The Biswell Symposium: Fire Issues and Solutions in Urban Interface and Wildland Ecosystems
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Module III – Fire Analysis Fire Fundamentals: Definitions
Module III – Fire Analysis Fire Fundamentals: Definitions Joint EPRI/NRC-RES Fire PRA Workshop August 21-25, 2017 A Collaboration of the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) & U.S. NRC Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research (RES) What is a Fire? .Fire: – destructive burning as manifested by any or all of the following: light, flame, heat, smoke (ASTM E176) – the rapid oxidation of a material in the chemical process of combustion, releasing heat, light, and various reaction products. (National Wildfire Coordinating Group) – the phenomenon of combustion manifested in light, flame, and heat (Merriam-Webster) – Combustion is an exothermic, self-sustaining reaction involving a solid, liquid, and/or gas-phase fuel (NFPA FP Handbook) 2 What is a Fire? . Fire Triangle – hasn’t change much… . Fire requires presence of: – Material that can burn (fuel) – Oxygen (generally from air) – Energy (initial ignition source and sustaining thermal feedback) . Ignition source can be a spark, short in an electrical device, welder’s torch, cutting slag, hot pipe, hot manifold, cigarette, … 3 Materials that May Burn .Materials that can burn are generally categorized by: – Ease of ignition (ignition temperature or flash point) . Flammable materials are relatively easy to ignite, lower flash point (e.g., gasoline) . Combustible materials burn but are more difficult to ignite, higher flash point, more energy needed(e.g., wood, diesel fuel) . Non-Combustible materials will not burn under normal conditions (e.g., granite, silica…) – State of the fuel . Solid (wood, electrical cable insulation) . Liquid (diesel fuel) . Gaseous (hydrogen) 4 Combustion Process .Combustion process involves . – An ignition source comes into contact and heats up the material – Material vaporizes and mixes up with the oxygen in the air and ignites – Exothermic reaction generates additional energy that heats the material, that vaporizes more, that reacts with the air, etc. -
California Fire Siege 2007 an Overview Cover Photos from Top Clockwise: the Santiago Fire Threatens a Development on October 23, 2007
CALIFORNIA FIRE SIEGE 2007 AN OVERVIEW Cover photos from top clockwise: The Santiago Fire threatens a development on October 23, 2007. (Photo credit: Scott Vickers, istockphoto) Image of Harris Fire taken from Ikhana unmanned aircraft on October 24, 2007. (Photo credit: NASA/U.S. Forest Service) A firefighter tries in vain to cool the flames of a wind-whipped blaze. (Photo credit: Dan Elliot) The American Red Cross acted quickly to establish evacuation centers during the siege. (Photo credit: American Red Cross) Opposite Page: Painting of Harris Fire by Kate Dore, based on photo by Wes Schultz. 2 Introductory Statement In October of 2007, a series of large wildfires ignited and burned hundreds of thousands of acres in Southern California. The fires displaced nearly one million residents, destroyed thousands of homes, and sadly took the lives of 10 people. Shortly after the fire siege began, a team was commissioned by CAL FIRE, the U.S. Forest Service and OES to gather data and measure the response from the numerous fire agencies involved. This report is the result of the team’s efforts and is based upon the best available information and all known facts that have been accumulated. In addition to outlining the fire conditions leading up to the 2007 siege, this report presents statistics —including availability of firefighting resources, acreage engaged, and weather conditions—alongside the strategies that were employed by fire commanders to create a complete day-by-day account of the firefighting effort. The ability to protect the lives, property, and natural resources of the residents of California is contingent upon the strength of cooperation and coordination among federal, state and local firefighting agencies. -
New Emission Factors for Australian Vegetation Fires Measured Using
