DOCSLIB.ORG

Concise Encyclopedia of Temperate Tree Fruit

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Concise Encyclopedia of Temperate Tree Fruit Tara Auxt Baugher Suman Singha Editors Concise Encyclopedia of Temperate Tree Fruit Pre-publication his book will function as an ex- REVIEWS, “T cellent source for use in teaching COMMENTARIES, tree fruit production. The authors of the EVALUATIONS... chapters are among the leading po- mologists in the United States and they bring a good working knowledge to each subject. The information is not too oncise Encyclopedia of Temperate detailed, but rather provides a good ba- “C Tree Fruit is a thorough treatise sic understanding on which to build. I of production practices balanced with was pleased to see the inclusion of in- basic scientific concepts that affect them. The topics are well chosen to cover the formation on advanced methods of depth and breadth of the field. This breeding and genetics, which is often book will add to the body of literature not included in applied textbooks. The on temperate fruit production in a posi- inclusion of additional references at tive way.” the end of each subject matter section provides valuable additional informa- Emily Hoover, PhD tion.” Distinguished Teaching Professor of Horticulture, Dr. Rob Crassweller Department of Horticultural Science, Professor of Tree Fruit, University of Minnesota, Department of Horticulture, St. Paul Penn State University More pre-publication REVIEWS, COMMENTARIES, EVALUATIONS... oncise Encyclopedia of Temperate cherry, and other stone fruits) are fre- “C Tree Fruit contains a wealth of quently mentioned throughout the text. information on all aspects of temperate The book is organized alphabetically tree fruit science. Unlike many tree into 42 chapters, each prepared by fruit publications, it is easy to read and an expert in the particular subject mat- well organized. It will be an excellent ter. Each chapter is well written and source of sound science-based infor- presents its information in a clear and mation for serious students, commer- easy-to-read format, along with addi- cial growers, scientists, and allied in- tional illustrative figures and tables. dustry personnel. A complete list of The range of topics is truly encyclope- literature citations is contained at the dic, and includes fruit tree structure, end of each chapter for those who wish physiology, growth and development, to read more. This book will also be a soil and weather factors, pests and good source of information for the seri- diseases, and nutritional value of ous gardener and backyard fruit grower. fruits. Readers who will benefit most If we follow good maturity standards from this book should have had a basic and harvest techniques described in introduction to chemistry, physics, and the Concise Encyclopedia of Temperate Tree plant science to appreciate the termi- Fruit, we will all enjoy the very best in nology used throughout the book. For quality.” those interested in more information on any topic, each chapter is followed Jerome L. Frecon, MS by suggested references for more in- Agricultural Agent/Professor, depth study. This book will be a valu- Rutgers University able source of information for students, teachers, gardeners, growers, tree fruit industry people, and anyone else with an interest in any aspect of tree fruit production.” his book represents a very broad “T coverage of many topics related Don C. Elfving, PhD to temperate tree fruit culture and pro- Horticulturist and Professor, duction. While the bulk of the informa- Washington State University, tion presented deals with apple, other Tree Fruit Research & Extension Center, temperate tree fruits (pear, peach, sweet Wenatchee, WA Food Products Press® The Haworth Reference Press Imprints of The Haworth Press, Inc. New York • London • Oxford NOTES FOR PROFESSIONAL LIBRARIANS AND LIBRARY USERS This is an original book title published by Food Products Press® and The Haworth Reference Press, imprints of The Haworth Press, Inc. Unless otherwise noted in specific chapters with attribution, materials in this book have not been previously published elsewhere in any for- mat or language. CONSERVATION AND PRESERVATION NOTES All books published by The Haworth Press, Inc. and its imprints are printed on certified pH neutral, acid