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Pest Categorisation of Gymnosporangium Spp. (Non-EU)

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Pest Categorisation of Gymnosporangium Spp. (Non-EU) SCIENTIFIC OPINION ADOPTED: 22 November 2018 doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5512 Pest categorisation of Gymnosporangium spp. (non-EU) EFSA Panel on Plant Health (EFSA PLH Panel), Claude Bragard, Francesco Di Serio, Paolo Gonthier, Marie-Agnes Jacques, Josep Anton Jaques Miret, Annemarie Fejer Justesen, Alan MacLeod, Christer Sven Magnusson, Panagiotis Milonas, Juan A Navas-Cortes, Stephen Parnell, Roel Potting, Philippe Lucien Reignault, Hans-Hermann Thulke, Wopke Van der Werf, Antonio Vicent Civera, Jonathan Yuen, Lucia Zappala, Johanna Boberg, Mike Jeger, Marco Pautasso and Katharina Dehnen-Schmutz Abstract Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Plant Health performed a pest categorisation of Gymnosporangium spp. (non-EU), a well-defined and distinguishable group of fungal plant pathogens of the family Pucciniaceae affecting woody species. Many different Gymnosporangium species are recognised, of which at least 14 species are considered not to be native in the European Union. All the non-EU Gymnosporangium species are not known to be present in the EU and are regulated in Council Directive 2000/29/EC (Annex IAI) as harmful organisms whose introduction into the EU is banned. Gymnosporangium spp. are biotrophic obligate plant pathogens. These rust fungi are heteroecious as they require Juniperus, Libocedrus, Callitropsis, Chamaecyparis or Cupressus (telial hosts) and rosaceous plants of subfamily Pomoideae (aecial hosts) to complete their life cycle. The pathogens could enter the EU via host plants for planting (including artificially dwarfed woody plants) and cut branches. They could establish in the EU, as climatic conditions are favourable and hosts are common. They would be able to spread following establishment by movement of host plants for planting and cut branches, as well as by natural dispersal. Should Gymnosporangium spp. (non-EU) be introduced in the EU, impacts can be expected in orchards, ornamental trees and nurseries. On telial hosts, these pathogens cause galls on stems, twigs and branches, and fusiform swellings on stems. Foliar infections on aecial hosts may lead to severe defoliations. The main knowledge gap concerns the limited available information on the biology, distribution range and impact of several non-EU Gymnosporangium spp. The criteria assessed by the Panel for consideration of Gymnosporangium spp. (non-EU) as potential quarantine pests are met, while, for regulated non-quarantine pests, the criterion on the pest presence in the EU is not met. © 2018 European Food Safety Authority. EFSA Journal published by John Wiley and Sons Ltd on behalf of European Food Safety Authority. Keywords: bonsai, European Union, latent infection, pest risk, plant health, plant pest, quarantine Requestor: European Commission Question number: EFSA-Q-2018-00036 Correspondence: [email protected] www.efsa.europa.eu/efsajournal EFSA Journal 2018;16(12):5512 Gymnosporangium spp. (non-EU): pest categorisation Panel members: Claude Bragard, Katharina Dehnen-Schmutz, Francesco Di Serio, Paolo Gonthier, Marie-Agnes Jacques, Josep Anton Jaques Miret, Annemarie Fejer Justesen, Alan MacLeod, Christer Sven Magnusson, Panagiotis Milonas, Juan A. Navas-Cortes, Stephen Parnell, Roel Potting, Philippe L. Reignault, Hans-Hermann Thulke, Wopke Van der Werf, Antonio Vicent, Jonathan Yuen and Lucia Zappala. Acknowledgements: The Panel thanks the following for the support provided to this scientific output: Ciro Gardi, Alpha Unit, EFSA. Suggested citation: EFSA PLH Panel (EFSA Panel on Plant Health), Bragard C, Di Serio F, Gonthier P, Jacques M-A, Jaques Miret JA, Justesen AF, MacLeod A, Magnusson CS, Milonas P, Navas-Cortes JA, Parnell S, Potting R, Reignault PL, Thulke H-H, Van der Werf W, Vicent Civera A, Yuen J, ZappalaL, Boberg J, Jeger M, Pautasso M and Dehnen-Schmutz K, 2018. Scientific Opinion on the pest categorisation of Gymnosporangium spp. (non-EU). EFSA Journal 2018;16(12):5512, 28 pp. https:// doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5512 ISSN: 1831-4732 © 2018 European Food Safety Authority. EFSA Journal published by John Wiley and Sons Ltd on behalf of European Food Safety Authority. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and no modifications or adaptations are made. Reproduction of the images listed below is prohibited and permission must be sought directly from the copyright holder: Figure 2: © European Union; Figure 3: © Jason Hollinger The EFSA Journal is a publication of the European Food Safety Authority, an agency of the European Union. www.efsa.europa.eu/efsajournal 2 EFSA Journal 2018;16(12):5512 Gymnosporangium spp. (non-EU): pest categorisation Table of contents Abstract................................................................................................................................................... 1 1. Introduction................................................................................................................................4 1.1. Background and Terms of Reference as provided by the requestor.................................................. 4 1.1.1. Background ................................................................................................................................4 1.1.2. Terms of Reference ..................................................................................................................... 4 1.1.2.1. Terms of Reference: Appendix 1................................................................................................... 5 1.1.2.2. Terms of Reference: Appendix 2................................................................................................... 6 1.1.2.3. Terms of Reference: Appendix 3................................................................................................... 7 1.2. Interpretation of the Terms of Reference....................................................................................... 8 2. Data and methodologies .............................................................................................................. 8 2.1. Data........................................................................................................................................... 8 2.1.1. Literature search ......................................................................................................................... 8 2.1.2. Database search ......................................................................................................................... 8 2.2. Methodologies............................................................................................................................. 9 3. Pest categorisation ...................................................................................................................... 11 3.1. Identity and biology of the pest.................................................................................................... 11 3.1.1. Identity and taxonomy................................................................................................................. 11 3.1.2. Biology of the pest ...................................................................................................................... 11 3.1.3. Intraspecific diversity................................................................................................................... 15 3.1.4. Detection and identification of the pest......................................................................................... 15 3.2. Pest distribution .......................................................................................................................... 16 3.2.1. Pest distribution outside the EU.................................................................................................... 16 3.2.2. Pest distribution in the EU............................................................................................................ 16 3.3. Regulatory status ........................................................................................................................ 16 3.3.1. Council Directive 2000/29/EC ....................................................................................................... 16 3.3.2. Legislation addressing the hosts of Gymnosporangium spp. (non-EU).............................................. 17 3.4. Entry, establishment and spread in the EU .................................................................................... 17 3.4.1. Host range.................................................................................................................................. 17 3.4.2. Entry .......................................................................................................................................... 18 3.4.3. Establishment ............................................................................................................................. 19 3.4.3.1. EU distribution of main host plants ............................................................................................... 19 3.4.3.2. Climatic conditions affecting establishment.................................................................................... 20 3.4.4. Spread ....................................................................................................................................... 20 3.5. Impacts .....................................................................................................................................
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