, Norway; and new instruments. A total of sixty-two P. D. Carmen, Canada; and Dr. Desmond Presented Papers covered the field of Com O'Connor (2 papers) and Abraham Anson, mission 11. U.S.A. The following is a general review on in Working Croup III-Unfortunately, Chair strumental developments from 1964-1968. As man Cruset's invited paper, "Reflexions sur there is no generally accepted classification les Properties des Surfaces Sensibles" was cut system for the different types of photo short a few minutes after he began by a mal grammetric instruments, the following re function of the slide projector. Efforts to re vie\,- attempts to classify some of the newer pair the projector failed, and the report was developments into logical groupings. New cancelled. Fortunately, there were excellent techniques and eq ui pment, however, are Presented Papers to fill the gap--one a chalk trending toward mwlti-purpose utilization talk by Mme M. Marquet, France. Her sub and sometimes defy classification. ject was "Proprietes de ]' Enregistrement par Holographic Intaressant la Qualite et la A nalog Instruments Mesure de l"Image." Other supporting papers The Eern PC-3 is a mechanical precIsion included those of Dr. H. K. Meier, \Y. Ger plotter which can accommodate original size many; . Gerencser, Hungary; V. Komarek, photography up to the size of 230X230 mm Czechoslovakia; and Abraham Anson, U.S.A. (9" X9") from all types of cameras with Working Croup IV-The invited paper. focal lengths between 84 and 220 mm. Elec "Performance and Cost of Flight Functions," tronic readout of model coordinates with out was given by Chairman Corten, lTC, Delft. put on typewriter, punch card or tape is The author concluded that to obtain good available. I t can also be used for aerial tri na\'igational results in all normal cases of angulation. aerial survey, a basic methodological knowl The Wild A-IO can accommodate near edge is of greater importance than the use of vertical, normal, wide and superwide angle more sophisticated instrumentation. I nvest and terrestrial photography. It has a focal ment in know-how by means of education is length range of 86 to 308 mm for all picture an economic necessity, according to Corten. formats up to 230 mm X 230 mm Earth He men tioned the ANjUSQ-28 Geodetic curvature and refraction correction devices Mapping & Survey System, with its asso are also a part of the instrument. It is also ciated high cost and accuracy (no numbers sui table for aerial triangulation. were quoted as to accuracy, and the cost Planimat (Zeiss) is equipped with one-arm range was estimated between $500,000 to space rods and has a focal length range of 85 $2,000,000 "per integrated system"). Corten to 310 mm. This instrument can use the re expressed doubts as to whether it is economi cording units deri,-ed from the stereoplani cally justified to apply the degree of sophis graph for numerical evaluation. The Planimat tication embodied in the USQ-28. Whether it can also be used as a control instrument for is possible to simplify the concepts and to the Zeiss Orthoprojector. reach the same goals with lower investment The RAJII (0,111) is an instrument based and operating cost is, in the au thor's opinion, upon the principle of mechanical projection. a question which should be decided in the It can accommodate equally well wide-angle very near future. Supporting presented papers and super-wide-angle photography. Its par were given by G. \'Vinkelmann, \V. Germany; ticular characteristics and technical features J. R. Quick, U.S.A. (2 papers); I. L. Gill, make it very useful and adaptable to civil I,LEVENTI-I CO:\'GRESS OF THE ISP 169 englneenng projects. The instrument be men t to enlarge its range of application. The longs to the category which is normally re new Zeiss Jena Stereodicomat is basically ferred to as second order and was designed similar. primarily for medium-scale mapping. This is a new stereoplotter. /lutomatic Systems Spatial Simulator Type 900 (S.F.O..