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Daniel Bucur UNIVERSITATEA DE ŞTIINŢE AGRICOLE ŞI MEDICINĂ VETERINARĂ “ION IONESCU DE LA BRAD” DIN IAȘI FACULTATEA DE AGRICULTURĂ ŞCOALA DOCTORALĂ DE ŞTIINŢE INGINEREŞTI DOMENIUL: AGRONOMIE SPECIALIZAREA: PROTECȚIA PLANTELOR Doctorand CĂTĂLINA-IOANA IACOB TEZĂ DE DOCTORAT CONDUCĂTOR DE DOCTORAT, Prof. Univ. Dr. EUGEN ULEA 2017 UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES AND VETERINARY MEDICINE “ION IONESCU DE LA BRAD” FROM IASI FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE DOCTORAL SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING SCIENCE DOMAIN: AGRONOMY SPECIALIZATION: PLANT PROTECTION Phd. Student CĂTĂLINA-IOANA IACOB DOCTORAL THESIS PhD Manager, Prof. EUGEN ULEA PhD 2017 UNIVERSITATEA DE ŞTIINŢE AGRICOLE ŞI MEDICINĂ VETERINARĂ “ION IONESCU DE LA BRAD” DIN IAȘI FACULTATEA DE AGRICULTURĂ ŞCOALA DOCTORALĂ DE ŞTIINŢE INGINEREŞTI DOMENIUL: AGRONOMIE SPECIALIZAREA: PROTECȚIA PLANTELOR Doctorand CĂTĂLINA-IOANA IACOB TEZĂ DE DOCTORAT CERCETĂRI PRIVIND PRINCIPALII AGENȚI PATOGENI ȘI DĂUNĂTORI LA O SERIE DE PLANTE ORNAMENTALE DIN MOLDOVA CONDUCĂTOR DE DOCTORAT, Prof. univ. Dr. EUGEN ULEA 2017 UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES AND VETERINARY MEDICINE “ION IONESCU DE LA BRAD” FROM IASI FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE DOCTORAL SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING SCIENCE DOMAIN: AGRONOMY SPECIALIZATION: PLANT PROTECTION Phd. Student CĂTĂLINA-IOANA IACOB DOCTORAL THESIS RESEARCH REGARDING THE MAIN PATHOGEN AGENTS AND PESTS THAT ATTACK A SERIES OF ORNAMENTAL PLANTS IN MOLDOVA PHD Manager, Prof. EUGEN ULEA PhD 2017 CUPRINS Introducere................................................................................................. 11 Rezumat..................................................................................................... 15 PARTEA I – STADIUL CUNOAȘTERII CERCETĂRILOR PRIVIND CULTURA PRINCIPALELOR PLANTE ORNAMENTALE 25 CAPITOLUL I IMPORTANȚA PLANTELOR ORNAMENTALE 26 1.1 Utilizarea plantelor ornamentale de-a lungul timpului pe plan mondial 26 1.1.1. Perioada Antichității................................................................... 26 1.1.2. Evul Mediu................................................................................. 27 1.1.3. Perioada Renașterii și a Barocului............................................ 27 1.1.4. Perioada Iluminismului.............................................................. 28 1.2 Utilizarea plantelor ornamentale de-a lungul timpului în România....... 28 1.2.1. Perioada Antichității................................................................... 28 1.2.2. Evul Mediu................................................................................. 28 1.2.3. Perioada războaielor mondiale.................................................. 29 1.3 Lucrări de înființare și întreținere aplicate plantelor ornamentale......... 30 1.3.1. Lucrări de înființare și întreținere aplicate speciilor floricole...... 30 1.3.2. Lucrări de înființare și întreținere aplicate speciilor lemnoase... 31 1.4 Importanța economică a plantelor ornamentale.................................. 32 CAPITOLUL II STADIUL ACTUAL AL CERCETĂRILOR PRIVIND PRINCIPALII AGENȚI PATOGENI AI PLANTELOR ORNAMENTALE PE PLAN MONDIAL ȘI NAȚIONAL 36 2.1 Stadiul actual al cercetărilor privind agenții patogeni care atacă o serie de plante ornamentale pe plan mondial............................................. 36 2.2 Stadiul actual al cercetărilor privind agenții patogeni care atacă o serie de plante ornamentale pe plan național............................................. 41 CAPITOLUL III PRINCIPALII AGENȚI PATOGENI ȘI DĂUNĂTORI DE CARANTINĂ SEMNALAȚI PE O SERIE DE PLANTE ORNAMENTALE 43 3.1 Principalii agenți patogeni de carantină semnalați pe plante ornamentale................................................................................................ 43 3.2 Principalii dăunători de carantină semnalați pe plante ornamentale... 47 PARTEA II – CONTRIBUȚII PROPRII 53 CAPITOLUL IV OBIECTIVELE, MATERIALUL ȘI METODA DE CERCETARE 54 4.1 Obiectivele tezei de doctorat................................................................ 54 4.2 Materialul și metoda de cercetare........................................................ 55 4.2.1 Materialul biologic utilizat pentru realizarea experienței 1.......... 55 4.2.2 Metoda de cercetare utilizată pentru realizarea experienței 1.... 58 4.2.3 Materialul biologic utilizat pentru realizarea experienței 2.......... 58 4.2.4 Metoda de cercetare utilizată pentru realizarea experienței 2.... 62 4.2.5 Materialul biologic utilizat pentru realizarea experienței 3.......... 62 4.2.6 Metoda de cercetare utilizată pentru realizarea experienței 3.... 63 CAPITOLUL V CARACTERIZAREA CADRULUI NATURAL 65 5.1 Poziția geografică................................................................................. 