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La Question De L'autonomie Des Francophones Hors Québec : Trois La question de l’autonomie des francophones hors Québec : Trois décennies d’activisme judiciaire en matière de droits linguistiques au Canada Stéphanie Chouinard Thèse présentée à la Faculté des études supérieures et postdoctorales dans le cadre des exigences du programme de Doctorat en science politique École d’études politiques Faculté des Sciences sociales Université d’Ottawa © Stéphanie Chouinard, Ottawa, Canada, 2016 Résumé La thèse étudie la question de l’autonomie des francophones hors Québec au regard de trente ans d’activisme judiciaire dans le domaine des droits linguistiques depuis l’adoption de la Charte canadienne des droits et libertés. Nous étudions la jurisprudence importante dans ce domaine, provenant majoritairement de la Cour suprême du Canada et la possibilité, pour les juges, de faire avancer une norme d’autonomie pour les francophones hors Québec (FHQ). La thèse démontre que l’interprétation des droits linguistiques par les juges est contrainte par des éléments contextuels comme les traditions étatiques du compromis politique et du fédéralisme. Ces traditions étatiques conditionnent les représentations que se font les juges des droits linguistiques et créent des effets de « dépendance au sentier » dans le domaine de la jurisprudence, limitant la possibilité, pour les juges, de faire avancer une norme d’autonomie pour les FHQ. Les juges peuvent toutefois réviser ces éléments de dépendance au sentier afin de présenter de nouvelles représentations des droits linguistiques dans la jurisprudence, instigatrices de « points tournants », voire de nouveaux paradigmes d’interprétation, dans l’évolution des droits linguistiques. La thèse permet de voir que l’activisme judiciaire dans le domaine des droits linguistiques demeure soumis aux éléments structurants du régime linguistique canadien. En conséquence, les juges ont répondu, de façon graduelle, à certaines revendications des minorités francophones du Canada, sans toutefois combler toutes leurs aspirations d’autonomie. Afin de réaliser cette recherche, nous avons proposé une analyse herméneutique de la jurisprudence. Nous avons aussi mobilisé les outils théoriques de l’institutionnalisme historique et la notion de représentations afin de montrer les facteurs de continuité et de changement dans le domaine des droits linguistiques. Ces outils nous ont permis de compléter l’approche personnelle aux décisions des juges en arrimant l’analyse de la jurisprudence à son contexte institutionnel d’énonciation et d’observer la dépendance au sentier et les points tournants dans l’interprétation des droits linguistiques sur trois décennies. Cette recherche contribue à l’avancement des connaissances en participant au débat normatif et à l’analyse institutionnelle des droits des minorités linguistiques. D’abord, la thèse met en dialogue les disciplines du droit et de la science politique, grâce à une analyse institutionnelle de la jurisprudence canadienne dans le domaine des droits linguistiques. Elle contribue aussi au domaine d’étude de la judiciarisation de la politique canadienne et la mobilisation judiciaire des « citoyens de la Charte » - où les FHQ brillent par leur absence. Ensuite, sur le plan normatif, la thèse montre comment l’évolution de la jurisprudence pose de nouveaux jalons pour penser l’autonomie des FHQ. Cette discussion nourrit aussi le débat international sur les droits auxquels les minorités linguistiques peuvent aspirer, dans le sillon des travaux de Cardinal (2008), de Cardinal et González Hidalgo (2012), de Foucher (2012), de Léger (2015) de Kymlicka (2012), et de Poirier (2012). Finalement, au plan théorique, en tentant de démontrer l’existence d’éléments contextuels contraignant l’évolution de la jurisprudence de droit linguistique au Canada, notre thèse confirme l’utilité de l’approche néo-institutionnaliste historique pour l’étude de la question de la « judiciarisation de la politique » au Canada, un domaine dominé par les approches instrumentalistes. Mots clés : Activisme judiciaire, Autonomie, Canada, Charte canadienne des droits et libertés, Constitution, Cour suprême du Canada, Droits des minorités, Droits linguistiques, Fédéralisme, Francophonie, Francophones hors Québec, Langues officielles, Minorités, Minorités linguistiques, Régimes linguistiques ii Table des matières RÉSUMÉ .................................................................................................................................................................... II REMERCIEMENTS ................................................................................................................................................ VI LISTE DES TABLEAUX ..................................................................................................................................... VIII SIGLES ET ABRÉVIATIONS ............................................................................................................................... IX INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................................... 1 L’ENJEU DE LA NORME EN DROIT ET EN SCIENCE POLITIQUE ............................................................................................. 2 Les juges et les normes ......................................................................................................................................................... 4 Les minorités et les normes ................................................................................................................................................. 5 LA CHARTE CANADIENNE DES DROITS ET LIBERTÉS ET LA JUDICIARISATION DE LA POLITIQUE CANADIENNE ........ 7 La Charte, les droits linguistiques et l’autonomie des francophones hors Québec ...................................... 9 PLAN DE LA THÈSE .................................................................................................................................................................. 11 CHAPITRE 1 .......................................................................................................................................................... 15 LES DROITS DES MINORITÉS LINGUISTIQUES ET LE DROIT À L’AUTONOMIE ............................... 15 QU’EST-CE QU’UNE MINORITÉ? ............................................................................................................................................ 15 LA PROTECTION DES MINORITÉS .......................................................................................................................................... 19 QUELS DROITS, POUR QUELLES MINORITÉS? ...................................................................................................................... 21 La tradition libérale ............................................................................................................................................................ 21 La tradition communautarienne ..................................................................................................................................... 24 La tradition républicaine .................................................................................................................................................. 25 Les droits des minorités linguistiques .......................................................................................................................... 27 LE DROIT À L’AUTONOMIE ..................................................................................................................................................... 29 L’autonomie territoriale ................................................................................................................................................... 31 L’autonomie personnelle/non territoriale .................................................................................................................. 33 LA QUESTION DE L’AUTONOMIE DES FRANCOPHONES HORS QUÉBEC ........................................................................... 36 LES DROITS LINGUISTIQUES AU CANADA COMPRENNENT-ILS UN DROIT À L’AUTONOMIE POUR LES FRANCOPHONES HORS QUÉBEC? .......................................................................................................................................... 47 CHAPITRE 2 .......................................................................................................................................................... 55 CADRE THÉORIQUE ET MÉTHODOLOGIQUE ............................................................................................. 55 LES APPROCHES THÉORIQUES AUX ÉTUDES SUR LA BRANCHE JUDICIAIRE DEPUIS L’ADOPTION DE LA CHARTE ... 57 L’approche institutionnaliste à l’étude de la branche judiciaire en politique canadienne .................... 63 La question des représentations ..................................................................................................................................... 68 MÉTHODOLOGIE ...................................................................................................................................................................... 70 L’herméneutique .................................................................................................................................................................. 70 COLLECTE DE DONNÉES ET GRILLE D’ANALYSE ................................................................................................................
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