\!.). The combination of electronic correlator This instrument can be used for plotting of circuits, with electronic computers and elec si ngle models and triangulation. Acceptable tronic scanning devices has prod uced instru focal lengths range from 88 to 152 mm. The ments capable of automatically reco\'ering measuring and visual system are connected the orientation of the photography, making by electronic follower devices. This instru compilations of contour lines and profiles ment can also control an orthophoto output. wi thou t operator assistance and automatic The Stereo- Trigomat (Jenoptik). This in production of orthophotos and drop-line strument is based on use of mechanical pro charts. AI though there are still problems to jection computers connected to the observa overcome, these systems have ad\'anced a tion system by sen·os. I t has the capability of long way toward completely automated pro handling super-wide-angle photography and duction. can be used to prepare orthophotos and Stereo mat (\i\iild/Raytheon). This system dropped line charts. utilizes a \\'ild B8 Aviograph as a scanning The Zeiss Oberlwclien Projection Ploller bed. Relative orientation, al timetric mea DP-l projector or stereoplotter can be used surement, orthophoto production are ob for medium and small scale mapping and tained by analog methods. map revision. It employs full size photo Wild/Raytheon Automatic 1-2000 is a graphs. Focal length range is SO to 120 mm. Stereomat integrated with an electronic com Zeiss Jena Topocart is a topographic stereo pu ter. plotting instrument for the production of AS-ll (Bendix). This instrument which is medium- and small-scale maps from photo offered in several versions is essentially an graphs \\"ith formats up to 23 cmX23 cm and analytical plotter in which a model is formed calibrated focal lengths bet\\'een 50 mm and in a mathematical sense only. All computation 21S mm. I t can be converted to orthophoto and orthophoto production is performed map production by connecting the differential under direction of the central processing unit. rectifier. The ACAD and AT.'\3 ha\'e also been an Several other instruments have had major nounced. impro\'ements in accuracy, focal range, asso G'NA .\f:l CE (Bunker-Ramo). This is an ciated equipment, etc., incorporated since other instrument in which the model is their introduction. \North noting are the formed only in the mathematical sense. This Presa 225 (Sopelem), Stereo Cartograph 'I' system has successfully produced drop-line and Stereosimplex Il/C (Galileo), Stereo charts, orthophotos, color separations, etc., Plotter PG2 (Kern) and theStereometrograph in a production situation. (Jenoptik). Two developments utilizing chro The Itek-E C-5 Electronic Correlator can be nological image separation for instruments of integrated into a complete orthophoto sys this class are the Stereo Image Alternator tem based on the Zeiss Planimat and the developed by the U. S. Geological Survey and GZ-l Orthophotoscope. the Doppelprojektor DPI by Zeiss. COM\IISSION I [[-AERIAL TRIAZ'GULATION A nalytical Instruments (Carl J. Born) In recent years, instruments utilizing This was the Commission for which ASP analog or digital computers to solve the many was responsible. The meetings were conducted complex equations involved in the restitution by :VIr. G. C. Tewinkel, President, and Mr. of photography have become very important. :\Ian'in B. Scher, Secretary. These instruments pro\"ide the answer to the The technical sessions of Commission III problem of precise mensuration for such opened on 'vVednesday morning with a paper applications as triangulation. One type of by Prof. James Anderson. The paper was a such an instrument is the AP/C (OMI/ summary of the results of tests conducted on Bendix). This is an electronic digi tal com the analytical triangulation of blocks of puter which can, by means of program con fictitious data. A li\'ely discussion followed trol, solve problems of orientation and men Professor Anderson's presentation. This ses suration quickly and accurately. An Ortho sion provided a precedent which was to be printer can be used as an accessory instru- followed throughou t the entire two weeks. 170 l'HOTOGR.\i\'Il\llnRIC IONGINEERI:\G
Part Qf the andience at the opening plenary ~es~ion of the Eleventh Congre'S,
A report on the activities of OEEPE was substantiated with empirical dat The stage at the opening plenary session of the Eleventh Congress ",here presided the ISP Council and dignitaries, The chairman is ['rof. Dr, \\'. h:. Bachmann, Secretary General of 151'. Congress and there was no single coverage of sisted of the President's report by Professor the various sessions of. this Commission. \\'. Sztompke, a report on education by I-t A. Their progl am can be best summarized by Brouwer, and a talk by Prolessor Schermer referring to the resolutions of Commission horn. The topic of primary interest was in IV at the end of this report. The Im'ited Professor Schermerhorn's talk in which he Papers of the Commission were as follows: called for broadening and liberalizing of International Controlled Photogrammelric Ex engineering education at European univer 1Jeri1'l1ent by Sven G. Moller, Sweden. si ties (speci fically