free book grade paper. This paper meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences-Permanence of Paper for Printed Material, ANSI Z39.48-1984. Concise Encyclopedia of Temperate Tree Fruit FOOD PRODUCTS PRESS® Crop Science Amarjit S. Basra, PhD Senior Editor Mineral Nutrition of Crops: Fundamental Mechanisms and Implications by Zdenko Rengel Conservation Tillage in U.S. Agriculture: Environmental, Economic, and Policy Issues by Noel D. Uri Cotton Fibers: Developmental Biology, Quality Improvement, and Textile Processing edited by Amarjit S. Basra Heterosis and Hybrid Seed Production in Agronomic Crops edited by Amarjit S. Basra Intensive Cropping: Efficient Use of Water, Nutrients, and Tillage by S. S. Prihar, P. R. Gajri, D. K. Benbi, and V. K. Arora Physiological Bases for Maize Improvement edited by María E. Otegui and Gustavo A. Slafer Plant Growth Regulators in Agriculture and Horticulture: Their Role and Commercial Uses edited by Amarjit S. Basra Crop Responses and Adaptations to Temperature Stress edited by Amarjit S. Basra Plant Viruses As Molecular Pathogens by Jawaid A. Khan and Jeanne Dijkstra In Vitro Plant Breeding by Acram Taji, Prakash P. Kumar, and Prakash Lakshmanan Crop Improvement: Challenges in the Twenty-First Century edited by Manjit S. Kang Barley Science: Recent Advances from Molecular Biology to Agronomy of Yield and Quality edited by Gustavo A. Slafer, José Luis Molina-Cano, Roxana Savin, José Luis Araus, and Ignacio Romagosa Tillage for Sustainable Cropping by P. R. Gajri, V. K. Arora, and S. S. Prihar Bacterial Disease Resistance in Plants: Molecular Biology and Biotechnological Applications by P. Vidhyasekaran Handbook of Formulas and Software for Plant Geneticists and Breeders edited by Manjit S. Kang Postharvest Oxidative Stress in Horticultural Crops edited by D. M. Hodges Encyclopedic Dictionary of Plant Breeding and Related Subjects by Rolf H. G. Schlegel Handbook of Processes and Modeling in the Soil-Plant System edited by D. K. Benbi and R. Nieder The Lowland Maya Area: Three Millennia at the Human-Wildland Interface edited by A. Gómez-Pompa, M. F. Allen, S. Fedick, and J. J. Jiménez-Osornio Biodiversity and Pest Management in Agroecosystems, Second Edition by Miguel A. Altieri and Clara I. Nicholls Plant-Derived Antimycotics: Current Trends and Future Prospects edited by Mahendra Rai and Donatella Mares Concise Encyclopedia of Temperate Tree Fruit edited by Tara Auxt Baugher and Suman Singha Concise Encyclopedia of Temperate Tree Fruit Tara Auxt Baugher Suman Singha Editors Food Products Press® The Haworth Reference Press Imprints of The Haworth Press, Inc. New York • London • Oxford Published by Food Products Press® and The Haworth Reference Press, imprints of The Haworth Press, Inc., 10 Alice Street, Binghamton, NY 13904-1580. © 2003 by The Haworth Press, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, microfilm, and recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. DISCLAIMER Information on private enterprises or products does not imply endorsement by the writers or by The Haworth Press, Inc. Cover design by Lora Wiggins. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Concise encyclopedia of temperate tree fruit / Tara Auxt Baugher, Suman Singha, editors. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1-56022-940-3 (alk. paper) — ISBN 1-56022-941-1 (alk. paper) 1. Fruit-culture—Encyclopedias. 2. Fruit trees—Encyclopedias. I. Baugher, Tara Auxt. II. Singha, Suman. SB354.4 .C66 2003 634'.03—dc21 2002028814 To Allison, Javed, Kamini, Kathy, and Phil CONTENTS List of Figures xv List of Tables xix About the Editors xxi Contributors xxiii Preface xxvii Anatomy and Taxonomy 3 Tara Auxt Baugher Pome Fruit 3 Stone Fruit 5 Other Temperate Tree Fruit 7 Breeding and Molecular Genetics 11 Ralph Scorza Hybridization 13 Nontraditional Breeding Techniques 14 Carbohydrate Partitioning and Plant Growth 21 Alan N. Lakso James A. Flore Seasonal Patterns of Carbohydrate Production 21 Partitioning to Tree Organs 23 Environmental Factors Affecting Partitioning 28 Cultivar Selection 31 Duane W. Greene Selection Criteria 31 Multidisciplinary and International Evaluation of Cultivars 35 Major Cultivars of the World 35 Diseases 41 David A. Rosenberger Background on Tree Fruit Diseases and Their Control 41 Common Pome Fruit Diseases 43 Common Stone Fruit Diseases 51 Dormancy and Acclimation 57 Curt R. Rom Forms of Dormancy 57 Specific Cases of Dormancy 59 Physiological Basis for Dormancy 61 Acclimation 62 Dwarfing 65 Stephen S. Miller Genetic Dwarfing 66 Horticultural Practices to Induce Dwarfing 66 Flower Bud Formation, Pollination, and Fruit Set 75 Peter M. Hirst Flower Formation 75 Pollination 78 Fertilization 79 Fruit Color Development 83 L. L. Creasy Color Measurement 83 Pigments 84 Physiology of Color Formation in Tree Fruit 87 Fruit Growth Patterns 91 Alan N. Lakso Martin C. Goffinet What Is a Stone or Pome Fruit? 