65 5.2 Geomorfologia zonei............................................................................ 66 5.3 Hidrografia zonei.................................................................................. 67 5.4 Condițiile climatice ale zonei................................................................ 68 5.5 Caracterizarea solului........................................................................... 70 5.6 Vegetația spontană............................................................................... 71 CAPITOLUL VI PRINCIPIILE ȘI METODELE DE COMBATERE INTEGRATĂ UTILIZATE PENTRU PROTECȚIA PLANTELOR ORNAMENTALE 72 6.1 Prevenirea și combaterea integrată a agenților patogeni și a dăunătorilor plantelor ornamentale............................................................. 72 6.2 Principiile și metodele utilizate în combaterea integrată a agenților patogeni ce atacă plantele ornamentale..................................................... 73 6.2.1 Metode de carantină fitosanitară................................................ 73 6.2.2 Utilizarea soiurilor rezistente...................................................... 74 6.2.3 Metode agrofitotehnice............................................................... 74 6.2.4 Metode mecanice....................................................................... 75 6.2.5 Metode fizice.............................................................................. 76 6.2.6 Metode biologice........................................................................ 76 6.2.7 Metode chimice.......................................................................... 77 6.3 Principiile și metodele utilizate în combaterea integrată a dăunătorilor ce atacă plantele ornamentale................................................................... 85 6.3.1 Metode de carantină fitosanitară................................................ 85 6.3.2 Metode agrofitotehnice............................................................... 86 6.3.3 Metode mecanice....................................................................... 87 6.3.4 Metode fizice.............................................................................. 87 6.3.5 Metode biologice........................................................................ 88 6.3.6 Metode chimice.......................................................................... 88 CAPITOLUL VII REZULTATE ȘI DISCUȚII 97 7.1 Boli determinate pe plante floricole...................................................... 97 7.1.1 Boli produse de ciuperci facultativ parazite determinate pe plante floricole............................................................................................ 97 7.1.2 Boli produse de ciuperci parazite determinate pe plante floricole....................................................................................................... 103 7.2 Bolile și dăunătorii din pepinierele plantelor ornamentale.................... 115 7.2.1 Agenții patogeni și dăunătorii determinați pe Pinus nigra J. F. Arnold......................................................................................................... 115 7.2.2 Agenții patogeni și dăunătorii determinați pe Picea abies L....... 129 7.2.3 Agenții patogeni și dăunătorii determinați pe Abies concolor Lind............................................................................................................. 131 7.2.4 Agenții patogeni și dăunătorii determinați pe Juniperus horizontalis Moench.................................................................................... 133 7.2.5 Agenții patogeni și dăunătorii determinați pe Thuja occidentalis L.................................................................................................................. 136 7.3 Influența mediilor de cultură asupra creșterii și dezvoltării ciupercii Phytophthora infestans de Bary ............................................................... 138 7.4 Influența mediilor de cultură asupra creșterii și dezvoltării ciupercii Phytophthora parasitica Dast..................................................................... 141 7.5 Testarea fungicidelor “in vitro”.............................................................. 144 7.6 Experiențe realizate în câmp................................................................ 149 7.7 Formularea şi testarea ipotezelor statistice, analiza varianţei (ANOVA)..................................................................................................... 153 CAPITOLUL VIII CONCLUZII ȘI RECOMANDĂRI 157 8.1 Concluzii privind agenții patogeni și dăunătorii determinați pe speciile ornamentale arboricole și arbustifere......................................................... 157 8.2 Concluzii generale privind speciile Phytophthora infestans de Bary. și Phytophthora parasitica Dast.....................................................................
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