engineeri ng trai ni ng for Experimental Work in Urban Photogl'ammetl'y geodesists and photogrammetrists). A su m by B. Dubuisson, France. mary of other topics discussed follows: Some Problems and Developments in the Small scale Mapping Field by T. J. Blachut, Canada. Terminology. Discussion revolved around the Nfapping Accuracy-Standa'rds and Criteria by progress of a group formed to develop a standard V. Pichlik, Czechoslovakia. set of defInitions and symbols for common photo Economual Considerations in Photogrammetric grammetric terms. A report 011 such a list of Surveying and lllapping-Planning by A. J. terms was presented by East Germany. It was Brandenberger, Canada. proposed that work continue on this project in The Role of Resources Develop'mem Photogra11l the English and French languages and that the metry in the Integrated .!l ctiv'ities in the Developing respective lists be published in Photogram Countries by P. O. Fagerholm, Ceylon (Chair metria. man lCWG IV/VI I). Planning for Photogl'Glllllletru Education. A Co~nlISSION V-SPECIAL ApPLICATIONS paper on "Planning for Photogrammetric Educa tion" was presented by Dr. Arthur Branden ~:right, (M. S. Jr.) berger. Discussions centered on attempts to Commission V held eight sessions during predict the demand for professionally trained photogrammetrists so that adequate educational the Congress under the leadership of Pro planning could be accomplished. A major point fessor T. lVIaruyasu, President, Mr. Nakano, noted, was that the Commission VI working and Mr. Oshima. Mr. Karara of the United gronps had no representatives from govern States was very active throughou t and mental agencies or industry. It was pointed out that lack of such representation on the Com chaired several of the sessions. The following mission seriously hampers accurate evaluation Invited Papers were pre ented: of current and potential need for professionally and technically trained photogrammetrists. On the Precisioll of Stereo/',etric Systems by 1-1. i\f. Karara. Basic Sciences in Photogralllmetry. A panel dis Short Range Photogram1/l.etry of Objects iu Motion cussion on this subject was led by Professor by T. Maruyasu and T. Oshima. Hallert. I t was agreed that physics, mathe L'historie et la situahon pl'esente des appluations matics, and computer sciences are necessary, de la photogramllletrie a l'architecture by M. but disagreement arose over inclusion of human Carbonnell. istic-social science courses jn photogrammetric A n Investigation of Real- Time Opto- Triangula educational programs. rn general, educators tion for the Impact Prediction of Rockets by J. from the lrs.r\., Canada and Russia favor in St. Thomas (briefed by Marshall . Wright, clusion of such ('ourses while the majority of Jr.). the Middle European educators believe that high school experience provides sufficient background COMM lSSION V I-EDUCATION, TERMINOLOGY in these areas for photogra111metric and geodetic AND BIBLIOGRAPHY (J. M. Anderson) engineers. The opening session of Commission VI con- Phologmw'llleiric Edumtion in Di,fferel1t Coun- 172 PHOTOGRAMMETRIC E GI lEERING tries. In general the emphasis on education in itive confirmation of all photo-interpretations the U.S.A. is on broad, general training while was called to the attention of Commission European educators follow a curriculum which fa vors a more narrow, specialized type of training. VII by several reports of failures of past It was interesting to note that education in methods to meet current problems, and by photogrammetry in Russia allows inclusion of the contradiction of some past results by humanistic-social science courses which make up newer data. As photo-interpreters delve 15 0 of the total hours of course work taken or about the same proportion as in the United deeper into the cause and effect relationships States. in the terrain they interpret, they are finding a need for basic data not currently available. Bibliography oj Photogrammetry and Programs for A lIto'mat1:c Data Processing. A review of This need was first recognized in connection present bibliographies was presented. The with non-photographic sensors, but the XI major difficulties facing this group (lTC Na Congress illustrated how important such data tional Bibliography) are lack of subscribers and can be in interpreting aerial photographs. It a limited number of contributors. It was urged that the presence of the bibliography be pub appears that the growing remote sensing field licized and that various societies be encourag-ed has more to contribute to photo-interpreta to contribute. tion than simply new data