Guerre En Tchétchénie, Exil Et Diaspora

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Guerre En Tchétchénie, Exil Et Diaspora Institut d'Etudes Politiques de Paris ECOLE DOCTORALE DE SCIENCES PO Programme doctoral Russie-CEI Laboratoire de rattachement : CERI Doctorat de Science Politique Guerre en Tchétchénie, exil et diaspora Etude des structurations communautaires tchétchènes à l’étranger entre 1997et 2007 Laurent Vinatier Thèse dirigée par Monsieur le Professeur Olivier Roy Soutenue le 12 décembre 2008 Jury (par ordre alphabétique) : M. Pierre Centlivres, Professeur émérite, ancien directeur de l’Institut d’Ethnologie de l’université de Neuchâtel. Mme Frédérique Longuet-Marx, Maître de conférence, université de Caen. Mme Catherine de Wenden, Directrice de recherches, CNRS. M. Mikhaïl Rochtchine, Directeur de recherches, Institut d’Etudes Orientales de l’Académie des Sciences de Russie (Moscou). M. Olivier Roy, Directeur de recherches, CNRS, directeur de la these. Mme Anne de Tinguy, Professeur des Universités, INALCO. A la mémoire de Tina Izmaïlova, pour son courage, sa disponibilité et son dévouement. Laurent Vinatier – « Guerre en Tchétchénie, exil et diaspora » - Thèse IEP de Paris – 2008 3 Laurent Vinatier – « Guerre en Tchétchénie, exil et diaspora » - Thèse IEP de Paris – 2008 4 REMERCIEMENTS Au-delà de simples remerciements, c’est un hommage appuyé et sincère que je voudrais rendre en premier lieu à l’ensemble des personnes que j’ai eu la chance de rencontrer et d’interviewer au cours de ces longues années de recherches. A chacune, en Turquie, en Russie, en Europe, dans le Caucase, il faudrait adresser une pensée particulière de reconnaissance, pour son attention et sa disponibilité, sa cordialité parfois, sa complicité plus rarement et très souvent sa confiance que j’espère n’avoir jamais trahie. A toutes ces personnes, recevez ici déjà mon infinie gratitude. Parmi elles, il y a les réfugiés tchétchènes…ces hommes et femmes, qui m’ont ouvert leur porte et m’ont exposé leur histoire avec une très grande pudeur et une extraordinaire dignité malgré la déchirure de la fuite et les conditions difficiles de l’exil. Je voudrais pouvoir un jour leur témoigner ma reconnaissance pour ce temps gratuit qu’ils m’ont accordé. Peut-être cette modeste recherche servira-t-elle leur mémoire et les aidera-t-elle à surmonter les catastrophes récurrentes, humaines et nationales, qu’ils connaissent depuis des décennies. Je le souhaite. Je tiens aussi, chaleureusement, à remercier Monsieur Olivier Roy, mon directeur de thèse, pour sa confiance et sa patience, ainsi que pour l’incroyable sésame scientifique que son nom constitue et sa capacité, en une heure, à faire gagner à un étudiant qui piétine plusieurs mois de recherche. C’est à Madame Frédérique Longuet-Marx que je dois aussi d’avoir sans cesse cherché l’excellence et la précision dans l’analyse. En m’offrant d’intervenir lors de ses séminaires, par les nombreux échanges que nous avons eus sur la diaspora et sur les Tchétchènes, par ses conseils avisés, ses questionnements, sa relecture, elle m’a encouragé à poursuivre, à approfondir et surtout à terminer cette thèse. Merci à vous pour votre écoute, votre compréhension, votre disponibilité, votre attention et votre présence, sans doute tout simplement. Je voudrais également remercier la Délégation aux Affaires Stratégiques du ministère de la Défense qui m’a accordé pendant trois ans une bourse confortable, me permettant de parcourir l’Europe, le Caucase Sud, la Russie (à l’ouest) et la délicieuse ville d’Istanbul. En mettant un point final à ce projet doctoral, je suis enfin digne de la confiance que Madame Carina Stachetti a bien voulu me manifester. De même, je suis très reconnaissant à Monsieur Pierre Chuvin, directeur de l’IFEA d’Istanbul et à Monsieur Alexandre Toumarkine, son secrétaire scientifique, pour leur accueil et leur aide logistique qui ne m’ont jamais fait défaut. Je voudrais profiter de cet espace pour remercier une nouvelle fois ceux qui ont facilité, d’une manière ou d’une autre, mes déplacements : Julie Wilhelmsen à Oslo, Claire Delessard et Régis à Tbilissi, Micha Rochtchine à Vladikavkaz, Bayram Balci à Bakou, Anne de Tinguy à Moscou en m’invitant à reprendre la conférence de méthode en relations internationales du MGIMO. Merci également à Jérome et à Pierre de la Croix Rouge à Genève et à Moscou, croisés durant cette période, qui m’ont stimulé dans ma recherche. Enfin, sur un plan plus privé, je crois que sans le soutien discret et la patience de ma famille, je n’aurais pas pu mener à bien l’écriture quotidienne de ce texte. A ma fille en particulier, pour la joie et l’optimisme qu’elle inspire et qui donne envie d’écrire. Laurent Vinatier – « Guerre en Tchétchénie, exil et diaspora » - Thèse IEP de Paris – 2008 5 Laurent Vinatier – « Guerre en Tchétchénie, exil et diaspora » - Thèse