91 What Is Fruit Growth? 93 Growth by Cell Division and Cell Expansion 94 Growth Patterns of Different Fruit 95 Importance of Maintaining Fruit Growth 98 Fruit Shape 99 Fruit Maturity 103 Christopher B. Watkins
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Department of Planning and Zoning
    Department of Planning and Zoning Subject: Howard County Landscape Manual Updates: Recommended Street Tree List (Appendix B) and Recommended Plant List (Appendix C) - Effective July 1, 2010 To: DLD Review Staff Homebuilders Committee From: Kent Sheubrooks, Acting Chief Division of Land Development Date: July 1, 2010 Purpose: The purpose of this policy memorandum is to update the Recommended Plant Lists presently contained in the Landscape Manual. The plant lists were created for the first edition of the Manual in 1993 before information was available about invasive qualities of certain recommended plants contained in those lists (Norway Maple, Bradford Pear, etc.). Additionally, diseases and pests have made some other plants undesirable (Ash, Austrian Pine, etc.). The Howard County General Plan 2000 and subsequent environmental and community planning publications such as the Route 1 and Route 40 Manuals and the Green Neighborhood Design Guidelines have promoted the desirability of using native plants in landscape plantings. Therefore, this policy seeks to update the Recommended Plant Lists by identifying invasive plant species and disease or pest ridden plants for their removal and prohibition from further planting in Howard County and to add other available native plants which have desirable characteristics for street tree or general landscape use for inclusion on the Recommended Plant Lists. Please note that a comprehensive review of the street tree and landscape tree lists were conducted for the purpose of this update, however, only
    [Show full text]
  • Dusting Versus Spraying Apple Orchards in Ohio
    BULLETIN 527 AUGUST, 1933 Dusting Versus Spraying Apple Orchards in Ohio F. H. Ballou and I. P. Lewis • OHIO AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION Wooster, Ohio This page intentionally blank. DUSTING VERSUS SPRAYING APPLE ORCHARDS IN OHIO . INTRODUCTION F. :U:. BALLOU .AliD I. I'. LEWIS In response to a special request from the organized fruit growers of Ohio the Department of Horticulture of the Ohio Experiment Station began, in the spring of 1926, a series of experiments in dusting versus spraying apple orchards for prevention of injury to foliage and fruit by fungous diseases and insect pests. This series of dusting versus spraying experiments was carried on in eastern, central, northeastern, and southeastern Ohio. The five widely separated projects were located as follows: The Belmont County Experiment Farm, the Dale View Test Orchards (Licking County), the Mahoning County Experiment Farm, the Southeastern Experiment Farm (Meigs County), and the Washington County Experiment Farm. The orchards in Belmont, Licking, and Washington Counties are very favorably situated in hilly sections of the State and, for the most part, occupy areas of ground of such elevation as affords unusual frost protection to buds, blossoms, and newly set fruit. No losses of fruit from cold occurred in these orchards during the full term of the experiment. The orchard at the Mahoning County Experiment Farm occupies ground of moderate elevation, which affords fairly satisfactory cold-air drainage. In the spring of 1929 a partial loss of the apple crop was sustained by reason of freezing temperature immediately preceding the period of open blossoms. However, there was sufficient production of fruit to permit securing grades and counts in all of the variously dusted and sprayed plots.