acquisition tools. Throughout the Congress a sense of con COMMISSION VII-PHOTO INTERPRETATION fusion seemed to permeate the deliberations (c. E. Olson) of Commission VII. Many photo-interpreters Commission VII activities during the XI appeared to be groping for their place in a I nternational Congress of Photogrammetry rapidly expanding field in which technical turned the spotlight on three areas of concern. obsolescence looms just over the horizon. The advent of new remote sensors, increased The resulting inability to identify with the efforts at automating the PI process, and new technology may have been a major growing awareness of the need for more ob factor contributing to the decline in at jective and positive confirmation of the re tendance at Commission VII sessions when sults of past and present photo-interpreta compared to attendance at the London and tions were all discussed at length. Lisbon Congresses. \Vide gaps in knowledge of the capabilities In the four years leading up to the XII of radar, microwave, and optical-mechanical Congress in Ottawa, Commission VII ac scanning equipment were evident. \V. A. tivities will be directed by Dr. A. Reinholdt Fischer's invited paper on remote sensing of East Germany. The interim meeting in research in the United States stimulated 1970 is tentatively scheduled for Dresden in considerable interest and helped to generate a early September. I n addition, a remote Commission VII resolution calling for estab sensing seminar is being planned for the lishment of an Intercommission Working week before the Dresden meeting, and it is Group on Remote Sensing with Commissions probable that the seminar will be held in I and VI I cooperating. Delft, Netherlands. Throughout the next The current status of automation in PI four years, Commission VII will focus its was well summarized by the invited paper attention on means of obtaining usable in prepared by A- DiPentima. The tremendous formation from remote sensor imagery and data acquisition rates provided by the newer will endeavor to shift applications of photo remote sensors and the potentialities of in terpretation methods into the appropriate orbiting spacecraft as remote sensor vehicles disci pli ne-oriented societies such as the intensified interest in this area. However, International Geographical Union, Geo many participants in Commission VII logical Society of America, and similar bodies. sessions seemed unusually concerned by their inability to cope with their own work and INDUSTRIAL EXHIBITS (R. E. Altenhofen) keep up with new developments, too. ]. J. The superb Swiss organization of the XI Palgren summarized the situation on a pos Congress was most materially evident in the itive note when he commented: "It is a fact layout of industrial exhibits at the Palais de that we have tremendous quantities of Beaulieu. An exhibition catalog supplied reg material, but we don't know what to do with istrants with a convenient reference enabling it.... \"'e must learn touseour machines.... them to organize most beneficially their in I t took us 100 years to learn to use aerial spection tours which had to be sandwiched photography ... (and) ... if we can learn between meetings of the seven commissions, to use automatic data processing equipment technical tours, and film showings. in 10 years, that's not bad." The exhibi tion layou t was a central axis of The demand for more objective and pos- spaces occupied by the manufacturers of the ELEVENTH CONGRI'SS OF THI, Isr 173 larger photogrammetric instruments brack angle photos have caused diametrically op eted by exhibits predominantly by the makers posite instrument design ranging from the of auxiliary hut nonetheless important equip smallest (Kern PG-2) to the largest (Wild ment. Your reporter asks the reader to as 1\-10). Economy and results will suon de sume the role of an engineer visiting the e termine which was the better decision. At exhibits who is in the market for photo least fi"e companies exhibited orthophoto grammetric or surveying instruments. His production instruments (Ottico Meccanica dilemma is multihorned, and he finds himself I taliano, Societe Francaise D'Optique et de impaled thereon. Explanations by a mul Mecanique, Wild, Zeiss Oberkochen (2 tilingual exhibit attendant recalls the three types), and Zeiss Jena). These range from descriptions applied to the girls in Lausanne fully automatic to manually controlled. mini, maxi, moxie--describing, respectively, Sample orthophotos were acceptable. So their skirts. beauty, and cranial content. So, much scientific talent and design skill is being too, does