Cecenia. Una Guerra E Una Pacificazione Violenta

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Cecenia. Una Guerra E Una Pacificazione Violenta AperTO - Archivio Istituzionale Open Access dell'Università di Torino Cecenia. Una guerra e una pacificazione violenta This is the author's manuscript Original Citation: Availability: This version is available http://hdl.handle.net/2318/50071 since Publisher: Zamorani Terms of use: Open Access Anyone can freely access the full text of works made available as "Open Access". Works made available under a Creative Commons license can be used according to the terms and conditions of said license. Use of all other works requires consent of the right holder (author or publisher) if not exempted from copyright protection by the applicable law. (Article begins on next page) 27 September 2021 ad Anna Politkovskaya (30 agosto 1958 - 7 ottobre 2006) Mostra prodotta dal Curatela della mostra Crediti fotografici Museo Diffuso della Resistenza, Marco Buttino Dima Belyakov della Deportazione, Alessandra Rognoni Heidi Bradner della Guerra, Memorial Comitato scientifico dei Diritti e della Libertà Boris Belenkin Catalogo a cura di Marco Buttino Presidente Marco Buttino Aleksandr Cherkasov Ersilia Alessandrone Alessandra Rognoni Perona Svetlana Gannushkina Francesca Gori Traduzioni Vicepresidente Alessandra Rognoni Silvana Bartoli Adriano Andruetto Grigorij Shvedov Nadia Cicognini Direttore Lidiya Yusupova Emanuela Guercetti Guido Vaglio Elena Zhemkova Dario Magnati Massimo Maurizio Coordinamento Progetto e direzione organizzativo dell’allestimento Francesca Toso Luisa Raffaelli Selezione e montaggio Attività educative Mia Landi, Fondazione video Torino Musei Archivio Nazionale © 2008 Cinematografico della Museo Diffuso della Resistenza, Comunicazione e Resistenza della Deportazione, della Guerra, promozione Memorial dei Diritti e della Libertà Sandra Aloia Silvio Zamorani editore, Torino Si ringraziano: Timur Akiev Andrei Kupavskij Boris Belenkin Tatiyana Lokshina Katerina Belenkina Zulaj Magazieva Marta Craveri Nataliya Estemirova Nataliya Malykina Giorgio Fornoni Galina Iordanskaya Adam Malsagov Frédérique Longuet Marx Andrei Yakushov Zarema Mukusheva Cesare Martinetti Dmitrij Kakorin Oleg Orlov Massimo Maurizio Tatiyana Kasatkina Irina Ostrovskaya Claire Mouradian Albert Khantigov Juliya Rejfshnejder Niccolò Pianciola Vyacheslav Krakhotin Irina Sherbakova Francesca Sforza Alena Kozlova Svetlana Zybulskaya Charles Urjewicz Silvio Zamorani editore Corso San Maurizio, 25 10124 Torino www.zamorani.com Cecenia Una guerra e una pacificazione violenta a cura di Marco Buttino e Alessandra Rognoni SILVIO ZAMORANI EDITORE Quando ormai alcuni anni fa aprimmo un museo dedicato ai temi della Resisten- za, della Guerra e della Deportazione, si decise di includere nella denominazione i termini più ampi “dei diritti e della libertà”, ponendo in questo modo l’accento sullo stretto legame tra gli eventi di allora con i fatti e il dibattito contemporanei. La mo- stra dedicata alla guerra in Cecenia si colloca dunque in questa prospettiva e rilancia ulteriormente il Museo, che nei suoi primi anni di vita si sta affermando sempre più come un attore dinamico del sistema culturale della città, come luogo di riflessione e di approfondimento sulle vicende storico-politiche del Novecento. I fatti della Cecenia, ancora recenti nella nostra memoria, rappresentano un tema di discussione di straordinaria attualità, una pagina di storia contemporanea che ha tristemente mostrato i peggiori risvolti di un conflitto e, al tempo stesso, ha racconta- to il dramma di un popolo e evidenziato la delicatezza e la precarietà degli equilibri politici nazionali e internazionali. Nel ringraziare quanti con il proprio impegno hanno reso possibile questa mostra e nell’esprimere il mio apprezzamento per il lavoro svolto, mi preme sottolineare che – in vista dell’appuntamento del 2011 – quando racconteremo questi 150 anni di Italia unita e come oggi l’Italia si presenta al mondo, i temi dei diritti e della libertà (come sono nati e mutati nel tempo, quale senso hanno oggi e quali sfide pongono per i prossimi anni), saranno al centro del programma delle celebrazioni, che tutti dobbiamo concorrere a costruire. Fiorenzo Alfieri Assessore alla Cultura e al 150° dell’Unità d’Italia La mostra “Cecenia. Una guerra e una pacificazione violenta” intende costituire un momento di riflessione sulle condizioni di questa terra, dove si combatte da molti anni, una delle guerre insieme più feroci e più nascoste che abbiano insanguinato il mondo nel Ventesimo Secolo. La Compagnia di San Paolo, che riserva da sempre un’attenzione prioritaria alle discipline storiche e agli studi sulla contemporaneità in campo storico-documentario, sostiene il Museo Diffuso della Resistenza in questa iniziativa, finalizzata a fornire a un pubblico di giovani e