    [Show full text]
  • Disease-Resistant Crabapples
    Education Center and Info Line practical solutions to everyday questions Toll free Info Line 1-877-398-4769 M-F • 9 AM - 2 PM W • 5 - 7:30 PM Disease-Resistant Crabapples Crabapples are a mainstay of our landscape palette in New England. Their beautiful bloom, small stature, and attractive fruit give them year-round interest…unless they are devastated by disease! Crabapples are susceptible to four major diseases which can cause early defoliation, disfigurement and weakening of trees. Apple scab is the most common and most serious of the diseases. It shows up on leaves as olive green spots with a velvety, grayish surface. In July leaves often turn yellow or orange and drop from the tree. Another serious disease, fire blight, causes the leaves to blacken, shrivel and hang down. Cedar apple rust shows up as conspicuous bright yellow to orange spots on the upper leaf surfaces. And powdery mildew appears in mid-summer as patches of grayish white powder on leaves and fruit. You probably don’t want plants that have to be sprayed in order to be attractive! Many of the older varieties may look great in flower but then succumb to scab or other disease in mid-summer, looking tattered and torn for the remainder of the season. Some cultivars and hybrids that are readily available and have shown good resistance in many trials nationwide are listed below. All have single flowers and small fruit (less than 5/8" diameter). The temperatures at the end of each description are cold hardiness ratings from the Minnesota Landscape Arboretum.
    [Show full text]
  • Conservation Biological Control of Rosy Apple Aphid, Dysaphis Plantaginea (Passerini), in Eastern North America
    COMMUNITY AND ECOSYSTEM ECOLOGY Conservation Biological Control of Rosy Apple Aphid, Dysaphis plantaginea (Passerini), in Eastern North America 1 2 M. W. BROWN AND CLARISSA R. MATHEWS Environ. Entomol. 36(5): 1131Ð1139 (2007) ABSTRACT Because of the potentially serious damage rosy apple aphid, Dysaphis plantaginea (Passerini) (Homoptera: Aphididae), can cause to apple fruit and branch development, prophylactic insecticides are often used for control. If biological control could be relied on, the amount of pesticide applied in orchards could be reduced. This study examined biological control of rosy apple aphid in eastern West Virginia and the potential for enhancement through conservation biological control, in particular, the effect of interplanting extraßoral nectar-bearing peach trees. By 20 d after Þrst bloom, only 2% of fundatrices initially present survived to form colonies based on regression of data from 687 colonies. Exclusion studies showed that many of the early colonies were probably destroyed by predation; the major predator responsible seemed to be adult Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Mortality before apple bloom was most important in controlling rosy apple aphid population growth but by itself is not sufÞciently reliable to prevent economic injury. Interplanting of extraßoral nectar-bearing trees did not increase biological control, and interplanting with 50% trees with extraßoral nectar glands reduced biological control. The number of leaf curl colonies in the 50% interplanted orchards was lower than in monoculture orchards, suggesting a preference of alate oviparae for more diverse habitats, supporting the resource concentration hypothesis but not at a level sufÞcient to prevent injury. Predation and parasitism after the formation of leaf curl colonies was not adequate to control rosy apple aphid populations.