the attendant describe the claimed concentrated on the problem of orthophoto error of his plotter, its productivity, and his scopy tha t before long we may wi tness pro apparent knowledge. duction of a nearly instant orthophoto. The exhibitors quote grid model mean plate Among the electromagnetic distance mea errors that range from 15 through 8 to 5 suring instruments, the most interesting was microns for the least to the most accurate the Distomat DI-l0 (Wild) attachable to a analogical instruments. nfortunately, theodolite and applying infrared ranging up mother earth confounds the photogram to 1,000 meters wi th errors less than one metrist by never marki ng her surface wi th a cen timeter. perfect grid; therefore, the prudent purchaser Congratulations are due the Exhibition will use these figures only to compare in Committee for haying arranged an out struments and as standards for the perfor standing industrial display. The stated ob mance tests proposed by Commission I I. jectives were fulfilled in an exemplary Ultimate measuring accuracy characterizes manner. The exhibitors could both be proud the exhibited mono- and stereo-comparators. of their products and win recognition for The elusive micmn is pursued by all the their ingenuity, enterprise, and manufac manufacturers of plate measuring instru turing skill. ments. One claims not only to have caught Your reporter regrets unintentional omis it but also to have split it into ten parts. This sions which were inevitable in a short rep0rt capture takes place in a mono-comparator covering subject matter more fully explained (Carl Zeiss, Jena) equipped with an optical in a 246 page exhibition catalog. spiral micrometer which produces readout to 0.1 microns. Dr. Hellmut Schmid remarked NON-COMMERCIAL EXHIBITS (E.M. Mikhail) that one, while not actually splitting the There were roughly 20 exhibits by national micron, could benefit from a better treatment member societies. Emphasis in these was of micron roundoff error. This instrument placed on the yarious means of applying could be called a comparator to compare photogrammetry and photointerpretation to comparators. I t further permitted the viewer solving multitudes of problems in their re to observe laser-marked points produced by spective countries. One could not fail to note Transmark (Zeiss J ena). Perfectly round a certain tI'end in applications to close-range marks are burned in the emulsion by a laser photogrammetry used in programs covering beam which traverses the same optical path national monuments, archeology, architec as the photoimage and measuring mark. ture, and traffic investigations. Another Electronic readout from comparators may be aspect of these exhibits was the display of a buffered (Carl Zeiss, Oberkochen) for faster diversity of methods for producing topo output by reading on the fly, or unbuffered graphic maps, including the use of color (Kern, Carl Zeiss Jena) with a slight delay photography and analytical photogrammetry after setting while the circuitry generates the Just as the method of triangulation by in fine readings. dependent models (or semianalytical aero Semianalytical aerotriangulation by inde triangulation) is gathering more interest in pendent models, use of super-wide-angle tech nical sessions, its use was also reflected photography, orthophoto production and in the exhibits. electromagnetic distance measuring are four There were also scientific exhibits by the techniques which were very much in evidence technical commissions and research and at the industrial exhibition. The spreading teaching institutions in which some 15 or use of independent models and super-wide- ganizations participated. Here, unlike the 174 PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING A garden party at the Montreaux Palace Hotel was provided by \Vild l-Ieerbrugg Ltd. Montreaux is located on the north shore of Lake Geneva (Lac Leman) about 15 miles eastward from Lausanne, and readily accessible by boat, train and bus. A modern building contrasts with castles on the mountain- side. - group in the preceding category, emphasis EXCURSIONS AND TOURS (L. P. Jacobs) was on current fields of interest as well as Persons attending the Congress could possible future il1\-estigations. \,"hile there choose from a wide variety of technical ex were displays by several universities and cursions and sightseeing tours. In addition, a technical institutions, there was none from series of interesting daytime events had been the United States. The lTC, which is now arranged for the ladies. called the International Institute for Aerial Technical