meno giovani, opportunità e mezzi per conoscere e dibattere i grandi temi della società contemporanea. Compagnia di San Paolo Quando il Museo Diffuso della Resistenza, della Deportazione, della Guerra, dei Diritti e della Libertà accolse l’idea di Marco Buttino e Alessandra Rognoni di realiz- zare una mostra sulla Cecenia, lo fece nella convinzione che i temi posti dalla vicende del paese caucasico rispondessero in pieno alla vocazione del Museo e agli interroga- tivi del pubblico. Poiché, allora, all’abbondanza di immagini e notizie di disastri umanitari diffuse da giornali e televisioni sulle due guerre cecene, non corrispondeva un’adeguata in- formazione sulle cause e su tutti gli aspetti storici, culturali, religiosi che potevano consentirne la comprensione, l’attenzione del grande pubblico era rivolta alla brutali- tà della repressione russa, alla violazione dei diritti umani, alla soppressione dell’infor- mazione libera, culminata con l’assassinio nel 2006 di Anna Politkovskaya. Un’atten- zione che, sotto la difesa dei principi universali, rivelava anche l’estraneità e la distan- za culturale e che, in definitiva, restava in superficie. La proposta ha voluto colmare questo gap al miglior livello, realizzando, cioè, un’iniziativa che coniuga il mostrare con il conoscere, e questo grazie agli studi inediti appositamente richiesti agli specialisti e raccolti in questo volume. L’insieme, come si vedrà, offre una visuale organica della questione. In una prospettiva di lungo periodo, le guerre cecene appaiono come la manifestazione di una irriducibilità antropologica all’organizzazione statale e imperiale nelle sue varie forme, che le repressioni e le de- portazioni di massa del secolo scorso non hanno fatto che radicalizzare. In una pro- spettiva contemporanea, allargata al contesto delle regioni caucasiche, la Cecenia ap- pare come il catalizzatore di dinamiche autonomistiche dalla Russia da parte di re- gioni vicine, che hanno sperimentato nel corso delle due guerre addestramento mili- tare, forme di coalizione politica e religiosa, con l’incoraggiamento dei paesi occiden- tali, cui la Russia risponde con una sorta di revanscismo nazionalistico e imperialisti- co. Gli articoli raccolti nel volume suggeriscono anche spunti per uno sguardo ancora più ampio, diretto alle connessioni con i conflitti in corso, altrettanto irrisolti, nelle aree asiatiche limitrofe. Nell’ultimo mese lo scenario politico internazionale ha messo in luce nelle regioni caucasiche nuovi sviluppi di questioni antiche, resi ancora più complessi e preoccu- panti dalle contese per il controllo delle risorse energetiche. La mostra e il libro che l’accompagna, fondati sulla ricostruzione storica e sullo scavo nelle dinamiche della memoria, daranno un contributo anche alla comprensio- ne di questo quadro, che ci coinvolge in modo non solo intellettuale e virtuale. Un vivo ringraziamento è dovuto alla Città di Torino e alla Compagnia di San Paolo, per aver sostenuto il progetto e ai curatori per aver promosso un momento di conoscenza e riflessione da condividere col pubblico più vasto. Ersilia Alessandrone Perona Presidente del Museo Diffuso della Resistenza, della Deportazione, della Guerra, dei Diritti e della Libertà Indice Marco Buttino 15 Introduzione 34 Cartina Alessandra Rognoni 35 Cecenia 1989-1992: la memoria della deportazione Georgi M. Derlughian 51 Dalla rivoluzione alla guerra (traduzione di Dario Magnati) Matthew Evangelista 65 Le guerre (traduzione di Dario Magnati) Mairbek Vatchagaev 81 Il fattore ceceno nel movimento di resistenza del Nord Caucaso (traduzione di Emanuela Guercetti) Aleksandr Cherkasov 97 La Cecenia oggi, tra la guerra e la pace (traduzione di Nadia Cicognini) Giovanni Bensi 121 I Kadyrov tra due fronti Svetlana Gannushkina 129 La Russia è grande, ma non vi è un luogo dove rifugiarsi (traduzione di Nadia Cicognini) Alexis Berelowitch 155 I russi e le due guerre in Cecenia (traduzione di Silvana Bartoli) Anna Zafesova 169 La guerra in Cecenia attraverso lo sguardo dei media russi Lidiya Yusupova 179 La Corte Europea dei Diritti dell’Uomo: una speranza di giustizia (traduzione di Massimo Maurizio) Ludovica Poli 185 Le violazioni dei diritti fondamentali in Cecenia al vaglio della Corte Europea dei Diritti dell’Uomo Alessandra Rognoni 205 Voci dal Caucaso. Interviste 215 Bibliografia 219 Cronologia a cura di Alessandra Rognoni Fotografie tra le pp. 64-65: La deportazione in Asia centrale (1944) Le guerre Heidi Bradner Le guerre Dima Belyakov Manifestazioni tra le pp. 128-129: Profughi Vita quotidiana in guerra Terrorismo e antiterrorismo Dima Belyakov Vittime La ricostruzione Cecenia Una guerra e una pacificazione violenta Introduzione Marco Buttino * Tutti sanno che la Cecenia esiste perché la si associa a immagini preoccupanti quanto ricorrenti: guerra, islamismo,
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