IEP de Paris – 2008 6 SOMMAIRE REMERCIEMENTS ______________________________________________________ 5 SOMMAIRE ___________________________________________________________ 7 REGLES DE TRANSLITTERATION ET DE TRANSCRIPTION ________________________ 8 INTRODUCTION ________________________________________________________ 9 DÉSTRUCTURATION DE LA RÉPUBLIQUE TCHÉTCHÈNE ________________________ 35 Les Tchétchènes dépossédés de leur destin (1996-2005). _________________________ 37 La Tchétchénie livrée à elle-même (2005-2007). ________________________________ 76 GENEALOGIES DIASPORIQUES ___________________________________________ 99 Parcours migratoires et conditions d’installation. ______________________________ 101 L’enjeu tchétchène au sein des Etats d’accueil. ________________________________ 140 Redevenir tchétchène : émergence de structures protodiasporiques. ______________ 173 LA DIASPORA CONSTITUEE : UN NOUVEL ACTEUR GLOBAL ___________________ 245 Décomposition politique des communautés réfugiées __________________________ 247 La diaspora : source de renouveau __________________________________________ 318 CONCLUSION ________________________________________________________ 375 RESSOURCES ________________________________________________________ 381 Interlocuteurs __________________________________________________________ 381 Bibliographie ___________________________________________________________ 397 TABLE DES MATIERES _________________________________________________ 413 APPENDICES ________________________________________________________ 417 Laurent Vinatier – « Guerre en Tchétchénie, exil et diaspora » - Thèse IEP de Paris – 2008 7 REGLES DE TRANSLITTERATION ET DE TRANSCRIPTION La translittération des mots russes et des noms propres en russe mentionnés dans ce travail se fonde sur la table de translittération ISO 39. Cyr. a б В г д е ѐ ж з и й к л м н О п р С т у ф х ц ч ш щ Ь ы э ю я Lat. a b V g d e ë ž z i j k l m n O p r S t u f h c č š ŝ ' y è û â Pour les noms propres, afin de faciliter la lecture, est utilisée une transcription simple en français et éventuellement en anglais, selon le tableau des correspondances présenté ci- dessous. Lettres russes spécifiques Transcription française Transcription anglaise (noms propres et noms de (noms propres et noms de lieux) lieux) Ж J Zh Ч Tch Ch Ш Ch Sh Щ Chtch Shch Я Ia Ia Ю Iou Iu Х Kh Kh En pratique, dans le corps du texte, la translittération ne concerne que les références bibliographiques russes. Laurent Vinatier – « Guerre en Tchétchénie, exil et diaspora » - Thèse IEP de Paris – 2008 8 INTRODUCTION Sans mémoire, il n’est point de peuple. L’assertion est facile. C’est parfois cependant l’essence même et l’unique réalité d’une identité brisée. Les Tchétchènes, dans une certaine mesure, en sont une illustration heuristique. Peuple du Caucase, installé sur le versant nord de la chaîne montagneuse éponyme et dans les plaines centrales des fleuves Terek et Sunja, à proximité de la mer Caspienne, il subit au fil des siècles les sanglants assauts de ses puissants voisins, turco-mongols, perses, puis russes. Décimé par des guerres récurrentes, deux fois contraint à l’exil, en une centaine d’années entre 1850 et 1950, il perd peu à peu le sens profond de ses traditions et la conscience de ses origines. Au cours des années 60, la société tchétchène est recomposée et en partie réinventée selon le modèle influent mais non exclusif du soviétisme assimilateur. Ainsi, ce qui fait la spécificité de l’« être tchétchène » traditionnel se dissipe dans les tourments de l’Histoire. Il n’en subsiste qu’une idée floue, beaucoup plus caucasienne ou musulmane que tchétchène à part entière. Pour ceux qui aujourd’hui sont de nouveau contraints à l’exil, la seule véritable référence, qui marque réellement l’histoire tchétchène et est source d’identité, n’est autre qu’un précédent et récent exil forcé, celui de la déportation tragique de 1944. Autrement dit, la diaspora en formation repose sur la réalité et les conséquences d’une autre « diaspora » antérieure. L’affaiblissement constaté d’une certaine forme d’identité traditionnelle ne saurait cependant constituer un handicap insurmontable. Pour la première fois à l’étranger, il semble exister, pour certains, une chance de progrès et d’accomplissement, selon que les migrants pourront ou voudront saisir les opportunités d’hybridation, prémisses d’une intégration cosmopolitique. Cette recherche ainsi n’entend nullement se limiter aux rapports entre exil et traditions ; elle voudrait ouvrir sur le lien pressenti entre diaspora et globalisation. Guerres et exils, socles de la mémoire tchétchène. Il est bien souvent, comme partout dans le monde, des histoires de vie, des parcours individuels, qui révèlent, mieux que de précises dissertations chronologiques, la réalité d’affrontements
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