excursions included trips by Survey and Earth Sciences, displayed two tl-ain to the Wild Heerbrugg Co. works in training aids, the ITC Stereoscan and the ITC Heerbrugg, the Kern Co. at Aarau, the Fed Stereotrainer. The other universities showed eral Topographic Service at Bern, and the an ou tline of their courses and research ac European Center of Nuclear Research at tivities. There was also an exhibit of books, Geneva. Guided tours through the factories both old and newly published, on photo and installations were conducted at each grammetry and photointerpretation. The location. U. S. National Aeronautics and Space Ad Tours featured a train trip to the Visp ministration displayed a large composite pho Zermatt area at the foot of the famous tograph of the Apollo Landing Zone as well Matterhorn peak, with the more adventurous as some striking color photographs of the continuing by cable car to about the 9,000 earth taken from manned satellites. foot level. Other tours included visits to While the extensive industrial displays with famous castles, centuries-old abbeys and their many and attractive new instruments monasteries, boat cruises on Lake Leman, undoubtedly captured most of the attention, and a trip through the Vallee de J oux along the non-commercial exhibits were of great what is called the Road of Wines. value in informing the individual on current Tours of the cities of Lausanne, Bern, and activities in the various countries. Geneva were conducted for the ladies. Other The American Society of Photogrammetry in teresting places visited by the distaff con had an exhibit booth where copies of its tingent were the La Sarraz-Romainmotier various publications were on display. A area and the Chateau de Gruyeres with a side special brochure, "Photogrammetry in the trip to the world-famous cheese factory. United States of America," was distributed. Other areas were visited by boat along the Asp's booth was a popular meeting place for shore of the beautiful Lake Leman with its discussions and exchange of information. background of snow-covered mountains. ELEVENTH CONGRESS OF THE lSP 175 The tours and excursions were unquestion "Resolution +-.·\ccuracy of Photogrammetric ably one of the highlights of the Congress. f)ata-PhotogrammeLry and photo interpreta tion are founded upon the geometrical and Thanks to the excellent planning of the photographic properties of the basic photo Committee, it was possible to see much of graphs and their copies. For the sound develop Switzerland, make and enjoy new acquaint ment of the two activities mentioned, it is there ances, and get a firsthand look at new tech fore necessary that the basic geometrical and photographic qualities he kept under good con nical developmen ts. trol and be sllbject to detailed specifications and tolerance,. In particular, the numerical data of RESOL TrONS geometrical properties of the image (interior orientation, image coordinates, etc... ) and the The resolu tions of all of the technical photographic qualities (speed and gradation of commissions were not available when this I he enllllsion, color sensitivity, contrast transfer data, etc... ) must be checked under real report was prepared. Rather than delay the operational conditions, and tolerances must be report, an incomplete listing is presented. established for the possible discrepancies." Even these are not to be considered as the "For such tolerances, it is necessary that the final wording. The official version of the accuracy (in the real sense of the word) of basic measuring procedures be carefully determined resolutions will be published in a subsequent from calibration procedures. Statistical methods issue of Photogrammetric Engineering. should he used for the calculation of tolerances. Close cooperation with Commission II-Plotting, COMMISSION I Theory and J nstruments (ll.S. Reporter, 1968 1972 is Chester E. Kowalczyk, 1504 :'\Toyes 1. Commission I should consider the image Drive, Silver Spring, Maryland) in this partic formation and image recording properties of ular problem is recommended. The terminology of basic concepts as treated in Commission VI Remote Sensing Systems. The Commission should further be taken into account." should cooperate wi th Commission V II in determining the parameters of these systems CO;l1:\flSSION II and the operating procedures which are 1. In collaboration with the manufac relevan t to Photographic In terpretation, for turers and users of I'estitution instruments, exam pIe, the ti me of day, the season, the including data recol'ders, the working group direction of the flight line, overlap, polar [1-2 has set up guide lines for routine tests ization, sensitivity, image quality, possibility of these photogrammetry instruments. These of stereoscopy, etc.... tests ha"e to be integral, complete, and re 2. Commission I has noted that optical producible; they should be performable with transfer functions offer essential advantages moderate means. for air-camera testing. As transfer functions The guide lines are stipulated in an Invited are also useful when estimating the quality Paper and respecti"e comments are gi\'(~n in of the entire aerial photo system, Commission Presen ted Papers. I recommends further work on the application Commission II recommends the adoption of optical transfer functions for aerial of these guide lines as "Provisional Standard cameras, and all imaging and recording Tests of I.S.P." and their investigation in systems used in photogrammetry. The stan practice. dardization of methods, the calibration of 2. It is recom mended that Commission II instru men ts, and the establishmen t of tol consider the possibility of establishing a erances for the measuring procedures should working group in the field of automated and be particularly considered. The ultimate goal analytical instru men tation. of this worl.;: should be the establishment of 3. Close liaison between photogrammetry performance standards. instrument developers and manufacturers 3. Commission I recommends that Ap and the users of photogrammetry for engi pendix 5 of the Report of the Working Croup neeri ng purposes is essen tial for i111 pravi ng the on Image Quality should be added to the ISP service and increasing the scope of use of "Recommended Procedures for Calibrating photogrammetric instruments in engineel'ing, Photogrammetric Cameras and for Related including highway and related works. Con Optical Tests." It should be published, pref sequently, it is recommended that coni:idera erably in PllOtograrnrnetria, and also dis tion be given to establishing a suitable tributed to National Societies and interested working group. persons (See Amendment#l). 4. The theoretical research of photogram 4. Commission I recom mends that Res metric methods and the instrumentation in olution #4 from the Lisbon Congress (1964) connection with oceanographic surveys is of should be noted, and applied in practice. increasing importance and should therefore The ci ted resol ution is quoted below: be stimulated. 176 ['IIVI U(j RAnt nt ET [{Ie EN (j 1N El~ R! N (j 5. The geometric theory of radargram be made of the best current possibilities of metry as a means for phoLogrammetric combining graphical and numerical pho measurements should be further studied. togrammetry with orthophotos. 4. It is recommended to continue studies COMMISSION I II on the economic aspects of photogrammetric Commission III recognizes that there are surveying and mapping and to establish a many systems of aerial triangulation opera system to evaluate the economy of photogram tional in the world today, bu t that there is metric operations. still room for further improvement. Having 5. The parameters influencing the accuracy this in mind the following resolutions are and cost of different photogrammetric sub systems should be studied, in order to es proposed: tablish the basic relations required for 1. That the themes of interest for the planning and designing of photograll1metric period 1968-72 be: projects. (a) data acquisition, (b) daLa processing, (c) accuracy studies, (d) data from airborne COMMISSION V auxiliary equipment, (e) economics of aerial 1. It is recommended that the activitIes triangulation systems, and (f) satellite tri within Commission V, during the period angulation. 1968-1972 should include the following 2. That the offer by the I.T.C., Delft, to items: collect and analyze the results of practical • Calibration of short-range photogrammetric (production and experimental) aerial tri systems. angulations be accepted. • Stimulation of the development of equipment 3. That the production organization be snitable for very short-range photogram me try, including metric cameras with variable encouraged to calculate aerial triangulations principal distance. by more than one method, and the results be • iVletrical aspects of non-conventional photog communicated to the LT.C. according to raphy (holography, television imageries, X Resolution 2. ray imageries, etc.) in connection with photo grammetric principles. 4. That research on the problem of point • Analytical approach to special applications of transfer be encouraged. photogrammetry. 