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 11335–11352, 2014 www.atmos-chem-phys.net/14/11335/2014/ doi:10.5194/acp-14-11335-2014 © Author(s) 2014. CC Attribution 3.0 License. New emission factors for Australian vegetation fires measured using open-path Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy – Part 2: Australian tropical savanna fires T. E. L. Smith1, C. Paton-Walsh2, C. P. Meyer3, G. D. Cook4, S. W. Maier5, J. Russell-Smith5, M. J. Wooster1, and C. P. Yates5 1King’s College London, Earth and Environmental Dynamics Research Group, Department of Geography, London, UK 2Centre for Atmospheric Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia 3CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, PMB 1, Aspendale, Victoria, Australia 4CSIRO Ecosystem Sciences Sustainable Agriculture Flagship, PMB 44, Winnellie, Northern Territory, Australia 5Charles Darwin University, Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia Correspondence to: T. E. L. Smith ([email protected]) Received: 30 December 2013 – Published in Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss.: 11 March 2014 Revised: 16 September 2014 – Accepted: 17 September 2014 – Published: 29 October 2014 Abstract. Savanna fires contribute approximately 40–50 % stantially between different savanna vegetation assemblages; of total global annual biomass burning carbon emissions. Re- with a majority of this variation being mirrored by variations cent comparisons of emission factors from different savanna in the modified combustion efficiency (MCE) of different regions have highlighted the need for a regional approach to vegetation classes. We conclude that a significant majority emission factor development, and better assessment of the of the variation in the emission factor for trace gases can be drivers of the temporal and spatial variation in emission fac- explained by MCE, irrespective of vegetation class, as illus- tors. -
Ordinary Council
ORDINARY COUNCIL PUBLIC MINUTES WEDNESDAY 26 APRIL 2017 AT 1.05PM Council Members >> The Mayor, Councillor Jenny Hill Councillor Russ Cook Councillor Verena Coombe Councillor Colleen Doyle Councillor Ann-Maree Greaney Councillor Paul Jacob Councillor Mark Molachino Councillor Kurt Rehbein Councillor Margie Ryder Councillor Maurie Soars Councillor Les Walker At this meeting contributions made by members of the public may be recorded by way of audio recording which will be used for the purpose of developing minutes of the meeting and decision making of council. Townsville City Council is bound by the Information Privacy Act 2009 to protect the privacy of personal information. Under Local Law 1 Section 35(3) a person must not make an audio or video recording of a local government meeting, a standing committee meeting, a special committee meeting or an advisory committee meeting unless the chairperson at the meeting gives consent in writing to the recording of the meeting. Further information may be found on council's website at www.townsville.qld.gov.au. TOWNSVILLE CITY COUNCIL ORDINARY COUNCIL WEDNESDAY 26 APRIL 2017 Goals and Strategies of Townsville City Council >> Corporate Plan >> Goal 1: Economic Sustainability - A strong diverse economy which provides opportunities for business and investment with an integrated approach to long term planning where the city’s assets meet the community needs. 1.1 Create economic opportunities for Townsville to drive economic and community prosperity. 1.2 Maximise opportunities through engagement and partnership with stakeholder achieve a strong resilient economy. 1.3 Utilise the City Plan to inform the development of current and future infrastructure needs of Townsville. -
Material Safety Data Sheet
MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET Page 1 Speedy Clean, LLC 24 Hour Emergency #: 800-255-3924 4550 Ziebart Place Telephone Number: 702-736-6500 Las Vegas, NV 89103 PRODUCT: RESCUE 911 - WHITE Section 01: CHEMICAL PRODUCT AND COMPANY IDENTIFICATION MANUFACTURER ................................................. SPEEDY CLEAN, LLC 4550 ZIEBART PLACE LAS VEGAS, NV 89103 PRODUCT NAME................................................... RESCUE 911 - WHITE CHEMICAL FAMILY................................................ ORGANIC COATING. MOLECULAR WEIGHT........................................... NOT APPLICABLE. CHEMICAL FORMULA........................................... NOT APPLICABLE. TRADE NAMES & SYNONYMS.............................. RESCUE 911 - WHITE PRODUCT USES.................................................... COATING. FORMULA/LAB BOOK #......................................... 