    [Show full text]
  • Pear Trellis Rust, a New Disease
    Natter’s Notes summer. By mid-summer, Pear Trellis Rust, a tiny black dots (pycnia) appear in the center of the new disease leaf spots.” [Fig 3] By late Jean R. Natter summer, brown, blister-like swellings form on the lower Recently, Pear Trellis Rust leaf surface just beneath (Gymnosporangium the leaf spots. This is sabinae) became the followed by the newest contributor to this development of acorn- hodge-podge-let’s-try- shaped structures (aecia) everything year. During with open, trellis-like sides 2016, the first case of pear Fig 1: Pear trellis rust (Gymnosporangium sabinae) on the top that give this disease its trellis rust was reported in leaf surface of edible pear tree; Multnomah County, OR. (Client common name. (Fig 4) the northern section of the image; 2017-09) Aeciospores produced within Willamette Valley, that on a Bartlett pear growing in the aecia are wind-blown to susceptible juniper Milwaukie, Clackamas County. (See “Pear Trellis hosts where they can cause infections on young Rust: First Report in Oregon” Metro MG Newsletter, shoots. These spores are released from late summer January 2016; until leaf drop.” (“Pear Trellis Rust, http://extension.oregonstate.edu/mg/metro/sites/d Gymnosporangium sabinae” efault/files/dec_2016_mg_newsletter_12116.pdf. (http://www.ladybug.uconn.edu/FactSheets/pear- Then, in mid-September 2017, an inquiry about a trellis-rust_6_2329861430.pdf) pear leaf problem in Multnomah County was submitted to Ask an Expert. [Fig 1; Fig 2] Yes, it’s Signs on affected alternate host junipers are difficult another fruiting pear tree infected with trellis rust. It to detect.
    [Show full text]
  • Comprehensive Assessment of Organic Apple Production in Vermont: Experience from Two Orchard Systems, 2006-2013 Terence L
    University of Vermont ScholarWorks @ UVM Graduate College Dissertations and Theses Dissertations and Theses 2015 Comprehensive Assessment of Organic Apple Production in Vermont: Experience from Two Orchard Systems, 2006-2013 Terence L. Bradshaw University of Vermont Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.uvm.edu/graddis Part of the Agricultural Economics Commons, and the Horticulture Commons Recommended Citation Bradshaw, Terence L., "Comprehensive Assessment of Organic Apple Production in Vermont: Experience from Two Orchard Systems, 2006-2013" (2015). Graduate College Dissertations and Theses. 327. https://scholarworks.uvm.edu/graddis/327 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Dissertations and Theses at ScholarWorks @ UVM. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate College Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks @ UVM. For more information, please contact [email protected]. COMPREHENSIVE ASSESSMENT OF ORGANIC APPLE PRODUCTION IN VERMONT: EXPERIENCE FROM TWO ORCHARD SYSTEMS, 2006-2013 A Dissertation Presented by Terence L. Bradshaw to The Faculty of the Graduate College of The University of Vermont In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Specializing in Plant and Soil Science May, 2015 Defense Date: March 25, 2014 Dissertation Examination Committee: Josef H. Gorres, Ph. D., Advisor Robert L. Parsons, Ph.D., Chairperson Lorraine P. Berkett, Ph.D. Sidney C. Bosworth, Ph.D. Cynthia J. Forehand, Ph.D., Dean of the Graduate College ABSTRACT Despite substantial consumer demand and willingness to pay premium prices for organically grown fruit, apple growers in Vermont and other New England states have been slow to adopt certified organic practices.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Large-Scale Geographic Survey Provides Insights Into the Colonization History of a Major
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.12.11.421644; this version posted December 14, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. 1 Large-scale geographic survey provides insights into the colonization history of a major 2 aphid pest on its cultivated apple host in Europe, North America and North Africa 3 4 Olvera-Vazquez S.G.1, Remoué C.1, Venon A.1, Rousselet A.1, Grandcolas O.1, Azrine M.1, 5 Momont L.1, Galan M.2, L. Benoit2, David G.3, Alhmedi A.4, Beliën T.4, Alins G.5, Franck 6 P.6, Haddioui A.7, Jacobsen S.K.8, Andreev R.9, Simon S.10, Sigsgaard L. 8, Guibert E.11, 7 Tournant L.12, Gazel F.13, Mody K.14, Khachtib Y. 7, Roman A.15, Ursu T.M.15, Zakharov I.A. 8 16, Belcram H.1, Harry M.17, Roth M.18, Simon J.C.19, Oram S.20, Ricard J.M.11, Agnello A.21, 9 Beers E. H.22, Engelman J.23, Balti I.24, Salhi-Hannachi A24, Zhang H.25, Tu H. 25, Mottet C.26, 10 Barrès B.26, Degrave A.27, Razmjou J. 28, Giraud T.3, Falque M.1, Dapena E.29, Miñarro, M.29, 11 Jardillier L.3, Deschamps P.3, Jousselin E.2, Cornille, A.1 12 13 1. Université Paris Saclay, INRAE, CNRS, AgroParisTech, GQE - Le Moulon, 91190 14 Gif-sur-Yvette, France 15 2.