5. That research on, and the application • Four-dimensional (X, Y, Z, time) photogram of, data from airborne auxiliary equipment be metry. encouraged. 2. In order to promote and encourage the 6. That a working group be set up to international cooperation and further de continue studies based on simulated data. velopment of the various fields of photogralll metry in cooperation with other commissions COMMISSION IV of ISP and other organizations on sciences 1. For stimulating the further development and technology, Commission V strongly rec of photogrammetry in Highway Engineering, ommends the establishment of certain a Working Group, "Photogrammetry in working groups composed of specialists of the Highway Engineering," should be established various fields concerned. within Commission IV. The main subjects 3. In addition, Commission V supports the of the Working Group should be: Theory and request of the International Council for Application of Digital Terrain Model and Monuments and Sites (lCOMOS) for the of Orthophotos in Highway Engineering. The establishment of a joint committee repre existing intercommissional \l\Torking Group senting ISP and ICOMOS to further develop IVIV, Civil Engineering, should be dissolved. archi tectural photogrammetry. 2. The Intercommission \N"orking Group COMMISSIO:--I V r (as abstracted from dis IVlVII, Resources Development Photogram cussions) metry, established in 1966 during the sym posium in Prague, shall continue its ac I twas resoh'ed to form the following tivities, after its program ha been recon \\'orking Groups: sidered. I. Education. Continue studies of planning 3. I t is recommended that a study be made for photogrammetric education and analyze to determine the most effective methods of present status and future requirements and t he simultaneous recording of all necessary methods. I L was recommended that repre quantitative and qualitative information sen taLives from Covern men t agencies and during the production of plans and maps. industry be il1\·iled Lo collaborate on this In particular it is recommended that a study working group. ELEVE 'I'll CONGRESS OF TilE lSI' 177 2. Terminology. Establish international f nternational Bibliography as before. Study terminology and set of mathematical symbols adoption of a mechanized filing system for as an important tool for the future of pho bibliography. togrammetry. Continue work on proposal as 4. History of Photogrammetry. Record set forth in \Varsaw. historical developmen t of photogrammetry 3. Bibliography. Continue work on the fTC in different countries. Articles for Next Month J. R. Donaldson, The Lunar crater Jjawes. David AI. Carueggie and Jack N. Reppert, Large-scale 70-1ll111. aerial color photos. Edward A. Gill, The Pa i\long project. Frank B. Silvestro, !VI ultispectral photogl'aphic determination of reAectance. Howard Jarmi and Cerald Lauglzlin, Phototype film transport. 11[yron W. Lawrence, Earth crustal movements by precision analytics. Leonard 11. Forrest, Automatic orientation of the AS-!! A. David Il. Sharpnack and Garth Akin, An algorithm for computing slope and aspect. J. R. Jensen and 1. 1. Steele, Production mapping with computational photogrammetry. Articles in Other Photogrammetric Journals The Phologrammetric Record, Vol. Vl, No. 32, October 1968 J. W. Norman, The air photograph requirements of geologists. W. D. Rushworth and W. P. Smith, Mapping and demarcation of the Argentine-Chile frontier case. J. JII. T. Clark, Film flatness in survey cameras. L. P. Adams, A semi-graphic method of adjustment of heights in a strip of aerial tl'iangulation. M. J. Miles, The theory of analytical solution of the stereogram. E. H. Thompson, Corrections to x-parallaxes. J. A. Eden, Discussion of a new fast worki ng approach to analytical photogrammetry. Journal oj lhe Japan Sociely of Ph%grammetry, Vol. 7, No.3, 1968 S. Takahashi, J\. I\imata, T. Tashiro, The Probability of occurrence of an avalanche. C. Bojo, Snow avalanche analysis on aerial photographs. 1\. Nishim11ra, H. Jllorito, Analytical picture control point sun'ey fur terrain photogramllletry. Yukio Ozaki, Physical limitations of photogrammetry. H. Fujimori, Some applications in photographic interpretation. PUBLICATIONS COMMITTEE CHAIRMAN-Kalervo N. J{aki Assoc. CHAIRMAN-Leon 1. Koso/sky PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERI TG EDITOR-G. C. Tewinkett ADVl';RTISIKG l\IGR.-Mrs. Barbara N. ,~fltir* TECHNICAL RE\'IEW-Bernanl 1. Cotner COVEI{ EDITOR-James R. ShePard NE\V5LETTEI~ EDITOR-lVi/liaw n. l.yi/1/. t 11612 Michale Ct., Silver Spring, Md. 20904, Tel. 301-496-8140. * 2618 Spencer Road, Chevy Chase, Md. 20015. Tel. .'OI-.JU 7-GI07.