002-21-270. Section 02: COMPOSITION/INFORMATION INGREDIENTS Hazardous Ingredients % Exposure Limit C.A.S.# LD/50, Route,Species LC/50 Route,Species HEPTANE 15 - 40 400 ppm 142-82-5 >15000 mg/kg ORAL-RAT NOT AVAILABLE TOLUENE 10-30 50 ppm 108-88-3 5000 mg/kg ORAL - RAT 8000 ppm (4 hr) INHAL - RAT ACETONE 5 - 20 750 ppm 67-64-1 >9750 mg/kg ORAL - RAT >16,000 ppm (4 hr) INHAL - RAT PETROLEUM DISTILLATES 1-5 100 ppm 8052-41-3 5 g/kg ORAL-RAT 5500 mg/m3 INHAL-RAT (STODDARD SOLVENT) PROPYLENE GLYCOL METHYL 1-5 N/E 108-65-6 8500 mg/kg ORAL - RAT >4345 ppm (6 hr) INHAL - ETHER ACETATE RAT DIMETHYL ETHER 10-30 1000 ppm 115-10-6 NOT APPLICABLE 164000 ppm (4h) RAT - INHAL ISOBUTANE 5-10 1000 ppm 75-28-5 NOT APPLICABLE 142,500 ppm (4h) INHAL - RAT PROPANE 5-10 1000 ppm 74-98-6 >5000 mg/kg NOT AVAILABLE DERMAL-RABBITS Section 03: HAZARDS IDENTIFICATION ROUTE OF ENTRY: INGESTION............................................................. MAY CAUSE HEADACHE, NAUSEA, VOMITING AND WEAKNESS. -
National Exchange Carrier Association, Inc. Tariff F.C.C
NATIONAL EXCHANGE CARRIER ASSOCIATION, INC. TARIFF F.C.C. NO. 4 DIRECTOR, TECHNICAL PLANNING & IMPLEMENTATION 13TH REVISED SECTION 1 60 COLUMBIA ROAD, Bldg. A, Fl. 2 CANCELS 12TH REVISED SECTION 1 MORRISTOWN, N.J. 07960 PAGE 1 ISSUED: AUGUST 17, 2000 EFFECTIVE: SEPTEMBER 01, 2000 WIRE CENTER AND INTERCONNECTION INFORMATION TITLE PAGE THIS TARIFF CONTAINS INFORMATION RELATED TO WIRE CENTERS/RATING POINT LOCATIONS PROVIDING ACCESS SERVICE IN LOCAL ACCESS AND TRANSPORT AREAS (LATAS) AND MARKET AREAS (MAS), SUBTENDING INFORMATION IDENTIFYING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN WIRE CENTERS FOR THE ORDERING AND PROVISIONING OF ACCESS SERVICES AND INTERCONNECTION INFORMATION WHEN TWO OR MORE EXCHANGE CARRIERS ARE JOINTLY PROVIDING ACCESS SERVICE WITHIN OR BETWEEN LATAS OR MAS UNDER SEPARATE ACCESS SERVICE TARIFFS. THE WIRE CENTER, INTERCONNECTION AND SUBTENDING INFORMATION CONTAINED HEREIN IS FOR NECA MEMBER COMPANIES AND ANY NECA NON-MEMBER THAT FILES IT'S OWN INTERSTATE ACCESS TARIFF. NECA NON-MEMBERS ARE IDENTIFIED IN THIS TARIFF VIA SECTION 8. A COMPANY CATEGORY OTHER THAN ILEC OR RBOC MAY ALSO BE ASSIGNED TO NECA MEMBER COMPANIES FOR THE PURPOSE OF IDENTIFYING SERVICES PROVIDED BY NECA MEMBERS OUTSIDE OF TRADITIONAL SERVING TERRITORIES. CHARGES APPLICABLE TO NON-MEMBERS SHALL BE APPLIED TO THESE OPERATIONS. THIS TARIFF ALSO CONTAINS REGULATIONS FOR CALCULATING THE AIRLINE MILEAGE BETWEEN WIRE CENTERS, ON WHICH CERTAIN ACCESS SERVICE CHARGES ARE BASED, USING THE VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL COORDINATES METHOD. UNDER AUTHORITY OF SPECIAL PERMISSION NO. 88-200 OF THE FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION, THIS TARIFF, NATIONAL EXCHANGE CARRIER ASSOCIATION, INC., TARIFF F.C.C. NO. 4, WIRE CENTER AND INTERCONNECTION INFORMATION, SUCCEEDS IN ITS ENTIRETY EXCHANGE CARRIER ASSOCIATION TARIFF NO. -
Legacy – the All Blacks
LEGACY WHAT THE ALL BLACKS CAN TEACH US ABOUT THE BUSINESS OF LIFE LEGACY 15 LESSONS IN LEADERSHIP JAMES KERR Constable • London Constable & Robinson Ltd 55-56 Russell Square London WC1B 4HP www.constablerobinson.com First published in the UK by Constable, an imprint of Constable & Robinson Ltd., 2013 Copyright © James Kerr, 2013 Every effort has been made to obtain the necessary permissions with reference to copyright material, both illustrative and quoted. We apologise for any omissions in this respect and will be pleased to make the appropriate acknowledgements in any future edition. The right of James Kerr to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 All rights reserved. This book is sold subject to the condition that it shall not, by way of trade or otherwise, be lent, re-sold, hired out or otherwise circulated in any form of binding or cover other than that in which it is published and without a similar condition including this condition being imposed on the subsequent purchaser. A copy of the British Library Cataloguing in Publication data is available from the British Library ISBN 978-1-47210-353-6 (paperback) ISBN 978-1-47210-490-8 (ebook) Printed and bound in the UK 1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2 Cover design: www.aesopagency.com The Challenge When the opposition line up against the New Zealand national rugby team – the All Blacks – they face the haka, the highly ritualized challenge thrown down by one group of warriors to another. -