    [Show full text]
  • Rhynchus Claytoni Steiner 1) by Lr
    INVESTIGATIONS ON THE LIFE CYCLE, REPRODUCTION, FEEDING HABITS AND HOST RANGE OF TYLENCHO- RHYNCHUS CLAYTONI STEINER 1) BY L. R. KRUSBERG N. C. State College, Raleigh, North Carolina, U.S.A. The tobacco stunt nematode, Tylenchorhynchus claytoni., is one of the more serious plant-parasitic nematodes in North Carolina. It was first described from specimens collected around and in roots of stunted to- bacco plants (Nicotiana tabacum L.) (STEINER, 1937). This nematode was found in soil from 6/% of 175 tobacco fields sampled in South Carolina (GRAHAM, 1954). Besides reproducing on cotton and tobacco it also reduced the root systems and caused stunting of these plants in the greenhouse. T. claytoni severely reduced the root systems of hybrid corn breeding lines in greenhouse tests (NELSON, 1956). Several in- breds were resistant resulting in reduction of the nematode populations. This species has been causing considerable damage to tobacco in North Carolina (DROLSOM & MOORE, 1955), and a recently developed variety (Dixie Bright 101) is reported to support larger nematode populations than old line varieties (NUSBAUM, 1954). T. claytoni has been found in golf green turfs (TROLL & TARJAN, 1954), in the soil around roots of sugar cane, strawberry, camellia, sweet potato and rice (MARTIN & BIRCHFIELD, 1955), and in the rhizospheres of chlorotic and stunted peanut plants (BOYLE, 1950). Host-parasite relations have been studied with two other Tylencho- rhynchus species. The relations of T. dubius Biltschli to cotton and Te- pary bean (Phaseolits acutifolius, Gray, var. latifolius, Freem.) were investigated in Arizona (REYNOLDS & EVANS, 1953). Nematodes ap- peared to feed on the epidermal tissues of young roots and larvae were found inside some small secondary roots.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction to Neotropical Entomology and Phytopathology - A
    TROPICAL BIOLOGY AND CONSERVATION MANAGEMENT – Vol. VI - Introduction to Neotropical Entomology and Phytopathology - A. Bonet and G. Carrión INTRODUCTION TO NEOTROPICAL ENTOMOLOGY AND PHYTOPATHOLOGY A. Bonet Department of Entomology, Instituto de Ecología A.C., Mexico G. Carrión Department of Biodiversity and Systematic, Instituto de Ecología A.C., Mexico Keywords: Biodiversity loss, biological control, evolution, hotspot regions, insect biodiversity, insect pests, multitrophic interactions, parasite-host relationship, pathogens, pollination, rust fungi Contents 1. Introduction 2. History 2.1. Phytopathology 2.1.1. Evolution of the Parasite-Host Relationship 2.1.2. The Evolution of Phytopathogenic Fungi and Their Host Plants 2.1.3. Flor’s Gene-For-Gene Theory 2.1.4. Pathogenetic Mechanisms in Plant Parasitic Fungi and Hyperparasites 2.2. Entomology 2.2.1. Entomology in Asia and the Middle East 2.2.2. Entomology in Ancient Greece and Rome 2.2.3. New World Prehispanic Cultures 3. Insect evolution 4. Biodiversity 4.1. Biodiversity Loss and Insect Conservation 5. Ecosystem services and the use of biodiversity 5.1. Pollination in Tropical Ecosystems 5.2. Biological Control of Fungi and Insects 6. The future of Entomology and phytopathology 7. Entomology and phytopathology section’s content 8. ConclusionUNESCO – EOLSS Acknowledgements Glossary Bibliography Biographical SketchesSAMPLE CHAPTERS Summary Insects are among the most abundant and diverse organisms in terrestrial ecosystems, making up more than half of the earth’s biodiversity. To date, 1.5 million species of organisms have been recorded, although around 85% of potential species (some 10 million) have not yet been identified. In the case of the Neotropics, although insects are clearly a vital element, there are many families of organisms and regions that are yet to be well researched.