Introduction to Fire Behavior Modeling (2012)
Introduction to Fire Behavior Modeling Introduction to Wildfire Behavior Modeling Introduction Table of Contents Introduction ........................................................................................................ 5 Chapter 1: Background........................................................................................ 7 What is wildfire? ..................................................................................................................... 7 Wildfire morphology ............................................................................................................. 10 By shape........................................................................................................ 10 By relative spread direction ........................................................................... 12 Wildfire behavior characteristics ........................................................................................... 14 Flame front rate of spread (ROS) ................................................................... 15 Heat per unit area (HPA) ................................................................................ 17 Fireline intensity (FLI) .................................................................................... 19 Flame size ..................................................................................................... 23 Major influences on fire behavior simulations ....................................................................... 24 Fuelbed structure ......................................................................................... -
Fire Performance Art Permit
Policy Grants Pass Department of Public Safety 4XX Fire Policy Manual Fire Performance Art Permit 4XX.1 PURPOSE AND SCOPE The purpose of this policy is to provide guidelines to advise fire performance venues and artists of safety considerations and practices consistent with fire and life safety codes and public assembly safety concerns. 4XX.2 POLICY This policy applies to all acts of fire performance art occurring within all areas in which Grants Pass Department of Public Safety has authority. Fire art refers to performances or demonstrations such as fire breathing, fire juggling, fire dancing, etc. Not included: pyrotechnics and flame effects (these are addressed in a different policy and require a separate permit). The business owner, event coordinator and the fire performer are responsible for all aspects of fire and life safety. Failure to possess a current permit and follow the minimum requirements set forth in this document may result in revocation of permit, future permits and/or issuing of citation(s). Fire performance artists shall: 1. Be at least 18 years of age. a. EXCEPTION: Performers age 16 to 18 may be allowed at the discretion of the Fire Marshal’s Office with written consent from a parent or legal guardian. They must be under the direct supervision of an adult fire performance troupe leader or instructor. 2. Have valid, state issued identification and Fire Performance Permit readily accessible at each performance. 3. Audience: It should be recognized that audiences, especially youthful ones, may not fully understand the dangers associated with fire performance art. Every effort should be made to emphasize the safety precautions and dangers of such activity. -
Sandoval County, New Mexico Community Wildfire Protection Plan
Sandoval County Community Wildre Protection Plan August 2012 Submitted by: SANDOVAL COUNTY, NEW MEXICO COMMUNITY WILDFIRE PROTECTION PLAN Prepared for 314 Melissa Road P.O. Box 40 Bernalillo, New Mexico 87004 Prepared by SWCA® ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS 5647 Jefferson Street NE Albuquerque, New Mexico 87109 Telephone: 505-254-1115; Fax: 505-254-1116 www.swca.com Victoria Amato, M.S. Cody Stropki, Ph.D. SWCA Project No. 17646 August 2012 Sandoval County Community Wildfire Protection Plan This is a 2012 update to the 2008 Sandoval County Community Wildfire Protection Plan (SCCWPP), which addresses hazards and risks of wildland fire throughout Sandoval County and makes recommendations for fuels reduction projects, public outreach and education, structural ignitability reduction, and fire response capabilities. Sandoval County comprises a diverse landscape and landownership, but a population with one common concern, the need to prepare for wildfire to reduce the risk of loss of life and property. Community members in Sandoval County are familiar with large fires as several have occurred in recent years. The most significant was the Los Conchas fire, the second largest fire in New Mexico history and the largest ever fire in Sandoval County. Prior to that the Cerro Grande Fire (2003) started in Sandoval County and, until Los Conchas (2011) and later the Whitewater-Baldy Complex (2012), was the largest fire in state history. This SCCWPP has been developed to assist Sandoval County in ensuring that a catastrophic wildfire will be avoided in the future by assessing areas at risk and recommending measures to decrease that risk. The purpose of the SCCWPP is to assist in protecting human life and reducing property loss due to wildfire throughout Sandoval County. -
Fire/Rescue Print Date: 3/5/2013
Fire/Rescue Print Date: 3/5/2013 Fire/Rescue Fire/Rescue Print Date: 3/5/2013 Table of Contents CHAPTER 1 - MISSION STATEMENT 1.1 - Mission Statement............1 CHAPTER 2 - ORGANIZATION CHART 2.1 - Organization Chart............2 2.2 - Combat Chain of Command............3 2.6 - Job Descriptions............4 2.7 - Personnel Radio Identification Numbers............5 CHAPTER 3 - TRAINING 3.1 - Department Training -Target Solutions............6 3.2 - Controlled Substance............8 3.3 - Field Training and Environmental Conditions............10 3.4 - Training Center Facility PAM............12 3.5 - Live Fire Training-Conex Training Prop............14 CHAPTER 4 - INCIDENT COMMAND 4.2 - Incident Safety Officer............18 CHAPTER 5 - HEALTH & SAFETY 5.1 - Wellness & Fitness Program............19 5.2 - Infectious Disease/Decontamination............20 5.3 - Tuberculosis Exposure Control Plan............26 5.4 - Safety............29 5.5 - Injury Reporting/Alternate Duty............40 5.6 - Biomedical Waste Plan............42 5.8 - Influenza Pandemic Personal Protective Guidelines 2009............45 CHAPTER 6 - OPERATIONS 6.1 - Emergency Response Plan............48 CHAPTER 7 - GENERAL RULES & REGULATIONS 7.1 - Station Duties............56 7.2 - Dress Code............58 7.3 - Uniforms............60 7.4 - Grooming............65 7.5 - Station Maintenance Program............67 7.6 - General Rules & Regulations............69 7.7 - Bunker Gear Inspection & Cleaning Program............73 7.8 - Apparatus Inspection/Maintenance/Response............75 -
2020 Fresno-Kings Unit Fire Plan
Fresno-Kings Unit 5/03/2020 UNIT STRATEGIC FIRE PLAN AMENDMENTS Page Numbers Description Updated Date Section Updated Updated of Update By 4/30/20 Appendix A 36-38 Fire Plan Projects B. Garabedian 4/30/20 Appendix B 40-41 Added Wildland Activity B. Garabedian Chart 4/30/20 Appendix C 42 Update Ignition Data B. Garabedian 4/30/20 Various 103-119 2019 Accomplishment B. Garabedian i TABLE OF CONTENTS UNIT STRATEGIC FIRE PLAN AMENDMENTS .................................................................................... i TABLE OF CONTENTS ......................................................................................................................... ii SIGNATURE PAGE ............................................................................................................................... iii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ....................................................................................................................... 1 SECTION I: UNIT OVERVIEW ............................................................................................................. 3 UNIT DESCRIPTION ....................................................................................................................... 3 FIRE HISTORY ................................................................................................................................ 4 UNIT PREPAREDNESS AND FIREFIGHTING CAPABILITIES ..................................................... 4 SECTION II: COLLABORATION..........................................................................................................