    [Show full text]
  • The Pathogenicity and Seasonal Development of Gymnosporangium
    Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 1931 The ap thogenicity and seasonal development of Gymnosporangium in Iowa Donald E. Bliss Iowa State College Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the Agriculture Commons, Botany Commons, and the Plant Pathology Commons Recommended Citation Bliss, Donald E., "The ap thogenicity and seasonal development of Gymnosporangium in Iowa " (1931). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 14209. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/14209 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMl films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMl a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g.. maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overiaps.
    [Show full text]
  • Thermal Requirements and Effect of Temperature and Prey on the Development of the Predator Harmonia Axyridis
    PHYSIOLOGICAL ECOLOGY Thermal Requirements and Effect of Temperature and Prey on the Development of the Predator Harmonia axyridis GEORGE J. STATHAS,1,2 DIMITRIOS C. KONTODIMAS,3 FILITSA KARAMAOUNA,3 1 AND STAVROS KAMPOURIS Environ. Entomol. 40(6): 1541Ð1545 (2011); DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/EN10240 Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/ee/article/40/6/1541/532414 by guest on 23 September 2021 ABSTRACT Thermal requirements (lower temperature threshold and thermal constant) for the development of each developmental stage of the predator Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) were studied on Aphis fabae Scopoli and Dysaphis crataegi (Kaltenbach) under controlled laboratory conditions. The effect of temperature (15, 20, 25, and 30ЊC) and prey species was examined on pre-imaginal developmental duration and life cycle (pre-oviposition period included) of the predator. Our results suggest comparable thermal requirements for the development of H. axyridis on the particular prey and when compared with other aphid species. The total preimaginal development of H. axyridis,at 15, 20, and 30ЊC, and its life cycle, at 15 and 30ЊC, are shorter on D. crataegi than on A. fabae. KEY WORDS aphids, predator, pumpkin, rearing, thermal thresholds The predator Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) (Coleoptera: posed, therefore the lower developmental threshold t Coccinellidae) was introduced into Greece from and the day-degree requirements for their develop- France for the control of aphids in central and south- ment (thermal constant K) may be useful indicators of ern Greece from 1994 to 1999, where it was released an insectÕs potential distribution (Messenger 1959). at various crop and ornamental plant production sites The relationship between the development rate and (Katsoyannos et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Diseases of Trees in the Great Plains
    United States Department of Agriculture Diseases of Trees in the Great Plains Forest Rocky Mountain General Technical Service Research Station Report RMRS-GTR-335 November 2016 Bergdahl, Aaron D.; Hill, Alison, tech. coords. 2016. Diseases of trees in the Great Plains. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-335. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 229 p. Abstract Hosts, distribution, symptoms and signs, disease cycle, and management strategies are described for 84 hardwood and 32 conifer diseases in 56 chapters. Color illustrations are provided to aid in accurate diagnosis. A glossary of technical terms and indexes to hosts and pathogens also are included. Keywords: Tree diseases, forest pathology, Great Plains, forest and tree health, windbreaks. Cover photos by: James A. Walla (top left), Laurie J. Stepanek (top right), David Leatherman (middle left), Aaron D. Bergdahl (middle right), James T. Blodgett (bottom left) and Laurie J. Stepanek (bottom right). To learn more about RMRS publications or search our online titles: www.fs.fed.us/rm/publications www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/ Background This technical report provides a guide to assist arborists, landowners, woody plant pest management specialists, foresters, and plant pathologists in the diagnosis and control of tree diseases encountered in the Great Plains. It contains 56 chapters on tree diseases prepared by 27 authors, and emphasizes disease situations as observed in the 10 states of the Great Plains: Colorado, Kansas, Montana, Nebraska, New Mexico, North Dakota, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Texas, and Wyoming. The need for an updated tree disease guide for the Great Plains has been recog- nized for some time and an account of the history of this publication is provided here.
    [Show full text]